Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
| Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɪ | |||
| i̽ | |||
| IPA Number | 319 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɪ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+026A | ||
| X-SAMPA | I | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
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The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, i.e. a small capital letter i. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.[1] Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.[2] Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: ⟨ɩ⟩, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.[3] Despite that, some modern writings[4] still use it.
The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ɪ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel,[5] therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨i̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ï̞⟩). However, some languages, such as Australian English,[6] Danish[7][8] and Swedish,[9] have the near-close front unrounded vowel, which differs from its near-front counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close front unrounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as ⟨ɪ̟⟩, ⟨i̞⟩ or ⟨e̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ɪ̟⟩).
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for classifying vowels. Some linguists use the terms "high" and "low", respectively, instead of "close" and "open".[citation needed]
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Gulf | جِن | [d͡ʒɪn] | 'Djinn' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [sitwa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [sɪtwɐ] | 'winter' | Used mostly in the Tyari dialects. [ə] is used predominantly in other dialects. | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | [[[Chinese characters|冰]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help)/[bing1] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pɪŋ˥] | 'ice' | Can be realized as [e] instead. See Cantonese phonology |
| Czech | Bohemian[10] | [[[Czech orthography|byli]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbɪlɪ] | 'they were' | Also described as close-mid front [e];[11] corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[11] See Czech phonology |
| Danish | Standard[7][8] | [hel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈhɪ̟ːˀl] | 'whole' | Fully front;[7][8] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.[12] The vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɪ⟩ is pronounced similarly to the short /e/.[13] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[14][15] | [blik] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'glance' | Also described as close-mid [ɪ̞] in Belgian Standard Dutch.[16] See Dutch phonology | |
| Rotterdam[17] | [blɪ̟k] | Slightly more front and higher than in Standard Dutch.[17] | |||
| The Hague[17] | |||||
| Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[18] | 'plate' | Somewhat fronted.[18] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology | |||
| English | Many dialects | [bit] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'bit' | See English phonology | |
| Australian[6] | [bɪ̟t] | Fully front.[6] See Australian English phonology | |||
| New Zealand | [bed] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɪd] | 'bed' | Some speakers. For others it's more open [e], or even [ɛ], in the case of South African English. | |
| South African | |||||
| French | Quebec | [petite] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pət͡sɪt] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard[19][20][21] | [bitte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'please' | Described variously as front[19] and near-front.[20][21] See German phonology | |
| Southern Bernese | [ˈɣ̊lɪːd̥] | 'cloth' | Corresponds to [ɛi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | ||
| Hindustani | [example needed] | See Hindustani phonology | |||
| Hungarian[22] | [[[Hungarian orthography|visz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vɪs] | 'to carry' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨i⟩. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | [duine] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dˠɪnʲə] | 'person' | See Irish phonology | |
| Kaingang[23] | [ɸɪˈɾi] | 'rattlesnake' | Atonic allophone of /i/ and /e/.[24] | ||
| Latin | Classical | [[[Latin alphabet|timida]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [tɪmiːda] | 'nervous' | [i] in Ecclesiastical Latin |
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[25] | [noorderweend] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnoːʀdəʀβ̞ɪːnt] | 'north wind' | Standard Dutch-influenced pronunciation;[25] may be realized as [eː]. See Hamont dialect phonology |
| Hasselt dialect[26] | [mìs] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɪs] | 'wrong' | ||
| Weert dialect[27] | [zeen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [zɪːn] | 'to be' | Allophone of /eə/ before nasals.[27] | |
| Lithuanian | [viltis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [vʲɪlʲˈtʲɪs] | 'hope' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[28] | [Been] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɪ̟ːn] | 'leg' | Fully front;[28] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩. Also described as close-mid [eː].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
| Malay | Malaysian and Singaporean | [pilih] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [piˈlɪh] | 'choose', 'select' | Allophone of /i/ in closed final syllables of root morphemes. |
| Mongolian[30] | ? | [xɪɾɘ̆] | 'hillside' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[31][32] | [litt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [l̻ɪ̟t̻ː] | 'a little' | Fully front;[31][32] also described as close [i].[33] See Norwegian phonology |
| Oromo | Finfinne | [fɪnˈfɪ́n.nɛ́] | 'Natural Springs (Addis Ababa)' |
||
| Plautdietsch | [winta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈvɪntə] | 'winter' | ||
| Portuguese | Brazilian[34] | [[[Portuguese orthography|cine]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈsinɪ] | 'cine' | Reduction and neutralization of unstressed /e/ (can be epenthetic), /ɛ/ and /i/. Can be unvoiced. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਨਿੰਬੂ | [nɪmbu] | 'lemon' | ||
| Romanian | Banat dialect[35] | râu | [rɪw] | 'river' | Corresponds to [ɨ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian[36] | дерево | 'tree' | Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | [thig] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hɪk] | 'come' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Sema[37] | [pi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [pì̞] | 'to say' | Fully front;[37] also described as close [i].[38] | |
| Shiwiar[39] | [example needed] | Allophone of /i/.[39] | |||
| Sicilian | [arrìriri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [äˈʐːiɾɪɾɪ] | 'smile' | Allophone of /i/. | |
| Slovak[40][41][42] | [rýchly] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈrɪːxlɪ] | 'fast' | Backness varies between front and near-front.[40] See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene | Standard[43] | [mira] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmɪ̀ːɾä] | 'measure' | Allophone of /i/ before /r/.[43] See Slovene phonology |
| Sorbian | Upper[44] | [być] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɪt͡ʃ] | 'to be' | Allophone of /i/ after hard consonants.[44] See Upper Sorbian phonology |
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[45] | [mis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɪ̟ː] | 'my' (pl.) | Fully front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[45] | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[9] | [sill] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'herring' | Fully front.[9] See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish[46] | [[[Turkish alphabet|müşteri]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ] | 'customer' | Allophone of /i/ described variously as "word-final"[46] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[47] See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[48] | ходити | [xoˈdɪtɪ] | 'to walk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | [[[Vietnamese alphabet|chị]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cɪj˧ˀ˨] | 'elder sister' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | Hindeloopers | [beast] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɪːst] | 'animal' | See West Frisian phonology |
| Yoruba[49] | [example needed] | Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ĩ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ĩ] instead.[49] | |||
Icelandic ⟨i⟩ is often transcribed with ⟨ɪ⟩, but it is actually close-mid [e].[50][51][52]
References
- ^ "IPA Fonts: General Advice". International Phonetic Association. 2015.
With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel (ɪ, U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the dental click (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)
- ^ Sans-serif fonts with serifed ɪ (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans.
On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on ɪ as well as capital I.
Finally, both are serifless in Calibri. - ^ International Phonetic Association (1999:167)
- ^ Such as Árnason (2011)
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999:13)
- ^ a b c Cox (2012:159)
- ^ a b c Grønnum (1998:100)
- ^ a b c Basbøll (2005:45)
- ^ a b c Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ^ a b Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
- ^ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:58)
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003:128)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:131)
- ^ a b Peters (2010:241)
- ^ a b Lodge (2009:87)
- ^ a b Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 224.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010:16, 18)
- ^ Strandskogen (1979:15–16)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:37)
- ^ a b Teo (2012:368)
- ^ Teo (2014:27)
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ a b Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ^ Mistrík (1988:13)
- ^ a b Jurgec (2007), p. 3.
- ^ a b Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ^ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
- ^ a b Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ^ Árnason (2011:60)
- ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ^ Haugen (1958:65)
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