Voiceless postalveolar affricate
| Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| t͡ʃ | |||
| t͜ʃ | |||
| ʧ | |||
| t̠ʲʃ | |||
| IPA Number | 103 134 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA | tS or t_r_jS | ||
| |||
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The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩ or ⟨tʃ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ⟩), or in broad transcription with ⟨c⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English, Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Some scholars use the symbol /t͡ʃ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiceless retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate is transcribed /t͡ʃʲ/.
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чэмы | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | ||
| Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'open' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ] | 'library' | Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Iraqi | كتاب | [t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb] | 'book' | ||
| Jordanian | |||||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | [[[Armenian alphabet|ճնճղուկ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized variant: arevela (help) | 'sparrow' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | chmah | [t͡ʃmaː] | 'how many?' | Used in the Urmia and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [k] in other varieties. | |
| Azeri | Əkinçi | [ækint͡ʃi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Bulgarian | чучулига | [t͡ʃut͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
| Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ | [t͡ʃoh] | 'touch' | |
| Czech | morče | [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | leach | [ˈliːt͡ʃ] | 'leach' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | gera | [t͡ʃeːɹa] | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Standard | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology |
| Acadian | tiens | [t͡ʃɛ̃] | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |
| Galician | cheio | [ˈt͡ʃejo] | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | ჩიხი | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Tschinelle | [t͡ʃʷiˈnɛlə] | 'cymbal' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot | τζ̌αι | [t͡ʃe̞] | 'and' | Contrasts with /t͡ʃʰː/ and prenasalised [d͡ʒ]. |
| Hebrew | תשובה | [t͡ʃuˈva] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | चाय چاۓ | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ] | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[5] | ciao | [ˈt͡ʃaːo] | 'ciao' | See Italian phonology | |
| K'iche' | K'iche' | [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] | 'K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Kabardian | чэнж | 'shallow' | |||
| Kashubian[6] | [example needed] | ||||
| Macedonian | чека | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | cuci | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'wash' | ||
| Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Marathi | चहा | [t͡ʃəhɑː] | 'tea' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] | 'armadillo' | ||
| Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Nunggubuyu[7] | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | |||
| Occitan | chuc | [ˈt͡ʃyk] | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Persian | چوب | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[8] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[8] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[8] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[8] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[9] | presente | [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology |
| Most dialects | tchau | [ˈt͡ʃaw] | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |
| Punjabi | ਚੌਲ | [t͡ʃɔːl] | 'rice' | ||
| Romanian | cer | [t͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[10] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [ˈslaːnt͡ʃə] | 'health' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] | 'chocolate' | In varieties that distinguish /t͡ʃ/ from /t͡ɕ/ it may be laminal retroflex instead. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Bosnian | Ловћен Lovćen | [ɫǒ̞ʋt͡ʃe̞n] | 'Lovćen' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /t͡ʃ/ and /t͡ɕ/, either to [t͡ʃ] or to laminal [ʈ͡ʂ]. | |
| Croatian | |||||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[11] | [example needed] | These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ]. | ||
| Jablunkov[11] | [example needed] | ||||
| Spanish[12] | chocolate | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞] | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
| Swedish | Finland | tjugo | [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology |
| Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] | 'love' | ||
| Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃiŋkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | çim | [t͡ʃim] | 'sward' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | Çəbƹəja | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian | чотири | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[13] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| t̠͜ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | General American[14][15] | tree | [t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷiː] | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the sequence /tr/; less commonly alveolar [t͡ɹ̝̊].[14] See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[14][15] | |||||
Notes
- ^ Watson (2002:17)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Blevins (1994:492)
- ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ a b c Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188 and 192.
- ^ a b Wells (2008).
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Blevins, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, JSTOR 3623138
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
