Kafr 'Inan: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m →History: Cleanup/Typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: a 12th century → a 12th-century using AWB |
→History: clarify |
||
| (6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
|pushpin_map=Mandatory Palestine |
|pushpin_map=Mandatory Palestine |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Kafr ʿInān''' (كفر عنان) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village in the [[District of Acre]] around {{convert|33|km|mi}} east of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. Until 1949, it was an [[Arab]] village |
'''Kafr ʿInān''' (كفر عنان) was a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] village in the [[District of Acre]] around {{convert|33|km|mi}} east of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. Until 1949, it was an [[Arab]] village built over ancient ruins.<ref name=Leibnerp129/> Archaeological surveys indicate the village was founded in the early Roman period, and was inhabited by Jews through the Byzantine period. It was resettled in the Middle Ages and the modern era.<ref name=Leibnerp130/> |
||
Captured by [[Israel]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], many of the villagers fled the fighting. |
Captured by [[Israel]] during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], many of the villagers fled the fighting. The few hundred who remained, or later returned, were transported to the [[West Bank]] or other Arab towns in January and February 1949.<ref name=Morrisp517/> |
||
A shrine for the [[Sheikh]] Abu Hajar Azraq and the remains of a small domed building are still standing |
A shrine for the [[Sheikh]] Abu Hajar Azraq and the remains of a small domed building are still standing. Archaeological remains include cisterns and domestic wells which supplied the village with drinking water from nearby springs. In 1989, the [[communal settlement (Israel)|Israeli communal settlement]] of [[Kfar Hananya]] was established on the land.<ref name=Khalidi21/> |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
During the |
During the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era, the [[Jew]]ish village of Kfar Hananya was located on the site. It served as a center for pottery production in the [[Galilee]].<ref name=Crossanp224>Crossan, 1999, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=GaYKGrqXCwEC&pg=PA224&dq=%22kefar+hananya%22+inan&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kefar%20hananya%22%20inan&f=false p. 224].</ref><ref name=Negevp279>Negev and Gibson, 2005, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA279&dq=hananyah+jewish&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=hananyah%20jewish&f=false p. 279].</ref> Archaeological excavations revealed shafts and bases of columns, caves, a pool, and a burial ground.<ref name=Khalidi21/> Most of the cooking ware in the Galilee between the 1st century BCE and the beginning of the 5th century CE was produced here.<ref name=Leibnerp130>Leibner, 2009, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA129&dq=%22kafr+%27anan%22&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=%22kafr%20%27anan%22&f=false p. 130].</ref> An [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] inscription initially dated to the 6th century, and recently redated to [[Abbasid]] or [[Umayyad]] period, was found on a ''kelila'' (a type of hanging lamp) found in the synagogue.<ref name=Floodp50>Flood, 2001, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC&pg=PA50&dq=%22kfar+hanania%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kfar%20hanania%22&f=false p. 50].</ref> |
||
[[Rabbinic literature|Rabbinic]] literature mentions the village in relation to the production of pottery; in the [[Tosefta]], there is a reference to, "those who make black clay, such as Kefar Hananya and its neighbors."<ref name=Galep70>Gale, 2005, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=x8LRPQp_-y8C&pg=PA69&dq=%22kefar+hananya%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kefar%20hananya%22&f=false p. 70].</ref> Ancient sepulchres believed to be the burial sites of [[rabbi]]s were located in the village, including those of [[Jose ben |
[[Rabbinic literature|Rabbinic]] literature mentions the village in relation to the production of pottery; in the [[Tosefta]], there is a reference to, "those who make black clay, such as Kefar Hananya and its neighbors."<ref name=Galep70>Gale, 2005, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=x8LRPQp_-y8C&pg=PA69&dq=%22kefar+hananya%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kefar%20hananya%22&f=false p. 70].</ref> Ancient sepulchres believed to be the burial sites of [[rabbi]]s were located in the village, including those of [[Jose ben Halafta]] (buried with his wife and children), Jacob and [[Eliezer ben Hurcanus]].<ref name=Carmolyp260>Carmoly, 1847, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=p8wWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA260&dq=%22kefar+anan%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kefar%20anan%22&f=false p. 260].</ref><ref name=Adlerp147>Adler, 2004, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=04gZkMRM2L8C&pg=PA147&dq=%22kefar+hanania%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kefar%20hanania%22&f=false p. 147].</ref> Ya'akov ben Netan'el, who visited the village in the 12th century during the period of [[Crusades|Crusader]] rule, writes about the ruins of a [[synagogue]] quarried into the hill.<ref name=Leibnerp129/> Potential references to the village include a mention of the "widow of Ben al-'Anani" in a 12th-century [[Genizah]] document and to ''Kfar Hanan'' in the 13th century.<ref name=Leibnerp129>Leibner, 2009, p. 129.</ref> In 1211, [[Samuel ben Samson]] travelled from [[Tiberias]] and Kfar Hanania before stopping in [[Safed]].<ref name=Winterp164>Winter and Levanoni, 2004, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=NBBMJJTEoKMC&pg=RA1-PA164&dq=%22kfar+hanania%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22kfar%20hanania%22&f=false p. 164].</ref> In the 14th century, another traveller transcribes the village's name as ''Kefar Hanin''.<ref name=Leibnerp129/> |
||
The village began to be called Kafr ʿInān (Kafr 'Anan) during the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1596, it is mentioned as forming part of the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of [[Jira]] under the ''[[Liwa (Arabic)|Liwa]]'' of [[Safad]], with a population of 259. The villagers paid taxes on goats, beehives and on its press, which was used either for [[olives]] or [[grapes]].<ref>Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), ''Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century.'' Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 178. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 21</ref> |
|||
In the late 19th century, the village was described as being built of stone and having 150-200 [[Muslim]] residents. The arable land in the village comprised gardens and olive trees.<ref>SWP, 1881, Vol. 1, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/203/mode/1up p.203], Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 21</ref> The village houses, made of stone with mud mortar, were bunched close together and |
In the late 19th century, the village was described as being built of stone and having 150-200 [[Muslim]] residents. The arable land in the village comprised gardens and olive trees.<ref>SWP, 1881, Vol. 1, [http://www.archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/203/mode/1up p.203], Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 21</ref> The village houses, made of stone with mud mortar, were bunched close together and separated by semi-circular, narrow alleys. Many new houses were constructed during the last years of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Springs and domestic wells supplied drinking water. Olives and grain were the main crops. Grain was grown in the nearby flat zones and valleys.<ref name=Khalidi21/> In 1944-45 a total of 1,740 [[dunum]]s was used for the cultivation of [[cereal]]s, 1,195 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards and most of these (1,145 dunums) were planted with olive trees.<ref name=Khalidi21/><ref>Hadawi, 1970, [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-080.jpg p.80]</ref> |
||
===1948 |
===1948 war and aftermath=== |
||
| ⚫ | The village was captured on 30 October 1948 by the [[Golani Brigade]] as part of [[Operation Hiram]]. According to [[Walid Khalidi]], the villagers refused to leave like most of the population in the area.<ref name=Khalidi21/> Morris reports that the Israeli authorities classified the village as "abandoned" but the villagers kept returning.<ref name=Morrisp516>Morris, 2004, p. 516-17</ref> In January 1949, the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] expelled 54, and moved another 128 inhabitants from Kafr 'Inan and [[Farradiyya]] to other villages in Israel.<ref name=Morrisp517>Morris, 2004, p. 517.</ref> On 4 February 1949, units of the 79th Battalion surrounded the two villages and expelled 45 people to the [[West Bank]]. The 200 villagers who had permits to stay, mostly old men, women and children, were transferred to [[Majd al Kurum]].<ref name=Morrisp517/> Yet again, the villagers returned. By mid-February 1949 there were about 100 back in the two villages, according to [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]-sources. The two villages were again evacuated by the IDF.<ref name=Morrisp517/> |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | The village was captured on 30 October 1948 by the [[Golani Brigade]] as part of [[Operation Hiram]]. According to [[Walid Khalidi]], the villagers |
||
The expulsion of the villagers upset some members of [[Mapam]], who condemned [[David |
The expulsion of the villagers upset some members of [[Mapam]], who condemned [[David Ben-Gurion]] and the army. However, a [[Knesset]] motion calling for an inquiry to probe the expulsions was not brought to the plenum.<ref name=Morrisp516plus>Morris, 2004, p. 516, note 80, p. 541, 542</ref> |
||
In 1950, Article 125 of the [[Defence (Emergency) Regulations|Defence regulation of 1945]] was invoked in order to confiscate the land belonging to a number of Palestinian villages in Galilee, among them Kafr 'Inan.<ref>Nazzal, 1978, p. 100 |
In 1950, Article 125 of the [[Defence (Emergency) Regulations|Defence regulation of 1945]] was invoked in order to confiscate the land belonging to a number of Palestinian villages in Galilee, among them Kafr 'Inan.<ref>Nazzal, 1978, p. 100.</ref> This law was also used to prevent the villagers from returning to their homes even by legal means.<ref>Nazzal, 1978, p. 101</ref> |
||
The |
The Jewish village of [[Kfar Hananya]] was first planned to the south of the village in 1982, but was eventually established in 1989 on village land. <ref name=Khalidi21/>In 1992, Arab historian [[Walid Khalidi]] found piles of stones, clumps of cactuses, fig trees, the remains of a domed building on a slope facing the village and the small shrine of Shaykh Abu Hajar Azraq on an adjacent hill to the east. The land around the site is forested and planted with fruit trees by the settlement of [[Parod]]."<ref name=Khalidi21>Khalidi, 1992, p. 21</ref> |
||
Of the village site in 1992, the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi writes: "The site is covered with piles of stones that lie scattered around clumps of cactuses and fig trees. There are remains of a domed building on a slope facing the village and the small shrine of Shaykh Abu Hajar Azraq on an adjacent hill to the east. The land around the site is forested and planted with fruit trees by the settlement of [[Parod]]"<ref name=Khalidi21>Khalidi, 1992, p. 21</ref> |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War]] |
*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War]] |
||
| Line 75: | Line 73: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Kafr-'Inan/index.html Welcome To Kafr 'Inan] |
|||
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/acre/kafr.htm Kafr Inan] from the [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]] |
*[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/acre/kafr.htm Kafr Inan] from the [[Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center]] |
||
*[http://www.jalili48.com/pub/xENShowGallery.aspx?Sub=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&Sub2=Kufr_3naan Kufr 3naan] from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh |
*[http://www.jalili48.com/pub/xENShowGallery.aspx?Sub=What_Remained_of_the_destroyed&Sub2=Kufr_3naan Kufr 3naan] from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh |
||
Revision as of 12:16, 31 October 2013
Template:Infobox former Arab villages in Palestine Kafr ʿInān (كفر عنان) was a Palestinian village in the District of Acre around 33 kilometres (21 mi) east of Acre. Until 1949, it was an Arab village built over ancient ruins.[1] Archaeological surveys indicate the village was founded in the early Roman period, and was inhabited by Jews through the Byzantine period. It was resettled in the Middle Ages and the modern era.[2]
Captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, many of the villagers fled the fighting. The few hundred who remained, or later returned, were transported to the West Bank or other Arab towns in January and February 1949.[3]
A shrine for the Sheikh Abu Hajar Azraq and the remains of a small domed building are still standing. Archaeological remains include cisterns and domestic wells which supplied the village with drinking water from nearby springs. In 1989, the Israeli communal settlement of Kfar Hananya was established on the land.[4]
History
During the Roman and Byzantine era, the Jewish village of Kfar Hananya was located on the site. It served as a center for pottery production in the Galilee.[5][6] Archaeological excavations revealed shafts and bases of columns, caves, a pool, and a burial ground.[4] Most of the cooking ware in the Galilee between the 1st century BCE and the beginning of the 5th century CE was produced here.[2] An Aramaic inscription initially dated to the 6th century, and recently redated to Abbasid or Umayyad period, was found on a kelila (a type of hanging lamp) found in the synagogue.[7]
Rabbinic literature mentions the village in relation to the production of pottery; in the Tosefta, there is a reference to, "those who make black clay, such as Kefar Hananya and its neighbors."[8] Ancient sepulchres believed to be the burial sites of rabbis were located in the village, including those of Jose ben Halafta (buried with his wife and children), Jacob and Eliezer ben Hurcanus.[9][10] Ya'akov ben Netan'el, who visited the village in the 12th century during the period of Crusader rule, writes about the ruins of a synagogue quarried into the hill.[1] Potential references to the village include a mention of the "widow of Ben al-'Anani" in a 12th-century Genizah document and to Kfar Hanan in the 13th century.[1] In 1211, Samuel ben Samson travelled from Tiberias and Kfar Hanania before stopping in Safed.[11] In the 14th century, another traveller transcribes the village's name as Kefar Hanin.[1]
The village began to be called Kafr ʿInān (Kafr 'Anan) during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1596, it is mentioned as forming part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira under the Liwa of Safad, with a population of 259. The villagers paid taxes on goats, beehives and on its press, which was used either for olives or grapes.[12]
In the late 19th century, the village was described as being built of stone and having 150-200 Muslim residents. The arable land in the village comprised gardens and olive trees.[13] The village houses, made of stone with mud mortar, were bunched close together and separated by semi-circular, narrow alleys. Many new houses were constructed during the last years of the British Mandate of Palestine. Springs and domestic wells supplied drinking water. Olives and grain were the main crops. Grain was grown in the nearby flat zones and valleys.[4] In 1944-45 a total of 1,740 dunums was used for the cultivation of cereals, 1,195 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards and most of these (1,145 dunums) were planted with olive trees.[4][14]
1948 war and aftermath
The village was captured on 30 October 1948 by the Golani Brigade as part of Operation Hiram. According to Walid Khalidi, the villagers refused to leave like most of the population in the area.[4] Morris reports that the Israeli authorities classified the village as "abandoned" but the villagers kept returning.[15] In January 1949, the IDF expelled 54, and moved another 128 inhabitants from Kafr 'Inan and Farradiyya to other villages in Israel.[3] On 4 February 1949, units of the 79th Battalion surrounded the two villages and expelled 45 people to the West Bank. The 200 villagers who had permits to stay, mostly old men, women and children, were transferred to Majd al Kurum.[3] Yet again, the villagers returned. By mid-February 1949 there were about 100 back in the two villages, according to IDF-sources. The two villages were again evacuated by the IDF.[3]
The expulsion of the villagers upset some members of Mapam, who condemned David Ben-Gurion and the army. However, a Knesset motion calling for an inquiry to probe the expulsions was not brought to the plenum.[16]
In 1950, Article 125 of the Defence regulation of 1945 was invoked in order to confiscate the land belonging to a number of Palestinian villages in Galilee, among them Kafr 'Inan.[17] This law was also used to prevent the villagers from returning to their homes even by legal means.[18]
The Jewish village of Kfar Hananya was first planned to the south of the village in 1982, but was eventually established in 1989 on village land. [4]In 1992, Arab historian Walid Khalidi found piles of stones, clumps of cactuses, fig trees, the remains of a domed building on a slope facing the village and the small shrine of Shaykh Abu Hajar Azraq on an adjacent hill to the east. The land around the site is forested and planted with fruit trees by the settlement of Parod."[4]
See also
- Palestinian refugees
- Internally displaced Palestinians
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
References
- ^ a b c d Leibner, 2009, p. 129.
- ^ a b Leibner, 2009, p. 130.
- ^ a b c d Morris, 2004, p. 517.
- ^ a b c d e f g Khalidi, 1992, p. 21
- ^ Crossan, 1999, p. 224.
- ^ Negev and Gibson, 2005, p. 279.
- ^ Flood, 2001, p. 50.
- ^ Gale, 2005, p. 70.
- ^ Carmoly, 1847, p. 260.
- ^ Adler, 2004, p. 147.
- ^ Winter and Levanoni, 2004, p. 164.
- ^ Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter and Kamal Abdulfattah (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. p. 178. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 21
- ^ SWP, 1881, Vol. 1, p.203, Also cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 21
- ^ Hadawi, 1970, p.80
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 516-17
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 516, note 80, p. 541, 542
- ^ Nazzal, 1978, p. 100.
- ^ Nazzal, 1978, p. 101
Bibliography
- Adler, Elkan Nathan (2004). Jewish Travellers (Reprint, illustrated, abridged ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-34466-2, 9780415344661.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)bi - Carmoly, Eliakim (1847). Itinéraires de la Terre Sainte des XIIIe, XIVe, XVe, XVIe et XVIIe siècle, traduits de l'hébreu, et accompagnés de tables, de cartes et d'éclaircissements. A. Vandale.
- Conder, Claude Reignier and H.H. Kitchener (1881): The Survey of Western Palestine: memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Vol 1
- Crossan, John Dominic (1999). The birth of Christianity: discovering what happened in the years immediately after the execution of Jesus. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-08668-2, 9780567086686.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Flood, =Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 90-04-11638-9, 9789004116382.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Gale, Aaron M. (2005). Redefining ancient borders: the Jewish scribal framework of Matthew's Gospel. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-02521-7, 9780567025210.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Guérin, M. V., (1880): Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. Galilee, "Tome II" Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement & History In Hellenistic, Roman, & Byzantine Galilee (Illustrated ed.). Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-149871-2, 9783161498718.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help) - Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978): The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948, The Institute for Palestine Studies
- Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (July 2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (2004). The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society (Illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 90-04-13286-4, 9789004132863.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help)
External links
- Kafr Inan from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Kufr 3naan from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh
- Tour of Kafr ‘Inan, Saturday, 3.10.2009, by Umar Ighbariyyeh, from Zochrot
