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==Death{{Anchor|Illness and death}}==
==Death{{Anchor|Illness and death}}==
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from [[relapse]] of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine [[pancreatic cancer]],<ref name="NYT obit" /><ref name="Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death"/><ref name="Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56"/> resulting in [[respiratory arrest]]. His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:{{quote|"We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.<P>Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.<P>His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."<ref name="AppleStatement"/>}}
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from [[relapse]] of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine [[pancreatic cancer]],<ref name="NYT obit" /><ref name="Rare Pancreatic Cancer Caused Steve Jobs' Death"/><ref name="Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56"/> resulting in [[respiratory arrest]]. His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
{{quote|"We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.<P>Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.<P>His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."<ref name="AppleStatement"/>}}


Jobs is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children and by [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs]], his daughter from a previous relationship.<ref name="CNNObit"/> His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".<ref name="Statement by Steve Jobs' Family"/><ref name="Steven Paul Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple Co-Founder Transformed Technology, Media, Retailing And Built One of the World's Most Valuable Companies"/>
Jobs is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children and by [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs]], his daughter from a previous relationship.<ref name="CNNObit"/> His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".<ref name="Statement by Steve Jobs' Family"/><ref name="Steven Paul Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple Co-Founder Transformed Technology, Media, Retailing And Built One of the World's Most Valuable Companies"/>

Revision as of 16:31, 16 October 2011

Steve Jobs
Shoulder-high portrait of smiling man in his fifties wearing a black turtle neck shirt with a day-old beard holding a phone facing the viewer in his left hand
Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010
Born
Steven Paul Jobs

(1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2]
San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2]
DiedOctober 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2]
Palo Alto, California, U.S.
Cause of deathRespiratory arrest/pancreatic cancer[3]
NationalityAmerican
Alma materReed College
Occupation(s)Co-founder and CEO, Apple Inc.
Years active1974–2011
Board member ofThe Walt Disney Company,[4] Apple Inc.
Spouse(s)Laurene Powell
(1991–2011, his death)
Children4
RelativesMona Simpson (sister)
Signature

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American inventor and entrepreneur. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs was co-founder and previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of the Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.

In the late 1970s, Jobs — along with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula and others — designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets.

In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd, which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios.[7] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[8] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[9][10] Apple's 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he served as its interim CEO from 1997, then becoming permanent CEO from 2000 onwards, spearheading the advent of the iPod, iPhone and iPad.[11] From 2004, he fought a seven-year-long battle with cancer, [12] eventually leading to his resignation as CEO in August 2011, during his third medical leave. After his resignation, Jobs was elected chairman of Apple's board of directors.

On October 5, 2011, around 3:00 p.m., Jobs died at his home in Palo Alto, California, aged 56, six weeks after resigning as CEO of Apple. A copy of his death certificate, which was made public on October 10, indicated respiratory arrest as the immediate cause of death, with "metastatic pancreas neuroendocrine tumor" as the underlying cause. His occupation was listed as "entrepreneur" in the "high tech" business.[13]

Early years

Jobs was born in San Francisco to graduate students Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[14] and Joanne Carole Schieble (later Simpson), an American of Swiss and German ancestry, who met at the University of Wisconsin.[15][16] Jobs was placed for adoption after Schieble's father opposed their marriage.[17] Jandali later became a professor of political science[18] while Schieble became a speech language pathologist.[19] Jandali is currently vice president of Boomtown Casino and Hotel in Reno, Nevada.[20][21] Schieble and Jandali married in December 1955 four months after her father died and ten months after giving up their baby boy. Their daughter, Jobs' biological sister, novelist Mona Simpson was born in 1957. Schieble and Jandali divorced in 1962. The siblings first met in 1984, and kept their relationship a secret until 1986.[19] They enjoyed a close adult relationship, with Jobs regularly visiting Simpson in Manhattan. From Simpson, Jobs learned more about their birth parents and he invited his biological mother Joanne to some events.[6][22] Jandali's attempts, late in his life, to contact Jobs were unsuccessful;[23] Interviewed in August 2011 when Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, Jandali said, "Sadly, [Joanne's] father was a tyrant and forbade her to marry me as I was from Syria. So she told me she wanted to give the baby up [...] I honestly do not know to this day if Steve is aware that, had it been my choice, I would have loved to have kept him [...] I just wish I hadn't been the selfish man I must have been, to allow both my children to turn their backs on me and pray it is not too late to tell Steve how I feel."[24][25]

Jobs was adopted by the family of Paul Jobs and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian) who moved to Mountain View, California when he was five years old.[1][2] Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul Jobs, a machinist for a company that made lasers, taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] His adoptive mother was an accountant.[19] Asked in a 1995 interview what he wanted to pass on to his children, Jobs replied, "Just to try to be as good a father to them as my father was to me. I think about that every day of my life." When asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[19]

Waist-high portrait of man in his fifties wearing a black turtle-neck shirt and blue jeans, gesturing in front of a blue curtain
Steve Jobs at the WWDC 07

Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] He frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.[26] Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester,[27] he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[28] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[28]

In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc.,[2] a manufacturer of video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India.[citation needed]

Jobs then traveled to India to visit Neem Karoli Baba[29] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.[30][31] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[32] He later said that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[32]

Jobs returned to Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest in or knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. According to Wozniak, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[33]

Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and explicitly modeled his career after him.[34][35]

Career

Apple Computer

See also: History of Apple

In 1976, Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne founded Apple,[36] with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. "Mike" Markkula, Jr.[37] Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Friends for several years, Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it.[38] As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.

Two men in their fifties shown full length sitting in red leather chairs smiling at each other
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007

In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[39] Apple president Mike Markkula also wanted to retire and believed that Jobs lacked the discipline and temperament needed to run Apple on a daily basis and that Sculley's conventional business background and recent successes would give a more favorable image.[citation needed]

In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh.[40][41]

The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[42] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a graphical user interface.

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984, caused a deterioration in Jobs' working relationship with Sculley as well as layoffs and disappointing sales performance. An internal power struggle developed between Jobs and Sculley.[43] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[44]

The Apple board of directors instructed Sculley to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products.[citation needed] Sculley learned that Jobs — believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company — had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup,[43] and on May 24, 1985[43] he called a board meeting to resolve the matter. Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[45][46] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[43] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[44][47]

Jobs later claimed that being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life."[28][48][49]

NeXT Computer

See also: NeXT
A NeXTstation with the original keyboard, mouse and the NeXT MegaPixel monitor.

After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[50] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[51] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port.

The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionise human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[52] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[53] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[54] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[50] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[54] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.

Pixar and Disney

Crotch-high portrait of man in his fifties wearing blue jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, large Apple logo cut off behind him
Jobs at the 2008 Macworld Conference & Expo

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[55]

The new company, which was originally based at Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in San Rafael, California, but has since relocated to Emeryville, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films that Disney would co-finance and distribute.[citation needed]

The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[56] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[citation needed]

File:Steve Jobs on computer graphics - Interview excerpt from 1995.ogg
Steve Jobs on computer graphics. Interview excerpt from 1995.[57]

In the years 2003, and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[58] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.

In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[9] Jobs' holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger. Jobs also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six person steering committee.[citation needed]

Return to Apple

Full-length portrait of man about fifty wearing jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, standing in front of a dark curtain with a white Apple logo
Jobs on stage at Macworld Conference & Expo, San Francisco, January 11, 2005
See also: "1998–2005: Return to profitability" in Apple Computer, Inc.

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[59] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[60] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs' summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[61] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs' guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[62] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'[63]

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[64]

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[28] The banner read "Steve — Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste".

In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[65]

Jobs presenting iPhone OS (now iOS) 2 at WWDC 2008.

Resignation

In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained at the company as chairman of the company's board.[66][67] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hour trading.[68] The relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that Jobs' health had been in the news for several years, and he was on medical leave since January 2011.[69] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[70] In after-hour trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[71]

Business life

Wealth

Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[72] but held 5.426 million Apple shares, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar).[73] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[74] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[75]

Stock options backdating issue

In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[76] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[77]

On July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[78][79]

Management style

Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[80][81][82] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style.

He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky:

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[83]

Much was made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[84] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom,The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.

Jobs speaking with journalist Walt Mossberg at the All Things Digital conference in 2007.

Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs' office replied that his personality had changed since then.[85]

In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[86] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[87] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs' compelling and larger-than-life persona.[88] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[89]

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting[when?] when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[90] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[91] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:

Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[92]

Inventions

As of October 9, 2011, Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages.[93][94]

Philanthropy

Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates' efforts.[95] Jobs said he does charitable acts privately.[96] After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[6] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple became the single largest contributor since then. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono, cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[97]

Personal life

Jobs married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the Zen Buddhist monk Kobun Chino Otogawa.[6] The couple had a son and two daughters.[98] Jobs also had a daughter, Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.[6] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[6]

Shoulder-high portrait of two middle aged men, the one on left wearing a blue dress shirt and suitcoat, the one on right wearing a black turtleneck shirt and with his glasses pushed back onto his head and holding a phone facing them with an Apple logo visible on its back
Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010

In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). The biography also notes that Jobs went out with actress Diane Keaton briefly.[citation needed] In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.

Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:

My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[99]

In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[100][101]

In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[102][103] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[104]

Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[105] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning February 2011.[106]

Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[107][108] He was a pescetarian.[109]

His car was a silver 2008 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates.[110][111]

Health issues

In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[112] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[113] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[112] It was later revealed that in 2003 Jobs had been diagnosed with this kind of tumor, but he chose not to reveal this at the time.[114] Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for evidence-based medical intervention for nine months,[6] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet to thwart the disease, before eventually undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[114][115][116] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[112][117] During Jobs' absence, Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[112]

In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[118][119] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[120] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[121] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[122]

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address.[123] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[124] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[117] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs' health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs' hands-on approach to running his company.[125][126] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[127]

File:Steve's Blood Pressure.jpg
Jobs addressing concerns about his blood pressure at a September 2008 Apple event.

On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[128][129] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs' health.[130] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[131] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[132]

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs' health.[133][134] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[135] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[136]

On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs' 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[137] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[137]

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[138][139] Jobs' prognosis was described as "excellent".[138]

On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[140][141] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[142]

Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[143][144]

Death

Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][145][146] resulting in respiratory arrest. His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:

"We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.

Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.

His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."[147]

Jobs is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children and by Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[148] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[149][150]

Following his death Apple's corporate Web site showed a simple page showing Jobs' name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait, clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:

"Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple."

As of October 16, 2011, accessing the main page of apple.com still brings up the splash screen concerning Jobs' death.

An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[151][152]

File:Time- Steve Jobs Commemorative Issue.jpg
Steve Jobs as he appeared on the cover of Time's Commemorative Issue on October 17, 2011.

Shortly after his death was announced, ABC, CBS, and NBC interrupted scheduled programming to broadcast this news.[153] A large number of newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Statements reacting to Jobs' death were made by several notable people, including U.S. President Barack Obama,[154] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[155] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[156] Other statements of condolences were issued by many of Jobs' friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[157][158][159]

A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed in respect to Jobs' family.[160] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were rather encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[161]

Sunday, October 16, 2011, has been declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[162] On that day, a private invitation-only memorial will be held at Stanford University. Those said to be attending include fellow tech innovators and close friends of Jobs.[163]

There will be another private memorial service for Apple employees on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino.

Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[164][165]

Honors and public recognition

After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[166][167]

Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1984, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[168] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[169] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[170] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[171]

In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[172] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[173] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[174]

In September 2011, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[175] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.' How wrong can you be".[176]

At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, he was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[177][178][179][180] — perhaps one of the foremost — in the field of business,[174][181][182] innovation,[183] and product design,[184] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[177][179][183] revolutionized at least six different industries,[178] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[178] His death was widely mourned[185] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[180]

After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[186][187] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs' ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[188]

Criticism

Free software pioneer Richard Stallman dissented from the prevailing hagiographic views of Jobs in his blog to draw attention to the legendary tight control that Apple exercised as corporate policy over their computers and handheld devices, restrictions over media and uses, and persistent violations of privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died."[189][190]

Portrayals and coverage in media

Documentaries

Films

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  163. ^ Steve Jobs Memorial Service To Be Held Oct. 16 - WSJ.com
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    Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.

    — John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple — a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
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  179. ^ a b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). Retrieved October 7, 2011. Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions.
  180. ^ a b Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?". The Daily Telegraph. London: TMG. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved October 6, 2011. Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an instinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large
  181. ^ Goodwins, Rupert (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the limits of genius". ZDNet. Retrieved October 7, 2011. [H]e was a genius, in any way that makes sense of the word. Most particularly, it works in its original senses — a spirit, the light of the fire, a unique, primal, driving intelligence. Nobody else could do what he did, not even after 30 years of seeing him do it ... He was a visionary, a catalyst and a motivator. He saw things that nobody else could see; he made them happen ... Steve Jobs was a superb technologist but a better businessman: that is his legacy"[dead link]
  182. ^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time. Retrieved October 6, 2011. [I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution
  183. ^ a b Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. Retrieved October 6, 2011. US President Barack Obama paid tribute to one of America's "greatest innovators ... He transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world"
  184. ^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal. New York: Dow Jones. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 6, 2011. Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art.
  185. ^ Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. Retrieved October 6, 2011. Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute...
  186. ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
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Preceded by CEO of Apple
1997–2011 		Succeeded by

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