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Actin, cytoplasmic 2

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ACTG1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesACTG1, ACT, ACTG, BRWS2, DFNA20, DFNA26, HEL-176, actin gamma 1
External IDsOMIM: 102560; MGI: 87906; HomoloGene: 74402; GeneCards: ACTG1; OMA:ACTG1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

71

11465

Ensembl

ENSG00000184009

ENSMUSG00000062825

UniProt

P63261

P63260

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001199954
NM_001614

NM_009609
NM_001313923

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001186883
NP_001605

NP_001300852
NP_033739

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 81.51 – 81.52 MbChr 11: 120.24 – 120.24 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Actin, cytoplasmic 2, or gamma-actin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTG1 gene.[5] Gamma-actin is widely expressed in cellular cytoskeletons of many tissues; in adult striated muscle cells, gamma-actin is localized to Z-discs and costamere structures, which are responsible for force transduction and transmission in muscle cells. Mutations in ACTG1 have been associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss and Baraitser-Winter syndrome, as well as susceptibility of adolescent patients to vincristine toxicity.

Structure

Human gamma-actin is 41.8 kDa in molecular weight and 375 amino acids in length.[6] Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility, and maintenance of the cytoskeleton. In vertebrates, three main groups of actin paralogs, alpha, beta, and gamma, have been identified.[7]

The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the sarcomere contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins co-exist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton, and as mediators of internal cell motility. Actin, gamma 1, encoded by this gene, is found in non-muscle cells in the cytoplasm, and in muscle cells at costamere structures, or transverse points of cell-cell adhesion that run perpendicular to the long axis of myocytes.[8][9][10]

Function

In myocytes, sarcomeres adhere to the sarcolemma via costameres, which align at Z-discs and M-lines.[11] The two primary cytoskeletal components of costameres are desmin intermediate filaments and gamma-actin microfilaments.[12] It has been shown that gamma-actin interacting with another costameric protein dystrophin is critical for costameres forming mechanically strong links between the cytoskeleton and the sarcolemmal membrane.[13][14] Additional studies have shown that gamma-actin colocalizes with alpha-actinin and GFP-labeled gamma actin localized to Z-discs, whereas GFP-alpha-actin localized to pointed ends of thin filaments, indicating that gamma actin specifically localizes to Z-discs in striated muscle cells.[15][16][17]

During development of myocytes, gamma actin is thought to play a role in the organization and assembly of developing sarcomeres, evidenced in part by its early colocalization with alpha-actinin.[18] Gamma-actin is eventually replaced by sarcomeric alpha-actin isoforms,[19][20][21] with low levels of gamma-actin persisting in adult myocytes which associate with Z-disc and costamere domains.[15][22][23]

Insights into the function of gamma-actin in muscle have come from studies employing transgenesis. In a skeletal muscle-specific knockout of gamma-actin in mice, these animals showed no detectable abnormalities in development; however, knockout mice showed muscle weakness and fiber necrosis, along with decreased isometric twitch force, disrupted intrafibrillar and interfibrillar connections among myocytes, and myopathy.[24]

Clinical significance

An autosomal dominant mutation in ACTG1 in the DFNA20/26 locus at 17q25-qter was identified in patients with hearing loss. A Thr278Ile mutation was identified in helix 9 of gamma-actin protein, which is predicted to alter protein structure. This study identified the first disease causing mutation in gamma-actin and underlies the importance of gamma-actin as structural elements of the inner ear hair cells.[25] Since then, other ACTG1 mutations have been linked to nonsyndromic hearing loss, including Met305Thr.[26]

A missense mutation in ACTG1 at Ser155Phe has also been identified in patients with Baraitser-Winter syndrome, which is a developmental disorder characterized by congenital ptosis, excessively-arched eyebrows, hypertelorism, ocular colobomata, lissencephaly, short stature, seizures and hearing loss.[27][28]

Differential expression of ACTG1 mRNA was also identified in patients with Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a devastating disease with unknown causality, using a sophisticated bioinformatics approach employing Affymetrix long-oligonucleotide BaFL methods.[29]

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ACTG1 have been associated with vincristine toxicity, which is part of the standard treatment regimen for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Neurotoxicity was more frequent in patients that were ACTG1 Gly310Ala mutation carriers, suggesting that this may play a role in patient outcomes from vincristine treatment.[30]

Interactions

ACTG1 has been shown to interact with:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184009 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000062825 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: ACTG1 actin, gamma 1".
  6. ^ "Protein sequence for human ACTG1 (Uniprot ID: P63261)". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  7. ^ Rubenstein PA (Jul 1990). "The functional importance of multiple actin isoforms". BioEssays. 12 (7): 309–15. doi:10.1002/bies.950120702. PMID 2203335. S2CID 2163289.
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  9. ^ Pardo JV, Siliciano JD, Craig SW (Feb 1983). "A vinculin-containing cortical lattice in skeletal muscle: transverse lattice elements ("costameres") mark sites of attachment between myofibrils and sarcolemma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (4): 1008–12. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80.1008P. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.4.1008. PMC 393517. PMID 6405378.
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  22. ^ Hanft LM, Bogan DJ, Mayer U, Kaufman SJ, Kornegay JN, Ervasti JM (Jul 2007). "Cytoplasmic gamma-actin expression in diverse animal models of muscular dystrophy". Neuromuscular Disorders. 17 (7): 569–74. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2007.03.004. PMC 1993539. PMID 17475492.
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  25. ^ van Wijk E, Krieger E, Kemperman MH, De Leenheer EM, Huygen PL, Cremers CW, Cremers FP, Kremer H (Dec 2003). "A mutation in the gamma actin 1 (ACTG1) gene causes autosomal dominant hearing loss (DFNA20/26)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (12): 879–84. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.12.879. PMC 1735337. PMID 14684684.
  26. ^ Park G, Gim J, Kim AR, Han KH, Kim HS, Oh SH, Park T, Park WY, Choi BY (18 March 2013). "Multiphasic analysis of whole exome sequencing data identifies a novel mutation of ACTG1 in a nonsyndromic hearing loss family". BMC Genomics. 14: 191. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-191. PMC 3608096. PMID 23506231.
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Further reading

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