Jump to content

Edmonton

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 0alx0 (talk | contribs) at 01:51, 23 October 2013. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the capital of Alberta. For other uses, see Edmonton (disambiguation).
Edmonton
City
City of Edmonton
From top left: Downtown Edmonton, Fort Edmonton Park, Legislature Building, Law Courts, Rexall Place, High Level Bridge, Muttart Conservatory
From top left: Downtown Edmonton, Fort Edmonton Park, Legislature Building, Law Courts, Rexall Place, High Level Bridge, Muttart Conservatory
Flag of Edmonton
Flag
Coat of arms of Edmonton
Coat of arms
Official logo of Edmonton
Nicknames: 
The Big E, The Chuck, The City of Champions, Oil City, Deadmonton, E-Town, Edmonchuck, Festival City, Redmonton, River City
Motto(s): 
Industry, Integrity, Progress
CountryCanada
ProvinceAlberta
RegionEdmonton Capital Region
Census division11
Established1795
Incorporated [1]
 - Town 
January 9, 1892
 - CityOctober 8, 1904
Government
 • MayorDon Iveson
(List of former mayors)
 • Governing bodyEdmonton City Council
 • ManagerSimon Farbrother
 • MPs
List of MPs
 • MLAs
List of MLAs
Area
 (2011)[2][3]
 • City684.37 km2 (264.24 sq mi)
 • Metro
9,426.73 km2 (3,639.68 sq mi)
Elevation
[4]
645 m (2,116 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2][3][5]
 • City812,201 (5th)
 • Density1,186.8/km2 (3,074/sq mi)
 • Urban
960,015 (5th)
 • Metro
1,159,869 (6th)
 • Metro density123.0/km2 (319/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Edmontonian
Time zoneUTC−7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)
Postal code span
T5A to T6Z
Area code(s)780, 587
NTS Map083H11
GNBC CodeIACMP
GDP per capitaC$39,675 (est. 2010)[6]
Median income (all census families)C$69,214 (2005)
Average income per householdC$98,857 (est. 2010)
WebsiteOfficial website

Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ ⓘ is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, which is surrounded by Alberta's central region.

The city had a population of 812,201 in the 2011 census,[2] making it Alberta's second-largest city and Canada's fifth-largest municipality. This population represents 70 percent of the total 2011 population of 1,159,869[3] within the Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA), Canada's sixth-largest CMA by population. Edmonton is the northernmost North American city with a metropolitan population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian.[7]

Edmonton's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities, including Strathcona, North Edmonton, West Edmonton (Calder), Beverly and Jasper Place,[8] and a series of annexations of surrounding rural lands until 1982.[9] Edmonton serves as the northern anchor of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor[10] and is a staging point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large-scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories.[11]

Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre. It hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname "The Festival City."[12] It is home to North America's largest mall, West Edmonton Mall (the world's largest mall from 1981 until 2004),[13] and Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum.[14] In 2004, Edmonton celebrated the centennial of its incorporation as a city.[15] In 2013, Edmonton was declared a Fair Trade Town by Fairtrade Canada.[16]

History

Further information: History of Edmonton and Timeline of Edmonton history

The earliest known inhabitants settled in the area that is now Edmonton around 3,000 BC and perhaps as early as 12,000 BC, when an ice-free corridor opened up as the last glacial period ended and timber, water, and wildlife became available in the region.[17]

In 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer working for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area.[18] His expeditions across the Canadian Prairies were mainly to seek contact with the aboriginal population for the purpose of establishing the fur trade, as competition was fierce between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank of the river, as a major trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company.[19] The name of the new fort was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden.

The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy, and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite (South Edmonton/Strathcona) on the south side of the river, across from Edmonton. The arrival of the CPR and the Calgary & Edmonton Railway facilitated the arrival of settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Britain and continental Europe, U.S. and other parts of the world. The fertile soil and cheap land in the Edmonton area helped attract settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897. Strathcona was the northernmost railway point in North America, but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the "Klondikers," and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver.[20]

Jasper Avenue in Edmonton, ca.1907

Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8,350,[21] Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later, on September 1, 1905.[22] In November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway (CNR) arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth.[23]

During the early 1900s, Edmonton grew very rapidly, causing speculation in real estate. In 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River; as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time.[24]

Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, and the city's population declined sharply from more than 72,000 in 1914 to less than 54,000 only two years later.[25] Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city and others fled to greener pastures in other provinces.[26] Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war also contributed to the drop in population.[27] Afterwards, the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II.

Edmonton, in its role as Gateway to the North[28] established one of the earliest airfields in Canada.[28] It became the first licensed airfield in Canada, Blatchford Field (now Edmonton City Centre Airport), in 1929.[29] Named in honour of former mayor Kenny Blatchford, pioneering aviators such as Wilfrid R. "Wop" May and Max Ward used Blatchford Field as a major base for the distribution of mail, food, and medicine to Northern Canada; hence Edmonton's role as the "Gateway to the North" was strengthened. World War II saw Edmonton becoming a major base for the construction of the Alaska Highway and the Northwest Staging Route.[30]

Geography

Edmonton is located on the North Saskatchewan River, and sits at an elevation of 671 metres (2,201 ft).[31] Edmonton is the most northerly city in North America with a metropolitan population of over one million. It is at the same latitude as Hamburg (Germany), Dublin (Ireland), Manchester (United Kingdom), and Magnitogorsk (Russia). North as it is, it is south of the geographic centre of Alberta, which is located near the Hamlet of Fort Assiniboine.[32] The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling, with ravines and deep river valleys, such as the North Saskatchewan River valley.[33] The Canadian Rockies are located approximately 220 km (140 mi) to the southwest.

The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city. It empties via the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay.[34] It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city, such as Mill Creek, Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek; this creates numerous ravines, some of which are used for urban parkland.[35] Edmonton is situated at the boundary between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north, in a transitional area known as aspen parkland. However, the aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and other human activities, such as oil and natural gas exploration.[36]

Climate

File:Aurora over Downtown Edmonton.jpg
Aurora beyond Edmonton's downtown skyline

Edmonton has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb)[37] with relatively low precipitation, and falls into the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3a.[38][39][40]

The city has milder winters than either Regina[41] or Winnipeg,[42] both further south of Edmonton in latitude. Its average daily temperatures range from a low of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in January to a summer peak of 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) in July.[43] Annually, temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for an average of four to five days anytime from late April to mid September and fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) for an average of 28 days. The highest temperature recorded within the City of Edmonton was 38.3 °C (100.9 °F), on August 5, 1998.[44] The lowest overall temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was −49.4 °C (−56.9 °F), on January 19 and 21, 1886.[45]

Typically, summer lasts from late June until early September, and the humidity is seldom uncomfortably high. Winter lasts from November to March, and varies greatly in length and severity. Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable. Edmonton's growing season is from May 7 to September 23;[46] Edmonton averages 140 frost free days a year.[47] At the summer solstice, Edmonton receives approximately seventeen hours and three minutes of daylight, with one hour and forty-six minutes of civil twilight.[48] On average Edmonton receives 2,299 hours of bright sunshine[49] per year and is one of Canada's sunniest cities.[43]

The summer of 2006 was a particularly warm one for Edmonton, as temperatures reached 29 °C (84 °F) or higher more than 20 times during the year, from as early as mid-May and again in early September. The winter of 2011–12 was a particularly warm one; from December 22, 2011, till March 20, 2012, Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0.0 °C (32.00 °F) 53 times at the City Centre Airport.[50][51][52][53]

Edmonton has a fairly dry climate. On average, Edmonton receives 476.9 millimetres (18.78 in) of precipitation, of which 365.7 millimetres (14.40 in) is rain and 111.2 millimetres (4.38 in) is the melt from 123.5 centimetres (48.6 in) of snowfall per annum.[43] Precipitation is heaviest in the late spring, summer, and early autumn. The wettest month is July, while the driest months are February, March, October, and November.[43] In July, the mean precipitation is 91.7 mm (3.61 in).[43] Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year. Extremes do occur, such as the 114 mm (4.49 in) of rainfall that fell on July 31, 1953.[43] Summer thunderstorms can be frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail, damaging winds, funnel clouds, and even tornadoes. The F4 tornado that struck Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 27, was unusual in many respects, including severity, duration, damage, and casualties. It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated.[54]

A massive cluster of thunderstorms occurred on July 11, 2004, with large hail and over 100 mm (3.94 in) of rain reported within the space of an hour in many places.[55] This "1-in-200 year event" flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties. The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater, causing water to drain onto the mall's indoor ice rink. As a result, the mall was forced to undergo an evacuation as a precautionary measure.[56]

Climate data for Edmonton City Centre (Blatchford Field) Airport (1981−2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 10.6 13.8 23.5 29.2 33.4 35.9 39.0 39.6 34.1 28.3 18.9 16.0 39.6
Record high °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1) 		14.0
(57.2) 		23.9
(75.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		34.9
(94.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.6
(72.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		9.3
(48.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		5.4
(41.7) 		11.5
(52.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		16.9
(62.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−8.8
(16.2) 		4.2
(39.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −14.8
(5.4) 		−12.5
(9.5) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		5.4
(41.7) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		11.3
(52.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−13.1
(8.4) 		−1.0
(30.2)
Record low °C (°F) −44.4
(−47.9) 		−46.1
(−51.0) 		−36.1
(−33.0) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−25.0
(−13.0) 		−34.1
(−29.4) 		−48.3
(−54.9) 		−48.3
(−54.9)
Record low wind chill −52.8 −50.7 −44.6 −37.5 −14.5 0.0 0.0 −3.7 −13.3 −34.3 −50.2 −55.5 −55.5
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.7
(0.85) 		12.0
(0.47) 		15.8
(0.62) 		28.8
(1.13) 		46.1
(1.81) 		77.5
(3.05) 		93.8
(3.69) 		61.9
(2.44) 		43.5
(1.71) 		21.7
(0.85) 		18.0
(0.71) 		15.0
(0.59) 		455.7
(17.94)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.3
(0.05) 		0.76
(0.03) 		1.7
(0.07) 		14.5
(0.57) 		40.7
(1.60) 		77.5
(3.05) 		93.8
(3.69) 		61.8
(2.43) 		42.4
(1.67) 		10.9
(0.43) 		1.6
(0.06) 		0.73
(0.03) 		347.8
(13.69)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 24.5
(9.6) 		13.4
(5.3) 		17.4
(6.9) 		15.3
(6.0) 		4.9
(1.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.04
(0.02) 		1.0
(0.4) 		11.6
(4.6) 		19.1
(7.5) 		16.4
(6.5) 		123.5
(48.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 11.0 7.9 8.3 8.8 11.0 14.2 14.6 11.1 9.8 8.0 8.8 9.4 122.9
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.1 0.83 1.4 5.9 10.5 14.2 14.6 11.1 9.6 5.6 1.5 0.75 77.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 10.7 7.7 7.7 4.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.50 3.2 7.9 9.3 52.4
Average relative humidity (%) 65.2 61.2 56.5 42.9 40.4 48.2 52.6 51.4 50.1 50.5 64.7 65.4 54.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 100.8 121.7 176.3 244.2 279.9 285.9 307.5 282.3 192.7 170.8 98.4 84.5 2,344.8
Percent possible sunshine 40.2 44.1 48.1 58.2 56.8 56.2 60.2 61.5 50.4 52.0 37.8 36.0 50.1
Source: Environment Canada[43]
Panorama of Edmonton's skyline taken on a fall day showing the decommissioned EPCOR's Rossdale Power Plant and the Walterdale Bridge.
Panorama of Edmonton's downtown skyline.

Parkland and environment

See also: North Saskatchewan River valley parks system
Hawrelak Park in the North Saskatchewan River Valley taken from a stream-bed.
Streambed in Hawrelak Park

Edmonton's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America, and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City's Central Park.[57] The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite-like facilities with few amenities. This main "Ribbon of Green" is supplemented by numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city, to give a total of 111 km2 (27,400 acres) of parkland.[57] Within the 7,400 ha (18,000 acres), 25 km (16 mi)-long river valley park system, there are 11 lakes, 14 ravines, and 22 major parks, and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections.[58] These trails are also part of the 235 km (146 mi) Waskahegan walking trail. The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of "The Famous Five".[59]

Edmonton's streets and parklands are also home to one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy American elm trees in the world, unaffected by Dutch elm disease, which has wiped out vast numbers of such trees in eastern North America. Jack pine, lodgepole pine, white spruce, white birch, aspen, mountain ash, Amur maple, Russian olive, green ash, basswood, various poplars and willows, flowering crabapple, Mayday tree and Manitoba maple are also abundant; bur oak, silver maple, hawthorn and Ohio buckeye are increasingly popular. Other introduced tree species include white ash, blue spruce, Norway maple, red oak, sugar maple, common horse-chestnut, McIntosh apple, and Evans cherry.[60] Three walnut species – butternut, Manchurian walnut, and black walnut – have survived in Edmonton.[61]

Several golf courses, both public and private, are also located in the river valley; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening.[62] Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season, and cross-country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter. Four downhill ski slopes are located in the river valley as well, two within the city and two immediately outside.[63]

Neighbourhoods

See also: List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton
Looking west along the North Saskatchewan River Valley escarpment showing some of the apartment buildings overlooking the valley.
The Victoria Promenade in Oliver

Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods[64] within 7 geographic sectors – a mature area sector, which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out prior to 1970,[65] and 6 surrounding suburban sectors.[66]

Edmonton's Downtown is located within the city's mature area or inner city.[66] It and the surrounding Boyle Street, Central McDougall, Cloverdale, Garneau, McCauley, Oliver, Queen Mary Park, Riverdale, Rossdale, Strathcona and University of Alberta form Edmonton's Central Core.[65] Oliver and Garneau are the city's most populated and most densely populated neighbourhoods respectively. The mature area sector also contains the five former urban municipalities annexed by the city over its history – Beverly, Jasper Place, North Edmonton, Strathcona and West Edmonton (Calder).[66][9]

Larger residential areas within Edmonton's six suburban sectors,[66] each comprising multiple neighbourhoods,[67] include: Heritage Valley, Kaskitayo, Riverbend, Terwillegar Heights and Windermere (southwest sector); The Grange, Lewis Farms and West Jasper Place (west sector); Big Lake (northwest sector); Castle Downs, Lake District and The Palisades (north sector); Casselman-Steele Heights, Clareview, Hermitage and Pilot Sound (northeast sector); and Ellerslie, The Meadows, Mill Woods and Southeast Edmonton (southeast sector).[68] Mill Woods is divided into a town centre community (Mill Woods Town Centre)[69] and eight surrounding communities[70] – Burnewood, Knottwood, Lakewood, Millbourne, Millhurst, Ridgewood, Southwood, and Woodvale[71][72] – each having between two to four neighbourhoods.[67]

Several transit-oriented developments (TOD) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview, with future developments planned at Belvedere (part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project).[73] Another TOD, called Century Park,[74] is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall, at the southern end of the LRT line. Century Park will eventually house up to 5,000 residents.[75]

The Edmonton City Centre Airport is planned to be redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30,000 people comprising a transit-oriented mixed use town centre, townhouses, low, medium and high rise apartments, neighbourhood retail and service uses, and a major park.[76]

Edmonton has four major industrial districts – the Northwest Industrial District, the Northeast Industrial District, the Southeast Industrial District and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park,[77] which is part of Alberta's Industrial Heartland.[78] The northwest, northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them.[77][67]

Brick commercial buildings along 97 Street.
The Hull Block in McCauley

The city has established 12 business revitalization zones – 124 Street and Area, Alberta Avenue, Beverly, Downtown, Chinatown and Little Italy, Fort Road and Area, Inglewood, Kingsway, North Edge, Northwest Industrial, Old Strathcona and Stony Plain Road.[79]

Metropolitan area

Main article: Edmonton Capital Region

Edmonton is at the centre of Canada's sixth largest census metropolitan area (CMA)[3] that includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area.[80] Larger urban communities include Sherwood Park (an urban service area within Strathcona County), the cities of St. Albert, Leduc, Spruce Grove and Fort Saskatchewan, and the towns of Stony Plain, Beaumont, Morinville, and Devon.[81] Major employment areas outside of Edmonton but within the CMA include the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Edmonton International Airport (including a planned inland port logistics support facility in support of the Port Alberta initiative)[82] in Leduc County, the Acheson Industrial Area in Parkland County, Refinery Row in Strathcona County and Alberta's Industrial Heartland[83] within portions of Fort Saskatchewan, Strathcona County and Sturgeon County.[84] Alberta's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA's northeastern boundary[10] into a portion of Lamont County.[84]

The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region has led to intermunicipal competition, strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region. Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities[85] or annex portions of its neighbours,[86] the city has not absorbed another municipality since the Town ofJasper Place joined Edmonton on August 17, 1964[87] and the city has not annexed land from any of its neighbours since January 1, 1982.[88] After years of mounting pressure in the early 21st century, the Province of Alberta formed the Capital Region Board (CRB) on April 15, 2008.[89] The CRB consists of 24 member municipalities – 22 of which are within the Edmonton CMA and two of which are outside the CMA. The City of Edmonton subsequently announced in March 2013 its intent to annex lands from Leduc County along the entire length of its southern boundary, including the Edmonton International Airport.[90]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Edmonton
Edmonton City Hall with CN tower in background, taken form Sir Winston Churchill Square
Edmonton City Hall
Sacred Heart Church, on "Church Street" (96 Street) in Edmonton's inner city area.

The population of the City of Edmonton according to its 2012 municipal census is 817,498,[112] a 4.5% increase over its 2009 municipal census population of 782,439.[113] The census also captured more detailed demographic information on residents, including age and gender, marital status, employment status, lengthy of residency, prior residence, employment transportation mode, citizenship and school residency, as well as dwellings and properties, including ownership, structure and status.[114] Per its municipal census policy,[115] the city's next municipal census is scheduled for 2014.[116]

In the 2011 Census, the City of Edmonton had a population of 812,201 living in 324,756 of its 348,672 total dwellings, an 11.2% change from its 2006 population of 730,372. With a land area of 684.37 km2 (264.24 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,186.8/km2 (3,073.8/sq mi) in 2011.[2] The census also reported that 50.2% of the population (407,325) was female while 49.8% (404,875) was male. The average age of the city's population was 36.0 years while there was an average 2.5 people per household.[117]

The Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) is the sixth-largest CMA in Canada and second-largest in Alberta. It had a population of 1,159,869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1,034,945. Its five-year population change of 12.1% was second only to the Calgary CMA between 2006 and 2011. With a land area of 9,426.73 km2 (3,639.68 sq mi), the Edmonton CMA had a population density of 123.04044/km2 (318.67327/sq mi) in 2011.[3]

The Edmonton population centre is the core[118] of the Edmonton CMA. This core includes the cities of Edmonton, Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert, the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County, and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County.[119] The Edmonton population centre, the fifth-largest in Canada, had a population of 960,015 in 2011, an 11.3% increase over its 2006 population of 862,544.[5]

In 2006, people of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Edmonton. These included ethnicities mostly of English, Scottish, German, Irish, Ukrainian, Polish, and French origin.[120] According to the 2006 census, the City of Edmonton was 71.8% White and 5.3% Aboriginal, while visible minorities accounted for 22.9% of the population.[121]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Edmonton

According to the 2001 census, 31.2% of Edmonton residents are Protestant and 29.4% are Catholic. 5.5% belong to other Christian denominations, 2.9% are Muslim, 0.6% are Jewish, 5.1% are adherents of other religions, and 24.4% profess no religion.[122] A Bahá'í Centre is located in Edmonton.[123] The first mosque established in Canada – the Al-Rashid Mosque, founded by Abdullah Yusuf Ali – is situated in Edmonton.[124] Edmonton also hosts a Maronite Catholic church, on 76 Avenue/98 Street, with services in English on Saturdays and Arabic on Sundays. The Lebanese community also has a Druze Community Centre on the north side of the city. The Edmonton Alberta Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was dedicated on December 11, 1999. The Hindu Community in Edmonton is served by the Hindu Society of Alberta[125] (North Indian Temple) and the Maha Ganapathy Society of Alberta (South Indian Temple).[126] The Sikh community in Edmonton is served by four gurdwaras. The Jewish Community in Edmonton is served by Jewish Federation of Edmonton.[127] The region is served by five synagogues.[128] Edmonton is also home to two of Alberta's four Unitarian Universalist congregations – the Unitarian Church of Edmonton[129] and the Westwood Unitarian Congregation;[130] the other two are located in Calgary and Lethbridge.[131]

Economy

See also: Economy of Alberta

Edmonton is the major economic centre for northern and central Alberta and a major centre for the oil and gas industry. In its autumn 2007 Metropolitan Outlook, the Conference Board of Canada forecast that Edmonton's GDP for 2007 will be $44.1-billion (2007 dollars), a 3.6% increase over 2006.[132] The Edmonton Economic Development Corporation estimated that as of January 2005, the total value of major projects under construction in northern Alberta was $81.5-billion, with $18.2-billion occurring within Greater Edmonton.[133]

Image looking west down Jasper Avenue showing the major financial centres in Edmonton
Jasper Avenue, a hub of major offices and the financial centres.

Edmonton traditionally has been a hub for Albertan petrochemical industries, earning it the nickname "Oil Capital of Canada" in the 1940s.[134] Supply and service industries drive the energy extraction engine, while research develops new technologies and supports expanded value-added processing of Alberta's massive oil, gas, and oil sands reserves. These are reported to be the second-largest in the world, after Saudi Arabia.[135]

Image looking up at the National Institute for Nanotechnology
The National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT)

Much of the growth in technology sectors is due to Edmonton's reputation as one of Canada’s premier research and education centres. Research initiatives are anchored by educational institutions such as the University of Alberta (U of A) as well as government initiatives underway at the Alberta Research Council and Edmonton Research Park. The U of A campus is home to the National Institute for Nanotechnology.[136]

During the 1970s and 1980s, Edmonton started to become a major financial centre, with both regional offices of Canada's major banks and locally based institutions opening.[137] However, the turmoil of the late-1980s economy radically changed the situation. Locally based operations such as Principal Trust and Canadian Commercial Bank[138] would fail, and some regional offices were moved to other cities. The 1990s saw a solidification of the economy, and Edmonton is now home to Canadian Western Bank, the only publicly traded Schedule I chartered bank headquarters west of Toronto.[139] Other major financial centres include ATB Financial, Servus Credit Union (formerly Capital City Savings), TD Canada Trust and Manulife Financial.[140]

Edmonton has been the birthplace of several companies that have grown to international stature.[141] The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts, such as The Brick, Katz Group, AutoCanada, Boston Pizza, Pizza 73, Liquor Stores GP (which includes Liquor Depot, Liquor Barn, OK Liquor, and Grapes & Grains), Planet Organic, Empire Design, Running Room, Booster Juice, Earl's, Fountain Tire and XS Cargo.[142]

Edmonton's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics. CN Rail's North American operational facility is located in the city, as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert in British Columbia.[143]

Edmonton was judged to have the "best economic potential" of any North American city by the Financial Times publication, FDi magazine.[144] In a 2007 study, FDI placed Edmonton ahead of Mississauga, Ontario; Charlotte, North Carolina; Tijuana, Mexico and Calgary among cities with populations between 500,000 and two million. Edmonton's economic potential, expanding infrastructure, human resources, cost effectiveness, and high standard of living placed it in the fourth spot on FDi’s list of top-ten North American large cities. The survey also named Edmonton in the top-five large North American cities for business development and investment promotion.[145] Edmonton is known for its exceptional environmental stewardship, strong life-science sector, and burgeoning high-tech industry economy.[146]

Retail

West Edmonton Mall.

Edmonton is home to several shopping malls, including Canada's first mall, Westmount Centre and West Edmonton Mall, one of the world's largest malls and the largest in North America. Other malls include Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre, Edmonton City Centre (a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and Eaton Centre malls), Southgate Centre, Kingsway Mall, Northgate Centre, Abbotsfield Mall, Londonderry Mall, Capilano Mall, and Mill Woods Town Centre.[147]

Edmonton also has many big box shopping centres and power centres. Some of the major ones include South Edmonton Common (North America's largest open air retail development),[148] Skyview Power Centre, Terra Losa Centre, Oliver Park, Southpark Centre, The Meadows, Christy's Corner, and Westpoint. In 2008, construction started on the Windermere power centre.[149]

In contrast to suburban centres, Edmonton has many urban retail locations. The largest of them all, Old Strathcona, includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street on Whyte Avenue and area.[150] In around the downtown of Edmonton, there are a small handful of shopping districts such as previously mentioned Edmonton City Centre mall, Jasper Avenue and 104 Street. Near Oliver, 124 Street is home to a significant amount of retail stores. Edmonton is the Canadian testing-ground for many American retailers such as Bath & Body Works and Calvin Klein.[151]

Arts and culture

See also: List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton

Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District, centred around Churchill Square (named in honour of Sir Winston Churchill). On the south side of the river, the University district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres, concert halls, and various live music venues.

Performing arts

The Francis Winspear Centre for Music with a banner in front for the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and Century Place tower behind it.
The Francis Winspear Centre for Music

The Francis Winspear Centre for Music[152] was opened in 1997 after years of planning and fundraising.[153] Described as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls in Canada, it is home to the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and hosts a wide variety of shows every year. It seats 1,932 patrons and houses the $3-million Davis Concert Organ, the largest concert organ in Canada.[154] Across 102 Avenue is the Citadel Theatre, named after The Salvation Army Citadel in which Joe Shoctor first started the Citadel Theatre Company in 1965. It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada, with five halls, each specializing in different kinds of productions.[155] On the University of Alberta grounds is the 2,534-seat Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium, which were undertaken over a year of heavy renovations carried out as part of the province's 2005 centennial celebrations. Both it and its southern twin in Calgary were constructed in 1955 for the province's golden jubilee and have hosted many concerts, musicals, and ballets. The Edmonton Opera uses the Jubilee as its base of operations. On the front of the building is a quote from Suetonius' Life of Augustus: "He found a city built of brick – left it built of marble."

The Old Strathcona neighbourhood is home to the Theatre District, which holds the ATB Financial Arts Barns (headquarters of the Edmonton International Fringe Festival), The Walterdale Playhouse, Catalyst Theatre, and the Varscona Theatre (base of operations for several theatre companies, including Teatro la Quindicina, Shadow Theatre, Die-Nasty, and Oh Susanna!). Edmonton was named cultural capital of Canada in 2007.[156] The Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton, organized in 1953, preserves the Ukrainian musical culture within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity.[157]

Festivals

Main article: Festivals in Edmonton
The 2001 Sourdough Raft Race, passing beneath the High Level Bridge's Great Divide waterfall during Klondike Days.

Edmonton plays host to several large festivals each year, contributing to its local nickname, "The Festival City."[158] Downtown Edmonton's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer. The Works Art & Design Festival, which takes place from late June to early July, showcases Canadian and international art and design from well-known award-winning artists as well as emerging and student artists. The Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival[159] takes place in mid-July and showcases street performance artists from around the world.

Edmonton's main summer festival is K-Days, formerly Klondike Days, Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition.[160] Founded in 1879, the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme, becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s.[160] Northlands, the operators, renamed the festival to "Edmonton's Capital Ex" or "Capital Ex" in 2006.[160] In 2012, Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to "K-Days".[160] Activities include carnival rides and fairways, music, trade shows, and daily fireworks.[161]

Since 1960, the Sourdough Raft Races have also been a popular event.[162] Later in November, Edmonton plays host to the Canadian Finals Rodeo and Farmfair; this is a significant event in Canada's rodeo circuit and second only to the National Finals Rodeo in Las Vegas in prestige.[163]

The Edmonton International Fringe Festival, held in mid-August, is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America and second only to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival worldwide.[164] In August, Edmonton is also host to the Edmonton Folk Music Festival, one of the most successful and popular folk music festivals in North America.[165] Another major summer festival is the Edmonton Heritage Festival, which is an ethnocultural festival that takes place in Hawrelak Park on the Heritage Day long weekend.[166] Many other festivals exist, such as Interstellar Rodeo,[167] the Free Will Shakespeare Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival,[168] the Whyte Avenue Art Walk, and the Edmonton International Film Festival.

Museums and galleries

Art Gallery of Alberta.
Buildings on the grounds of the Royal Alberta Museum.
The main building of the Telus World of Science.

There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes.[169] The largest is the Royal Alberta Museum (RAM), which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's 2005 Alberta centennial visit. The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region. The main building, overlooking the river valley west of the city centre in the Glenora neighbourhood, was opened in 1967 and is now in the early stages of large-scale redevelopment.[170]

The Telus World of Science is located in the Woodcroft neighbourhood northwest of the city centre. It opened in 1984 and has since been expanded several times. It contains five permanent galleries, one additional gallery for temporary exhibits, an IMAX theatre, a planetarium, an observatory, and an amateur radio station. The Edmonton Valley Zoo is in the river valley to the southwest of the city centre.[171]

The Alberta Aviation Museum, located in a hangar at the City Centre Airport, was built for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Its collection includes both civilian and military aircraft, the largest of which are a Boeing 737 and two CF-101 Voodoos. It also has one of only 3 BOMARC missiles in Canada.

The Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre is also home to the Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum. The museum is dedicated to preserving the military heritage and the sacrifices made by the people of Edmonton and Alberta in general. The museum features two galleries and several smaller exhibits. The collection includes historic firearms, uniforms, souvenirs, memorabilia, military accoutrements, as well as a large photographic and archival collection spanning the pre-World War One period to the present. The museum features an exhibit on the role of the 49th Battalion, CEF in Canada's Hundred Days Offensive. The Telephone Historical Centre is a telephone museum also located in the Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre in central Edmonton. In addition to a collection of artifacts tracing the history of the telephone, the museum has its own theatre featuring a brief film led by the robot Xeldon.[172]

The Alberta Railway Museum[173] is located in the rural northeast portion of the city. It contains a variety of locomotives and railroad cars from different periods, and includes a working steam locomotive. Since most of its exhibits are outdoors, it is only open between Victoria Day and Labour Day.

Fort Edmonton Park, Canada's largest living history museum, is located in the river valley southwest of the city centre. Edmonton's heritage is displayed through historical buildings (many of which are originals moved to the park), costumed historical interpreters, and authentic artifacts. In total, it covers the region's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 (represented by Fort Edmonton), followed chronologically by 1885, 1905, and 1920 streets, and a recreation of a 1920s midway. A steam train, streetcars, automobiles and horse drawn vehicles may be seen in operation (and utilized by the public) around the park. The John Walter Museum and Historical Area (c. 1875 to 1901) is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.[174] The University of Alberta operates its own internal Museums and Collections service.[175]

The Art Gallery of Alberta (AGA) is the city's largest single gallery. Formerly housed in an inconspicuous 1970s building downtown, the AGA collection had over 5,000 pieces of art. The former AGA building was demolished in July 2007 to make way for construction of a new facility designed by Randall Stout. It was estimated to cost over $88-million and the amount that Edmonton City Council donated towards its construction was met with some controversy. The AGA officially opened the weekend of January 30/31, 2010.[176] Independent galleries can be found throughout the city, especially along the 124 Street/Jasper Avenue corridor, known as the "gallery walk".[177]

Music

Further information: List of musicians from Edmonton

In the city's early days, music was performed in churches and community halls. Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance; both genres historically have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations. Edmonton's first major radio station, CKUA, began broadcasting music in 1927.[178] The city is a centre for music instruction; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945, and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980. Festivals of jazz, folk, and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city.[179]

The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913. In 1952, the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60-member modern version. The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music.[180]

The city also has a vibrant popular music scene, across genres including hip-hop, reggae, R&B, rock, pop, metal, punk, country and electronica. Notable past and present local musicians include Robert Goulet,[181] Tommy Banks, Tim Feehan, Cadence Weapon, Kreesha Turner, The Smalls, SNFU, Social Code, Stereos, Ten Second Epic, Tupelo Honey, Shout Out Out Out Out, and numerous others.[182]

Nightlife

There are several key areas of nightlife in the city of Edmonton. The most popular is the Whyte Avenue (82 Avenue) strip, located between 109 Street and 99 Street; it has the highest number of heritage buildings in Edmonton,[183] and the nightlife (bars, clubs, and restaurants) are located throughout, but mostly west of Gateway Boulevard (103 Street). Once the heart of the town of Strathcona (annexed by Edmonton on February 1, 1912), it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century.[184] Beginning in the 1970s, a coordinated effort to revive the area through the establishment of a business revitalization zone has produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes.[185] Its proximity to the University of Alberta has led to a high number of establishments ranging from restaurants and pubs to trendy clubs while hosting a wide variety of retail and specialty shops during the day. This area also contains two independent movie theatres: the Garneau and Princess theatres, as well as several live theatre, music, and comedy venues.[186]

Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and unprecedented growth since the mid-1990s. Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom, starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s, to make way for office towers. As such, there have always been numerous pub-type establishments, as well as many hotel lounges and restaurants. The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues. Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city. Various clubs are also to be found along Edmonton's main street, Jasper Avenue. The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses an Empire Theatres movie theatre, featuring nine screens. The nonprofit Metro Cinema[187] shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week.

West Edmonton Mall holds several after-hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions. Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex. Scotiabank Theatre (formerly known as Silver City), at the west end of the mall, is a theatre that features twelve screens and an IMAX.[13]

Sports and recreation

Main article: Sport in Edmonton
Edmonton Grand Prix
North face of Rexall Place.

Edmonton has numerous professional sports teams,[188] including the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League, Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League, Edmonton Rush of the National Lacrosse League, Edmonton Energy of the International Basketball League, and FC Edmonton of the North American Soccer League. Junior sports clubs include the Edmonton Huskies and Edmonton Wildcats of the Canadian Junior Football League and the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League. Venues for Edmonton's professional and junior sports teams include Commonwealth Stadium (Eskimos), Rexall Place (Oilers, Rush and Oil Kings), Telus Field (Prospects), the Universiade Pavilion (Energy), and Clarke Stadium (FC Edmonton, Huskies and Wildcats). A new arena to accommodate the Oilers, among other major events, is in planning stages.[189]

Edmonton's teams have rivalries with Calgary's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the Battle of Alberta.

Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include the original junior hockey incarnation of the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League and the Edmonton Roadrunners of the American Hockey League. Other past notable sports teams include the Edmonton Grads, a women's basketball team, and the Edmonton Trappers, a former baseball team in the Pacific Coast League.

Local university-level sports teams include the U of A Golden Bears, the U of A Pandas, the NAIT Ooks, and the MacEwan Griffins. Local amateur teams, among others, include the Edmonton Gold of the Rugby Canada Super League and two flat track roller derby leagues: Oil City Roller Derby[190] and E-Ville Roller Derby.[191]

From 2005 to 2012, Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the Indy Racing League known as the Edmonton Indy. In addition, Castrol Raceway hosts regular sprint car and a national IHRA events at their facility next to Edmonton International Airport.[192]

Other past sporting events hosted by Edmonton include the 1978 Commonwealth Games, the 1983 World University Games (Universiade), the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, the 2002 World Ringette Championships, the 2005 World Master Games,[193] the 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup, the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup,[194] and the CN Canadian Women's Open. Edmonton shared hosting duties with Calgary for the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Professional sports teams
Club Type League Venue Established Championships
Edmonton Eskimos Canadian football Canadian Football League Commonwealth Stadium 1949 13
Edmonton Oilers Ice hockey National Hockey League Rexall Place 1972 5
Edmonton Capitals Baseball Operations suspended Telus Field 2005 1
Edmonton Rush Indoor lacrosse National Lacrosse League Rexall Place 2005 0
Edmonton Energy Basketball International Basketball League Universiade Pavilion 2008 0
FC Edmonton Soccer North American Soccer League Clarke Stadium 2010 0
Amateur and junior clubs
Club Type League Venue Established Championships
Edmonton Huskies Canadian football Canadian Junior Football League Clarke Stadium 1947 5
Edmonton Wildcats Canadian football Canadian Junior Football League Clarke Stadium 1948 2
Edmonton Gold Rugby union Rugby Canada Super League Ellerslie Rugby Park 1998 0
Edmonton WAM! Ringette National Ringette League Callingwood Twin Arena 2001 4
Edmonton Stallions Canadian football Alberta Football League Foote Field 2001 2
Edmonton Prospects Baseball Western Major Baseball League Telus Field 2005 0
Edmonton Drillers Indoor soccer Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League Servus Credit Union Place (St. Albert) 2006 1
Edmonton Oil Kings Ice hockey Western Hockey League Rexall Place 2007 1

Government

Matthew McCauley, first mayor of Edmonton
Provincial Legislature of Alberta lit up by exterior lighting during a winter night.
Provincial Legislature of Alberta

In 1892 Edmonton was incorporated as a town. The first mayor was Matthew McCauley, who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade (later Chamber of Commerce) and a municipal police service.[195] Due to mayor McCauley's good relationship with the federal Liberals this helped Edmonton to maintain political prominence over Strathcona, a rival settlement on the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River.[195] Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became the capital of Alberta in 1905.

Unions and radical organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years, with the first reformer, James East, being elected in 1912, followed by the first official Labour alderman, James Kinney, the following year. Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election: James Kinney, James East, Sam McCoppen, Joe Clarke and Rice Sheppard.

Labour representation on city council would become a majority in 1929, and, during the Great Depression, from 1932 to 1934.[196] Jan Reimer became the city's first female mayor, when she was elected in 1989.[197]

Municipal politics

Edmonton is represented by a mayor and 12 councillors – one for each of the 12 wards. On July 22, 2009 City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards, instead of the previous two for each of six wards. This system came into effect with the most recent municipal election in October 2010.[198]

Provincial politics

Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the Provincial Legislature of Alberta. The Edmonton region is represented by 20 MLAs one for each provincial electoral district. Many of these boundaries have been changed, adjusted and renamed while the city has grown.[199]

Crime

Along with other prairie cities such as Winnipeg, Saskatoon and Regina, Edmonton has greater crime rates than the national average. The city experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s, an increase in the early 2000s,[200] and another downturn at the end of the decade. In 2012, Maclean's ranked Edmonton as Canada's 19th most dangerous city. The city also has a higher rate of violent crime than the national average.[201] In 2012, there were 29 homicides, down from 48 in 2011.[202] The city's police force, the Edmonton Police Service, was founded in 1892, and had approximately 1,400 officers in 2012.[203]

Military

Edmonton is home to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG), the Regular Force army brigade group of Land Force Western Area of the Canadian Army. Units in 1 CMBG include Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), 1 Combat Engineer Regiment, two of the three regular force battalions of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, and various headquarters, service, and support elements. Although not part of 1 CMBG, 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron and 1 Field Ambulance are located with the brigade group. All of these units are located at Lancaster Park, immediately north of the city. From 1943, as CFB Namao (now CFB Edmonton/Edmonton Garrison), it was a major air force base.[204] In 1996, all fixed-wing aviation units were transferred to CFB Cold Lake.

The Canadian Airborne Training Centre had been located in the city in the 1980s. The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost-saving measure.[205] The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s, and Lord Strathcona's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before World War I.

Edmonton also has a large army reserve element from 41 Canadian Brigade Group (41 CBG), including The Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry); 41 Combat Engineer Regiment; HQ Battery, 20th Field Artillery Regiment; and B Squadron of The South Alberta Light Horse, one of Alberta's oldest army reserve units. Despite being far from Canada's coasts, Edmonton is also the home of HMCS Nonsuch,[206] a naval reserve division. There are numerous cadet corps[207] of the different elements (naval, army and air force) within Edmonton as well.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Edmonton

Aviation

Edmonton International Airport's South Terminal.
See also: List of airports in the Edmonton area

Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada.[208] The Edmonton International Airport (EIA) and Edmonton City Centre Airport (ECCA) are the two airports serving the city.[29]

The EIA, being the larger of the two airports, provides passenger service to destinations in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The EIA is located within Leduc County, adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park. The ECCA is a general aviation facility (since air services consolidation in 1995) and the only airport located within the city limits. The ECCA is home to a variety of aviation companies with key markets in northern Alberta.[29] The ECCA is in the process of being closed by the city.

With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as London in Europe being shorter than to other main airports in western North America,[209] Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta.[210]

Rail

Edmonton serves as a major transportation hub for Canadian National Railway, whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices. It is also tied into the Canadian Pacific Railway network, which provides service from Calgary to the south and extends northeast of Edmonton to serve Alberta's Industrial Heartland.

Inter-city rail passenger rail service is provided by Via Rail's premier train, the Canadian, as it travels between Vancouver, British Columbia, and Toronto, Ontario. Passenger trains stop at the Edmonton railway station three days a week in both directions. The train connects Edmonton to multiple stops in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.[211]

Public transit

Bay/Enterprise Square LRT station

The Edmonton Transit System (ETS) is the city's public transit agency, operating the Edmonton Light Rail Transit (LRT) line as well as a fleet of buses.[212] Approximately one-third of people in the Edmonton Capital Region (mostly from Edmonton proper) use ETS per day (354,440[213][214] out of 1,034,945[215]). There are approximately 280,000 ETS bus riders on average per day.[213]

From the 1990s to early 2009, Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating trolleybuses, along with Vancouver. On June 18, 2008, City Council decided to abandon the Edmonton trolleybus system[216] and the last trolleybus ran on May 2, 2009.[217][218]

Scheduled LRT service began on April 23, 1978, with five extensions of the single line completed since.[219] The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first "modern" light rail line in North America (i.e., built from scratch, rather than being an upgrade of an old system). It introduced the use of German-designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States.[219] The Edmonton "proof-of-payment" fare collection system adopted in 1980 – modelled after European ticket systems – became the North American transit industry's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects.[220] The four-year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24, 2010, which sees trains travelling to Century Park[221] (located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street), making stops at South Campus and Southgate Centre along the way.[221] Edmonton is also looking into plans to expand LRT to Mill Woods to the southeast and Lewis Farms to the west[222] by 2016[223] using low floor technology, along with a line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north-central Edmonton using the same high floor technology of the existing system by 2014.[224]

Roads

Stony Plain Road looking towards downtown

A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton's street and road network.[225] The address system is mostly numbered, with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west. In built-up areas built since the 1950s, local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system. Major roadways include Yellowhead Trail (Highway 16), Whitemud Drive and Anthony Henday Drive, and the city is connected to other communities elsewhere in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan via the Yellowhead Highway to the west and east and the Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Alberta Highway 2) to the south.[226][227]

Trail system

There is an extensive multi-use trail system for bicycles and pedestrians throughout the city; however, most of this is within the river valley parkland system.[228]

Electricity and water

EPCOR's former Rossdale Power Plant viewed from the High Level Bridge.

Edmonton's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city's main avenue, Jasper Avenue. The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as EPCOR. Also in charge of water treatment, in 2002 EPCOR installed the world's largest ultraviolet (UV) water treatment or ultraviolet disinfection system at its E.L. Smith Water Treatment Plant.[229]

Waste disposal

The Edmonton Composting Facility, the largest of its type in the world, is also the largest stainless steel building in North America.[230] By 2013, the city anticipates that it will divert more than 90 percent of the city's household waste from the landfills.[230] Among the innovative uses for the city's waste includes a Christmas tree recycling program. The trees are collected each January and put through a woodchipper; this material is used as an addition to the composting process. In addition, the wood chips absorb much of the odour produced by the compost by providing a biofilter element to trap odour causing gaseous results of the process.[231]

Together, the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. Research partners include the University of Alberta, the Alberta Research Council, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and Olds College.[232]

Health care

There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton: University of Alberta Hospital, Royal Alexandra Hospital, Misericordia Community Hospital, and Grey Nuns Community Hospital.[233] Other area hospitals include Sturgeon Community Hospital in St. Albert, Leduc Community Hospital in Leduc, Westview Health Centre in Stony Plain, and Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital in Fort Saskatchewan. Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the Alberta Hospital. The Northeast Community Health Centre offers a 24-hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services. The University of Alberta Hospital is the centre of a larger complex of hospitals and clinics located adjacent to the university campus which comprises the Stollery Children's Hospital, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Cross Cancer Institute, Zeidler Gastrointestinal Health Centre, Ledcor Clinical Training Centre, and Edmonton Clinic. Several health research institutes, including the Heritage Medical Research Centre, Medical Sciences Building, Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, and Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, are also located at this site. A similar set-up is also evident at the Royal Alexandra Hospital, which is connected to the Lois Hole Hospital for Women and Orthopaedic Surgery Centre. All hospitals are under the administration of Alberta Health Services, although Misericordia and Grey Nuns are run separately by the Covenant Health.[234]

Education

Secondary

Entryway to MacEwan University's downtown campus.

Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards (districts) that provide kindergarten and grades 1–12. The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English language boards: Edmonton Public Schools, and the separate Edmonton Catholic School District.[235] Also, since 1994, the Francophone minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton, the Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2, which includes surrounding communities. The city also has a number of public charter schools that are independent of any board. All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and property taxes.

Some private schools exist as well, including Edmonton Academy,[236] Progressive Academy[237] and Tempo School.[238] The Edmonton Society for Christian Education[239] and Millwoods Christian School (not part of the former) used to be private schools; however, both have become part of Edmonton Public Schools as alternative programs.[240][241]

Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to homeschool their children.[242]

Post-secondary

Those post-secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include Concordia University College of Alberta, MacEwan University, The King's University College, NorQuest College, the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and the University of Alberta (U of A).[243] The publicly funded Athabasca University and the University of Lethbridge[243] also have campuses in Edmonton.[244][245]

The U of A is a board-governed institution[246] that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars.[247] In 2011/12, the university had over 38,000 students enrolled within nearly 400 undergraduate, graduate and professional programs, as well as over 15,000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension.[248] The U of A is also home to the second-largest research library system in Canada.[249]

In 2010/11, MacEwan University had a total student population of over 43,000 students, including nearly 14,000 full-time students, enrolled in programs offering bachelor's degrees, university transfers, diplomas and certificates.[250] NAIT has an approximate total of 61,200 students enrolled in more than 200 programs[251] while NorQuest College has approximately 8,500 students enrolled in various full-time, part-time and continuing education programs.[252]

Other post-secondary institutions within Edmonton include Taylor University College and Seminary[253] and Yellowhead Tribal College, a First Nations college.[254]

Media

Main article: Media in Edmonton

Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or over-the-air, with the oldest broadcasters in the city being CTV (1961) and CBC (1954).[255] Most of Edmonton's conventional television stations have made the switch to over-the-air digital broadcasting. The cable television providers in Edmonton are Telus (for IPTV) and Shaw Cable. Twenty-one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton.[256]

Edmonton has two large-circulation daily newspapers, the Edmonton Journal and the Edmonton Sun. The Journal, established in 1903 and owned by the Postmedia Network, has a daily circulation of 112,000, while the Sun, established in 1978 and owned by Sun Media, has a circulation of 55,000.[257] The Journal no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012.[258]

There is one free daily newspaper in the city, Metro.[259] The magazine Vue Weekly is published on a weekly basis and focuses on alternative news.[260] The Edmonton Examiner is a city-wide community based paper also published weekly.[261] There are also a number of smaller weekly and community newspapers.

Sister cities

Edmonton has four sister cities, with one American city listed by Sister Cities International.[262][263]

See also

References

  1. ^ Alberta Municipal Affairs (September 17, 2010). "Municipal Profile – City of Edmonton". Retrieved October 2, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  4. ^ "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  6. ^ "Edmonton Market Profile". Omaccanada.ca. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  7. ^ Aubrey, Merrily (2004). Naming Edmonton: From Ada to Zoie. University of Alberta Press. pp. 17, 25, 34, 138, 214. ISBN 0-88864-423-X.
  8. ^ "Population History". City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  9. ^ a b History of Annexations (Map). City of Edmonton, Planning and Development Department. {{cite map}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help) Cite error: The named reference "AnnexationMap" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ a b "Geographic Profile" (PDF). Capital Region Board. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  11. ^ The Diavik Diamond Mine. "Historical The Diavik Diamond Mine". Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  12. ^ Edmonton Tourism. "Edmonton Festival City". Archived from the original on October 27, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b West Edmonton Mall. "Welcome to West Edmonton Mall's Website". West Edmonton Mall. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  14. ^ Marketwire (March 17, 2009). "Edmonton Attractions Make Canada's Festival City a Family Affair". Reuters. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  15. ^ Heritage Fiddler Mural. "Historical". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  16. ^ Fairtrade Canada. "Canadian Fair Trade Towns". Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  17. ^ Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  18. ^ MacGregor, James (1975). Edmonton: A History. Hurtig, 1975 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized January 5, 2007. p. 17. ISBN 0-88830-100-6.
  19. ^ Real Estate Marketing services. "Historical". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  20. ^ Monto, Tom (2011). Old Strathcona, Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton: Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books.
  21. ^ City of Edmonton. "Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2007. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  22. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia. "Historical". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  23. ^ "Edmonton, Alberta (2004)". Canadian Railway Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
  24. ^ City of Edmonton. "Ward System (1970 – Present)". City of Edmonton. Retrieved 2009-03 23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ City of Edmonton. "Population, Historical" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  26. ^ Monto, Tom (2011). Old Strathcona, Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton: Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books, p. 346-349
  27. ^ Monto, Tom (2011). Old Strathcona, Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton: Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books, p. 354
  28. ^ a b "Gateway to the North & Canadian Rockies". Edmonton Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
  29. ^ a b c Edmonton Airports (March 1, 2011). "Historical". Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  30. ^ Canadian Geographical Journal. "Historical". Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "Edmonton Geography". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
  32. ^ "Recreation and Tourism Map" (PDF). Woodlands County. January 4, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  33. ^ Jim Willet. "Edmonton River Valley". Edmonton River Valley. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  34. ^ The Canadian Heritage Rivers System. "North Saskatchewan". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  35. ^ Lawrence Herzog. "Industry on the river". Real Estate Weekly. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  36. ^ Mining Exploration News. "Project of Gold Copper Mine Exploration Near Edmonton Delay". Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  37. ^ "Climatic Regions [Köppen]". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
  38. ^ "The Atlas of Canada". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
  39. ^ "Agroclimatic Atlas of Alberta: Climate of Alberta". Government of Alberta. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  40. ^ "Agroclimatic Atlas of Alberta: Introduction". Government of Alberta. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  41. ^ "Regina Climate Normals 1971–2000". Environment Canada. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  42. ^ "Winnipeg Climate Normals 1971–2000". Enviroment Canada.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g "Edmonton City Centre Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Environment Canada. August 19, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  44. ^ Martha, Walls (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. pp. 62, 64. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  45. ^ "Climate Data Almanac for January 19, Edmonton, AB". Climate Data Almanac. Environment Canada. April 20, 2004. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
  46. ^ "Frost Chart for Canada". Frost Chart for Canada. The Old Farmer's Almanac. September 20, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
  47. ^ Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  48. ^ "Advanced options and sun angles". National Research Council Canada. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  49. ^ Bright Sunshine
  50. ^ "Daily Data Report for December 2011". Environment Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  51. ^ "Daily Data Report for January 2012". Environment Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  52. ^ "Daily Data Report for February 2012". Environment Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  53. ^ "Daily Data Report for March 2012". Environment Canada. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
  54. ^ "Remembering Black Friday: July 31, 1987". CBC. July 25, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  55. ^ "The Edmonton Hailstorm of 2004" (PDF). University of Alberta, Meteorological Service of Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
  56. ^ CBC (July 12, 2004). "Adjusters assess storm damage to West Edmonton Mall". CBC News. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  57. ^ a b Edmonton's Official Tourism Website. "Parkland and environment". Edmonton's Official Tourism Website. Retrieved February 27, 2009. Cite error: The named reference "River Valley" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  58. ^ City of Edmonton, Transportation Department (2007). "Edmonton Roadway Bicycle Map". City of Edmonton. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  59. ^ Heritage Community Foundation. "Parkland and environment". Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  60. ^ The City of Edmonton. "Selection List of Common Tree Species". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  61. ^ Barkley, Shelley (May 22, 2007). "Juglans sp. (Butternut/Walnut)". Government of Alberta. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
  62. ^ Edmonton Golf. "Parkland and environment". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  63. ^ "Edmonton – Ice and Snow". City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
  64. ^ "Neighbourhoods (data plus kml file)". City of Edmonton. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  65. ^ a b "The Way We Grow: Municipal Development Plan Bylaw 15100" (PDF). City of Edmonton. May 26, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
  66. ^ a b c d "Edmonton Developing and Planned Neighbourhoods, 2011" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  67. ^ a b c "City of Edmonton Wards & Standard Neighbourhoods" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  68. ^ "City of Edmonton Plans in Effect" (PDF). City of Edmonton. November 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  69. ^ "Mill Woods Town Centre Neighbourhood Area Structure Plan (Office Consolidation)" (PDF). City of Edmonton. December 2006. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  70. ^ "Mill Woods Development Concept" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
  71. ^ "Community Leagues". Mill Woods Presidents' Council. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
  72. ^ "Lee Ridge Neighbourhood Profile" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  73. ^ City of Edmonton, Planning. "Fort Road Old Town Master Plan". City of Edmonton. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  74. ^ Century Park Club and Residences. "centuryCentral". ProCura. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
  75. ^ City of Edmonton. "South LRT Extension" (PDF). City of Edmonton and ETS. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  76. ^ "City Centre Redevelopment Area Redevelopment Plan" (PDF). City of Edmonton. May 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  77. ^ a b "Edmonton's Industrial Neighbourhoods". City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  78. ^ "Alberta's Heartland Facilities" (PDF). Alberta's Industrial Heartland. September 13, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  79. ^ "Business Revitalization Zones". City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  80. ^ "Census Profile, Geographic hierarchy: Edmonton (Census metropolitan area)". Statistics Canada. July 16, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  81. ^ "About the Regional Evaluation Framework (REF)" (PDF). Capital Region Board. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  82. ^ "Infrastructure". Port Alberta. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  83. ^ "Capital Region Land Use Plan" (PDF). Capital Region Board. March 12, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  84. ^ a b "Alberta's Industrial Heartland: Eco Industrial Master Plan" (PDF). Alberta's Industrial Heartland Association. November 1, 2007. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  85. ^ Plunkett, T. J. (1982). "Tribunals, Politics, and the Public Interest: The Edmonton Annexation Case". Canadian Public Policy. 8 (2). University of Toronto Press: 207–221. doi:10.2307/3550157. JSTOR 3550157. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ "Edmonton shelves airport annexation talks". Leduc Representative. Sun Media. July 14, 2005.
  87. ^ Province of Alberta (April 30, 1964). "Board Order No. 1234" (PDF). Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  88. ^ Province of Alberta (June 11, 1981). "Order in Council (O.C.) No. 538/81" (PDF). Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  89. ^ Province of Alberta (April 15, 2008). "Order in Council (O.C.) No. 127/2008". Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  90. ^ Elise Stolte (March 5, 2013). "Edmonton wants to annex 15,600 hectares of Leduc County, including airport". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  91. ^ "Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906". Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906. Vol. Sessional Paper No. 17a. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1907. p. 100.
  92. ^ "Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901". Census of Canada, 1911. Vol. Volume I. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1912. pp. 2–39. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  93. ^ "Table I: Population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta by Districts, Townships, Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Villages in 1916, 1911, 1906, and 1901". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1916. Vol. Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1918. pp. 77–140.
  94. ^ "Table 8: Population by districts and sub-districts according to the Redistribution Act of 1914 and the amending act of 1915, compared for the census years 1921, 1911 and 1901". Census of Canada, 1921. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1922. pp. 169–215.
  95. ^ "Table 7: Population of cities, towns and villages for the province of Alberta in census years 1901–26, as classed in 1926". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1926. Vol. Census of Alberta, 1926. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1927. pp. 565–567.
  96. ^ "Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871–1931". Census of Canada, 1931. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.
  97. ^ "Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901–1936". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936. Vol. Volume I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1938. pp. 833–836. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  98. ^ "Table 10: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1941". Eighth Census of Canada, 1941. Vol. Volume II: Population by Local Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1944. pp. 134–141. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  99. ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1926–1946". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1946. Vol. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1949. pp. 401–414. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  100. ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1951". Ninth Census of Canada, 1951. Vol. Volume I: Population, General Characteristics. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1953. p. 6.73–6.83. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  101. ^ "Table 6: Population by sex, for census subdivisions, 1956 and 1951". Census of Canada, 1956. Vol. Population, Counties and Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1957. p. 6.50–6.53.
  102. ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77–6.83. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  103. ^ "Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". Census of Canada, 1966. Vol. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50–6.53.
  104. ^ "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada. Vol. Volume I: Population, Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1973. p. 2.102–2.111. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  105. ^ "Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". 1976 Census of Canada. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Vol. Volume I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40–3.43. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  106. ^ "Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". 1981 Census of Canada. Vol. Volume II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1–4.10. ISBN 0-660-51095-2. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  107. ^ "Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". Census Canada 1986. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1–2.10. ISBN 0-660-53463-0.
  108. ^ "Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". 91 Census. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1992. pp. 100–108. ISBN 0-660-57115-3.
  109. ^ "Table 10: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) and Designated Places, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". 96 Census. Vol. A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1997. pp. 136–146. ISBN 0-660-59283-5.
  110. ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Divisions, 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  111. ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. January 6, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  112. ^ "Municipal Census Results: Edmonton Census 2012". City of Edmonton. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  113. ^ "2011 Municipal Affairs Population List" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
  114. ^ "Summary of All Questions: 2012 Municipal Census" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  115. ^ "Municipal Census Policy" (PDF). City of Edmonton. July 20, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  116. ^ "2012 Municipal Census". City of Edmonton. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  117. ^ "Census Profile: Edmonton, City, Alberta (Census subdivision)". Statistics Canada. November 2, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  118. ^ "Census metropolitan area (CMA) and census agglomeration (CA)". Statistics Canada. August 23, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  119. ^ "Census Tract by CMA / CA (Edmonton)" (PDF). Statistics Canada. November 16, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  120. ^ Government of Canada. "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population – 20% sample data". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  121. ^ Statistics Canada 2006 Census (Sep 11, 2007) Edmonton (City) 2006 Community Profile. Catalogue no. 92-591-XWE. Ottawa. Retrieved October 27, 2007
  122. ^ Statistics Canada (February 1, 2007). "2001 Census- Religion by population in Edmonton". Government of Canada. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  123. ^ "About Us". Bahá'í Community of Edmonton. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  124. ^ "Al-Rashid Mosque". The Friday Bulletin. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  125. ^ "Hindu Society of Alberta". The Friday Bulletin. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  126. ^ Maha Ganapathy Temple (Hindu Temple). "Maha Ganapathy Temple (Hindu Temple)". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  127. ^ Jewish Federation of Edmonton. "Jewish Federation of Edmonton". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  128. ^ Synagogues in Edmonton. "Synagogues in Edmonton". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  129. ^ "Welcome to the Unitarian Church of Edmonton". Unitarian Church of Edmonton. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  130. ^ "Welcome to Westwood". Westwood Unitarian Congregation. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  131. ^ Canadian Unitarian Council. "Congregations in Alberta". Retrieved November 16, 2009.
  132. ^ Edmonton Economic Development Corporation (September 25, 2007). "Edmonton.com: Statistics and Reference Information – GDP". City of Edmonton. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  133. ^ Overseas Property Mall in Canadian Property, Guides and Tips. "Edmonton Canada Market Outlook". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  134. ^ OMAC. "Edmonton Market Profile". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  135. ^ "Alberta Fact Sheet" (PDF). Government of Alberta. Retrieved October 26, 2009.
  136. ^ University of Alberta Faculty of Engineering. "U of A Receives $15 Million for Nanosystems Research Facility". University of Alberta Faculty of Engineering. Archived from the original on May 12, 2006. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  137. ^ Alberta's Real Estate History. "The Era of Urban Growth (1961–1981)". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  138. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia. "Canadian Commercial Bank". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  139. ^ Canadian Western Bank Group. "Canadian Western Bank Group". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  140. ^ Financial Services, Edmonton. "Financial Services, Edmonton". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  141. ^ PCL. "PCL History". Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  142. ^ Hoover's Company Directory. "Hoover's Company Directory". Edmonton. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2009. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  143. ^ Grahm Hicks. "Edmonton and the Prince Rupert Container Port". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  144. ^ Global Direct Investment Solutions. (April 23, 2007) North American Cities of the Future – 2007 fDi magazine award. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
  145. ^ Edmonton Economic Development Corporation (April 24, 2007) Edmonton captures three North American ‘Cities of the Future’ Awards. Retrieved 2007-07-14. Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  146. ^ Government of Alberta Department of Education and Technology. "Life Sciences News Releases". Government of Alberta Department of Education and Technology. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  147. ^ Edmonton Shopping Malls. "Malls In Edmonton". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  148. ^ South Edmonton Common. "South Edmonton Common". Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  149. ^ Collier International. "Windermere Power Centre". Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  150. ^ Real Estate Weekly. "The Plays the Thing in Old Strathcona". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  151. ^ Edmonton in Our Own Words. University of Alberta, 200. 2005. p. 330. ISBN 0-88864-449-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  152. ^ Francis Winspear Centre. "Winspear Centre History". Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  153. ^ Edmonton Symphony Orchestra. "Support ESO – Reasons to Give". Retrieved June 22, 2012.
  154. ^ Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. "Francis Winspear Centre for Music". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  155. ^ Citadel Theatre. "Citadel Theatre History". Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  156. ^ Canadian Heritage. "Edmonton Cultural Capital of Canada 2007 Celebratory Projects". Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  157. ^ Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton. "Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton". Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  158. ^ Edmonton Festival City. "Edmonton Festival City". Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  159. ^ Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival. "Edmonton International Street Performer's Festival". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  160. ^ a b c d Manisha Krishnan (July 29, 2012). "Capital Ex to be named K-Days (Poll)". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  161. ^ Capital EX. "Capital EX". Northlands. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  162. ^ Sourdough Raft Race Association. "50th Annual Raft Race: Sunday July 12, 2009!". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  163. ^ Canadian Finals Rodeo. "Canadian Finals Rodeo". Northlands. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  164. ^ The Fringe. "Edmonton International Fringe Festiva". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  165. ^ Edmonton Folk Music Festival. "Edmonton Folk Music Festival". Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  166. ^ Edmonton Heritage Festival. "Edmonton Heritage Festival". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  167. ^ "Interstellar Rodeo launches in Hawrelak". CBC.ca. July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  168. ^ Edmonton Dragon Boat Festival Association. "Edmonton Dragon Boat Festival". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  169. ^ "Museums & Historical Sites". City of Edmonton. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  170. ^ Royal Alberta Museum. "Royal Alberta Museum". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  171. ^ Valley Zoo. "Valley Zoo". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  172. ^ Telephone Historical Centre. "Telephone Historical Centre". Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  173. ^ Alberta Railway Museum. "Alberta Railway Museum". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  174. ^ Canada's Historic Places. "John walter museum and historical area". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  175. ^ University of Alberta. "Museums". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  176. ^ "Grand Opening". Art Gallery of Alberta. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  177. ^ Dulmage, Bill. "Alberta, Northern Alberta CKUA-AM (Educational), Edmonton , CKUA Radio Foundation". Radio Station History. Canadian Communications Foundation. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  178. ^ McIntosh, R. Dale. "Edmonton, Alta". The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  179. ^ "Edmonton Symphony Orchestra". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  180. ^ Hale, Marjorie. "Robert Goulet". The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica-Dominion. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  181. ^ Sperounes, Sandra (December 30, 2005). "Edmonton music scene a knockout out out out in 2005". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  182. ^ oldstrathcona.ca. "Revitalization". oldstrathcona.ca. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  183. ^ "The First Steps of Strathcona". Retrieved December 7, 2011.
  184. ^ The City of Edmonton. "Business Revitalization Zones". Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  185. ^ The City of Edmonton. "Welcome to Old Strathcona". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  186. ^ Metro Cinema. "Metro Cinema". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  187. ^ Edmonton Public Library. "Sports History in Edmonton". Edmonton Public Library. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  188. ^ Muret, Don (November 15, 2010). "Edmonton eyes big-name architect for arena". SportsBusiness Daily. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  189. ^ "Welcome to the home of the Oil City Derby Girls!". Oilcityderbygirls.ca. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  190. ^ "Don't Play Nice, Play E-Ville!". e-villederby.com. Retrieved 20120-04-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  191. ^ CBC News (January 12, 2011). "Edmonton Indy Back This Summer". Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  192. ^ Edmonton Super Summer. "2005 World Masters Games". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  193. ^ Rahul Vaidyanath. "FIFA U-20 World Cup". The Epoch Times. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  194. ^ a b Walls, Martha (2007). Edmonton Book of Everything. Maclntyre Purcell Publishing Inc. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-9738063-4-2.
  195. ^ Monto, Tom. Old Strathcona, Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton, Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books, p. 433, 164
  196. ^ Monto, Tom (2011). Old Strathcona, Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton, Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books, p. 326; Monto, Tom, Protest and Progress, Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton, Crang Publishing (available at Alhambra Books, Edmonton), 2012, 71–76
  197. ^ "Ward System". City of Edmonton. July 22, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
  198. ^ "Members Information". Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
  199. ^ Savoie, Josée (2008). "Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Distribution of Crime: Edmonton, Halifax and Thunder Bay" (PDF). Crime and Justice Research Paper Series. Ottawa: Statistics Canada: 11–12. ISSN 1707-5203. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  200. ^ "Canada's Most Dangerous Cities". National Crime Rankings. Maclean's. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  201. ^ Pruden, Jana (January 2, 2013). "Edmonton's 29 homicides a grim total for 2012". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  202. ^ "History of the EPS". About EPS. Edmonton Police Service. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  203. ^ Alberta's Aviation History. "CFB Namao". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  204. ^ Government of Canada. "Proceedings of the Standing Senate Committee on National Security and Defence". Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  205. ^ Government of Canada. "HMCS Nonsuch". Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  206. ^ Government of Canada. "National Cadet Website". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  207. ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia. "Edmonton". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  208. ^ Edmonton Airports. "Strategic Location" (PDF). Edmonton Airports. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
  209. ^ Edmonton Airports (November 1, 2007). "Port Alberta". Edmonton Airports. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
  210. ^ Via Rail Canada. "Train station : Edmonton (Alberta)". Via Rail Canada. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  211. ^ The City of Edmonton. "History of ETS". Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  212. ^ a b City of Ottawa – Presentations (June 19): Edmonton's LRT / 280,000 per day for bus
  213. ^ Edmonton City Trends Q42009 / Edmonton LRT 2009 ridership 74,440/day
  214. ^ "2006 Community Profiles – Census Metropolitan Area/Census Agglomeration". 2.statcan.ca. December 6, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  215. ^ "City Council Minutes – June 18, 2008". City of Edmonton. June 18, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  216. ^ "Last Day of Trolley Operations". City of Edmonton. Retrieved September 5, 2009.
  217. ^ "Trolleys reach end of the line". Edmonton Journal. June 19, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  218. ^ a b Edmonton Transit System's LRT History. "Edmonton Transit System's LRT History". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  219. ^ Edmonton's Light Rail Transit From Concept to Operations. "Edmonton's Light Rail Transit From Concept to Operations". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  220. ^ a b "South LRT Extension" (PDF). City of Edmonton. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  221. ^ "Southeast to West LRT: Mill Woods to Lewis Farms". City of Edmonton. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  222. ^ CLARA HO, Edmonton Sun (January 12, 2010). "Get Edmonton LRT extensions done by 2016: Mayor Mandel | Edmonton | News". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  223. ^ "City of Edmonton :: North LRT to NAIT". Edmonton.ca. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  224. ^ Edmonton Transit System Advisory Board. "Edmonton Transit System Advisory Board". Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2009. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  225. ^ Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association. "Trans Canada Yellowhead Highway Association". Retrieved March 7, 2009.
  226. ^ Government of Alberta. "Alberta Highway 2" (PDF). Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  227. ^ The City of Edmonton. "Trail System". Retrieved March 6, 2009.
  228. ^ EPCOR. "EPCOR UV". Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  229. ^ a b City of Edmonton. "Edmonton Composting Facility". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  230. ^ City of Edmonton. "Edmonton Composting Facility". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  231. ^ Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence. "Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  232. ^ Capital Health. "Hospitals & Primary Care Facilities". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  233. ^ Capital Health. "Capital Heath". Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  234. ^ Edmonton Catholic Schools. "Edmonton Catholic Schools". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  235. ^ "Edmonton Academy". Edmonton Academy. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  236. ^ "About Us". Progressive Academy. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  237. ^ "Welcome to Tempo School". Tempo School. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
  238. ^ Edmonton Society for Christian Education. "Edmonton Society for Christian Education". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  239. ^ Edmonton Society for Christian Education. "Edmonton Society for Christian Education". Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  240. ^ Millwoods Christian School. "Millwoods Christian School". Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  241. ^ Home Schooling in Edmonton. "Home Schooling in Edmonton". Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  242. ^ a b "Publicly Funded Institutions". Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  243. ^ "UA Locations". Athabasca University. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  244. ^ "Faculty of Management Edmonton Campus". University of Lethbridge. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  245. ^ "University Governance". University of Alberta. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  246. ^ "Financial: Facts About UAlberta". University of Alberta. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  247. ^ "Students: Facts About UAlberta". University of Alberta. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  248. ^ "Distinctively U of A: Facts About UAlberta". University of Alberta. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  249. ^ "Fast Facts". MacEwan University. June 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  250. ^ "About NAIT: Quick Facts". Northern Alberta Institute of Technology. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  251. ^ "NorQuest by the Numbers" (PDF). NorQuest College. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
  252. ^ "Taylor University College and Seminary". Taylor University College and Seminary. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  253. ^ "Yellowhead Tribal College". Yellowhead Tribal College. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  254. ^ "Existing Alberta Television Stations". Televsion Stations Listings. Canadian Communications Foundation. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  255. ^ "Existing Northern Alberta Radio Stations". Radio Station history. Canadian Communications Foundation. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  256. ^ "Alberta". Every daily newspaper in Canada. Fishwrap.ca. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  257. ^ "Edmonton Journal cutting Sunday paper". CBC.ca. May 28, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  258. ^ "About". Free Daily News Group Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  259. ^ "Newsweekly Directory". Association of Alternative Newsmedia. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  260. ^ "AWNA Member Listing". Alberta Weekly Newspaper Association. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  261. ^ "Infofile Detail – Sister Cities". Edmonton Public Library. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  262. ^ "Sister Cities". City of Edmonton. 2003. Archived from the original on October 6, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  263. ^ "Sister Cities of Nashville". SCNashville.org. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
  264. ^ "Gangwon – Alberta Relations" (PDF). Government of Alberta. Retrieved January 6, 2013.

Further reading


Template:Link GA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmonton&oldid=578347169"