Bhojpuri language: Difference between revisions

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== Classification ==

[[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|right|thumb|Major [[Indo-Aryan languages]] of [[South Asia]]; Eastern Indo-Aryan languages in shades of yellow]]

[[File:Indo-Aryan languages alignement.png|thumb|left|upright=1.13|The Indo Aryan langauages]]

Bhojpuri is an [[Indo-European language]] and belongs to the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan group]] group of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. The Magahi and Maithili languages of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan group]] are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] are also closely related.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dept|first=West Bengal (India) Information and Public Relations|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JITKDDK11M4C&q=Bhojpuri+and+Bengali&dq=Bhojpuri+and+Bengali&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA-97vmunwAhUpK6YKHcwABSUQ6AEwA3oECAUQAw|title=Introducing West Bengal|date=1976|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Government of West Bengal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tuṅga|first=Sudhāṃśu Śekhara|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lRRYBHQvXdsC&pg=PA79&dq=Bhojpuri+and+Bengali&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA-97vmunwAhUpK6YKHcwABSUQ6AEwCHoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=Bhojpuri%20and%20Bengali&f=false|title=Bengali and Other Related Dialects of South Assam|date=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-588-3|language=en}}</ref> Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the [[Bihari languages]]. Together with the other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the [[Magadhi Prakrit]].

Bhojpuri is classified as a Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other langauages of the same family such as [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Odia language|Odia]]. For example, the pronunciation of the vowel ''a'' is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like ''o'' in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from the sharp cut ''a'' in Middle Indo-Aryan. In Bhojpuri, the clear cut ''a'' and the drawled ''a,'' which sounds like ''aw'' in the word ''awl'' are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pandey|first=Shruti|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z35jAAAAMAAJ&dq=closest+relatives+of+Bhojpuri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Similar|title=A Comparative Study of Bhojpuri and Bengali|date=2003|publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7124-343-3|pages=122|language=en}}</ref> This drawled ''a'' is represented by [[Avagraha]] (ऽ), for instance, the word ''dekh'la''', you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ.<ref>Other proposed methods to represent the drawled "a" sound are, देख'ल', देखःलः and देखअलअ.</ref> Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives doesn't change with the noun. For instance ''moṭā'' feminine form ''moṭī'' in Hindi but in Bhojpuri only ''moṭ'' is used as in Bengali. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l''a'' and ''-ba'' respectively to the verb. Form example, ''I shall See'', in bengali is ''dekh-bo'' and in Bhojpuri is ''dekh-ab''.<ref name=":2" />

Some scholars has also divided the East Indo Aryan or ''Magadhan'' langauages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Varmā|first=Śīlā|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qndjAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhojpuri+magahi+Maithili&dq=Bhojpuri+magahi+Maithili&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN25-5w-LwAhVhxDgGHQnZBdg4KBDoATADegQIARAD|title=The Structure of the Magahi Verb|date=1985|publisher=Manohar|pages=6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=I34LAQAAMAAJ&q=western+Magadhan&dq=western+Magadhan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdhJzCxOLwAhVcxzgGHYjbBpMQ6AEwAnoECAkQAw|title=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics: IJDL.|date=2008|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O1RbjdP6nrgC&q=western+Magadhan&dq=western+Magadhan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdhJzCxOLwAhVcxzgGHYjbBpMQ6AEwBHoECAQQAw|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1983|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-400-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0yAKAQAAIAAJ&q=western+Magadhan&dq=western+Magadhan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdhJzCxOLwAhVcxzgGHYjbBpMQ6AEwBXoECAMQAw|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|date=1951|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|pages=358|language=en}}</ref> Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are:<ref name=":2" />

*''raürā'' or ''raüwā'' as an honorfic pronoun for second person along with the ''apne'' form is used Bhojpuri. ''apne'' form is their in other Magadhan Languages but ''raüwā'' is totally absent.
* Verb substantive in other Magadhan langauage is of ''-acch'' for but Bhojpuri has ''-baṭe'' and ''hawe''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Study|first=Indian Institute of Advanced|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c_M7AQAAIAAJ&dq=bate+Bhojpuri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q='bate'|title=Transactions|date=1969|publisher=R. Nivas.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SBzaAAAAMAAJ&dq=bate+Bhojpuri&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=bate+|title=Bihar in Folklore Study: An Anthology|date=1971|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}</ref>
* The simple present is made by Bhojpuri by adding a suffix starting from ''-la'' with the verb, but this is totally absent in the other langauages of Magadhan group. Hence, ''he sees'', is ''dēkhe-lā'' in Bhojpuri but in but ''dekhait-chhi'' in Maithili and ''dekhechhi'' in Bengali.


==Dialects==
==Dialects==

Revision as of 04:47, 12 July 2021

"Bhojpuri" redirects here. For other uses, see Bhojpuri (disambiguation).

Bhojpuri
भोजपुरी  • 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲
The word "Bhojpuri" in Kaithi and Devanagari script
Native toIndia and Nepal
RegionBhojpur-Purvanchal
EthnicityBhojpuri
Native speakers
51 million, partial count (2011 census)[1]
(additional speakers counted under Hindi)
Dialects
  • Northern (Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti)
  • Western (Purbi, Benarsi)
  • Southern (Kharwari)
  • Nagpuria (Sadari)
  • Tharu Bhojpuri
  • Madheshi
  • Domra
  • Musahari
  • Caribbean Hindustani
     · Trinidadian Hindustani
     · Guyanese Hindustani
     · Sarnami Hindoestani
  • Fiji Hindi
  • Mauritian Bhojpuri[2]
  • South African Bhojpuri (Naitali)[3]
Official status
Official language in
 Fiji (as Fiji Hindi)
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-2bho
ISO 639-3bho – inclusive code
Individual codes:
hns – Caribbean Hindustani
hif – Fiji Hindi
Glottologbhoj1246
Linguasphere59-AAF-sa
Bhojpuri-speaking region
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

Bhojpuri (/ˌboʊdʒˈpʊəri/;[5] भोजपुरीⓘ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by 51 million people in Northern-Eastern region of India and the Terai region of Nepal.[6] It is chiefly spoken in western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.[5][7] The constitution of Nepal has given it the status of national language of Nepal along with other native languages of the country.[8] With 51 million speakers, it is 8th most spoken language in India and 3rd most spoken language in Nepal and ranks 26th in the list of languages with most native speakers in the world and 33rd in the List of languages by total number of speakers.[9] Sociolinguistically, Bhojpuri is often considered one of several Hindi dialects.[10] The language is a minority language in Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, South Africa, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.[11][12]

Fiji Hindi, an official language of Fiji, is a variant of Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Caribbean Hindustani, another variant of Awadhi and Bhojpuri, is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people.[13] It has experienced lexical influence from Caribbean English in Trinidad and Tobago and in Guyana. In Suriname, languages that have lexically influenced it include Sranan Tongo Creole, Surinamese Dutch and English. Another dialect is spoken in Mauritius; its use is declining. As of 2000, it is spoken by about 5% of the country's population.[14]

Name

The word Bhojpuri is derived from Bhojpur. After the conquest of Chero and Ujjainiya Rajputs in 12th century, the Ujjainiyas, who were the descendants of Raja Bhoj captured Shahabad and named their Capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj).[15] The seat of their government were Bhojpur village which was near Dumraon in Buxar. Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress still can be seen. Slowly the word Bhojpur became the synonyms of the Shahabad or Arrah region (Today's Bhojpur district, Buxar, Kaimur and Rohtas)[16] and the adjective Bhojpuri or Bhojpuriya extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from Bhojpuri in the Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called Buxariya.[17] In Bengal, they called Paschhimas (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them Deshwali or Khoṭṭa, in upper provinces like Oudh they called Purabiya. Besides these, Banarasi, Chhaprahiya, and Bangarahi has also used for the langauage and People. Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e Mallika or Malli (due to ancient kingdom of Malla) and Kashiki (due to ancient Kashi).[18] The Girmityas who were taken to British colonies called it Hindustani and it became Sarnami Hindustani in Suriname and Caribbean Hindustani in Caribbean.

History

Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit[19] which started taking in shape during the reign of Vardhana dynasty. Bāṇabhaṭṭa, in his Harshacharita has mentioned two poets named Isānchandra and Benibhārata who used to write in local language instead of Prakrit and Sanskrit.[20][21] The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the Siddha Sahitya and Charyapada as early as 8th century A.D.[22][23][24][25]. Between 11th to 14th century A.D. the Folklores like Lorikayan, Sorathi Birjabhar etc came in to existence.[26] In 15th to 18th century, Kabir and other saints created many Bhajans in Bhojpuri.[27]

Between 1838 to 1917, many Bhojpuriyas were taken to British colonies like Mauritius, Suriname and Caribbean islands were Bhojpuri language also went. Music traditions like Chutney music, Baithak Gana, Geet Gawanai took birth in those countries.[28][29]

Statue named Baba en Maai commemorating the arrival of first Indian couple in Suriname[30]

In 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita, Badmash Darpan were published. Bhikhari Thakur, in 20th century contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya, Beti Bechwa, Gabarghichor and novels like Bindia and Phulsunghi were published. In 1962, the first Bhojpuri film, Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry.

Geographic distribution

The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal[31] and borders the Awadhi-speaking region to the west, the Nepali-speaking region to the north, the Magahi and Maithili-speaking regions to the east and the Magahi and Bagheli-speaking regions to the south.[6] In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language.[12] Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims live in Bangladesh. Their population is lower than that of Bhojpuri speakers in Mauritius, South Africa, Fiji and Caribbean nations.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Bhojpuri Speakers living in different regions of India[32]
(Note:10 lakh = 1 million; 1 lakh = 100,000)
Arrival of Bhojpuri speaking people in Caribbean

Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of indentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Jamaica, South Africa and other parts of the Caribbean.[11][12][33]

Dialects

Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri,[34] and Nagpuria Bhojpuri.[35][12]

Southern Standard Bhojpuri is prevalent in the Shahabad district (Buxar, Bhojpur, Rohtas, and Kaimur districts) and the Saran region (Saran, Siwan and Gopalganj districts) in Bihar, and the eastern Azamgarh (Ballia and Mau districts) and Varanasi (eastern part of Ghazipur district) regions in Uttar Pradesh. The dialect is also known as Kharwari. It can be further divided into Shahabadi, Chhaprahiya and Pachhimahi.[36]

Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western Tirhut division (east and west Champaran districts) in Bihar, and Gorakhpur division (Deoria, Kushinagar, Gorakhpur, and Maharajganj districts) and Basti division (Basti, Sidharthanagar, and Sant Kabir Nagar districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal.[37]

Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of Varanasi (Varanasi, Chandauli, Jaunpur, and the western part of Ghazipur district), Azamgarh (Azamgarh district), and Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Sant Ravidas Nagar, and Bhadohi districts) in Uttar Pradesh. Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after Banaras.[clarification needed] Other names for Western Bhojpuri include Purbi and Benarsi.[38]

Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand, particularly parts of Palamau and Ranchi. It has been influenced more by the Magahi language than by other dialects.[35][37] It is sometimes referred to as Sadari.[39]

A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Tharu, Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), and Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi).[6]

Phonology

Vowels[40]
Front Central Back
Close i ɪ u
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open æ ɑ
Consonants[40]
Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t ʈ tɕ k
voiced b d ɖ dʑ ɡ
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tɕʰ kʰ
breathy voiced bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʑʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Rhotic plain ɾ ɽ
aspirated ɾʱ ɽʱ
Approximant w~ʋ l j

Among the seven languages which are sociolinguistically often counted as Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji),[10] Bhojpuri has the most allophonic variations in vowels.[41]

Bhojpuri has 6 vowel phonemes[19] and 10 vocoids. The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial, 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar, 7 retroflex, 6 alveo-palatal, 5 dorso-velar, and 1 glottal).[40]

Linguist Robert L. Trammell published the phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971.[40][19] According to him, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority. Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs. The intonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours.[40][42]

Grammar

As per George Abraham Grierson, the grammar of Bhojpuri is more simple than other langauage of the same family.[43] Nouns in Bhojpuri has three forms viz. short, long and reduntant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix -na or ni with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as sabh (all) or lōg (people).

Examples:[43]

Definition Singular Form Plural Form
House ghar Gharan
Horse ghoṛā ghoṛan
Boy laïkā laïkan/laïka sabh
King rājā rājā lōg

Except few instances the Verb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on the subject and the object has no affect on it. Unlike other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bhojpuri has a different verb forms for present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of Nepali. It is formed by adding the suffix -lā to the present subjunctive. Therefore for the verb to see the Bhojpuri verb is dekhe and the present form is dhekhelā, which is peculiar to itself and is not found in other languages of the same family like Magahi (dekhaït haï), Maithili (dekhaït achi) and Bengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is consider vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form (dekhab') is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form (dekhab; I will see) is used instead of second person plural (dekhab'). To show plural number the suffix -sa' or -ja is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus dekhe-la'-sa' is they see. The present perfect form is made by adding ha' to the past form. Thus, ham dekh'li (I saw) is the past from and it's present perfect form is ham dekh'li ha' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix -al to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like kar (kail), mar (mual) etc.[43]

Numerals of Bhojpuri take the classifier gō and ṭhō, which emphasizes the countablity and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes -o and -e as in ham āmo khāïb (I will eat mangoes too) verses ham āme khāïb (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc.[44]

The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ha, ho, hokh, bāṭ, rah. These also act as the Copula. The bāṭ form provides for the tenses and the hokh or ho form provdes for the modes, where as rah is the past of other three.[31]

Writing system

Bhojpuri story written in Kaithi script by Babu Rama Smaran Lal in 1898

Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script,[6] but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri.

Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers[who?] report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts.[11]

Signboard at Purbi Gumti Arrah along with Persian script (on the right side) and Roman script (above). "Lock no. 11" is written on the board in Bhojpuri.

By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari was sometimes spelled as Devanagri. In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari.[45]

Politeness

Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb to come in Bhojpuri is aana and the verb to speak is bolna. The imperatives come! and speak! can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude a host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted.

Literary [teh] āō [teh] bōl
Casual and intimate [tu] āō [tu] bōl
Polite and intimate [tum] āv' [tum] bōl'
Formal yet intimate [rau'ā] āīñ [rau'ā] bōlīñ
Polite and formal [āpne] āīñ [āp] bōlīñ
Extremely formal āwal jā'e bōlal jā'e

Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective your has several forms with different tones of politeness: tum (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), rā'ur (polite and formal) and āpke (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use the form tum to address a younger individual and aap for an individual who is older, or holds a higher position in workplace situations.

Status

Greater official recognition of Bhojpuri, such as by inclusion in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India, has been demanded.[by whom?][46] In 2018, Bhojpuri was given second-language status in Jharkhand state of India.[47] It holds the status of a recognised national language in Nepal.

Bhojpuri is taught in matriculation and at the higher secondary level in the Bihar School Education Board and the Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed] It is also taught in various universities in India, such as Veer Kunwar Singh University,[48] Banaras Hindu University,[49] Nalanda Open University,[50] and Dr. Shakuntala Misra National Rehabilitation University.[51]

Literature

Main article: Bhojpuri literature
Cover page of Badmash Darpan by Teg Ali Teg

Lorikayan, the story of Veer Lorik contains Bhojpuri folklore from Eastern Uttar Pradesh.[52] Bhikhari Thakur's Bidesiya is a play, written as a book. Phool Daliya is a well-known book by Prasiddh Narayan Singh. It comprises poems of veer ras (A style of writing) on the theme of azaadi (Freedom) about his experiences in the Quit India movement and India's struggle with poverty after the country gained independence.

Media

Many Bhojpuri magazines and papers are published in Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Several Bhojpuri newspapers are available locally in North India; they are not wealthy enough to be published online. Parichhan is a contemporary literary-cultural Maithili-Bhojpuri magazine, published by a Maithili-Bhojpuri academy and the government of Delhi, and edited by Parichay Das. The Sunday Indian, Bhojpuri[53] is a regular national news magazine in Bhojpuri. Aakhar is a monthly online Bhojpuri literature magazine.[54] Other media in Bhojpuri include Lok Lucknow,[55] and the channels Mahuaa TV and Hamar TV. Bhojpuri Wikipedia was launched in 2003.[56]

Common words

Weekdays

English Bhojpuri (Latin script) 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 (𑂍𑂰𑂨𑂟𑂲 𑂪𑂱𑂎𑂰𑂆; Kaithi) भोजपुरी (देवनागरी लिपि; Devanagari)
Sunday Eitwaar 𑂉𑂞𑂫𑂰𑂩 एतवार
Monday Somaar 𑂮𑂷𑂧𑂰𑂩 सोमार
Tuesday Mangar 𑂧𑂁𑂏𑂩 मंगर
Wednesday Budhh 𑂥𑂳𑂡 बुध
Thursday Bifey 𑂥𑂱𑂨𑂤𑂵 बियफे
Friday Sook 𑂮𑂴𑂍 सूक
Saturday Sanichar 𑂮𑂢𑂱𑂒𑂩 सनिचर

Common phrases

English Bhojpuri 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 (Kaithi) भोजपुरी
Hello Raam Raam / Parnaam 𑂩𑂰𑂧 𑂩𑂰𑂧/ 𑂣𑂩𑂝𑂰𑂧 राम राम / परणाम
Welcome/Please come in Aain na 𑂄𑂆𑂁 𑂢𑂰 आईं ना
How are you? Ka haal ba? / kaisan hava? 𑂍𑂰 𑂯𑂰𑂪 𑂥𑂰?/𑂍𑂆𑂮𑂢 𑂯𑂫ऽ? का हाल बा? / कइसन हवऽ?
I'm good. And you? Hum theek baani. Aur rauwa? 𑂯𑂧 𑂘𑂱𑂍 𑂥𑂰𑂢𑂲𑂾𑂄𑂈𑂩 𑂩𑂈𑂫𑂰? /𑂯𑂧 𑂘𑂱𑂍 𑂯𑂖𑂱𑂾 𑂄𑂈𑂩 𑂄𑂣? हम ठीक बानी। अउर रउवा? / हम ठीक हञि। अउर आप?
What is your name? Tohaar naav ka ha? / Raur naav ka ha? 𑂞𑂷𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂢𑂰𑂀𑂫 𑂍𑂰 𑂯ऽ?/𑂩𑂰𑂈𑂩 𑂢𑂰𑂀𑂫 𑂍𑂰 𑂯ऽ? तोहार नाँव का ह? / राउर नाँव का ह?
My name is ... Hamar naav ... ha 𑂯𑂧𑂰𑂩 𑂢𑂰𑂀𑂫 ... 𑂯ऽ हमार नाँव ... ह
What's up? Kaa hot aa? 𑂍𑂰 𑂯𑂷𑂞𑂰? का होताऽ?
I love you Hum tohse pyaar kare ni / Hum tohra se pyaar kare ni 𑂯𑂧 𑂞𑂷𑂯 𑂮𑂵 𑂣𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵𑂢𑂲/ 𑂯𑂧 𑂞𑂷𑂯𑂩𑂰 𑂮𑂵 𑂣𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵𑂢𑂲𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵𑂢𑂲 हम तोहसे प्यार करे नी / हम तोहरा से प्यार करे नी

Example text

The following is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in four languages:

  • Bhojpuri

Kaithi :-

𑂃𑂢𑂳𑂒𑂹𑂓𑂵𑂠 १: 𑂮𑂥𑂯𑂱 𑂪𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂢𑂱 𑂄𑂔𑂰𑂠𑂵 𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂧𑂵𑂪𑂰 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂩𑂰𑂥𑂩 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂃𑂡𑂱𑂍𑂰𑂩 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂰𑂣𑂹𑂞 𑂯𑂫𑂵𑂾 𑂋𑂎𑂱𑂢𑂱𑂨𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂕-𑂥𑂴𑂕 𑂄𑂇𑂩 𑂃𑂁𑂞:𑂍𑂩𑂝 𑂍𑂵 𑂄𑂫𑂰𑂔 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂞𑂰 𑂄𑂋𑂩 𑂯𑂳𑂢𑂍𑂷 𑂍𑂵 𑂠𑂷𑂮𑂩𑂰 𑂍𑂵 𑂮𑂰𑂟 𑂦𑂰𑂆𑂒𑂰𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂥𑂵𑂫𑂯𑂰𑂩 𑂍𑂩𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂯𑂷𑂎𑂪𑂰𑂿

Devanagari:- 

अनुच्छेद १: सबहि लोकानि आजादे जन्मेला आउर ओखिनियो के बराबर सम्मान आओर अधिकार प्राप्त हवे। ओखिनियो के पास समझ-बूझ आउर अंत:करण के आवाज होखता आओर हुनको के दोसरा के साथ भाईचारे के बेवहार करे के होखला।[57]
  • Hindi – अनुच्छेद १: सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के मामले में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिये।[58]
  • Sarnámi Hindustani (a dialect of Caribbean Hindustani) – Aadhiaai 1: Sab djanne aadjádi aur barabar paidaa bhailèn, iddjat aur hak mê. Ohi djanne ke lage sab ke samadj-boedj aur hierdaai hai aur doesare se sab soemmat sè, djaane-maane ke chaahin.[59]
  • English – Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[60]

See also

References

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  11. ^ a b c Rajend Mesthrie, Language in indenture: a sociolinguistic history of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa, Routledge, 1992, ISBN 978-0415064040, pages 30–32
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  25. ^ Pandey, Narmadeshwar Sahay. Comprehensive History of Bihar (Bhojpuri Language and literature of Bihar).
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  28. ^ "The legacy of Indian migration to European colonies". The Economist. 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Indian Arrival Day". www.nalis.gov.tt. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  30. ^ Olga van der Klooster & Michel Bakker, Architectuur en bouwcultuur in Suriname (2009). KIT Publishers. ISBN 978-90-6832-531-7. Blz. 329-330.
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  35. ^ a b Parable of the prodigal son in Nagpuria Bhojpuri Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, A Recording in 1920 by Shiva Sahay Lal, Linguistic Survey of India, Digital South Asia Library, University of Chicago, USA
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  42. ^ Shukla, Shaligram (1981), Bhojpuri Grammar, Washington, D. C., Georgetown University Press
  43. ^ a b c Grierson, G.A. (1902). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol V. Part II.
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  56. ^ A Study on the Usage of Internet by Working Women of Vadodara City for Performing Their Household Responsibilities. Anchor Academic Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-3960675518.
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  58. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Hindi" (PDF). United Nations (in Hindi). 1 July 2015. p. 1 (orig p. 2). Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  59. ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Sarnámi Hindustani" (PDF). United Nations. (in Sarnámi Hindustani). 9 December 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
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71. Bhojpuri Association of Singapore (www.BhojpuriSingapore.org)

Further reading

External links

Bhojpuri edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhojpuri_language&oldid=1033187736"