Detailed logarithmic timeline: Difference between revisions
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[[2019 United Kingdom general election]] won by Tories.<!--Dec. 12--> |
[[2019 United Kingdom general election]] won by Tories.<!--Dec. 12--> |
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[[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019#Protests|Protests in India over citizenship act]]. |
[[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019#Protests|Protests in India over citizenship act]]. |
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In general, protests of 2019. |
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Congress votes for the [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeachment of Donald Trump]]<!--Dec. 18--> |
Congress votes for the [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeachment of Donald Trump]]<!--Dec. 18--> |
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Revision as of 13:53, 23 April 2022
This timeline shows the whole history of the universe, the Earth, and mankind in one table. Each row is defined in years ago, that is, years before the present date, with the earliest times at the top of the chart. In each table cell on the right, references to events or notable people are given, more or less in chronological order within the cell.
Each row corresponds to a change in log(time before present) (that is, the logarithm of the time before the present) of about 0.1 (using base 10 logarithm). The dividing points are taken from the R′′20 Renard numbers. Thus each row represent about 21% of the time from its beginning until the present.
The table is divided into sections with subtitles. Note that each such section contains about 68% of all the time from the beginning of the section until now.
Past
Visual timelines including ages
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The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline. Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline) |
13 700 million years ago to 5 500 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
13.7 Ga – 11 Ga |
Big Bang. Formation of galaxies. Birth of HD 140283, the "Methuselah star", seemingly more than 14 Ga ago. Earliest quasars, habitable epoch.[1][2] NGC 6522 star cluster forms. Omega Centauri star cluster forms. | |
11 Ga – 9 Ga |
Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), NGC 2808 globular cluster, giant red star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy. Barnard's Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed. | |
9 Ga – 7 Ga |
A galaxy collides with the Milky Way giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Gliese 876 and its planets form.[3] | |
7 Ga – 5.5 Ga |
Birth of Alpha Centauri |
5 500 million years ago to 1 800 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga |
Formation of Sun, Solar System, Earth, Moon | |
4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga |
Hadean eon, beginning of Archaean eon Eoarchean era |
Late Heavy Bombardment (possibly). Origin of life. Earliest known life forms: unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in mineral deposits aged 4.25 Ga located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[4][5] Last universal common ancestor. Evidence for hydrothermal vent microbes;[6][7] Biogenic graphite in metasedimentary rocks aged 3.7 Ga discovered in Western Greenland.[8] Weathering of land affects ocean chemistry.[9][10] Bacteria and Archaea split. |
3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga | Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era, Mesoarchean era |
Microbial mat fossils[11][12] and signs of life on land[13] in Western Australia. Stromatolites. Possible Cyanobacteria (photosynthesis).[14] Stabilization of cratons. Sterane biomarkers possibly indicate first eukaryotes. Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.[15] |
2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga | Neoarchean era, end of Archaean eon
beginning of Proterozoic eon, Paleoproterozoic era |
Lomagundi event signalling oxygen in the atmosphere. Beginning of Huronian glaciation. Grypania fossils. Continents form.[16][17] |
2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga | Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period |
End of Huronian glaciation. First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.[14] First known eukaryotic acritarchs (probably).[18] Bolide over 10 km in size creates Vredefort crater. Milky Way perturbed by collision.[19] Oxygen levels briefly plummet (possibly).[14] 10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin. Columbia supercontinent. Possible traces of 24-isopropylcholestane from sponges.[20] |
1 800 million years ago to 550 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga | Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period |
Possibly multicellular red algae (eukaryotic).[21] Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[22] |
1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga | Mesoproterozoic era |
Eukaryotes found in lakes.[23] |
1.1 Ga – 900 Ma | End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic
beginning of Neoproterozoic era. Tonian period |
Coming together of Rodinia supercontinent. Fossils of organisms with two kinds of cells (cellular differentiation).[24][25] |
900 Ma – 700 Ma | Cryogenian period |
Traces of sponge-like animals.[26][27][28][29] Terrestrial fungi.[30][31] Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, possible Snowball Earth, volcanism on Venus practically stops |
700 Ma – 550 Ma | End of Cryogenian, beginning of Ediacaran period |
Pannotia supercontinent forms, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland and Baltica. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs. Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[32] |
550 million years ago to 180 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
550 Ma – 450 Ma |
End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma) |
Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, & Pikaia. First conodonts. Trilobites. Radiodonts, including earliest large predators known. All modern mineralized phyla present.[33] Bivalves. Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili.[34] Stifling hot "Dead Interval".[35] End-Botomian mass extinction. Appalachian Mountains form. First fossils of plants on land.[36] Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. First eurypterids or "sea scorpions". Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago (Ordovician meteor event).[37] Andean-Saharan glaciation. First starfish, sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish. |
450 Ma – 350 Ma |
Ordovician-Silurian extinction events. Prototaxites, tree-like organism, probably a fungus or lichen. First clear evidence of land animals (millipedes or scorpions).[36] First wood.[38][39] Jaekelopterus, giant "sea scorpion". First amphibians, the Labyrinthodontia, the group that now includes reptiles and mammals. Archaeopteris (fern-like trees), Tiktaalik (lungfish) walks on land. Ichthyostega. First seeds, coelacanths. Kellwasser event. Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[36] Beginning of Karoo Ice Age. Romer's gap in the tetrapod record. | |
350 Ma – 280 Ma |
Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma) |
Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.[36] Millipedes up to 2.6 metres in length. First winged insects and reptiliomorphs such as Solenodonsaurus and Eogyrinus. Synapsids and then pelycosaurs (forerunners of mammals). Reptiles. Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse. Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian. |
280 Ma – 220 Ma | Permian period, end of Paleozoic era |
Cycads, seed ferns. Oxygen in atmosphere peaks, around 30%.[36] Gorgonopsians and other therapsids (forerunners of mammals) displace pelycosaurs as dominant land animals. End-Capitanian extinction event.[40] Cynodonts (forerunners of mammals). First warm-blooded animals.[41] Siberian Traps eruption and Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks.[42][43] 40 °C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Archosaurs: dominance of Suchians (forerunners of crocodilians). First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs. Dinosaurs. Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan Crater formed. First lizards. |
220 Ma – 180 Ma |
Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma) |
First redwoods. Central Atlantic eruption and Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Oxygen in atmosphere hits low of about 12%.[36] Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana and Laurasia. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs. Toarcian turnover (extinction). Gondwana breaks up. |
180 million years ago to 55 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
180 Ma – 140 Ma | Jurassic |
Possible true polar wander moves east Asia southward by 25°, leading to aridification.[44] India breaks from East Gondwana. Juramaia sinensis, first known eutherian mammal. First birds (Archaeopteryx). Dinosaurs are dominant terrestrial animal. Small Magellanic Cloud passes through Large Magellanic Cloud.[45][46] |
140 Ma – 110 Ma | Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian & Albian ages |
Flowering plants. First Enantiornithes or "backward birds". Ontong Java eruption. First known snakes. Early-Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5 °C during 2 million years.[47] Earliest known monotreme fossils. Sinodelphys, earliest known marsupial. Eomaia, similar to placental mammals. |
110 Ma – 90 Ma | Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages |
Supervolcano in eastern Australia sends particles to west coast.[48][49] Bees. Mammals diversify into many forms.[50] Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years),[51] extinction of ichthyosaurs. |
90 Ma – 70 Ma | Campanian & Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous |
Dominance of angiosperm rosids. Rocky Mountains begin forming. Zealandia breaks away from Australia. Mosasaurs are dominant marine predator. |
70 Ma – 55 Ma | End of Mesozoic era
beginning of Cenozoic era and Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma) |
Evidence for grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites). Crocodiles. Madagascar breaks away from India. Bolide creates Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event, (non-avian) dinosaurs die out. Mammals dominate. Titanoboa, largest known snake. Eritherium, first known proboscid. Lemurs. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. |
55 million years ago to 18 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
55 Ma – 45 Ma | Early Eocene |
First creodonts. First equid, the Eohippus or Hyracotherium. Andes mountains begin to rise. Azolla event reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. India collides with Asia, giving rise to the Himalayas. First cetaceans (whales) and simians. |
45 Ma – 35 Ma | Eocene |
Primates cross Atlantic to South America and become New World monkeys. First elephant-like animal, the Moeritherium. Grasses common. 100-km Popigai crater in Siberia. 2-mile (3.2 km) diameter bolide creates 90-km Chesapeake Bay impact crater in America. |
35 Ma – 28 Ma | Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma) |
Tasmanian Seaway and Drake Passage open, allowing creation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Baleen whales appear. Gould Belt of stars created.[52] Alps begin to rise. First indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 metres high. Eruption of La Garita Caldera in Colorado, one of largest in Earth history. |
28 Ma – 22 Ma | Oligocene, Chattian age |
Pelagornis sandersi, largest known flying bird with a wingspan of 6 or 7 metres. Puijila darwini, early pinniped. Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig"). Nimravids, "false sabre-toothed cats", die out in America. |
22 Ma – 18 Ma | Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age |
Dawn bear – ancestor of bears. Sharp decrease in water exchange between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of the Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Cooling and drying of climate in North America.[53] Pseudaelurus felid comes to America. |
18 million years ago to 5.5 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
18 Ma – 14 Ma | Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age |
Antarctica becomes mostly ice-covered. Africa/Arabia collides with Eurasia, end of Tethys Sea. Columbia River basalts. First deinotheres, similar to an elephant but with tusks on lower jaw. Nördlinger Ries impact crater. Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption. Hominidae split from gibbons. |
14 Ma – 11 Ma | Miocene, Serravallian age |
Last of the adapiforms. Final closure of the Mesopotamian Seaway.[53] Anoiapithecus, one of the first hominids, in Spain. |
11 Ma – 9 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age |
Olympic Mountains reach present height. Rudapithecus, a great ape that was probably bipedal.[54][55] |
9 Ma – 7 Ma | Miocene, Tortonian age |
First Gigantopithecus, an ape almost 10 feet (3.0 m) tall. C4 grasses become common. Crocodiles cross the Atlantic to America.[56] |
7 Ma – 5.5 Ma | Miocene, Messinian age |
Graecopithecus ("Greek ape"), possibly ancestor of hominins. "Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows some human traits. First Thylacosmilus, sabre-toothed marsupial of South America. Orrorin tugenensis, possible hominin. Apparent hominin footprints near Trachilos, on Crete.[57][58] Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event). |
5.5 million years ago to 1.8 million years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma | Pliocene, Zanclean |
Zanclean Deluge. Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis. Divergence of polar bears and brown bears.[59] Possible date of 52-km Karakul crater in Tajikistan. |
4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma | Pliocene, Zanclean |
First Australopithecus afarensis, a bipedal great ape. Hominin fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania. |
3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma | Pliocene, Piacenzian |
Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.[60][61] Carbon dioxide levels like today for a long period, with temperatures 2° to 3°C higher than today, and sea level 20 metres higher.[62] Human line loses fur (possibly).[63] Possible time of Isthmus of Panama connecting South and Central America. Great American Interchange. Lucy, member of the species Australopithecus afarensis. First Megatherium americanum, a giant sloth. |
2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma | Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic |
Homo habilis appears. Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including the megalodon shark,[64] possibly caused by a nearby supernova or supernovas of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, which deposited 60Fe on Earth.[65][66] Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia. Possible tool use in Sivalik Hills, India.[67][68][69] Beginning of the current ice age, known as the Quaternary glaciation, impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4 km in diameter) in Pacific. Stone artefacts at Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) in China.[70] (see also Wushan Man) |
2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma | Gelasian |
Island Park Caldera in Wyoming and Idaho. Homo erectus appears. Dmanisi Man (Homo erectus georgicus) in Dmanisi, Georgia and in Xiaochangliang, China. Human-like Australopithecus sediba. Homo ergaster in Africa. First signs of Acheulian culture, in Kenya. Last known terror birds. |
1.8 million years ago to 550,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma | Beginning of Calabrian age |
First true hand-axes. Homo erectus found in Europe. |
1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma | Calabrian age |
Henry's Fork Caldera in Idaho erupts. |
1.1 Ma – 900 ka | Calabrian age |
Stone artefacts on Flores, made by hominins.[71] This required crossing seas at least 19 km wide.[72] Possible evidence of cooking with fire.[73][74] 14-km Zhamanshin Crater formed in Kazakhstan. Hominin footprints and tools in England. |
900 ka – 700 ka | End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene) |
Species of Homo found in Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.[75][76] Australasian strewnfield. Evidence of use of fire[77] and of olives, acorns, and other plant-based foods,[78][79] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine. Brunhes–Matuyama geomagnetic reversal. Hominins present in Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of Flores man.[80][81] Homo floresiensis-like creatures on Flores.[82][83] |
700 ka – 550 ka | Günz glaciation |
Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America. Homo antecessor in Spain. Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.[84] |
550,000 years ago to 180,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
550 ka – 450 ka | Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation |
Stone points (possibly for spears) used by Homo heidelbergensis in South Africa. Etching on shell at Trinil in East Java, done by Homo erectus.[85] Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, France, and Greece. Oldest known spear, Clacton-on-Sea.[86] |
450 ka – 350 ka | Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial |
Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) and Venus of B'rekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC). First appearance of proto-Neanderthal traits. Sima de los Huesos hominins in Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87] First known homicide victim was dropped into the cave.[88] Weald–Artois Anticline breached by a massive glacial lake outburst flood, creating a valley under present-day Strait of Dover.[89] Hominin footprints in Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo). |
350 ka – 280 ka |
Earliest known Middle Stone Age tools. Long distance transport of obsidian.[90][91][92] Schöningen wooden spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92] Evidence for use of fire to pre-treat stone for making blades, at Qesem cave in Palestine.[94][95] Earliest known Homo sapiens remains at Adrar Ighud in Morocco. Stone tools in Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96]>[97] Geminga supernova. | |
280 ka – 220 ka |
Jinniushan woman near Korea, with traits between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Dali Man in China, with some features of Homo sapiens.[98][99] Homo naledi skeletons in the Rising Star cave system, South Africa, and evidence of deliberate entombing of dead.[100][101] Estimated time of Y-chromosomal Adam.[102][103] Homo sapiens Omo remains in Ethiopia. Bedding made of ash and grass.[104] Strait of Dover formed. Britain (possibly) becomes an island for the first time.[89] Apparent date of stone tools at the Hueyatlaco site in Mexico. | |
220 ka – 180 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation) |
Homo sapiens in Greece.[105][106] Homo sapiens at Misliya cave in Palestine.[107][108] |
180,000 years ago to 55,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
180 ka – 140 ka | Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation) |
Underground circular piles of stalagmites built by Neanderthals.[109][110] Use of ochre, fine stone blades, and seafood at Pinnacle Point, SA.[111] Clear evidence of roasting of plant-based food (rhizomes of Hypoxis).[112][113] Denisovans (in Tibet).[114][115] Beginning of Mousterian culture. Estimated time of Mitochondrial Eve. |
140 ka – 110 ka | Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial |
Appearance of full-blown Neanderthal traits. Stone tools in Crete (40 km from nearest neighboring land).[116] Signs of Homo in California.[117][118] Neanderthals make ornaments from eagle claws.[119][120] Temperatures generally higher during the Eemian interglacial than during the Holocene. Sea levels 5 to 10 metres above current level.[121] Evidence of humans in southwest Victoria (Australia).[122] Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.[123] Tools, including a point probably made from a sperm whale tooth, used in Morocco for working leather and fur.[124][125] Tools used at Talepu site in Sulawesi.[126][127] Shell jewelry in Spain, apparently made by Neanderthals.[128][129] Jawbone with modern human chin in Guangxi Province.[99] |
110 ka – 90 ka |
Last evidence of Homo erectus.[130] Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at the Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel. Abbassia Pluvial. Denisovan "art" (parallele lines).[131][132] Humans with modern teeth in China (Fuyan Cave, between 80 and 120 ka ago).[133][99] Paint made at Blombos Cave.[134] Metre-high Flores Man on the island of Flores (Indonesia). Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Israel. | |
90 ka – 70 ka | Beginning of Würm glaciation |
Homo sapiens by lake in what is now the Nafūd desert of Arabia.[135][136][97] Shell beads in Taforalt Caves, Morocco. Use of insecticidal Cape laurel in bedding at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.[137] Tools made in Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens. Abstract designs engraved on ochre, and pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave in South Africa. Use of glue at Sibudu Cave. Arrowhead-like projectile points[138] and possibly poisoned arrows.[139][140] |
70 ka – 55 ka | Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE |
Supervolcano Toba in Indonesia erupts, covering south Asia with ash and starting a 1,000-year ice age. Cave art in Spain, by Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.[105][128][141] Humans in Northern Territory, Australia.[142][143] Homo luzonensis in Philippines.[144][145] Sewing needle-like implement used at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[138] Engraved ostrich eggs at Diepkloof Rock Shelter. Circular structure of posts near Poitiers, built by Neanderthals.[146] Neanderthals reenter Britain.[89] |
55,000 years ago to 18,000 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
55 ka – 45 ka | Ca. 53,000 – ca. 43,000 BCE |
Skeleton of a Neaanderthal in Iraq who lived 10 to 15 years after losing forearm.[92] Remains of string in France.[147][148] Australia starts to become largely desert, probably due to man.[149] Oldest known depiction of animals (warty pigs, on Sulawesi).[150][151] |
45 ka – 35 ka | Ca. 43,000 – ca. 33,000 BCE Upper Paleolithic |
Mungo Man in Australia. Homo sapiens in Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria.[152][153] Earliest painted "story", in Sulawesi.[154][155] Needles and sewing. Cro-Magnon people in France, Britain, and Italy. Neanderthal Divje Babe flute – prehistoric music. Mining of hematite at the Lion Cave in Swaziland. Deep-sea fishing of tuna.[156][157] Brief geomagnetic Laschamp Excursion. 50-metre diameter asteroid creates 1.2-km Meteor Crater in Arizona. Humans in Tianyuan Cave, China.[158][159] Foot bones seem to indicate wearing of shoes. Ash from giant Campanian Ignimbrite eruption separates Middle Paleolithic from Upper Paleolithic cultures. Neanderthals disappear. Beginnings of Aurignacian culture. Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels, Dyed flax fibres in Georgia. |
35 ka – 28 ka | Ca. 33,000 – ca. 26,000 BCE |
Exchange of ostrich eggshell beads over hundreds of kilometres.[160][92] Oldest known skull of a dog (Siberia), with wolf-like teeth.[161] Oats made into flour.[162][163] Human presence in Japan. Lion man ivory sculpture. Chauvet Cave paintings. Stone mortar and pestle used to grind fern and cattail tubers.[164][165] Boomerang made from mammoth tusk in Poland.[166] Avian figurine in ivory and stone phallus of Hohler Fels.[167] Venus of Dolní Věstonice (first known ceramic). Impression of rope on fired clay.[168] End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian. |
28 ka – 22 ka | Ca. 26,000 – ca. 20,000 BCE |
Imprint of woven cloth in clay (Czech Republic). Venus of Lespugue (ivory sculpture). First known spear thrower or atlatl. Humans present in Mexico.[169][170][171] Oruanui eruption in New Zealand. Venus of Brassempouy (carving of face). Lapedo child with mixture of Neanderthal and sapiens features at Lagar Velho Portugal. |
22 ka – 18 ka | Ca. 20,000 – ca. 16,000 BCE |
End of Gravettian culture, beginning of Solutrean. Ishango Bone, thought by some to be a tally stick which may show a prime number sequence. 1.9-km Tenoumer crater in Mauritania. Human footprints in New Mexico (White Sands National Park).[172] Apparent stone tools in use in Brazil (Toca da Tira Peia).[173][174] First clear evidence of building (homes),[175] remains of mud huts at Ohalo, by Sea of Galilee. Pottery sherds at Xianren Cave. Reported date of artefacts found on Cactus Hill in Virginia.[176] |
18,000 years ago to 5,500 years ago
Time interval, before the present time. a=annus (year) | Period | Event, invention or historical development |
---|---|---|
18 ka – 14 ka | Ca. 16,000 – ca. 12,000 BCE |
Disappearance of Solutrean. Beginning of Magdalenian culture. Clay figurines of animals.[177] Lascaux cave paintings and 7mm-diameter rope. Red Deer Cave people, a possible separate species of Homo in China. Stone tools at the Buttermilk Creek Complex in Texas. Oldest known burial of dog with humans.[178][179] Evidence of massacre at Cemetery 117. Older Dryas cold spell. Most recent glaciation gradually ends. Sea level rises 30 metres in a few hundred years (Meltwater pulse 1A). Beginning of African humid period. Beginning of Natufian culture in Levant. Flatbread (in Jordan).[180][181] |
14 ka – 11 ka | Ca. 12,000 – ca. 9,000 BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene. |
Clovis culture in Americas. Tooth drilling and filling in Italy.[182][183] Outburst of water from Lake Agassiz or Younger Dryas impact event brings about the Younger Dryas cold spell. Presence of Australian aborigine-type people in Brazil (Serra da Capivara National Park).[184] Meltwater pulse 1B causes 7.5 metre rise in sea level. Extinction of many species of large animals. Natufian Shaman burial[185] and earliest known banquet.[186] Vela Supernova only 800 ly away. Island of Spartel flooded (possible site of Atlantis). Arrow-shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture in the Levant. Göbekli Tepe (temple-like site of megalithic monuments and art). Lime. Oldest known mummified body, the Spirit Cave mummy in Nevada. Neolithic Revolution (agriculture begins, domestication of animals). Earliest layers of Jericho – first known monumental building (stone tower 8 m high). Oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human, in Upper Mesopotamia. Domestication and agriculture allows humans to live in one place - civilization. |
11 ka – 9 ka | Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE |
Copper pendant in Iraq. Toothpicks and birch-bark chewing gum. Sea rises about 20 m in 9th millennium BCE. Beginning of an inex series of solar eclipses every 29 years, unbroken till the present. Cannabis achenes at archeological site in the Oki Islands, probably indicating use by humans.[187][188] Bas relief of dancing at Nevalı Çori.[189] Possible lunar time reckoner at Warren Field in Aberdeenshire.[190] Dog sleds in use in Arctic.[191][192] Kennewick Man in State of Washington, whose skull was different from modern Native Americans. Oldest cloth yet found (Çayönü). Dentistry. Alcoholic beverage (in China).[193] Mead. Small stone circle at Atlit Yam, Palestine. |
9 ka – 7 ka | End of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE |
Trepanation. Lake Agassiz largely empties into the Hudson Bay. Finse event, a 300-year cold spell, starting around 6250 BC. Storegga tsunami. Doggerland flooded, cutting off Britain. Meltwater pulse 1C causes 6.5 metre rise in sea level. Mount Etna causes tsunami, possibly ending Atlit Yam settlement (Palestine). Possible evidence of beer making at Göbekli Tepe.[189] Smelted lead, pottery & finger rings at Çatal Höyük. Rock painting of collecting wild honey (Spain). Opium. Wine[194] and beer. Cheesemaking (Poland). Sea rises 15–20 m in 6th millennium BCE. Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures slightly warmer than in recent past. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not a desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Domestication of the horse. Pottery revolutionized by the potter's wheel. Earliest known smelting of copper (Serbia). Earliest ritual landscapes, mustatils in Arabia. |
7 ka – 5.5 ka | Chalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE |
Oldest wrought gold known, in Varna necropolis. Earliest copper-tin bronze. Megaliths spread through Europe. Last mastodons. Arsenical bronze. Copper Age. Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum. Settlements with thousands of houses, in the Tripolye culture (Moldova and Ukraine). 5.9 kiloyear event. Sweet Track roadway. Silver mining. Invention of wheel. Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, probably by Uruk in Sumer. |
5,500 years ago to 1,800 years ago
1,800 years ago to 550 years ago
550 years ago to 180 years ago
180 years ago to 55 years ago
55 years ago to 18 years ago
18 years ago to present
Future
A logarithmic timeline can also be devised for events which should occur in the future, barring unforeseen circumstances and assuming that we can extrapolate into the future based on our science.
Time interval | Event |
---|---|
1 – 10 years (2022–2032) |
Planned launch of CAPSTONE. 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election. 2022 Philippine general election. Scheduled launch of Tianzhou 4. 2022 Australian federal election. 2022 Colombian presidential election. Planned launch of NASA's Artemis 1. Scheduled launch of Shenzhou 14. Planned launch of JAXA's OMOTENASHI. Planned launch of the Nova-C lunar lander. The Constitutional Convention in Chile votes on the draft of a new constitution and subsequently dissolves, if not sooner. Scheduled launches of the KPLO and Psyche. 2022 Kenyan general election. Planned launch of Roscosmos' Luna 25. Planned launch of Janus. 2022 Swedish general election. Planned launch of the Next Mars Orbiter. Planned launch of the ISRO's Aditya-L1. 2022 Brazilian general election. Planned launch of the Emirates Lunar Mission. 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. Planned launch of the CNSA's Shenzhou 14. Planned launches of Euclid, SLIM, Nano-JASMINE, and XRISM. 2022 Chuukese independence referendum. Uzbekistan fully adopts the Latin alphabet. Croatia expected to adopt the euro. Planned maiden voyage of the Dream Chaser. 2023 Nigerian general election. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory sees first light. Planned launches of Boeing Starliner-1 and EarthCARE. Scheduled launch of the ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE). 2023 Turkish general election. 2023 Guatemalan general election. 2023 Sudanese general election. Planned launch of the ESA's BIOMASS satellite. Next Pakistani general election, if not sooner. 2023 Polish parliamentary election, if not sooner. Next Spanish general election, if not sooner. Next Bangladeshi general election, if not sooner. Expected establishment of the East African Confederation. Planned launches of Chandrayaan-3 and Türksat 6A. #dearMoon project proposal. Bulgaria expected to adopt the euro. 2024 Finnish presidential election. 2024 Indonesian general election. 2024 Russian presidential election. Next Indian general election, if not sooner. Planned launch of NASA's Artemis 2. Proposed launch of the CNSA's Interstellar Express. Planned launch of NASA's SPHEREx probe. 2024 Mexican presidential election. 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris. Planned launch of the MMX space probe. Planned launch of the Europa Clipper. 2024 Uruguayan general election. 2024 United States presidential election. Planned launch of the SMILE spacecraft. Planned launches of Chang'e 6, Chang'e 7, LUPEX, Luna 26, Rosalind Franklin, and ZhengHe. Proposed launch of FIRE. Planned launch of the IMAP. Planned launches of the Solar Cruiser, SWFO-L1, and the Lunar Trailblazer. Expo 2025 in Osaka, Japan. 2025 Polish presidential election. Planned launch of Luna 27. Planned launch of Spektr-UV. Proposed launch of the Trident spacecraft, assuming no delays. Next Israeli legislative election, if not sooner. Planned launches of Artemis 3, ALTIUS, and FLEX. Proposed launches of ISOCHRON and the Moon Diver. ITER expected to be completed. Kazakhstan gradually transitions to the Latin alphabet. 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. 2026 FIFA World Cup in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. 250th anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence. Proposed launch of the MUSE mission, assuming no delays. Planned launches of FORUM, NEO Surveyor, and PLATO. Proposed launches of Icebreaker Life, Laplace-P, and OKEANOS. Scheduled launch of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, if not sooner. Planned launch of NASA's Dragonfly. Asteroid (137108) 1999 AN10 passes within 388,960 km (0.0026 AU) of Earth. Planned launches of NASA's Artemis 4 and Artemis 5 and Roscosmos' Luna 28. Anticipated release of the autopsy report for Elvis Presley and the FBI archived records of Martin Luther King Jr. USS Enterprise (CVN-80) to be commissioned. Expected first light of the Thirty Meter Telescope and the Extremely Large Telescope. Independence of Bougainville. 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Asteroid (35396) 1997 XF11 passes 930,000 km (0.0062 AU) from the Earth. Romania expected to adopt the euro. Scheduled establishment of the African Monetary Union. Planned launches of ARIEL, LiteBIRD, and VERITAS. Proposed launch of the Io Volcano Observer. Proposed launch of Gan De. Planned launch of Venera-D. The digital time capsule "A Message from Earth" reaches Gliese 581 c. Planned launch of the Comet Interceptor. Expected first light of the Giant Magellan Telescope. Planned launch of NASA's DAVINCI. Expected completion of Masdar City. Planned launch of Spektr-M. Suggested launch of OCEANUS. Planned deorbit of the International Space Station. |
10 – 100 years (2032–2122) |
2032 Summer Olympics in Brisbane, Australia. Proposed launch of the THESEUS space telescope. Proposed launch of Neptune Odyssey. Planned launch of the Athena telescope. Proposed launch of the ODINUS mission. Near-Earth object 2002 AY1 makes a close approach to Earth. ITER expected to achieve full fusion. Expected completion of the International Lunar Research Station. Proposed launch of Interstellar, assuming no delays. Planned launch of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Year 2038 problem. Proposed launch of Zephyr. The Antarctic treaty is scheduled to come under review. A Nickelodeon time capsule, sealed in April 1992, is expected to be opened. The "one country, two systems" agreements for Hong Kong and Macau expire. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is scheduled to come up for review. Scheduled completion of the Belt and Road Initiative. The Three-North Shelter Forest Program is expected to be completed. The B-52 Bomber is set to be retired from service. Halley's comet is expected to be visible for the first time since the perihelion was last reached in 1986. The Singapore-Malaysia Water Agreement expires. One of four time capsules at the Helium Centennial Time Columns Monument is scheduled to be opened. On January 1, 2073, assuming no further extensions to the term of copyrights become law in the interim, all media published before 1978 is set to fall into the public domain in the United States; works published after 1977 will generally fall into the public domain after 70 years post mortem auctoris. Insect Magicicada broods X (17-year) and XIX (13-year) will emerge simultaneously for the first time since 1868. The 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund is set to expire. The jacket Jackie Kennedy wore on the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated cannot be displayed in public until 2103. Year 2106 problem. Scheduled release of 100 Years. The first book from the Future Library project is planned to be published. |
100 – 1,000 years (2122–3022) |
The asteroid 101955 Bennu has a 1-in-2,700 chance of impacting Earth. Pluto will be closer to the Sun than Neptune. Year 6000 on the Hebrew calendar. Return of the Great Comet of 1861. The 639-year-long performance of As Slow as Possible (begun in 2001) is scheduled to finish. 1950 DA has a 1 in 8,300 (0.012%) chance of colliding with the Earth. The last time capsule out of four at the Helium Centennial Time Columns Monument is intended to be opened. The Longplayer composition is set to finish. Consumption of fossil fuels much lower than at present. |
1,000 – 10 ka (3022–12,022) |
Completion of the Time Pyramid in Wemding, Germany. Gamma Cephei replaces Polaris as the North Star. The Westinghouse Time Capsules from the years 1939 and 1964 are scheduled to be opened. The last Expo '70 Time Capsule from the year 1970, buried under a monument near Osaka Castle, Japan is scheduled to be opened. Opening of the Crypt of Civilization. Summer and winter constellations switch, north celestial pole moves far from present North Star. |
10 – 100 ka (12,022–102,022) |
Vega becomes the northern pole star. Earth's axial tilt reverses, causing summer and winter to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone returns to normal levels of radiation. The Arecibo message reaches its destination. Ross 248 passes within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun. The length of the day used for astronomical timekeeping has increased by one SI second compared to today. The KEO time capsule is expected to make its descent back to Earth 50,000 years after being launched. Presently used Computus will give Paschal Full Moon at new moon. Alpha Centauri passes the sun and continues toward Lynx. Present constellations become unrecognizable. The Hebrew calendar is out of sync with the seasons. |
100 ka – 1 Ma |
The Gregorian Calendar is out of sync with the seasons. Lōʻihi becomes a new volcanic island. Several supervolcanoes erupt. The Strait of Gibraltar closes. The Mediterranean Sea dries up. |
1 – 10 Ma |
Technetium-99 produced today ceases to be a danger. Gliese 710 passes through the Oort Cloud. Several kilometre-size asteroids or comets are on a collision course with Earth. The Afar Depression and the East African Rift become a new sea, splitting Africa. |
10 – 100 Ma |
The Mediterranean basin closes. Iodine-129 and Neptunium-237 in nuclear waste decay away. |
100 Ma – 1 gigaannum |
A day on Earth is one hour longer than it is today. Different continents from today due to splitting and coalescence. Possible new supercontinent.[205] The Sun completes several orbits around the Milky Way. |
1 – 10 Ga | Hotter sun makes land too hot for life.
Oceans evaporate. Andromeda–Milky Way collision. The Sun becomes a red giant. |
10 – 100 Ga |
The Sun becomes a white dwarf. Presently existing uranium and rhenium-187 decay away. |
100 Ga – 1 teraannum |
The white dwarf Sun fades away. The Local Group coalesces. Presently existing thorium decays away. |
1 – 10 Ta |
Galaxies outside Local Supercluster no longer visible (if dark energy prevails). Proxima Centauri ceases to be a main-sequence star. |
10 – 100 Ta |
Star formation ends. The Degenerate Era starts. |
100 Ta – 1 petaannum |
Nuclear fusion ceases (if not sooner). The Sun becomes a black dwarf. |
1 – 10 Pa | Planets fall or are flung away from their stars. |
10 – 100 Pa | |
100 Pa – 1 exaannum |
Vanadium-50 decays. |
1 – 10 Ea |
Tungsten-180, Europium-151, Molybdenum-100, Neodymium-150, and Tellurium-130 decay. |
10 – 100 Ea |
Zirconium-96, Bismuth (209), Calcium-48, and Cadmium-116 decay. |
100 Ea – 1 zettaannum |
Selenium-82 decays. |
1 – 10 Za |
Barium-130, Germanium-78, Xenon-136, and Krypton-78 decay. |
10 – 100 Za |
Xenon-124 decays. |
100 Za – 1 yottaannum | |
1 – 10 Ya |
Tellurium-128 decays. |
10 – 100 Ya |
See also
References
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