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Voiced postalveolar affricate

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Voiced postalveolar affricate
d͡ʒ
d͜ʒ
ʤ
d̠ʲʒ
IPA Number104 135
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPAdZ or d_r_jZ

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d͡ʒ (formerly the ligature ʤ), or in broad transcription ɟ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Some scholars use the symbol /d͡ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /d͡ʒʲ/.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz аџыр [ad͡ʒər] 'steel' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe джанэ [d͡ʒaːna] 'dress'
Albanian [[[Albanian alphabet|xham]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒam] 'glass'
Amharic [[[Ge'ez alphabet|እንራ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: ethi not supported for code: am (help) [ɨnd͡ʒəra] 'injera'
Arabic Standard[1] جَرَس [d͡ʒaras] 'bell' In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] ջուր [d͡ʒuɾ] 'water'
Western ճանճ [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] 'fly'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [jura] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒuɾ:a] 'big' Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani ağac [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] 'tree'
Bengali [d͡ʒɔl] 'water' Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Berber Kabyle lǧiran [ld͡ʒiræn] 'the neighbors'
Bulgarian джудже [ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒɛ] 'dwarf' See Bulgarian phonology
Chechen джерво / [dzhyerwo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒjerwo] 'previously married woman'
Chinese Quzhou dialect [d͡ʒõ] 'heavy'
Coptic ϫ [d͡ʒe] 'that'
Czech [čba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [lɛːd͡ʒba] 'treatment' See Czech phonology
English [[[English orthography|jump]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] 'jump ' See English phonology
Esperanto [manĝaĵo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology
Faroese [gestir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ] 'guests ' See Faroese phonology
French [[[French orthography|adjonction]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] 'addition' Rare. See French phonology
Georgian[3] იბე [d͡ʒibɛ] 'pocket'
German Standard[4] [[[German orthography|Dschungel]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] 'jungle' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai [d͡ʒaːn] 'twins'
Hebrew ג׳וק [d͡ʒuk] 'cockroach' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani [[[Devanāgarī|जाना]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / جانا [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] 'to go' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian [lándzsa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [laːnd͡ʒɒ] 'spear' See Hungarian phonology
Italian[5] [[[Italian alphabet|gemma]] ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] 'gem' See Italian phonology
Indonesian [[[Indonesian alphabet|jarak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] 'distance'
Kashubian[6] [example needed]
Kurdish [ciger] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒiɡɛɾ] 'lung'
Kyrgyz жаман [d͡ʒaman] 'bad' See Kyrgyz phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[7] [djèn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒɛːn²] 'Eugene'
Lithuanian [[[Lithuanian alphabet|iaugsmingas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] 'glad' See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian џемпер [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] 'sweater' See Macedonian phonology
Malay [[[Malay alphabet|jahat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒahat] 'evil'
Manchu ᠵᡠᠸᡝ [d͡ʒuwe] 'two'
Marathi [d͡ʒəj] 'victory' See Marathi phonology
Occitan Languedocien [jove] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒuβe] 'young' See Occitan phonology
Provençal [ˈd͡ʒuve]
Ojibwe ? [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] 'brother' See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto جګ [d͡ʒeɡ] 'high'
Persian کجا [kod͡ʒɒ] 'where' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna [dziwny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] 'strange' /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
Lubawa dialect[8]
Malbork dialect[8]
Ostróda dialect[8]
Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese Most Brazilian dialects[9] [grande] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] 'big' Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Most dialects [[[Portuguese orthography|jambalaya]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] 'jambalaya' In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian [[[Romanian alphabet|ger]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒer] 'frost' See Romanian phonology
Sardinian Campidanese [géneru] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] 'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|Dia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒia] 'God' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Some speakers [[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|џем]] / em] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒê̞m] 'jam' May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Bosnian ђаво / [đavo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] 'devil' Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
Croatian
Silesian Gmina Istebna[10] [example needed] These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Jablunkov[10] [example needed]
Somali [joog] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒoːɡ] 'stop' See Somali phonology
Spanish Many dialects [cónyuge] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞] 'spouse' May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology
Some dialects [ayudar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar] 'to help'
Turkish [acı] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [äˈd͡ʒɯ] 'pain' See Turkish phonology
Turkmen [[[Turkmen alphabet|jar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d͡ʒär] 'ravine'
Ubykh [amd͡ʒan] '?' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian джерело [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] 'source' See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur جوزا [d͡ʒozɑ] 'desk' See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian [siedzje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈʃɪd͡ʒǝ] 'to sow' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish דזשוכע [d͡ʒʊxə] 'insect' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[11] dxan [d͡ʒaŋ] 'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
d̠͡ɹ̠˔
d̠͜ɹ̠˔
d̠ɹ̠˔
Audio sample

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English General American[12][13] [dream] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷiːm] 'dream' Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; less commonly alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[12] See English phonology
Received Pronunciation[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  3. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  4. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
  5. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  6. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  7. ^ Peters (2006:119)
  8. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  9. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
  10. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  11. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  12. ^ a b c Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
  13. ^ a b Wells (2008).

Bibliography

  • Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
  • Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
  • Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180