Voiceless palatal plosive
| Voiceless palatal plosive | |
|---|---|
| c | |
| IPA Number | 107 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | c |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0063 |
| X-SAMPA | c |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless palatal stop or voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.
If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed as ⟨c̟⟩ (advanced ⟨c⟩) or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨t⟩), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-' or t_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȶ⟩ ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩), used especially in sinological circles.
It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.
There is also the voiceless post-palatal stop[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal stop, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar stop. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨c̠⟩ (retracted ⟨c⟩) or ⟨k̟⟩ (advanced ⟨k⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_- and k_+, respectively.
Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal stop may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar stop (⟨kʲ⟩ in the IPA, k' or k_j in X-SAMPA).
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [k].
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Palatal or alveolo-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[2] | shqip | [ʃcip] | 'Albanian' | Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian.[3] | |
| Basque | ttantta | [cäɲcä] | 'droplet' | ||
| Asturian | Western dialects[4] | muyyer | [muˈceɾ] | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of -lj-, -c'l-, pl-, cl- and fl- in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as [c͡ç] or [ɟ͡ʝ] |
| Blackfoot | ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ / akikoan | [aˈkicoan] | 'girl' | Allophone of /k/ after front vowels. | |
| Bulgarian | Banat dialect | kaćétu (каќету or какьету) | [kacetu] | 'as' | See Bulgarian phonology |
| Catalan | Majorcan[5] | qui | [ˈci̞] | 'who' | Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[6] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Chinese | Taiwanese Hokkien | 機車 / ki-tshia | [ciː˧ t͡ɕʰia˥] | 'motorcycle' | |
| Corsican | chjodu | [ˈcoːdu] | 'nail' | Also present in the Gallurese dialect | |
| Croatian | već | [vec] | 'already' | Dialect of the Croatian Littoral | |
| Czech | čeština | [ˈt͡ʃɛʃc̟ɪna] | 'Czech' | Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[6] See Czech phonology | |
| Dawsahak | [cɛːˈnɐ] | 'small' | |||
| Dinka | car | [car] | 'black' | ||
| Ega[7] | [cá] | 'understand' | |||
| French[6] | qui | [ci] | 'who' (int.) | Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology | |
| Friulian | cjase | [case] | 'house' | ||
| Ganda | caayi | [caːji] | 'tea' | ||
| Gweno | [ca] | 'to come' | |||
| Hungarian[8] | tyúk | [c̟uːk] | 'hen' | Alveolo-palatal.[6] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | gjóla | [ˈc̟ouːlä] | 'light wind' | Alveolo-palatal.[6] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | cari | [cari] | 'to find' | Allophone of /tʃ/. See Malay phonology | |
| Irish | ceist | [cɛʃtʲ] | 'question' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[6] See Irish phonology | |
| Khasi | boit | [bɔc] | 'dwarf' | ||
| Khmer | ចាប | [caap] | 'bird' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Kinyarwanda | ikintu | [iciːnɦuʰ] | 'question' | ||
| Kurdish | Northern | kîso | [cʰiːsoː] | 'tortoise' | Allophone of /kʰ/ before /ɨ/, /ɛ/, /iː/, and /eː/. See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | کیسەڵ | [cʰiːsæɫ] | |||
| Southern | [cʰiːsaɫ] | ||||
| Latvian | ķirbis | [ˈcirbis] | 'pumpkin' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Low German | Plautdietsch | kjoakj | [coac] | 'church' | Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects.[clarification needed] |
| Macedonian | вреќа | [ˈvrɛca] | 'sack' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central dialects[9] | fett | [fɛcː] | 'fat' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Northern dialects[9] | |||||
| Occitan | Limousin | tireta | [ciˈʀetɒ] | 'drawer' | |
| Auvergnat | tirador | [ciʀaˈdu] | |||
| Romanian[10] | chin | [cin] | 'torture' | Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Romansh | Sursilvan[11] | notg | [nɔc] | 'night' | |
| Sutsilvan[12] | tgàn | [caŋ] | 'dog' | ||
| Surmiran[13] | vatgas | [ˈvɑcɐs] | 'cows' | ||
| Puter[14] | zücher | [ˈtsycər] | 'sugar' | ||
| Vallader[15] | müs-chel | [ˈmyʃcəl] | 'moss' | ||
| Slovak[6] | deväť | [ˈɟ̟ɛ̝ʋæc̟] | 'nine' | Alveolar.[6] See Slovak phonology | |
| Turkish | köy | [cʰœj] | 'village' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese[16] | chị | [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] | 'elder sister' | May be slightly affricated [tᶝ ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | tjems | [cɛms] | 'strainer' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Western Desert | kutju | [kucu] | 'one' | ||
Post-palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belarusian | кіслы | [ˈk̟is̪ɫ̪ɨ] | 'acidic' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Catalan[17] | qui | [k̟i] | 'who' | Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[17] See Catalan phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[18] | gidsel | [ˈk̟isəl] | 'hostage' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels.[18] See Danish phonology |
| German | Standard[19][20] | Kind | [k̟ʰɪnt] | 'child' | Allophone of /k/ before and after front vowels.[19][20] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek[21] | Μακεδνός | 'Makedon' | See Modern Greek phonology | ||
| Italian | Standard[22] | chi | 'who' | Allophone of /k/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/.[22] See Italian phonology | |
| Portuguese | qui | [k̟i] | 'Chi' | Allophone of /k/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian[23] | ochi | [o̞k̟] | 'eye' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian | Standard[24] | кит / kit | [k̟it̪] | 'whale' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Russian phonology |
| Spanish[25] | kilo | [ˈk̟ilo̞] | 'kilo(gram)' | Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[25] See Spanish phonology | |
| Tidore | yaci | [jaci] | 'to rip' | ||
| Ukrainian | кінчик/kinčyk | 'tip' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Ukrainian phonology | ||
| Vietnamese | [example needed] | Final allophone of /c/. See Vietnamese phonology | |||
Variable
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English[26][27] | keen | 'keen' | Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/. Varies between post-palatal and palatal.[26][27] See English phonology | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
- ^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
- ^ Kolgjini (2004).
- ^ "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13.
- ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
- ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ^ a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ^ DEX Online: [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ Menzli (1993), p. 92.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
- ^ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
- ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ^ a b Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 124.
- ^ a b Wiese (1996), p. 271.
- ^ a b Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 92.
- ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ^ a b Canepari (1992), p. 62.
- ^ Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
- ^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
- ^ a b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.
- ^ a b Gimson (2014), p. 181.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
References
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11
- Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
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- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8233-4973-0
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
- Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
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