Open-mid front unrounded vowel

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mr KEBAB (talk | contribs) at 07:15, 20 April 2017 (→‎Occurrence). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA Number303
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɛ
Unicode (hex)U+025B
X-SAMPAE
Braille⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[1] [[[Armenian alphabet|էջ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: arm (help) [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.[2]
Bengali[3] [[[Bengali script|এক]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: beng not supported for code: bn (help) [ɛk] 'one' See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian[4] пет [pɛt̪] 'five' See Bulgarian phonology
Burmese[5] [orthographic
form needed]		 [mɛ] 'mother'
Catalan[6] [mel] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɛɫ] 'honey' See Catalan phonology
Czech[7][8] [led] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [lɛt] 'ice' In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[7] See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[9][10] [frisk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈfʁ̞ɛsɡ̊] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[11] [bed] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɛt]ⓘ 'bed' See Dutch phonology
The Hague[12] [[[Dutch orthography|jij]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [jɛ̞ː]ⓘ 'you' Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
English General American[13] [bed] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɛd]ⓘ 'bed'
Northern English[14] May be somewhat lowered.[14]
Received Pronunciation[15][16] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[17]
Cockney[18] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[19]
New Zealand[20] See New Zealand English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[21]		 Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[22] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[23] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Estonian[24] [sule] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈsulɛˑ] 'feather' (gen. sg.) Common word-final allophone of /e/.[25] See Estonian phonology
Faroese[26] [[[Faroese orthography|frekt]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fɹɛʰkt] 'greedy' See Faroese phonology
French[27][28] [bête] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɛt̪]ⓘ 'beast' See French phonology
Georgian[29] გედი [ɡɛdɪ] 'swan'
German Standard[30][31] [Bett] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bɛt]ⓘ 'bed' Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[32] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[33] [oder] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈoːdɛ] 'or' Used instead of [ɐ].[33] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[33]
Swabian accent[34] [fett] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [fɛt] 'fat' Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[34] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[35] [See] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [z̥ɛː] 'lake' Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[36] See Standard German phonology
Icelandic[37][38] [[[Icelandic orthography|kenna]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈcʰɛnːä] 'to teach' Often diphthongized to [eɛ] when long.[39] See Icelandic phonology
Italian[40] [bene] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɛːne]ⓘ 'good' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[41] [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Limburgish[42][43][44] [crème] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kʀ̝ɛːm] 'cream' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian[45] [serp] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [s̪ɛrp] 'sickle'
Luxembourgish[46] [Stär] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃtɛːɐ̯] 'star' Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[46] See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian Sognamål[47] [pest] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pʰɛst] 'plague See Norwegian phonology
Polish[48] [ten] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [t̪ɛn̪]ⓘ 'this one' (nom. m.) See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[49][50] [[[Portuguese orthography|meleca]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɛˈl̪ɛ̞kə] 'goo' Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[51] [tempo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt̪ɛ̃pu] 'time' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[52] vede [ˈvɛɟe] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[53] это [ˈɛt̪ə]ⓘ 'this' See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[54] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.
Slovak[55] [behať] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɛɦäc̟] 'to run' Rare realization of /e/; most commonly realized as mid [e̞].[55] See Slovak phonology
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[56] [las madres] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[56]
Swedish Central Standard[57] [[[Swedish alphabet|ät]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted.[57] See Swedish phonology
Turkish[58][59] [[[Turkish alphabet|ülke]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [y̠l̠ˈcɛ] 'country' Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[58] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[59] See Turkish phonology
Upper Sorbian[45][60] [čelo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ] 'calf' See Upper Sorbian phonology
West Frisian[61] [beppe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbɛpə] 'grandma' See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[62] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

See also

References

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ^ Khan (2010), p. 222.
  4. ^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  5. ^ Watkins (2001), pp. 292–293.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  7. ^ a b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  8. ^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  9. ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  10. ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  11. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  12. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  13. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  14. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  15. ^ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  16. ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  17. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  18. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  19. ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  20. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  21. ^ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  22. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  23. ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2008)
  24. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), pp. 368–369.
  25. ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 369.
  26. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  27. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  28. ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  29. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  30. ^ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  31. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  32. ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  33. ^ a b c Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  34. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  35. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  36. ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  37. ^ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
  38. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  39. ^ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
  40. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  41. ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  42. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  43. ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  44. ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  45. ^ a b Stone (2002), p. 600.
  46. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  47. ^ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  48. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  49. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  50. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  51. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  52. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  53. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  54. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  55. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
  56. ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  57. ^ a b Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  58. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  59. ^ a b Zimmer & Organ (1999), p. 155.
  60. ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  61. ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  62. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.

Bibliography

  • Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
  • Haugen, Ragnhild (2004), Språk og språkhaldningar hjå ungdomar i Sogndal (PDF), Bergen: Universitetet i Bergen
  • Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1979), English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of British English, Baltimore: University Park Press
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988), Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Lanham, Len W. (1967), The pronunciation of South African English, Cape Town: Balkema
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009a), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009b), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (ɛ) in RP DRESS", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 321–328, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003131
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Stone, Gerald (2002), "Sorbian (Upper and Lower)", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 593–685, ISBN 9780415280785
  • Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Tiersma, Peter Meijes (1999) [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], Frisian Reference Grammar (2nd ed.), Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, ISBN 90-6171-886-4
  • Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
  • Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Burmese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122
  • Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel&oldid=776314969"