Close front unrounded vowel
| Close front unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| i | |
| IPA Number | 301 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | i |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0069 |
| X-SAMPA | i |
The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨i⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".[citation needed]
Languages that use the Latin script commonly use ⟨i⟩ to represent this sound, though there are some notable exceptions: in English orthography this letter is more commonly associated with /aɪ/ (as in bite) or /ɪ/ (as in bit) and /iː/ is represented with ⟨e⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨ee⟩, and even ⟨ei⟩. Irish orthography is similar in that its spelling system is both etymological and used to indicate whether preceding consonants are broad or slender so that such combinations as ⟨aí⟩, ⟨ei⟩, and ⟨aío⟩ all represent /iː/.
Features
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ажьырныҳәа | [aʑirnuħʷo] | 'January' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | ти | [ti] | 'our' | ||
| Afrikaans | [dankie] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈdaŋki] | 'thank you' | ||
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|mali]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mali] | 'the mountain' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | دين | [d̪iːn] | 'religion' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | իմ | [im] | 'my' | |
| Azerbaijani | [[[Azeri alphabet|dili]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dili][stress?] | 'tree' | ||
| Basque | [bizar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bis̻ar] | 'beard' | ||
| Bengali | [[[Bengali script|আমি]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: beng not supported for code: bn (help) | [ami] | 'I' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | първи | [pɤrvi] | first | ||
| Catalan[3] | [sis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈs̠is̠] | 'six' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chickasaw | [lhinko] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɬiŋko] | 'to be fat' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | [[[Chinese characters|詩]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help) [si1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [siː˥] | 'poem' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | [[[Chinese characters|北京]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help) [běijīng] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [peɪ˨˩ tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Cornish | [hir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hiːr] | 'long' | ||
| Czech | [[[Czech orthography|bílý]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'white' | See Czech phonology | ||
| Dahalo | [ʡáɬi] | 'fat' | |||
| Danish | [bilist] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [b̥iˈlisd] | 'car driver' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[4] | [biet] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'beet' | See Dutch phonology | ||
| English[5] | [[[English orthography|free]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'free' | In number of dialects it can be a diphthong [ɪi̯~əi̯~ɐi̯]. See English phonology | ||
| Estonian | [tiik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tiːk] | 'pond' | ||
| Faroese | [il] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iːl] | 'sole' | ||
| Finnish[6] | [[[Finnish alphabet|viisi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈviːsi] | 'five' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[7] | [[[French orthography|fini]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fini] | 'finished' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[8] | სამი | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | [Ziel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'goal' | See German phonology | ||
| Greek | [[[Greek alphabet|κήπος]] kípos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈcipos] | 'garden' | Also represented by ⟨ι⟩, ⟨ει⟩, ⟨οι⟩, and ⟨υι⟩. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Guaraní | [[[Guaraní alphabet|ha’ukuri]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [haʔukuˈɾi] | 'I just ate' | ||
| Hawaiian | [[[Hawaiian alphabet|makani]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [makani] | 'breeze' | See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hebrew | דיר | [diʁ] | 'pen' (enclosure) | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | ہندی / [[[Dēvanāgarī|हिन्दी]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) | [ˈɦɪnd̪i] | 'Hindi' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian[9] | [[[Hungarian orthography|ív]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iːv] | 'arch' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | [líka] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [liːka] | 'also' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | [ini] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ini] | 'this' | ||
| Irish | [[[Irish orthography|sí]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʃiː] | 'she' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[10] | [bile] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbile] | 'rage' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | 銀 [gin] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'silver' | See Japanese phonology | ||
| Kabardian | ди | [di] | 'our' | ||
| Korean | 시장 [sijang] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɕiˈd͡ʑaŋ] | 'hunger' | See Korean phonology | |
| Kurdish | [zîndu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ziːndu] | 'alive' | ||
| Latvian | [šķīvi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʃciːvi] | 'plate' (acc.) | ||
| Lithuanian | [[[Lithuanian alphabet|įbrolis]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈîːbroːlʲɪs̪] | 'half-brother' | ||
| Luxembourgish[12] | [Kiischt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [kʰiːʃt] | 'cherry' | ||
| Macedonian | јазик | [ˈjäz̪ik] | 'tongue' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | [biru] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [biru] | 'blue' | ||
| Maltese | [bieb] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [biːb] | 'door' | ||
| Navajo | biwosh | [biɣʷoʃ] | 'his cactus' | See Navajo phonology | |
| North Frisian | Mooring | [hii] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iːl] | 'owl' | |
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|is]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iːs] | 'ice' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Occitan | Northern | [miralhar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miɾaˈʎa] | 'to reflect' | See Occitan phonology |
| Southern | |||||
| Gascon | polida | [puˈlið̞o̞] | 'pretty' | ||
| Pashto | پانير | [pɑˈnir] | 'cheese' | ||
| Persian | کی | [kiː] | 'who' | See Persian phonology | |
| Pirahã | [baíxi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [màíʔì] | 'parent' | ||
| Polish[13] | [miś] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'teddy bear' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[14] | European | [dióspiro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [diˈɔʃpiɾu] | 'persimmon' | An allophone of unstressed /ɛ ~ e/ in most Brazilian Portuguese variants (being [e ~ ɪ] instead in São Paulo and the South), and only in hiatuses in Europe (otherwise [ɨ]), too. May be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian | [menininho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miniˈnĩ j̃u] | 'little boy' | ||
| Quechua | [allin] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈaʎin] | 'good' | ||
| Romanian | [[[Romanian alphabet|insulă]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈin̪s̪ulə] | 'island' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[15] | лист | 'leaf' | Only occurs word-initially or after palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | [[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|chì]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [xiː] | 'shall see' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | милина / [milina] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [milina][tone?] | 'enjoyment' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Seri | [cmiique] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ] | 'person' | ||
| Sindhi | سنڌي | [sɪndʱiː] | 'Sindhi' | ||
| Sioux | Lakota[16][17] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | |
| Slovak | [rýchly] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈriːxlɪ] | 'fast' | ||
| Spanish[18] | [tipo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪ipo̞] | 'type' | May also be represented by ⟨y⟩. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | [[[Latin script|miti]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [miti] | 'trees' | ||
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|is]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'ice' | See Swedish phonology | ||
| Tagalog | [silya] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsiljɐ] | 'chair' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Tajik | бинӣ | [biˈniː] | 'nose' | ||
| Thai[19] | [[[Thai script|กริช]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) | [krìt] | 'dagger' | ||
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|ip]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ip] | 'rope' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | [ɡʲi] | 'heart' | Allophone of /ə/ after palatalized consonants. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | кіт | [kit̪] | 'cat' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|ty]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ti] | 'bureau' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Võro | kirotas | [kʲirotas] | 'he writes' | ||
| Welsh | [hir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hiːr] | 'long' | ||
| West Frisian | [siik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [siːk] | 'ill' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[20] | diza | [d̪iza] | 'Zapotec' | |
| Zulu | [umuzi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [uˈmuːzi] | 'village' | ||
References
- ^ Thelwall (1990:38)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Roach (2004:240)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:30)
- ^ Rood & Taylor (1996)
- ^ Lakota Language Consortium (2004). ALPHABET alphabet.htm Lakota letters and sounds.
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, ISSN 0025-1003
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, ISSN 0025-1003
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISSN 0025-1003
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191, ISSN 0025-1003
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373, ISSN 0025-1003
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, ISSN 0025-1003
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X, ISSN 0025-1003
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768, ISSN 0025-1003
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628, ISSN 0025-1003
- Rood, David S; Taylor, Allan R. (1996), "Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I", Handbook of North American Indians, 17: 440–482
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659, ISSN 0025-1003
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, ISSN 0025-1003
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, ISSN 0025-1003
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, ISSN 0025-1003