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The Human Development Report includes the 193 [[United Nations member states]] as well as [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Hong Kong]]. Other non-UN members, such as [[Taiwan]], are not included. However, the HDI is not available for [[North Korea]], [[Monaco]], [[Nauru]], [[San Marino]], [[Somalia]] and [[Tuvalu]]. In total, the HDI is available for 189 countries.<ref name="2020 components" />
The Human Development Report includes the 193 [[United Nations member states]] as well as [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Hong Kong]]. Other non-UN members, such as [[Taiwan]], are not included. However, the index is not calculated for [[North Korea]], [[Monaco]], [[Nauru]], [[San Marino]], [[Somalia]] and [[Tuvalu]]. In total, the HDI is available for 189 countries.<ref name="2020 components" />


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Revision as of 18:43, 6 June 2021

World map
World map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2019 data, published in 2020)
  •   Very high (≥ 0.800)
  •   High (0.700–0.799)
  •   Medium (0.550–0.699)
  •   Low (≤ 0.549)
  •   Data unavailable
World map
World map of countries or territories by Human Development Index scores in increments of 0.050 (based on 2019 data, published in 2020)
  •   ≥ 0.900
  •   0.850–0.899
  •   0.800–0.849
  •   0.750–0.799
  •   0.700–0.749
  •   0.650–0.699
  •   0.600–0.649
  •   0.550–0.599
  •   0.500–0.549
  •   0.450–0.499
  •   0.400–0.449
  •   ≤ 0.399
  •   Data unavailable

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compiles the Human Development Index (HDI) of 189 countries in the annual Human Development Report. The index considers the health, education and income in a given country to provide a measure of human development which is comparable between countries and over time.[1][2]

The HDI was first published in 1990 with the goal of being a more comprehensive measure of human development than purely economic measures such as gross domestic product. The index incorporates three dimensions of human development, a long and healthy life, knowledge, and decent living standards. Various indicators are used to quantify how countries perform on each dimension. The indicators used in the 2020 report were life expectancy at birth; expected years of schooling for children; mean years of schooling for adults; and gross national income per capita. The indicators are used to create a health index, an education index and an income index each with a value between 0 and 1. The geometric mean of the three indices, the cube root of the product of the indices, is the human development index. A value above 0.800 is classified as very high, between 0.700 and 0.799 as high, 0.550 to 0.699 as medium and below 0.550 as low.[1][3][4]

The data used to calculate HDI comes mostly from United Nations agencies and international institutions, such as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Rarely, when one of the indicators is missing, cross-country regression models are used. Due to improved data and methodology updates, HDI values are not comparable across human development reports; instead, each report recalculates the HDI for some previous years.[4][5]

While the HDI is the most widely used indicator of human development[6] and changed how people view it,[7] several aspects of the index have received criticism, including the choice of included factors,[8] the relative weight given to the factors,[9] and the perceived oversimplification of using a single number per country.[10] The UNDP has also recognized that the index has several limitations, including that there are dimensions of human development that it does not consider, such as inequality and participation in governance. It is also an average of large groups of people and cannot show more granular development statistics for different regions, ethnic groups or genders.[11][12] To resolve one of the limitations, the inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) was introduced in the 2010 report, aiming to provide a measure of the actual level of human development accounting for inequality.[13] To reflect developmental differences within countries, a Subnational HDI (SHDI) was introduced in 2018 by the Global Data Lab at Radboud University in the Netherlands, where the human development index is calculated in an internationally comparable way for over 1600 regions.[14]

Countries

World map
Average annual HDI growth from 2010 to 2019 (published in 2020)
  •   ≥ 1.4%
  •   1.2%–1.4%
  •   1%–1.2%
  •   0.8%–1%
  •   0.6%–0.8%
  •   0.4%–0.6%
  •   0.2%–0.4%
  •   0%–0.2%
  •   −0.5%–0%
  •   −1%–−0.5%
  •   < −1%
  •   No data

The Human Development Report includes the 193 United Nations member states as well as Palestine and Hong Kong. Other non-UN members, such as Taiwan, are not included. However, the index is not calculated for North Korea, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia and Tuvalu. In total, the HDI is available for 189 countries.[2]

Table of countries by HDI
Rank Country or territory HDI
2019 data (2020 report)​[2] Change over 5 years (2014)​[15] 2019 data (2020 report)​[2] Average annual growth (2010–2019)​[15]
1 Steady  Norway 0.957 Increase 0.20%
2 Increase (7)  Ireland 0.955 Increase 0.65%
2 Steady   Switzerland 0.955 Increase 0.16%
4 Increase (7)  Hong Kong 0.949 Increase 0.54%
4 Increase (4)  Iceland 0.949 Increase 0.62%
6 Decrease (3)  Germany 0.947 Increase 0.24%
7 Decrease (3)  Sweden 0.945 Increase 0.41%
8 Decrease (2)  Australia 0.944 Increase 0.17%
8 Decrease (1)  Netherlands 0.944 Increase 0.32%
10 Decrease (6)  Denmark 0.940 Increase 0.28%
11 Decrease (2)  Finland 0.938 Increase 0.26%
11 Steady  Singapore 0.938 Increase 0.35%
13 Steady  United Kingdom 0.932 Increase 0.24%
14 Increase (1)  Belgium 0.931 Increase 0.25%
14 Increase (3)  New Zealand 0.931 Increase 0.30%
16 Decrease (1)  Canada 0.929 Increase 0.34%
17 Decrease (3)  United States 0.926 Increase 0.12%
18 Steady  Austria 0.922 Increase 0.22%
19 Increase (1)  Israel 0.919 Increase 0.29%
19 Increase (2)  Japan 0.919 Increase 0.39%
19 Steady  Liechtenstein 0.919 Increase 0.18%
22 Increase (2)  Slovenia 0.917 Increase 0.35%
23 Steady  Luxembourg 0.916 Increase 0.22%
23 Decrease (1)  South Korea 0.916 Increase 0.33%
25 Increase (1)  Spain 0.904 Increase 0.40%
26 Decrease (1)  France 0.901 Increase 0.28%
27 Decrease (1)  Czech Republic 0.900 Increase 0.38%
28 Increase (2)  Malta 0.895 Increase 0.54%
29 Increase (2)  Estonia 0.892 Increase 0.51%
29 Decrease (1)  Italy 0.892 Increase 0.16%
31 Increase (6)  United Arab Emirates 0.890 Increase 0.91%
32 Decrease (3)  Greece 0.888 Increase 0.29%
33 Steady  Cyprus 0.887 Increase 0.40%
34 Steady  Lithuania 0.882 Increase 0.66%
35 Steady  Poland 0.880 Increase 0.52%
36 Decrease (4)  Andorra 0.868 Increase 0.40%
37 Increase (3)  Latvia 0.866 Increase 0.55%
38 Decrease (1)  Portugal 0.864 Increase 0.46%
39 Decrease (2)  Slovakia 0.860 Increase 0.38%
40 Increase (1)  Hungary 0.854 Increase 0.30%
40 Decrease (4)  Saudi Arabia 0.854 Increase 0.60%
42 Increase (6)  Bahrain 0.852 Increase 0.70%
43 Steady  Chile 0.851 Increase 0.65%
43 Increase (2)  Croatia 0.851 Increase 0.48%
45 Steady  Qatar 0.848 Increase 0.19%
46 Decrease (2)  Argentina 0.845 Increase 0.21%
47 Decrease (6)  Brunei 0.838 Increase 0.15%
48 Increase (2)  Montenegro 0.829 Increase 0.37%
49 Increase (2)  Romania 0.828 Increase 0.31%
50 Decrease (3)  Palau 0.826 Increase 0.55%
51 Increase (7)  Kazakhstan 0.825 Increase 0.86%
52 Increase (1)  Russia 0.824 Increase 0.60%
53 Decrease (4)  Belarus 0.823 Increase 0.39%
54 Increase (5)  Turkey 0.820 Increase 1.16%
55 Increase (1)  Uruguay 0.817 Increase 0.49%
56 Decrease (2)  Bulgaria 0.816 Increase 0.39%
57 Increase (5)  Panama 0.815 Increase 0.58%
58 Decrease (3)  Bahamas 0.814 Increase 0.12%
58 Decrease (6)  Barbados 0.814 Increase 0.23%
60 Decrease (3)  Oman 0.813 Increase 0.43%
61 Increase (7)  Georgia 0.812 Increase 0.87%
62 Decrease (3)  Costa Rica 0.810 Increase 0.64%
62 Increase (1)  Malaysia 0.810 Increase 0.54%
64 Decrease (5)  Kuwait 0.806 Increase 0.25%
64 Increase (3)  Serbia 0.806 Increase 0.57%
66 Decrease (2)  Mauritius 0.804 Increase 0.76%
67 Increase (2)  Seychelles 0.796 Increase 0.46%
67 Decrease (1)  Trinidad and Tobago 0.796 Increase 0.17%
69 Decrease (4)  Albania 0.795 Increase 0.72%
70 Increase (5)  Cuba 0.783 Increase 0.03%
70 Increase (1)  Iran 0.783 Increase 0.60%
72 Steady  Sri Lanka 0.782 Increase 0.41%
73 Increase (8)  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.780 Increase 0.88%
74 Increase (2)  Grenada 0.779 Increase 0.36%
74 Increase (4)  Mexico 0.779 Increase 0.45%
74 Steady  Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.779 Increase 0.48%
74 Decrease (1)  Ukraine 0.779 Increase 0.35%
78 Increase (1)  Antigua and Barbuda 0.778 Increase 0.22%
79 Steady  Peru 0.777 Increase 0.83%
79 Increase (8)  Thailand 0.777 Increase 0.79%
81 Decrease (4)  Armenia 0.776 Increase 0.42%
82 Increase (2)  North Macedonia 0.774 Increase 0.46%
83 Increase (2)  Colombia 0.767 Increase 0.57%
84 Decrease (2)  Brazil 0.765 Increase 0.57%
85 Increase (12)  China 0.761 Increase 0.95%
86 Decrease (4)  Ecuador 0.759 Increase 0.50%
86 Increase (6)  Saint Lucia 0.759 Increase 0.43%
88 Increase (1)  Azerbaijan 0.756 Increase 0.45%
88 Increase (10)  Dominican Republic 0.756 Increase 0.76%
90 Steady  Moldova 0.750 Increase 0.56%
91 Steady  Algeria 0.748 Increase 0.41%
92 Decrease (6)  Lebanon 0.744 Decrease 0.32%
93 Increase (1)  Fiji 0.743 Increase 0.43%
94 Decrease (6)  Dominica 0.742 Increase 0.03%
95 Increase (8)  Maldives 0.740 Increase 0.86%
95 Increase (7)  Tunisia 0.740 Increase 0.37%
97 Decrease (3)  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.738 Increase 0.31%
97 Decrease (5)  Suriname 0.738 Increase 0.43%
99 Decrease (3)  Mongolia 0.737 Increase 0.64%
100 Increase (5)  Botswana 0.735 Increase 1.15%
101 Decrease (2)  Jamaica 0.734 Increase 0.03%
102 Decrease (3)  Jordan 0.729 Decrease 0.12%
103 Increase (1)  Paraguay 0.728 Increase 0.50%
104 Increase (2)  Tonga 0.725 Increase 0.41%
105 Decrease (4)  Libya 0.724 Decrease 1.08%
106 Increase (4)  Uzbekistan 0.720 Increase 0.82%
107 Increase (6)  Bolivia 0.718 Increase 0.82%
107 Increase (6)  Indonesia 0.718 Increase 0.86%
107 Increase (3)  Philippines 0.718 Increase 0.76%
110 Decrease (3)  Belize 0.716 Increase 0.33%
111 Decrease (3)  Samoa 0.715 Increase 0.27%
111 Increase (4)  Turkmenistan 0.715 Increase 0.79%
113 Decrease (44)  Venezuela 0.711 Decrease 0.69%
114 Decrease (2)  South Africa 0.709 Increase 0.73%
115 Decrease (6)  Palestine 0.708 Increase 0.38%
116 Increase (1)  Egypt 0.707 Increase 0.63%
117 NA[a]  Marshall Islands 0.704 NA[a]
117 Increase (1)  Vietnam 0.704 Increase 0.70%
119 Steady  Gabon 0.703 Increase 0.84%
120 Decrease (4)  Kyrgyzstan 0.697 Increase 0.57%
121 Increase (2)  Morocco 0.686 Increase 1.20%
122 Decrease (2)  Guyana 0.682 Increase 0.55%
123 Increase (4)  Iraq 0.674 Increase 0.65%
124 Decrease (3)  El Salvador 0.673 Increase 0.08%
125 Decrease (2)  Tajikistan 0.668 Increase 0.51%
126 Decrease (4)  Cape Verde 0.665 Increase 0.57%
127 Decrease (1)  Guatemala 0.663 Increase 1.00%
128 Decrease (3)  Nicaragua 0.660 Increase 0.66%
129 Increase (1)  Bhutan 0.654 Increase 1.46%
130 Decrease (2)  Namibia 0.646 Increase 1.03%
131 Increase (1)  India 0.645 Increase 1.21%
132 Steady  Honduras 0.634 Increase 0.43%
133 Increase (8)  Bangladesh 0.632 Increase 1.41%
134 Decrease (3)  Kiribati 0.630 Increase 0.67%
135 Increase (1)  Sao Tome and Principe 0.625 Increase 1.21%
136 Decrease (2)  Micronesia 0.620 Increase 0.35%
137 Increase (1)  Laos 0.613 Increase 1.17%
138 Increase (5)  Eswatini 0.611 Increase 2.03%
138 Decrease (1)  Ghana 0.611 Increase 0.87%
140 Decrease (5)  Vanuatu 0.609 Increase 0.35%
141 Decrease (12)  East Timor 0.606 Decrease 0.40%
142 Steady    Nepal 0.602 Increase 1.28%
143 Decrease (3)  Kenya 0.601 Increase 0.97%
144 Steady  Cambodia 0.594 Increase 1.09%
145 Decrease (6)  Equatorial Guinea 0.592 Increase 0.30%
146 Steady  Zambia 0.584 Increase 1.15%
147 Increase (3)  Myanmar 0.583 Increase 1.39%
148 Decrease (4)  Angola 0.581 Increase 1.31%
149 Decrease (2)  Republic of the Congo 0.574 Increase 1.10%
150 Increase (1)  Zimbabwe 0.571 Increase 1.90%
151 Decrease (3)  Solomon Islands 0.567 Increase 0.61%
151 Decrease (2)  Syria 0.567 Decrease 1.87%
153 Increase (1)  Cameroon 0.563 Increase 1.22%
154 Increase (2)  Pakistan 0.557 Increase 0.94%
155 Decrease (2)  Papua New Guinea 0.555 Increase 0.68%
156 Decrease (4)  Comoros 0.554 Increase 0.68%
157 Decrease (2)  Mauritania 0.546 Increase 0.87%
158 Decrease (1)  Benin 0.545 Increase 1.10%
159 Increase (2)  Uganda 0.544 Increase 0.99%
160 Decrease (1)  Rwanda 0.543 Increase 1.10%
161 Decrease (3)  Nigeria 0.539 Increase 1.25%
162 Increase (7)  Ivory Coast 0.538 Increase 1.56%
163 Decrease (1)  Tanzania 0.529 Increase 1.06%
164 Decrease (4)  Madagascar 0.528 Increase 0.36%
165 Increase (2)  Lesotho 0.527 Increase 1.52%
166 Increase (3)  Djibouti 0.524 Increase 1.61%
167 Increase (1)  Togo 0.515 Increase 1.12%
168 Decrease (3)  Senegal 0.512 Increase 1.00%
169 Decrease (5)  Afghanistan 0.511 Increase 0.89%
170 Decrease (1)  Haiti 0.510 Increase 0.89%
170 Decrease (5)  Sudan 0.510 Increase 0.94%
172 Increase (1)  Gambia 0.496 Increase 0.87%
173 Increase (5)  Ethiopia 0.485 Increase 1.58%
174 Steady  Malawi 0.483 Increase 1.27%
175 Steady  Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.480 Increase 1.10%
175 Increase (1)  Guinea-Bissau 0.480 Increase 1.07%
175 Decrease (3)  Liberia 0.480 Increase 0.60%
178 Increase (1)  Guinea 0.477 Increase 1.53%
179 Decrease (16)  Yemen 0.470 Decrease 0.82%
180 Decrease (3)  Eritrea 0.459 Increase 0.57%
181 Increase (2)  Mozambique 0.456 Increase 1.44%
182 Increase (3)  Burkina Faso 0.452 Increase 1.83%
182 Decrease (2)  Sierra Leone 0.452 Increase 1.40%
184 Steady  Mali 0.434 Increase 0.69%
185 Decrease (5)  Burundi 0.433 Increase 0.58%
185 Decrease (3)  South Sudan 0.433 Increase 0.61%
187 Decrease (1)  Chad 0.398 Increase 0.84%
188 Decrease (1)  Central African Republic 0.397 Increase 0.94%
189 Decrease (1)  Niger 0.394 Increase 1.95%

Regions and groups

The Human Development Report also reports the HDI for various groups of countries. These include regional groupings based on the UNDP regional classifications,[16] HDI groups including the countries currently falling into a given HDI bracket, OECD members and various other UN groupings.[17] The aggregate HDI values are calculated in the same way as for individual countries with the input data being the weighted average for all countries with available data in the group.[18]

Table of regions and groups by HDI
Region or group 1990 data​[19] 2000 data​[19] 2010 data​[19] 2015 data​[19] 2017 data​[19] 2018 data​[19] 2019 data​[19]
OECD 0.786 0.835 0.874 0.891 0.896 0.898 0.900
Very high human development 0.782 0.826 0.870 0.889 0.894 0.896 0.898
Europe and Central Asia 0.662 0.675 0.739 0.775 0.785 0.787 0.791
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.632 0.690 0.736 0.759 0.762 0.764 0.766
High human development 0.567 0.629 0.705 0.735 0.744 0.748 0.753
East Asia and the Pacific 0.517 0.595 0.688 0.724 0.735 0.740 0.747
World 0.601 0.644 0.699 0.724 0.732 0.734 0.737
Small Island Developing States 0.599 0.646 0.706 0.720 0.724 0.726 0.728
Arab states 0.556 0.614 0.676 0.691 0.699 0.702 0.705
Developing countries 0.517 0.571 0.642 0.673 0.683 0.685 0.689
South Asia 0.437 0.501 0.580 0.620 0.635 0.637 0.641
Medium human development 0.433 0.492 0.571 0.609 0.624 0.627 0.631
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.404 0.426 0.501 0.535 0.542 0.544 0.547
Least developed countries 0.353 0.403 0.489 0.520 0.531 0.534 0.538
Low human development 0.345 0.381 0.468 0.500 0.507 0.509 0.513

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Data not available before 2017

References

  1. ^ a b "Human Development Index (HDI) | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-9-211-26442-5. Retrieved 15 December 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Human Development Report 1990 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 1 May 1990. pp. iii, iv, 5, 9, 12. ISBN 0-1950-6481-X. Retrieved 15 December 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b "Human Development Report 2019 – Technical notes" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  6. ^ Ivanova, I.; Arcelus, F. J.; Srinivasan, G. (February 1999). "An Assessment of the Measurement Properties of the Human Development Index". Social Indicators Research. 46 (2): 157–179. doi:10.1023/A:1006839208067. ISSN 0303-8300. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  7. ^ Ghislandi, Warren Sanderson, Sergei Scherbov, Simone (8 November 2018). "The best country to live in might not be Norway after all". Quartz. Retrieved 6 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Gertner, Jon (13 May 2010). "The Rise and Fall of the G.D.P." The New York Times. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  9. ^ "Troubling tradeoffs in the Human Development Index". Journal of Development Economics. 99 (2): 201–209. 1 November 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.01.003. ISSN 0304-3878. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  10. ^ Castles, Ian (1998). "The Mismeasure of Nations: A Review Essay". Population and Development Review. 24 (4): 834–836. doi:10.2307/2808029. ISSN 0098-7921. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  11. ^ Jahan, Selim. "The Human Development Index – what it is and what it is not | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  12. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions | Human Development Index (HDI) | Why does the HDI not include dimensions of participation, gender and equality?". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  13. ^ Human Development Report 2010 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2010. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-230-28445-6. Retrieved 23 February 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Iñaki, Permanyer; Jeroen, Smits (31 May 2018). "The Subnational Human Development Index: Moving beyond country-level averages | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Developing regions | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  16. ^ "Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Human Development Report 2020 – Technical notes" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. p. 4. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. p. 350. ISBN 978-9-211-26442-5. Retrieved 15 December 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)

External links

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