Voiced postalveolar fricative
| Voiced postalveolar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʒ | |||
| IPA Number | 135 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA | Z | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant fricative or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh ⟨Ʒ ʒ⟩ (/ˈɛʒ/), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is ⟨ž⟩, a z with a háček. The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.
Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with ⟨g⟩ and ⟨j⟩). In some transcriptions of alphabets such as Cyrillic, as well as the Wikipedia pronunciation respelling for English, the sound is represented by the digraph zh.
Some scholars[who?] use the symbol /ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex sibilant. In such cases, the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /ʒʲ/.[importance?]
Features
Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | жакӀэ | 'beard' | |||
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|zhurmë]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒuɾmə] | 'noise' | ||
| Arabic | Maghrebi[1] | زوج | [zuʒ] | 'husband' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ժամ | 'hour' | ||
| Avar | жакъа | [ˈʒaqʼːa] | 'today' | ||
| Azerbaijani | [pəjmürdə] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)/پژمرده | [pæʒmyrˈdæ] | 'sad' | ||
| Berber | Kabyle | [[[Kabyle alphabet|jeddi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒəddi] | 'my grandfather' | |
| Berta | [ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ] | 'honey' | |||
| Bulgarian | мъжът | [mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪] | 'the man' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chechen | жий / [ƶiy] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒiː] | 'sheep' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 床 | [ʒɑ̃] | 'bed' | |
| Corsican | [ghjesgia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈjeːʒa] | 'church' | Also in Gallurese | |
| Czech | [muži] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmuʒɪ] | 'men' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch | [garage] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣäˈräːʒə] | 'garage' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | [vision] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɪʒən] | 'vision' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | [manĝaĵo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [maɲˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French[3] | [[[French orthography|jour]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒuʁ] | 'day' | See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[4] | [Garage] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə] | 'garage' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. See Standard German phonology |
| Georgian[5] | ჟურნალი | [ʒuɾnali] | 'magazine' | ||
| Goemai | zhiem | [ʒiem] | 'sickle' | ||
| Greek | Cypriot | [[[Greek alphabet|γαλάζ̌ο]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞] | 'sky blue' | |
| Gwich’in | [zhòh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒôh] | 'wolf' | ||
| Hän | [zhùr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒûr] | 'wolf' | ||
| Hebrew | ז׳אנר | [ʒaneʁ] | 'genre' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | अझ़दहा | [əʒd̪əhaː] | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | [rózsa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈr̪oːʒɒ] | 'rose' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ingush | жий/[žii] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒiː] | 'sheep' | ||
| Italian | Marked accents of Emilia-Romagna[6] | [caso] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkäːʒo] | 'case' | Apical;[6] not labialized;[6] may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʐ] instead.[6] It corresponds to [z] in standard Italian. See Italian phonology |
| Tuscan | [pigiare] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [piˈʒäːre] | 'press' | See Italian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | [mujer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [muˈʒɛʀ] | 'woman' | ||
| Juǀ'hoan | [ʒu] | 'person' | |||
| Kabardian | жыг | [ʒəɣʲ] | 'tree' | ||
| Kashubian[7] | [example needed] | ||||
| Kazakh | жеті | [ʒeti] | 'seven' | ||
| Latvian | [[[Latvian alphabet|žāvēt]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʒäːveːt̪] | 'to dry' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Ligurian | [lüxe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | ['ly:ʒe] | 'light' | ||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[8] | [zjuweleer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊] | 'jeweller' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9] |
| Lithuanian | [[[Lithuanian orthography|žmona]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ] | 'wife' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Livonian | kūž | [kuːʒ] | 'six' | ||
| Lombard | Western | resgiôra | [reˈʒu(ː)ra] | 'matriarch' | |
| Macedonian | жaбa | [ˈʒaba] | 'toad' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Megrelian | ჟირი | [ʒiɾi] | 'two' | ||
| Navajo | łizh | [ɬiʒ] | 'urine' | ||
| Ngas | zhaam | [ʒaːm] | 'chin' | ||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [ʒíá] | 'to split' | ||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | [argent] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [aʀʒẽ] | 'money' | Southern dialects |
| Gascon | [arʒen] | ||||
| Pashto | ژوول | [ʒowul] | 'chew' | ||
| Persian | مژه | [moʒe] | 'eyelash' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | [zielony] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ] | 'green' | /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant. |
| Lubawa dialect[10] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[10] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[10] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[10] | |||||
| Portuguese[11][12] | [já] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒä] | 'already' | Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|jar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒär] | 'embers' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | жут / [žut] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒûːt̪] | 'yellow' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[16] | [example needed] | These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ]. | ||
| Jablunkov[16] | [example needed] | ||||
| Sioux | Lakota | waŋži | [wãˈʒi] | 'one' | |
| Slovenian | [[[Slovenian alphabet|žito]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒito][tone?] | 'cereal' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Rioplatense[17] | [[[Spanish orthography|yo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒo̞] | 'I' | Some dialects.[17] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo |
| Tadaksahak | [ˈʒɐwɐb] | 'to answer' | |||
| Tagish | [ʒé] | 'what' | |||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|jale]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒäːˈlɛ] | 'dew' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | [[[Turkmen alphabet|žiraf]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒiraf] | 'giraffe' | ||
| Tutchone | Northern | [zhi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒi] | 'what' | |
| Southern | [zhǜr] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʒɨ̂r] | 'berry' | ||
| Ukrainian | жaбa | [ˈʒɑbɐ] | 'frog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | اژدہا | [əʒd̪ahaː] | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Veps | [vīž] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [viːʒ] | 'five' | ||
| Welayta | [aʒa] | 'bush' | |||
| West Frisian | [bagaazje] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɑˈɡaʒǝ] | 'luggage' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yiddish | אָראַנזש | [ɔʀanʒ] | 'orange' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[18] | llan | [ʒaŋ] | 'anger' | |
The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
| Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɹ̠˔ | |
| IPA Number | 151 414 429 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\_-_r |
The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠˔⟩ (retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch[19] | meer | [meːɹ̠˔] | 'lake' | A rare post-vocallic allophone of /r/.[20] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:51)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ a b c d Canepari (1992), p. 73.
- ^ http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/content/view/227/26/
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
- ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Medina (2010)
- ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
- ^ Silva (2003:32)
- ^ Guimarães (2004)
- ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^ a b Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98 and 101–102)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97 and 102)
Bibliography
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
- Guimarães, Daniela (2004), Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte (PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
- Medina, Flávio (2010), Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de [i][[Category:Pages with plain IPA]] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro (PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
{{citation}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003), Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto, ISBN 85-7244-102-6
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
