Voiced postalveolar affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
d̠͡ɹ̠˔
d̠͜ɹ̠˔
d̠ɹ̠˔
Audio sample
	source · help

Voiced postalveolar affricate
Voiced postalveolar affricate
d͡ʒ
d͜ʒ
ʤ
d̠ʲʒ
IPA Number	104 135
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d͡ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ or d_r_jZ
Image

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Some scholars use the symbol /d͡ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /d͡ʒʲ/.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna]^ⓘ	'dress'
Albanian		[[[Albanian alphabet\|xham]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		[[[Ge'ez alphabet\|እንጀራ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: ethi not supported for code: am (help)	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Standard^[1]	جَرَس	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
Armenian	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'fly'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		[jura] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒuɾ:a]	'big'	Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		ağac	[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]	'tree'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Berber	Kabyle	lǧiran	[ld͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Bulgarian		джудже	[ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒɛ]	'dwarf'	See Bulgarian phonology
Chechen		джерво / [dzhyerwo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	重	[d͡ʒõ]	'heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		[léčba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[lɛːd͡ʒba]	'treatment'	See Czech phonology
English		[[[English orthography\|jump]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]	'jump '	See English phonology
Esperanto		[manĝaĵo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Faroese		[gestir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ]	'guests '	See Faroese phonology
French		[[[French orthography\|adjonction]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. See French phonology
Georgian^[3]		ჯიბე	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard^[4]	[[[German orthography\|Dschungel]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai		[d͡ʒaːn]		'twins'
Hebrew		ג׳וק	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		[[[Devanāgarī\|जाना]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / جانا	[d͡ʒɑːnɑː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		[lándzsa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian^[5]		[[[Italian alphabet\|gemma]] ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	See Italian phonology
Indonesian		[[[Indonesian alphabet\|jarak]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]	'distance'
Kashubian^[6]		^{[example needed]}
Kurdish		[ciger] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒiɡɛɾ]	'lung'
Kyrgyz		жаман	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'	See Kyrgyz phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[7]	[djèn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugene'
Lithuanian		[[[Lithuanian alphabet\|džiaugsmingas]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'glad'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		[[[Malay alphabet\|jahat]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	[jove] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Occitan	Provençal	[jove] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒuve]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
Ojibwe		?	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جګ	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کجا	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	[dziwny] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[8]
	Malbork dialect^[8]
	Ostróda dialect^[8]
	Warmia dialect^[8]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects^[9]	[grande] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Portuguese	Most dialects	[[[Portuguese orthography\|jambalaya]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		[[[Romanian alphabet\|ger]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒer]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	[géneru] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		[[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet\|Dia]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	[[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet\|џем]] / džem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / [đavo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian		[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
Somali		[joog] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish	Many dialects	[cónyuge] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞]	'spouse'	May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology
Spanish	Some dialects	[ayudar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar]	'to help'
Turkish		[acı] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		[[[Turkmen alphabet\|jar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		джерело	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian		[siedzje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈʃɪd͡ʒǝ]	'to sow'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		דזשוכע	[d͡ʒʊxə]	'insect'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[11]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	General American^[12]^[13]	[dream] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷiːm]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the sequence /dr/; less commonly alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].^[12] See English phonology
English	Received Pronunciation^[12]^[13]	[dream] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷiːm]	'dream'

References

^ Watson (2002:16)
^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^ ^a ^b Mangold (2005:51–52)
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
^ Peters (2006:119)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
^ ^a ^b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
^ Merrill (2008:108)
^ ^a ^b ^c Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
^ ^a ^b Wells (2008).

Bibliography

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180

[1] Watson (2002:16)

[2] Dum-Tragut (2009:13)

[3] Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)

[MangoldPA-4] Mangold (2005:51–52)

[5] Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)

[6] Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".

[7] Peters (2006:119)

[Dubisz-8] Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)

[9] Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)

[Dąbrowska-10] Dąbrowska (2004:?)

[11] Merrill (2008:108)

[FOOTNOTEGimson2014177,_186–188_and_192-12] Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.

[FOOTNOTEWells2008-13] Wells (2008).

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Features

Occurrence

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

Occurrence

See also

References

Bibliography