George W. Bush: Difference between revisions

George W. Bush
George W. Bush
43rd President of the United States
	In office; January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Vice President	Dick Cheney
Preceded by	Bill Clinton
Succeeded by	Barack Obama
46th Governor of Texas
	In office; January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000
Lieutenant	Bob Bullock; Rick Perry
Preceded by	Ann Richards
Succeeded by	Rick Perry
Personal details
Born	George Walker Bush; July 6, 1946 (age 78); New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Laura Lane Welch; (m. 1977–present)
Children	Barbara Pierce Bush; Jenna Welch Bush
Parent(s)	George H. W. Bush ; Barbara Bush
Alma mater	Yale University; Harvard Business School
Profession	Businessman (oil, baseball)
Awards	Air Force Pilot's Badge, Outstanding Unit Award, National Defense Service Medal, Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon.
Signature
Website	Bush Presidential Library; Bush Presidential Center; The White House Archived
Military service
Allegiance	United States of America
Branch/service	Texas Air National Guard; Alabama Air National Guard
Years of service	1968–1974
Rank	First Lieutenant
Unit	147th Reconnaissance Wing; 187th Fighter Wing

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 05:42, 1 July 2014

Template:Active editnotice

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. Bush was elected president in 2000 after a close and controversial election, becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes nationwide than his opponent.^[5] Bush is the second president to have been the son of a former president, the first being John Quincy Adams (with the other familial presidential relations being grandfather-grandson of the Harrisons, as well as the Roosevelts being 5th cousins).^[6] He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.

Eight months into Bush's first term as president, the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks occurred. In response, Bush launched the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, social security reform, and amending the Constitution to disallow same-sex marriage.^[7] He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors, and funding for the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques.

Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004, in another relatively close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum^[8]^[9]^[10] for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina,^[11]^[12]^[13] and numerous other challenges. As a result, the Democratic Party won control of Congress in the 2006 elections. In December 2007, the United States entered its longest post–World War II recession, often referred to as the "Great Recession", prompting the Bush Administration to enact multiple economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system. Nationally, Bush was both one of the most popular and unpopular presidents in history, having received the highest recorded presidential approval ratings in the wake of 9/11, as well as one of the lowest approval ratings during the 2008 financial crisis.^[14] Internationally, he was a highly controversial figure, with public protests occurring even during visits to close allies, such as the United Kingdom.^[15]

Bush left office in 2009, and was succeeded as president by Barack Obama, who ran on a platform of change from Bush's policies. Since leaving office, Bush has returned to Texas and purchased a home in a suburban area of Dallas. He is currently a public speaker, has written a memoir titled Decision Points,^[16] and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in recent surveys of presidential scholars,^[17]^[18] although as with most former presidents, Bush has been viewed more favorably by the public since leaving office.^[19]^[20]

Childhood to mid-life

George Walker Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut, at Grace-New Haven Hospital (now Yale – New Haven Hospital), on July 6, 1946,^[21] the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953.^[22] Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U.S. Senator from Connecticut.^[23] Bush's father, George H. W. Bush, was Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, and Scottish roots.^[24]

Education

Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he completed seventh grade. He then went to The Kinkaid School, a prep school in Houston, for two years.^[25]

Bush finished high school at Phillips Academy, a boarding school (then all-male) in Andover, Massachusetts, where he played baseball and during his senior year was the head cheerleader.^[26]^[27] Bush attended Yale University from 1964 to 1968, graduating with an B.A. in history.^[28] During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon, being elected the fraternity's president during his senior year.^[29]^[30]^[31] Bush also became a member of the Skull and Bones society as a senior.^[32] Bush was a rugby union player and was on Yale's 1st XV.^[33] He characterized himself as an average student.^[34] His average during his first three years at Yale was 77 and he had a similar average under a nonnumeric rating system in his final year.^[35]

Beginning in the fall of 1973, Bush attended the Harvard Business School, where he earned a Master of Business Administration. He is the only U.S. President to have earned an M.B.A.^[36]

Texas Air National Guard

In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the Texas Air National Guard.^[37] After two years of active-duty service while training,^[38] he was assigned to Houston, flying Convair F-102s with the 147th Reconnaissance Wing out of Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base.^[37]^[39] Critics, including former Democratic National Committee Chairman Terry McAuliffe, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing as a member of the House of Representatives, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.^[40] In June 2005, the United States Department of Defense released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.^[41]

In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the 187th Fighter Wing of the Alabama Air National Guard, having moved to Montgomery, Alabama to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican Winton M. Blount.^[42]^[43] In 1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.^[44] He was honorably discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974.^[45]

Marriage, family, and personal life

At a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him to Laura Lane Welch, a school teacher and librarian. Bush proposed to her after a three-month courtship, and they married on November 5 of that year.^[46] The couple settled in Midland, Texas. Bush left his family's Episcopal Church to join his wife's United Methodist Church.^[3] On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to fraternal twin daughters, Barbara Pierce Bush and Jenna Welch Bush;^[46] they graduated from high school in 2000 and from Yale University and the University of Texas at Austin, respectively, in 2004.

Prior to his marriage, Bush had multiple episodes of alcohol abuse.^[47] In one instance, on September 4, 1976, he was arrested near his family's summer home in Kennebunkport, Maine, for driving under the influence of alcohol. He pleaded guilty, was fined $150 and had his Maine driver's license briefly suspended.^[48] Bush says his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,^[46] and attributes to her influence his 1986 decision to give up alcohol.^[49] While Governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife, "I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."^[46]

Bush mostly reads "serious historical nonfiction" for pleasure. During his time as president, Bush read 14 Lincoln biographies and, during the last three years of his presidency, he reportedly read 186 books. A reporter recalls seeing "books by John Fowles, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Gore Vidal lying about, as well as biographies of Willa Cather and Queen Victoria" in his home when Bush was a Texas oilman. Other hobbies include cigar smoking and golf.^[50] Since leaving the White House, Bush has also taken up oil painting.^[51]

Bush welcomed his first granddaughter, Margaret Laura "Mila" Hager on April 14, 2013, when his daughter Jenna Bush gave birth. Margaret is named after her two grandmothers.^[52]

Early career

In 1978, Bush ran for the House of Representatives from Texas's 19th congressional district. His opponent, Kent Hance, portrayed him as out of touch with rural Texans. Bush lost the election by 6,000 votes (6%) of the 103,000 votes cast.^[53] He returned to the oil industry and began a series of small, independent oil exploration companies.^[54] He created Arbusto Energy,^[55] and later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger Spectrum 7, and Bush became chairman.^[54] The company was hurt by decreased oil prices, and it folded into HKN, Inc.^[54]^[56] Bush served on the board of directors for HKN.^[54] Questions of possible insider trading involving HKN arose, but the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.^[54]^[57]

Bush moved his family to Washington, D.C. in 1988 to work on his father's campaign for the U.S. presidency.^[58]^[59] He served as a campaign adviser and liaison to the media;^[54] he assisted his father by campaigning across the country.^[54] Returning to Texas after the successful campaign, he purchased a share in the Texas Rangers baseball franchise in April 1989, where he served as managing general partner for five years.^[60] He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with fans.^[61] Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000 investment.^[62]

In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 Presidential re-election campaign as "campaign advisor".^[63] The prior month, his father asked him to tell White House chief of staff John H. Sununu that he should resign.^[64]

Governor of Texas

As Bush's brother, Jeb, sought the governorship of Florida, Bush declared his candidacy for the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, tort reform, crime reduction, and education improvement.^[54] Bush's campaign advisers were Karen Hughes, Joe Allbaugh, and Karl Rove.^[65]

After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards.^[54]^[66] In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain permits to carry concealed weapons. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it after he became governor.^[67] According to The Atlantic Monthly, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record – when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed homosexual activists' to state jobs".^[68] The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove,^[69] but Rove denied being involved.^[70] Bush won the general election with 53.5% against Richards' 45.9%.^[71]

Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest tax-cut, $2 billion.^[65] He extended government funding for organizations providing education of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.^[72] Critics contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations, but supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test scores.^[54]

In 1999, Bush also helped make Texas eventually the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.^[73]^[74]^[75] by signing a state law obliging electric retailers to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources (RPS).^[76]^[77]^[78]

In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record^[54] 69% of the vote.^[79] He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.^[54] For most of Texas history, governors served two-year terms; a constitutional amendment extended those terms to four years starting in 1975.^[80] In his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high approval ratings.^[54] He proclaimed June 10, 2000 to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day on which he "urge[d] all Texans to answer the call to serve those in need".^[81]

Throughout Bush's first term, national attention focused on him as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared.^[54] Within a year, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.

Presidential campaigns

2000 Presidential candidacy

Primary

In June 1999, while Governor of Texas, Bush announced his candidacy for President of the United States. With no incumbent running, Bush entered a large field of candidates for the Republican Party presidential nomination consisting of John McCain, Alan Keyes, Steve Forbes, Gary Bauer, Orrin Hatch, Elizabeth Dole, Dan Quayle, Pat Buchanan, Lamar Alexander, John Kasich, and Robert C. Smith.

Bush portrayed himself as a compassionate conservative, implying he was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a platform that included bringing integrity and honor back to the White House, increasing the size of the United States Armed Forces, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.^[54] By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and McCain.^[54]

Bush won the Iowa caucuses, but, although he was heavily favored to win the New Hampshire primary, he trailed McCain by 19% and lost that primary. Despite this, Bush regained momentum and, according to political observers, effectively became the front runner after the South Carolina primary, which according to The Boston Globe made history for his campaign's negativity; The New York Times described it as a smear campaign.^[82]^[83]^[84]

General election

On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers by asking Dick Cheney, a former White House Chief of Staff, U.S. Representative, and Secretary of Defense, to be his running mate. Cheney was then serving as head of Bush's Vice-Presidential search committee. Soon after, Cheney was officially nominated by the Republican Party at the 2000 Republican National Convention.

Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.^[54] Bush's campaign criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President Al Gore, over gun control and taxation.^[85]

When the election returns came in on November 7, Bush won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to a recount.^[54] The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in courts for a month until reaching the U.S. Supreme Court.^[86] On December 9, in a controversial ruling^[87] the Bush v. Gore case the Court reversed a Florida Supreme Court decision ordering a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.^[54] The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million cast.^[88] Although he received 543,895 fewer individual votes than Gore nationwide, Bush won the election, receiving 271 electoral votes to Gore's 266.^[88]

2004 Presidential candidacy

In 2004, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed Ken Mehlman as campaign manager, with a political strategy devised by Karl Rove.^[89] Bush and the Republican platform included a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,^[90] support for the USA PATRIOT Act,^[91] a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and same-sex marriage,^[90]^[92] reforming Social Security to create private investment accounts,^[90] creation of an ownership society,^[90] and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.^[93] Bush also called for the implementation of a guest worker program for immigrants,^[90] which was criticized by conservatives.^[94]

The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the Iraq War, and accused him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch liberal who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,^[54] and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror.

In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving a total of 286 electoral votes. He won an outright majority of the popular vote (50.7% to his opponent's 48.3%).^[95] The previous President to win an outright majority of the popular vote was Bush's father in the 1988 election. Additionally, it was the first time since Herbert Hoover's election in 1928 that a Republican president was elected alongside re-elected Republican majorities in both Houses of Congress.

Presidency

Though Bush originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, his priorities were significantly altered following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001.^[96] Wars were waged in Afghanistan and Iraq with significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight-year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings^[97] steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly.^[98] In 2007, the United States entered the longest post-World War II recession.^[99]

Domestic policy

Economic policy

Bush took office during a period of economic recession in the wake of the bursting of the Dot-com bubble.^[100] The terrorist attacks also impacted the economy. The Bush administration increased federal government spending from $1.789 trillion to $2.983 trillion (60%) while revenues increased from $2.025 trillion to $2.524 trillion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues increased by 14%, corporate tax revenues by 50%, customs and duties by 40%. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107%, discretionary domestic spending by 62%, Medicare spending by 131%, social security by 51%, and income security spending by 130%. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35% and spending by 65%.^[101]

President Bush signing a $1.35 trillion tax cut into law. June 7, 2001

The increase in spending was more than under any predecessor since Lyndon B. Johnson.^[102] The number of economic regulation governmental workers increased by 91,196.^[103]

The surplus in fiscal year 2000 was $237 billion—the third consecutive surplus and the largest surplus ever.^[104] In 2001, Bush's budget estimated that there would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.^[105] Facing congressional opposition, Bush held townhall style meetings across the U.S. in order to increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion tax cut program—one of the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.^[54] Bush argued that unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government’s money. The surplus is the people’s money."^[54] Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan warned of a recession and Bush stated that a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.^[106] Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill, opposed some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine Social Security.^[107] O'Neill disputes the claim, made in Bush's book Decision Points, that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts.^[108] By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.^[54] Another tax cut program was passed that year.

During the 2001 to 2008 years, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.125%,^[109] less than for past business cycles.^[110]

Bush entered office with the Dow Jones Industrial Average at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.^[111]

Unemployment originally rose from 4.2% in January 2001 to 6.3% in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5% as of July 2007.^[112] Adjusted for inflation, median household income dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,^[113] while Professor Ken Homa of Georgetown University has noted that "after-tax median household income increased by 2%"^[114] The poverty rate increased from 11.3% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006 after peaking at 12.7% in 2004.^[115] By October 2008, due to increases in spending,^[116] the national debt had risen to $11.3 trillion,^[117] an increase of over 100% from 2000 when the debt was only $5.6 trillion.^[118]^[119] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "Bush tax cuts" and increased national security spending.^[120] In March 2006, then-Senator Barack Obama said when he voted against raising the debt ceiling: "The fact that we are here today to debate raising America’s debt limit is a sign of leadership failure."^[121] By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2%.^[122]

In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post–World War II recession,^[123] which included a housing market correction, a subprime mortgage crisis, soaring oil prices, and a declining dollar value.^[124] In February, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record.^[125]^[126] To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses. The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in 2003,^[127] and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector’s risky practices.^[128]^[129]^[130] In September 2008, the crisis became much more serious beginning with the government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac followed by the collapse of Lehman Brothers and a federal bailout of American International Group for $85 billion.^[131]

Many economists and world governments determined that the situation became the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.^[132]^[133] Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan.^[134] Bush, meanwhile, proposed a financial rescue plan to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.^[135] Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the American Enterprise Institute, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the FDIC to look at these issues more closely", and additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".^[129]

In November 2008, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.^[136] The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost.^[137] By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost a total of 2.6 million jobs.^[138]

Education and health

Bush undertook a number of educational priorities, such as increasing the funding for the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health in his first years of office, and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.^[139]

One of the administration's early major initiatives was the No Child Left Behind Act, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts.^[140] It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002.^[141] Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.^[142] Critics argue that it is underfunded^[143] and that NCLBA's focus on "high stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.^[144]

After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a Medicare drug benefit program that, according to Jan Crawford Greenburg, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's welfare state in forty years;" the bill's costs approached $7 trillion.^[145] In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded federally funded health care benefits and plans to children of some low-income families from about six million to ten million children. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.^[146] Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward socialized health care, and asserted that the program could benefit families making as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.^[147]

Social services and Social Security

Following Republican efforts to pass the Medicare Act of 2003, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the Medicare program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.^[148] The retired persons lobby group AARP worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".^[149]

Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to reform Social Security,^[150] which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.^[150] In his 2005 State of the Union Address, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (FICA) into secured investments.^[150] Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.^[150]

Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning vigorously for his initiative in media events, known as the "Conversations on Social Security", in an attempt to gain support from the general public.^[151] Despite the energetic campaign, public support for the proposal declined^[152] and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.^[153] The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by the political fallout from the Hurricane Katrina in the fall of 2005.^[154] After the Democrats gained control of both houses of the Congress as a result of the 2006 midterm elections, the prospects of any further congressional action on the Bush proposal were dead for the remainder of his term in office.

Environmental policies

Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UN Convention on Climate Change which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, citing that the treaty exempted 80% of the world's population^[155] and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.^[156] He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol.

In May 2001, Bush signed an executive order to create an inter-agency task force to streamline energy projects,^[157] and later signed two other executive orders to tackle environmental issues.^[158]

In 2002, Bush announced the Clear Skies Act of 2003,^[159] aimed at amending the Clean Air Act to reduce air pollution through the use of emissions trading programs. Many experts argued that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal.^[160] The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.

Bush has said that he believes that global warming is real^[161] and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".^[162] The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration^[163] misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce carbon emissions and deter global warming.^[164]

Energy policies

In his 2006 State of the Union Address, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and announced his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase energy development research.^[165]

That same year, Bush declared the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument, creating the largest marine reserve to date. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km²) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.^[166] The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".^[167]

In his 2007 State of the Union Address, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing alternative fuel production.^[168] Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on offshore drilling.^[169] However, the move was largely symbolic as there is still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said, "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."^[169] Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."^[170]

In his 2008 State of the Union Address, Bush announced that the U.S. would commit $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also announced plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."^[171]

Stem cell research and first use of veto power

Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health has been forbidden by law since the passage in 1995 of the Dickey-Wicker Amendment by Congress and the signature of President Bill Clinton.^[172] Bush has said that he supports adult stem cell research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support embryonic stem cell research.^[173] On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,^[174] but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can only be done on 12 of the original lines, and all of the approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.^[175] On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill would have repealed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.^[176]

Genetic Non-Discrimination

President George W. Bush signed into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA).^[177]^[178] The bill protects Americans against discrimination based on their genetic information when it comes to health insurance and employment. The issue had been debated for 13 years before becoming law. It is designed to protect citizens while not hindering genetic research.

Immigration

In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than 12 million illegal immigrants to work in the United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program". Bush did not support amnesty for illegal immigrants,^[179] but argued that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.^[180] Nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.^[181] Almost half entered illegally.^[182]

Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 National Guard troops to the Mexico–United States border.^[183] In May–June 2007, Bush strongly supported the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.^[184] The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and work site enforcement measures; a reform of the green card application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "chain migration" and of the Diversity Immigrant Visa; and other measures. Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.^[185]

A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.^[186] The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a cloture motion failed on a 46–53 vote.^[187] Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.^[188] The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.^[189]

On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said that Bush offered to accept 100,000 Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.^[190]

Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina, one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history, struck early in Bush’s second term. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central Gulf Coast of the United States, particularly New Orleans.^[191]

Bush declared a state of emergency in Louisiana on August 27,^[192] and in Mississippi and Alabama the following day;^[193] he authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to manage the disaster, but his announcement failed to spur these agencies to action.^[194] The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to levee breaches; later that day, Bush declared that a major disaster existed in Louisiana,^[195] officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary Michael Chertoff declared it "an incident of national significance",^[196] triggering the first use of the newly created National Response Plan. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.^[197] The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".^[198]

As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, critics charged that Bush was misrepresenting his administration's role in what they saw as a flawed response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed apparently incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably Michael D. Brown;^[199] it was also argued that the federal response was limited as a result of the Iraq War^[200] and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.^[201]^[202]^[203] Bush responded to mounting criticism by accepting full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.^[197] It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.^[204]

Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys

During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the Justice Department's midterm dismissal of seven United States Attorneys.^[205] The White House maintained that the U.S. attorneys were fired for poor performance.^[206] Attorney General Alberto Gonzales later resigned over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.^[207]^[208] The House Judiciary Committee issued subpoenas for advisers Harriet Miers and Josh Bolten to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten to not comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of executive privilege. Bush maintained that all of his advisers were protected under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department determined that the President's order was legal.^[209]

Although Congressional investigations focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.^[210] On July 31, 2008, a United States district court judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.^[211]

In all, twelve Justice Department officials resigned rather than testify under oath before Congress. They included Attorney General Alberto Gonzales^[212] and his chief of staff Kyle Sampson,^[213] Gonzales’ liaison to the White House Monica Goodling,^[214] aide to the president Karl Rove^[215] and his senior aide Sara M. Taylor.^[216] In addition, legal counsel to the president Harriet Miers^[217] and deputy chief of staff to the president Joshua Bolten^[218] were both found in contempt of Congress.^[216]

In 2010, the Justice Department investigator concluded that though political considerations did play a part in as many as four of the attorney firings,^[219] the firings were "inappropriately political", but not criminal. According to the prosecutors, there was insufficient evidence to pursue prosecution for any criminal offense.^[220]

Foreign policy

In July 2001, Bush visited Pope John Paul II at Castel Gandolfo.^[221]

During his Presidential campaign, Bush's foreign policy platform included support for stronger economic and political relationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "nation-building" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a national missile defense.^[222] Bush was an advocate of China's entry into the World Trade Organization.^[223]

In his 2002 State of the Union Address, Bush referred to an axis of evil including Iraq, Iran and North Korea.^[224] After the September 11 attacks on New York, Bush launched the War on Terror, in which the United States military and a small international coalition invaded Afghanistan, the location of Osama Bin Laden, who planned the New York attacks. In 2003, Bush then launched the invasion of Iraq, searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction, which he described as being part of the War on Terrorism.^[225] Those invasions led to the toppling of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the removal of Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq.

Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser Karen Hughes to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.

In March 2006, a visit to India led to renewed ties between the two countries, reversing decades of U.S. policy.^[226] The visit focused particularly on areas of nuclear energy and counter-terrorism cooperation, discussions that would lead eventually to the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement.^[227]

This is in stark contrast to the stance taken by his predecessor, Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests was that of sanctions and hectoring. The relationship between India and the United States was one that dramatically improved during Bush's tenure.^[228]

Midway through Bush's second term, it was questioned whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.^[229]

In an address before both Houses of Congress on September 20, 2001, Bush thanked the nations of the world for their support following the September 11 attacks. He specifically thanked U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair for traveling to Washington to show "unity of purpose with America", and said "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."^[230]

September 11 attacks

The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the Oval Office, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. On September 14, he visited Ground Zero, meeting with Mayor Rudy Giuliani, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on a heap of rubble, to much applause: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."^[231]

President Bush Declares 'Freedom at War with Fear', September 20, 2001

Problems playing this file? See media help.

In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned Osama bin Laden and his organization Al-Qaeda, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ... share in their fate".^[232]

War on Terrorism

After September 11, Bush announced a global War on Terror. The Afghan Taliban regime was not forthcoming with Osama bin Laden, so Bush ordered the invasion of Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban regime.^[233] In his January 29, 2002 State of the Union Address, he asserted that an "axis of evil" consisting of North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".^[234] The Bush Administration asserted both a right and the intention to wage preemptive war, or preventive war.^[235] This became the basis for the Bush Doctrine which weakened the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for the United States which had followed the September 11 attacks.^[236]

Dissent and criticism of Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq continued.^[237]^[238]^[239] In 2006, a National Intelligence Estimate concluded that the Iraq War had become the "cause célèbre for jihadists".^[240]^[241]

Afghanistan invasion

On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated,^[242] but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.^[242] Later that month the UN had installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired by Hamid Karzai.^[243]^[244] In 2002, based on UNICEF figures, Nicholas Kristof reported that "our invasion of Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives over the next decade" as the result of improved healthcare and greater access to humanitarian aid.^[245]

Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped a battle in December 2001 in the mountainous region of Tora Bora, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.^[246] It was not until May 2011, two years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces. Bin Laden's successor, Ayman al-Zawahiri, as well as the leader of the Taliban, Mohammed Omar, remain at large.

Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.^[247] The 2005 failure of Operation Red Wings showed that the Taliban had returned^[248] In 2006, the Taliban insurgency appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as Operation Mountain Thrust attaining limited success.^[249]^[250]^[251] As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.^[252]

Iraq invasion

Beginning with his January 29, 2002 State of the Union address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "axis of evil" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of weapons of mass destruction.^[234]^[253]

In the latter half of 2002, CIA reports contained assertions of Saddam Hussein's intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi biological and chemical weapons, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.^[254]^[255] Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.^[256]^[257]

In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi disarmament mandates, precipitating a diplomatic crisis. In November 2002, Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.^[258] The U.S. initially sought a UN Security Council resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.^[259]

More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom), designated the "coalition of the willing" joined the United States^[260] in invading Iraq. They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, Baghdad, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "Mission Accomplished" speech was later criticized as premature.^[261] From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that there was a full-scale civil war in Iraq.^[262] Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, led by James Baker, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted that there were strategic mistakes made in regards to the stability of Iraq,^[263] he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.^[264]^[265]

In January 2005, free, democratic elections were held in Iraq for the first time in 50 years.^[266] According to Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie, "This is the greatest day in the history of this country."^[266] Bush praised the event as well, saying that the Iraqis "have taken rightful control of their country's destiny".^[266] This led to the election of Jalal Talabani as President and Nouri al-Maliki as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October 2005, supported by most Shiites and many Kurds.^[267]

On January 10, 2007, Bush announced a surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs.^[268] On May 1, 2007, Bush used his second-ever veto to reject a bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops,^[269] saying the debate over the conflict was "understandable" but insisting that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.^[270]

In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the Battle of Basra against the Mahdi Army, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".^[271] He said he would carefully weigh recommendations from his commanding General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker about how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the Iraqi elections.^[272] By July 2008, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number since the war began,^[273] and due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush announced the withdrawal of additional American forces.^[273]

Surveillance

Following the events of September 11, Bush issued an executive order authorizing the President's Surveillance Program which included allowing the NSA to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.^[274] As of 2009, the other provisions of the program remained highly classified.^[275] Once the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.^[276] The program proved to be controversial, as critics of the administration, as well as organizations such as the American Bar Association, argued that it was illegal.^[277] In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the NSA electronic surveillance program was unconstitutional,^[278] but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked standing.^[279] On January 17, 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.^[280] Later in 2007, the NSA launched a replacement for the program, referred to as PRISM, that was subject to the oversight of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.^[281] This program was not publicly revealed until reports by the Washington Post^[281] and The Guardian^[282] emerged in June 2013.^[281]

Interrogation policies

Bush authorized the CIA to use waterboarding as one of several enhanced interrogation techniques.^[283]^[284]^[285] Between 2002 and 2003 the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on a secret Justice Department legal opinion arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the Geneva Conventions' ban on torture and Vice President Cheney said enhanced interrogation including waterboarding was not torture or illegal.^[286]^[287] The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the Bybee Memo from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.^[288] While not permitted by the U.S. Army Field Manuals which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",^[286] the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.^[289] Critics, such as former CIA officer Bob Baer, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."^[290]

On October 17, 2006, Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006,^[291] a law enacted in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006),^[292] which allows the U.S. government to prosecute unlawful enemy combatants by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denies them access to habeas corpus and bars the torture of detainees, but allows the president to determine what constitutes torture.^[291]

On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,^[293] a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the War on Terror".^[294] In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.^[295] One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.^[296]

North Korea condemnation

Bush publicly condemned Kim Jong-il of North Korea, naming North Korea one of three states in an "axis of evil", and saying that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."^[234] Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.-DPRK Agreed Framework of October 1994."^[297] North Korea's October 9, 2006, detonation of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".^[234] Bush condemned North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and stated that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.^[298] On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.^[299] On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all of its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.^[300] By May 2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.^[301]

On June 22, 2010, "While South Korea prospers, the people of North Korea have suffered profoundly," he said, adding that, "communism had resulted in dire poverty, mass starvation and brutal suppression. "In recent years," he went on to say, "the suffering has been compounded by the leader who wasted North Korea's precious few resources on personal luxuries and nuclear weapons programs."^[302]

Syria sanctions

Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria.^[303] In early 2007, the Treasury Department, acting on a June 2005 executive order, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread weapons of mass destruction^[304] and being supportive of terrorism.^[305] Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: Assaad Halim Hardan, a member of Lebanon's parliament and current leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; Wi'am Wahhab, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister Omar Karami (2004–2005); Hafiz Makhluf, a colonel and senior official in the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate and a cousin of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad; and Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik, identified as a close adviser to Assad.^[306]

Africa

Bush initiated the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Program (PEPFAR). The U.S. government has spent some $44 billion on the project since 2003 (a figure that includes $7 billion contributed to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, a multilateral organization),^[307] saving an estimated 5 million lives.^[308] According to New York Times correspondent Peter Baker, "Bush did more to stop AIDS and more to help Africa than any president before or since."^[308]

Assassination attempt

On May 10, 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a native Georgian who was born to a family of ethnic Armenians, threw a live hand grenade toward a podium where Bush was speaking at Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili was seated nearby. It landed in the crowd about 65 feet (20 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate. Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005, confessed, was convicted and was given a life sentence in January 2006.^[309]

Other issues

Bush withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) with Russia. He also signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty with Russia.

Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat for his support of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death.

Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with the People's Republic of China over the Hainan Island incident, when an EP-3E Aries II surveillance aircraft collided with a People's Liberation Army Air Force jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. In 2003–2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the militia attacks Darfur and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.^[310] Bush said that an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but opposed referring the situation to the International Criminal Court.

In his State of the Union address in January 2003, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Bush announced $15 billion for this effort^[311] which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children worldwide.^[312]

On June 10, 2007, he met with Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and became the first president to visit Albania.^[313] Bush has voiced his support for the independence of Kosovo.^[314] Bush opposed South Ossetia's independence.^[315] On August 15, 2008, Bush said of Russia's invasion of the country of Georgia: "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."^[316]

Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Departing from previous practice, he stood among a group of U.S. athletes rather than from a ceremonial stand or box, saying: "On behalf of a proud, determined, and grateful nation, I declare open the Games of Salt Lake City, celebrating the Olympic Winter Games."^[317] In 2008, in the course of a good-will trip to Asia, he attended the Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[318]

Judicial appointments

Supreme Court

Following the announcement of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's retirement on July 1, 2005, Bush nominated John Roberts to succeed her. On September 5, following the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, this nomination was withdrawn and Bush instead nominated Roberts for Chief Justice to succeed Rehnquist. Roberts was confirmed by the Senate as the 17th Chief Justice on September 29, 2005.

On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated long time White House Counsel Harriet Miers for O'Connor's position. After facing significant opposition from both parties, who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the law,^[319] Miers asked that her name be withdrawn on October 27. Four days later, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge Samuel Alito. Alito was confirmed as the 110th Supreme Court Justice on January 31, 2006.^[320]

Other courts

In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 61 judges to the United States courts of appeals and 261 judges to the United States district courts. Each of these numbers, along with his total of 324 judicial appointments, is third in American history, behind both Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Bush experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies. Debate during one confirmation session lasted "39 stupefying hours" according to The New York Times. On August 3, 2001, the Senate did not consent to keep existing nominations in status quo, returning 40 judicial nominations, and 164 total nominations.^[321]^[322]^[323]

At the outset, Judicature magazine noted that the "Senate Democrats were gearing up for the approaching confirmation hearings" before the first set of nominees were sent to the Senate. It then cites the New York Times as saying "Senate Democrats have pledged they will not automatically vote to confirm Mr. Bush's judicial nominees and will subject them to intense scrutiny."^[324]

The Senate only confirmed 8 out of 60 judicial nominations by October 2001. In February 2003, the Democrats successfully filibustered the nomination of Miguel Estrada.^[325]

Public image and perception

Domestic

Image

Bush's upbringing in West Texas, his accent, his vacations on his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.^[326]^[327] "I think people look at him and think John Wayne," said Piers Morgan, editor of the British Daily Mirror.^[328] It has been suggested that Bush's accent was an active choice, as a way of distinguishing himself from Northeastern intellectuals and anchoring himself to his Texas roots.^[329] Both supporters and detractors have pointed to his country persona as reasons for their support or criticism.^[327]

Bush has been parodied by the media,^[330] comedians, and other politicians.^[331]^[332] Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially referred to as Bushisms.^[333] Some pundits labeled Bush "the worst president ever".^[334]^[335]^[336]^[337]^[338] In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.^[339] Tony Blair wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".^[340]

Job approval

Bush began his presidency with approval ratings near 50%.^[341] After the September 11 attacks, Bush gained an approval rating of 90%,^[342] maintaining 80–90% approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50% during most of his first term^[14] and then fell to as low as 19% in his second term.^[343]

In 2000 and again in 2004, Time magazine named George W. Bush as its Person of the Year, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".^[344] In May 2004, Gallup reported that 89% of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.^[345] However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.^[346]

Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.^[347] While 73% of military personnel said that they would vote for Bush, 18% preferred his Democratic rival, John Kerry.^[347] According to Peter D. Feaver, a Duke University political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.^[347]

Bush's approval rating went below the 50% mark in AP-Ipsos polling in December 2004.^[348] Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. Bush received heavy criticism for his handling of the Iraq War, his response to Hurricane Katrina and to the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse, NSA warrantless surveillance, the Plame affair, and Guantanamo Bay detention camp controversies.^[349] There were calls for Bush's impeachment, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans would not support such an action.^[350] The arguments offered for impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,^[351] the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq,^[352] and alleged violations of the Geneva Conventions.^[353] Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-OH), who had run against Bush during the 2004 presidential campaign, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the House of Representatives against Bush on June 9, 2008, but Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) declared that impeachment was "off the table".^[354]

Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37% approval ratings for Bush,^[355] the lowest for any second-term president at that point of his term since Harry S. Truman in March 1951 (when Truman's approval rating was 28%),^[348]^[356] which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 mid-term elections.^[357] Throughout most of 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties;^[358] the average for his entire second term was 37%, according to Gallup.^[359]

By the beginning of 2008, his final year in office, Bush’s approval rating had dropped to a low of just 19%, largely from the loss of support among Republicans.^[343] Commenting on his low poll numbers and accusations of being "the worst president,"^[360]^[361] Bush would say, "I make decisions on what I think is right for the United States based upon principles. I frankly don't give a damn about the polls."^[362]

In the spring of that year, Bush's disapproval ratings reached the highest ever recorded for any president in the 70-year history of the Gallup poll, with 69% of those polled in April 2008 disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28% approving – although the majority (66%) of Republicans still approved of his job performance.^[363] In polls conducted in the fall, just before the 2008 election, his approval ratings remained at record lows of 19–20%,^[364]^[365] while his disapproval ratings ranged from 67% to as high as 75%.^[365]^[366] In polling conducted January 9—11, 2009, his final job approval rating by Gallup was 34%, which placed him on par with Jimmy Carter and Harry Truman, the other presidents whose final Gallup ratings measured in the low 30's (Richard Nixon's final Gallup approval rating was even lower, at 24%).^[367] According to a CBS News/New York Times poll conducted January 11—15, 2009, Bush's final approval rating in office was 22%.^[364]

Early in his presidency, following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, he had achieved the highest job approval rating of any American president since World War II, at 90%;^[363]^[364] but Bush left the White House as one of the most unpopular presidents, second in overall unpopularity only to Richard Nixon.^[367]^[368]

Foreign perceptions

Bush was criticized internationally and targeted by the global anti-war and anti-globalization campaigns for his administration's foreign policy.^[369]^[370] Views of him within the international community were more negative than those of most previous American Presidents, even from close ally France.^[371]

Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair of the UK and Vicente Fox of Mexico, although formal relations were sometimes strained.^[372]^[373]^[374] Other leaders, such as Afghan president Hamid Karzai,^[375] Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni,^[376] Spanish prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero,^[377] and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez,^[378] openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between himself and Vladimir Putin, which led to a cooling of their relationship.^[379]

File:UK Anti Bush visit protest.jpg

Anti-war demonstration against a visit by George W. Bush to London in 2008

In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.^[380]^[381] In 2007, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States and the American people became less favorable around the world.^[382]

A March 2007 survey of Arab opinion conducted by Zogby International and the University of Maryland found that Bush was the most disliked leader in the Arab world.^[383]

The Pew Research Center's 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that out of 47 countries, in only nine countries did most respondents express "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.^[384]

During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim^[385] Eastern European nation of Albania, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 2.8 million,^[386] has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.^[387] A huge image of the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of Tirana flanked by Albanian and American flags while a local street was named after him.^[388]^[389] A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in Fushe-Kruje, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.^[390] The Bush administration's support for the independence of Albanian-majority Kosovo, while endearing him to the Albanians, has troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in Belgrade.^[391]

Acknowledgments and dedications

On May 7, 2005, during an official state visit to Latvia, Bush was awarded the Order of the Three Stars presented to him by President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga.^[392] A few places outside the United States bear Bush's name. In 2005, the Tbilisi City Council voted to rename a street in honor of the U.S. president.^[393] Previously known as Melaani Drive, the street links the Georgian capital's airport with the city center and was used by Bush's motorcade during his visit four months earlier.^[394] A street in Tirana, formerly known as Rruga Puntorët e Rilendjes, situated directly outside the Albanian Parliament, was renamed after Bush a few days before he made the first-ever visit by an American president to Albania in June 2007.^[395] In Jerusalem, a small plaza with a monument bearing his name is also dedicated to Bush.^[396]

In 2012, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves awarded Bush the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana for his work in expanding NATO.^[397]

Post-presidency

Residence

Following the inauguration of Barack Obama, Bush and his family flew from Andrews Air Force Base to a homecoming celebration in Midland, Texas, following which they returned to their ranch in Crawford, Texas.^[398] They bought a home in the Preston Hollow neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, where they settled down.^[399]

He makes regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas/Fort Worth area, most notably when he conducted the opening coin toss at the Dallas Cowboys first game in the team's new stadium in Arlington^[400] and an April 2009 visit to a Texas Rangers game, where he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in and was met with a standing ovation.^[401] He also attended every home playoff game for the Texas Rangers 2010 season and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington for Game 4 of the 2010 World Series on October 31, 2010.^[402]

On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had been found during an annual medical examination.^[403]

Messages

Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile^[404] though he has made public appearances, most notably after the release of his memoirs in 2010 and for the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2011. In March 2009, he delivered his first post-presidency speech in Calgary, Alberta,^[405]^[406] appeared via video on The Colbert Report during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history,"^[407] and attended the funeral of Senator Ted Kennedy.^[408] Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar in Dallas.^[409] In the aftermath of the Fort Hood shooting that took place on November 5, 2009, in Texas, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.^[410]

Bush released his memoirs, Decision Points, on November 9, 2010. During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe amid a real danger", and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of Social Security reform.^[411] He also made news defending his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the waterboarding of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, saying, "I'd do it again to save lives."^[412]

Bush appeared on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on November 19, 2013, along with the former First Lady. When asked by Leno why he does not comment publicly about the Obama administration, Bush said, "I don’t think it's good for the country to have a former president criticize his successor."^[413]

Collaborations

At President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund to raise contributions for relief and recovery efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake earlier in January.^[414]

On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed.^[415] The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.^[416]

Bush as an artist

After serving as U.S. president, Bush has started painting as a hobby. Subjects include dogs and still lifes.^[417] He has also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including Vladimir Putin and Tony Blair.^[418]^[419]^[420]

Legacy

George W. Bush's legacy remains a contested one, with both liberals and conservatives still holding strong feelings with regards to his overall place in history. Supporters credit Bush's counterterrorism policies with preventing another major terrorist attack from occurring after 9-11, and have also praised individual policies such as the No Child Left Behind Act, the Medicare prescription drug benefit and the AIDS relief program known as PEPFAR. His critics often point to his handling of the Iraq War, specifically the failure to find Weapons of Mass Destruction that were initially the basis for the war, as well as his handling of tax policy, Hurricane Katrina and the 2008 financial crisis as proof that George W. Bush was unfit to be president.^[421]^[422]

Despite the ongoing debate between liberals and conservatives, it is often acknowledged that Bush was one of the most consequential presidents in American history. According to Princeton University scholar Julian Zelizer, Bush's presidency was a "transformative" one, and stated that "some people hate him, some people love him, but I do think he'll have a much more substantive perception as time goes on".^[423] Bryon Williams of The Huffington Post referred to Bush as "the most noteworthy president since FDR" and pointed to policies such as the Patriot Act which he argues "increased authority of the executive branch at the expense of judicial opinions about when searches and seizures are reasonable" as evidence.^[424] These arguments are further reflected in the continuation of many policies implemented during his presidency. His administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the Reagan administration,^[425] and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society,^[426] with much of these policies having endured in the administration of Bush's Democratic successor, Barack Obama.^[427]^[428]

Since leaving office, Bush's presidency has received mostly negative reviews from professional scholars. A 2010 Siena College poll of 238 Presidential scholars found that Bush was ranked 39th out of 43, with poor ratings in handling of the economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments and intelligence,^[429] while a 2013 History News Network poll of 64 historians showed that 35 of them — over half — rated his presidency as a failure.^[430]

Among the public, his reputation has improved somewhat since his presidency ended in 2009. In February 2012, Gallup reported that "Americans still rate George W. Bush among the worst presidents, though their views have become more positive in the three years since he left office."^[431] Gallup had earlier noted that Bush's favorability ratings in public opinion surveys had begun to rise a year after he had left office, from 40% in January 2009 and 35% in March 2009, to 45% in July 2010, a period during which he had remained largely out of the news.^[432] Other pollsters have noted similar trends of slight improvement in Bush's personal favorability since the end of his presidency.^[433] In April 2013, Bush's approval rating stood at 47% approval and 50% disapproval in a poll jointly conducted for the Washington Post and ABC, his highest approval rating since December 2005. Bush had achieved notable gains among seniors, non-college whites, and moderate and conservative Democrats since leaving office, although majorities disapproved of his handling of the economy (53%) and the Iraq War (57%).^[434] His 47% approval rating was equal to that of President Obama's in the same polling period.^[435] A CNN poll conducted that same month found that 55% of Americans said Bush's presidency had been a failure, with 80% of Republican calling it a success, but only 43% of independents calling it a success and nearly 90% of Democrats calling it a failure.^[436]

References

^ Veteran Tributes: George W. Bush
^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 16, 2001). "Bush Celebrates Easter at an Outdoor Service". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "The Jesus Factor". PBS. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Cooperman, Alan (September 16, 2004). "Openly Religious, to a Point". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 31, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Selection and Succession of the President". Ushistory.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 31, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Life Portraits". American Presidents. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages". CNN. February 25, 2004.
^ "Republican right abandoning Bush". MSNBC. Associated Press. May 5, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos (February 13, 2006). "Illegal Immigration, Unchecked Spending Siphon Conservatives From GOP Base". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Baker, Kevin, "Second-Term Blues: Why Have Our Presidents Almost Always Stumbled after Their First Four Years?". American Heritage. August–September 2006. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Katrinagate fury spreads to US media". TVNZ. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on January 4, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Mike M. Ahlers (April 14, 2006). "Report: Criticism of FEMA's Katrina response deserved". CNN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Online NewsHour Update: Amid Widespread Criticism, Government Prepares for Next Hurricane Season". PBS. May 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 7, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Bush Job Approval at 28%, Lowest of His Administration". Gallup Poll. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Protesters greet Bush's UK visit". BBC News. June 15, 2008. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Italie, Hillel (October 7, 2010). "George W. Bush's memoir, 'Decision Points', to have print run of 1.5M copies". USA Today. Associated Press.
^ "Historians Rank George W. Bush Among Worst Presidents, Lincoln and Washington were rated as the best". US News. September 2, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Austin, David. "History News Network | Historians Still Despise George W. Bush". HNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (April 25, 2013). "History usually kinder to ex-presidents". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (June 11, 2013). "Former President George W. Bush's image ratings improve". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Ahles, Dick (December 24, 2000). "Bush's Birthplace? It's Deep in the Heart of... New Haven". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "George Walker Bush". Famous Texans. February 3, 2005. Archived from [=http://www.famoustexans.com/georgewbush.htm the original] on January 26, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Check |url= value (help)
^ "Bush, Prescott Sheldon, (1895–1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 11, 1999. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Ancestry of George W. Bush". Wargs.com. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
^ Bush, then the Governor of Texas, was the commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995: "An Inventory of Press Office Speech Files at the Texas State Archives, 1986, 1989–2000, undated (bulk 1995–2000)". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved May 1, 2008.
^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (June 10, 2000). "George W. Bush's Journey The Cheerleader: Earning A's in People Skills at Andover". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)
^ Kuper, Simon (December 3, 2000). "Ruthian rise of Dubya". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". The White House. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)
^ Romano, Lois; Lardner, Jr., George (July 27, 1999). "Bush: So-So Student but a Campus Mover". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ Simone Berkower. "Cheerleading of the '20s: Epitome of masculinity". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)
^ Feinstein, Jessica; Sabin, Jennifer (October 7, 2004). "DKE & YPU: Filling precedential shoes". The Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ Bush, George W., A Charge to Keep, (1999) ISBN 0-688-17441-8
^ Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, p. 297 ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5
^ "Self-Deprecating Bush Talks to Yale Grads". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. May 21, 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008.; "Bush/Gore Grades and SAT Scores". Inside Politics. June 17, 2005. Archived from the original on Au8gust 27, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
^ "Kerry Grades Near Bush's While at Yale". The New York Times. June 8, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "GWB: HBS MBA". The American Thinker. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Romano, Lois (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". The Washington Post. pp. A08. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ Lardner, George Jr. and Lois Romano (July 28, 1999). "At Height of Vietnam, Bush Picks Guard". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ York, Byron (August 26, 2004). "The Facts about Bush and the National Guard". National Review. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ Lois Romano (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Official DoD service records of Texas Air National Guard member George Walker Bush". Department of Defense. June 17, 2005. Archived from the original on October 23, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ "Winton Blount, 81, a Founder Of the New Postal Service". The New York Times. October 26, 2002. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Walker, Jessica M. (February 13, 2004). "Bush seen in Alabama in 1972". USA Today. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Rutenberg, Jim (May 17, 2004). Rutenberg, Jim (May 17, 2004). "A Film to Polarize Along Party Lines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Brit Hume, Mara Liasson, Jeff Birnbaum, Charles Krauthammer (July 9, 2004). "The All-Star Panel Discusses John Kerry's Shifting Positions on Iraq War Spending". Fox News Network (transcript).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Read her lips: Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda". CNN. April 8, 2001. Archived from the original on August 7, 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)
^ Romano, Lois; George Lardner Jr (July 25, 1999). "Bush's Life-Changing Year". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "2000 Driving Record". Department of the Secretary of State of Maine. November 2, 2000. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
Adam Cohen (November 13, 2000). "Fallout From A Midnight Ride". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)
^ Leonard, Mary (January 23, 2000). "Turning Point: George W. Bush, A Legacy Reclaimed". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Harrington, Walt (Autumn 2011). "Dubya and Me". The American Scholar. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
^ George W. Bush Talks About Life After the White House at Memphis Hospital Celebration. The Daily Beast July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ AP (April 14, 2013). "George W. Bush becomes a grandpa". USA Today.
^ "Bush Wasn't Always a Front-Runner". The Washington Post. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w George Bush. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2008.
^ Stone, Peter H. (July 4, 2001). "Big oil's White House pipelines". National Journal (33): 1042. ISSN 0360-4217.
^ Carlisle, John K (January 3, 2004). "George Soros's Plan to Defeat George Bush". Human Events.
^ "Files: Bush Knew Firm's Plight Before Stock Sale". The Washington Post. July 21, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Bush, George W.; Bill Adler (2004). The Quotable George W. Bush: A Portrait in His Own Words. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-4154-8. OCLC 237927420.
^ "George W. Bush and the religious right in the 1988 campaign of George H.W. Bush". PBS. June 17, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Farrey, Tom (November 1, 1999). "A series of beneficial moves". ESPN. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "George W. Bush in Little League uniform". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "1998 Tax return" (PDF). Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Seven Who Will Manage Bush's 1992 Presidential Campaign". The New York Times. December 6, 1991. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Jack E. White and Laurence I. Barrett (December 16, 1991). "The White House: Clearing the Decks". Time. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Wayne Slater, James Moore (2003). Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential. Wiley. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-471-42327-0.
^ "Ann Richards". London: Telegraph (UK). September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
^ Tapper, Jake (August 11, 1999). "Guns and Money". Salon News. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Joshua Green (November 2004). "Karl Rove in a Corner". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 27, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Edward Epstein, Chronicle Washington Bureau (October 29, 2005). "CIA Leak Probe: Libby Indicted / Powerful aide Rove could still feel heat from investigation". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Los Angeles News – Don't Mess With Texas – page 1". LA Weekly. September 16, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Elections of Texas Governors, 1845–2006" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.^{[dead link]};
George Bush. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Violence Against Women Act: History and Federal Funding" (PDF). Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. December 1, 2005. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
^ Koronowski, Ryan. It’s Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 Repower America', January 19, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ "A mighty wind". Texas Monthly. August 2011. p. 5. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
^ "Swift Boats and Texas Wind". Windsector.tumblr.com. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help)
^ SB7 Law textTexas Legislature Online, May 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ "Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard". Texas State Energy Conservation Office. Retrieved September 24, 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard". Pew Center on Global Climate Change. September 24, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Texas Gov. George W. Bush wins in landslide". CNN. Associated Press. November 3, 1998. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2006.^{[dead link]}
^ "Texas Politics – The Executive Branch". Texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
^ "Jesus Day proclamation" (JPEG). March 17, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Davis, Richard H. (March 21, 2004). "The anatomy of a smear campaign". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Hook, Janet; Michael Finnegan (March 17, 2007). "McCain loses some of his rebel edge". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (October 19, 2007). "Confronting Ghosts of 2000 in South Carolina". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Sack, Kevin and Toner, Robin (August 13, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Record; In Congress, Gore Selected Issues Ready for Prime Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al., 531 U.S. 98 (2000). Retrieved February 12, 2010.
^ "Poll: Majority of Americans accept Bush as legitimate president". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. December 13, 2000. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "2000 Official General Election Presidential Results". Federal Election Commission. December 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "An Interview With Karl Rove". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. August 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 2, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kirkpatrick, David D (August 25, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The Republican Agenda; Draft GOP Platform Backs Bush on Security, Gay Marriage, and Immigration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "2004 Republican Party Platform: on Civil Rights". OnTheIssues.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ After initial comments made in March, there was no statement on the latter issue until June. Rosenberg, Debra (June 28, 2004). "A Gay-Marriage Wedge". Newsweek. Vol. 143, no. 26. p. 8.
^ "2004 Republican Party Platform: on Energy & Oil". OntheIssues.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Kirkpatrick, David D (August 26, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The Platform; Conservatives Mount Stem Cell and Immigration Challenges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Borger, Julian (November 4, 2004). "And now... four more years". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Milbank, Dana (September 2, 2004). "From His 'Great Goals' of 2000, President's Achievements Mixed". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
^ "Bush Job Approval Highest in Gallup History". Gallup Poll. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush's Approval Ratings". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Krasny, Ron (April 24, 2009). "SF Fed Economics see longest recession since WW2". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Origins of the Crash: The Great Bubble and Its Undoing, Roger Lowenstein, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 1-59420-003-3, ISBN 978-1-59420-003-8 page 114-115
^ Historical Budget Data, Congressional Budget Office, Tables F-1, F-3, F-7, F-9, and F-12.
^ Spending Under President George W. Bush, Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Mar 2009, Table 2
^ "Bush's Regulatory Kiss-Off – Obama's assertions to the contrary, the 43rd president was the biggest regulator since Nixon". Reason. January 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Office of Management! and Budget; National Economic Council, September 27, 2000
^ A BLUEPRINT FOR NEW BEGINNINGS – A RESPONSIBLE BUDGET FOR AMERICAS PRIORITIES, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2001, page 7
^ Wallace, Kelly (June 7, 2001). "$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law". CNN InsidePolitics archives. Archived from the original on June 20, 2001. Retrieved June 30, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "CBS Interviews Former Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill". Archived from the original on January 14, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "O'Neill Says He `Clearly' Disagreed With Bush Tax Cuts". The Washington Post. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
^ Price, L., Ratner, D (October 26, 2005). "Economy pays price for Bush's tax cuts". Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Historical Prices for Dow Jones Industrial Average". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on January 29, 1998. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Luhby, Tami (July 24, 2008). "Middle class: 'On the edge'". CNN Money. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Homa, Ken. "From Clinton to Bush, after-tax household income is up!". The Homa Files. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Historical Poverty Timeline". United States Census. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007, Penguin Books, p. 273
^ Debt nation, post two, Small Business Services CPA Group, Inc.
^ "Revenues, Outlays, Surpluses, Deficits, and Debt Held by the Public, 1962 to 2006" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ "Spending and the National Debt". The Washington Times. September 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Fiedler; Kogan, R. (December 13, 2006). "From Surplus to Deficit: Legislation Enacted Over the Last Six Years Has Raised the Debt by $2.3 Trillion". Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2007. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Saying `no' to raising the debt ceiling". Chicago Tribune. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "2008 Employment Situation". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ "SF Fed Economics see longest recession since WW2". Reuters. April 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Guodong, Du (February 27, 2008). "Dollar hits record low against euro, oil prices rally". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Aversa, Jeannine, Employers Slash 63,000 Jobs in February, Most in 5 Years, Feeding Recession Fears", Associated Press, March 7, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.
^ "Recession in the US 'has arrived'". BBC News. January 8, 2008. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Stephen Labaton (September 11, 2003). "New Agency Proposed to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Becker, JO; Sheryl Gay Stolberg; Stephen Labaton (December 20, 2008). "The Reckoning – Bush's Philosophy Stoked the Mortgage Bonfire". The New York Times. p. 4 of 6. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "H.R. 1461 (109th): Federal Housing Finance Reform Act of 2005". May 25, 2005. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Landler, Mark and Sheryl Gay Stolberg (September 20, 2008). "Bush can share the blame for financial crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ See American International Group for details and citations.
^ Elliott, Larry (March 18, 2008). "A financial crisis unmatched since the Great Depression". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Worst Financial Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight". Fox News Channel. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Irwin, Neil and Amit R. Paley (October 24, 2008). "Greenspan Says He Was Wrong On Regulation". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
^ "Bush hails financial rescue plan". BBC News. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Employers cut 533K jobs in November, most in 34 years". MSN Money. Blacklisted News. December 5, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Bureau of Labor Statistics" (PDF). January 9, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Goldman, David (January 9, 2009). "Worst year for jobs since '45". CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Committee on Appropriations —Democratic Staff (September 12, 2006). "President Bush and House Republicans Undermine Life Saving Health Research". United States House of Representatives.
^ Dillon, Sam (March 16, 2010). "No Child Left Behind Act". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "President Signs Landmark No Child Left Behind Education Bill". The White House. January 8, 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Paley, Amit R (June 6, 2007). "Scores Up Since 'No Child' Was Signed". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
^ W. James Antle III (August 1, 2005). "Leaving No Child Left Behind". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Harvard Graduate School of Education (June 1, 2002). "No Child Left Behind?". HGSE News. Archived from the original on October 23, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help); Edited by Gary Orfield and Mindy L. Kornhaber (May 1, 2001). Raising Standards or Raising Barriers?. The Century Foundation Press. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford, Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007, Penguin Books, p. 274
^ Michael Abramowitz and Jonathan Weisman (October 4, 2007). "Bush Vetoes Health Measure". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
^ "Bush Vetoes Child Health Bill Privately". The New York Times. October 4, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Summary of Medicare Act of 2003" (PDF). Retrieved August 20, 2008.
^ "President Signs Medicare Legislation". The White House. December 8, 2003. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wolk, Martin (February 16, 2005). "Bush pushes his Social Security overhaul". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Jim VandeHei and Peter Baker (February 12, 2005). "Social Security: On With the Show". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Bush shifts approach on Social Security reform". Financial Times. April 28, 2005. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
^ Patrick O'Connor (June 1, 2005). "Social Security in Limbo". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 5, 2005.^{[dead link]}
^ Yeager, Holly (September 22, 2005). "Hurricane dims Bush's hopes on Social Security". Financial Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
^ "Letter from the President to Senators Hagel, Helms, Craig, and Roberts". Office of the Press Secretary. March 13, 2001. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Summary of the Kyoto Report—Assessment of Economic Impacts". Energy Information Administration. July 16, 2002. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Bush, George W. Executive Order 13212—Actions To Expedite Energy-Related Projects United States Department of Energy, May 18, 2001. Amendment. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ Sovacool et al. Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States PDF p389 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, July 20, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ "Executive Summary—The Clear Skies Initiative". The White House. February 14, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Clear Skies Proposal Weakens the Clean Air Act". The Sierra Club. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Interview with President Bush". White House Transcript. Politico. May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Q. Mr. President, for the record, is global warming real? A. Yes, it is real, sure is.
^ "Press Conference". The White House. June 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "NASA Scientist Rips Bush on Global Warming". MSNBC. October 27, 2004. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2008.; "60 Minutes: Rewriting the Science". CBS News. March 19, 2006. Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Romm, Joe (2006). Hell or High Water. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-117212-0. OCLC 77537768.; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.
^ "President George W. Bush's address before a joint session of the Congress on the State of the Union". C-SPAN. January 31, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
^ "Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve". MSNBC. June 16, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "The Nature Conservancy Applauds President Bush for Creating World's Largest Marine Conservation Area in Hawaii". The Nature Conservancy. June 16, 2006. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address". The White House. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "Bush lifts executive ban on offshore oil drilling". CNN. July 14, 2008. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Discusses Energy". The White House. June 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ American Rhetoric (January 28, 2008). "George W. Bush: 2008 State of the Union Address". Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "AAAS Policy Brief: Stem Cell Research". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "President Discusses Stem Cell Research". Office of the President. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "NIH's Role in Federal Policy Stem Cell Research". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved June 23, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ Lemonick, Michael D. (August 11, 2003). "Stem Cells in Limbo". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Bush Vetoes Embryonic Stem Cell Bill". CNN. September 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008". Genome.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ "PUBLIC LAW 110–233—MAY 21, 2008" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
^ Klein, Rick (June 26, 2007). "Bush Calls Immigration Bill Amnesty". ABC News. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
^ "Best of the Immigration Fact Check: Top 10 Common Myths" (Press release). The White House. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
^ "Study: Immigration grows, reaching record numbers". USA Today. December 12, 2005. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Immigration surge called 'highest ever'"". The Washington Times. December 12, 2005. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Bush takes tough talk on immigration to Texas". CNN. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Fact Sheet: Border Security and Immigration Reform" (Press release). The White House. May 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2012. {{cite press release}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Garrett, Major and Trish Turner (June 26, 2008). "Senate Votes to Continue Work on Immigration Reform Compromise". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Talk radio helped sink immigration reform". Politico.com. August 20, 2007.
^ Klaus Marre (June 28, 2007). "46–53, immigration bill goes down in defeat". The Hill.
^ "Senate immigration bill suffers crushing defeat". CNN. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help); "President Bush Disappointed by Congress's Failure to Act on Comprehensive Immigration Reform". The White House. June 28, 2007. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "The White House Fact Sheet: Improving Border Security and Immigration Within Existing Law". The White House. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Ravid, Barak (September 17, 2010). "Olmert: Bush offered to absorb 100,000 Palestinian refugees if peace deal reached". Haaretz. Israel. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: August 23–30, 2005". National Hurricane Center.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Dyson, Michael Eric (2006). Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster. Basic Civitas. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-01761-4.
^ "Statement on Federal Disaster Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan". The White House. August 31, 2005. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "TPM Hurricane Katrina Timeline". TPM. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "National Guard descends on New Orleans, giving evacuees hope". USA Today. Associated Press. September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Hsu, Spencer S.; Susan b. Glasser (September 6, 2005). "FEMA Director Singled Out by Response Critics". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Pete Yost (August 30, 2005). "Overseas deployments hinder National Guard hurricane presence". Independent Media Center. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Transcript, Presidential Videoconference Briefing" (PDF). USA Today. August 28, 2005. p. Page 6. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "Transcript, Presidential Videoconference Briefing" (PDF). USA Today. August 28, 2005. p. Page 5. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "I don't think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees." George W. Bush to Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, September 1, 2005.
^ "Katrina called Bush's biggest blunder". The Boston Globe. May 31, 2012. p. Page 1. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Gill, Kathy (March 22, 2007). "The Firing Of US Attorneys — Nefarious Or Business As Usual?". About.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales (March 7, 2007). "They lost my confidence". USA Today. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Eggen, Dan; Michael Fletcher (August 28, 2007). "Embattled Gonzales Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Alberto Gonzales (August 26, 2007). "Gonzales' Resignation Letter" . United States Department of Justice. Please accept my resignation as Attorney General of the United States, effective September 17, 2007 {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Mukasey won't pursue contempt probe of Bush aides". Reuters. March 1, 2008. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Porter, Patrick (March 10, 2008). "House judiciary panel files civil lawsuit to enforce Miers, Bolten subpoenas". Jurist Legal News and Research. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Apuzzo, Matt (July 31, 2008). "Federal judge rules Bush's aides can be subpoenaed". USA Today. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
^ Jordan, Lara Jakes (September 15, 2007). "Attorney general bids farewell to Justice: Praises work of department". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 31, 2005. Retrieved September 19, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Lichtblau. "Bush's Law: The Remaking of American Justice After 9/11". p. 293. ASIN 037542492. {{cite news}}: Check |asin= value (help)
^ Jordan, Lara Jakes (April 6, 2007). "Gonzales aide Goodling resigns". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; April 8, 2007 suggested (help)
^ Mike Emanuel and AP (August 13, 2007). "Bush Advisor Karl Rove to Resign at End of Month". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Michael A. Fletcher (May 28, 2007). "Another Top Bush Aide Makes an Exit". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Stout, David (July 25, 2007). "Panel Holds Two Bush Aides in Contempt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2010. The House Judiciary Committee voted today to seek contempt of Congress citations against a top aide to President Bush and a former presidential aide over their refusal to cooperate in an inquiry about the firing of federal prosecutors.... president's chief of staff, and Harriet E. Miers {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Stout, David (July 25, 2007). "Panel Holds Two Bush Aides in Contempt". The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
^ "George Bush adviser Karl Rove's role in firing U.S. attorney detailed in newly released transcripts – Page 2". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Apuzzo, Matt; Yost, Pete (July 21, 2010). "DOJ: Prosecutor firing was politics, not crime". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Decision Points Bush, George W. Random House 2010 page 116
^ "President Bush Speech on Missile Defense". Federation of American Scientists. May 1, 2001. Archived from the original on April 14, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush backs China's WTO entry despite standoff". CNN. April 6, 2001. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ P.O. Box 400406 (January 29, 2002). "State of the Union Address (January 29, 2002)—Miller Center". Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Key points from Bush speech". CNN. November 30, 2005. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Nuclear deal announced as Bush visits India". USA Today. March 2, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "U.S.-India Joint Statement". The White House. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Roemer key to U.S.-India relationship – Daniel Libit and Laura Rozen". Politico.Com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Diehl, Jackson (April 24, 2005). "Retreat From the Freedom Agenda". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Bush, George W. (September 20, 2001). "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". The White House. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Salutes Heroes in New York". The White House. September 14, 2001. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". The White House. September 20, 2001. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Transcript of President Bush's address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday night, September 20, 2001". CNN. September 20, 2001. Archived from the original on September 21, 2001. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "President Delivers State of the Union Address". The White House. January 29, 2002. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ "National Security Council". The White House. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush: Job Ratings". Polling Report. Archived from the original on October 19, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Cumings, Bruce; Ervand Abrahamian, Moshe Ma'oz (2006). Inventing the Axis of Evil: The Truth About North Korea, Iran, and Syria. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-038-2. OCLC 62225812.
^ Lopez, George, "Perils of Bush's Pre-emptive War Doctrine", The Indianapolis Star, October 3, 2003.
^ "Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction". White House. Archived from the original on September 24, 2002. Retrieved April 20, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "NIE: Al Qaeda 'Damaged' Becoming More Scattered". CNN. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ DeYoung, Karen (September 24, 2006). "Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ ^a ^b Shanker, Tom and Eric Schmitt (December 11, 2001). "A Nation Challenged; Military Campaign; Taliban Defeated, Pentagon Asserts, but War Goes On". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Fact Sheet: International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan". Center for Defense Information. February 14, 2002. Archived from the original on June 12, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC News. February 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Kristof, Nicholas D., "A Merciful War," The New York Times, February 1, 2002. "Now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale. Unicef, for example, has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months, in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years. Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan, the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children's lives each year....Heidi J. Larson of Unicef says that if all goes well, child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years. That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year."
^ Gellman, Barton; Ricks, Thomas E. (April 17, 2002). "U.S. Concludes bin Laden Escaped at Tora Bora Fight" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
^ "Taliban Appears To Be Regrouped and Well-Funded". The Christian Science Monitor. May 8, 2003. Archived from the original on June 17, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Capaccio, Tony (January 9, 2014). "Gates: Bombs Away in Memoir — How Green Lantern Drove a Decision". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ "World Cannot Give Up on Afghanistan, Coalition Officials Say". United States Department of Defense. June 28, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Leithead, Alastair (July 22, 2006). "Frustrated Karzai toughens stance". BBC News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Wiseman, Paul (July 22, 2006). "Revived Taliban waging 'full-blown insurgency'". USA Today. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Baker, Peter (March 11, 2007). "Additional Troop Increase Approved". The Washington Post. p. A11. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Iraq: The War Card". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs". CIA. October 2002. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "CIA Whites Out Controversial Estimate on Iraq Weapons". The National Security Archive. July 9, 2004. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Judis, John B. and Ackerman, Spencer, “The Selling of the Iraq War”, The New Republic, June 2003.
^ Hersh, Seymour M., "The Stovepipe", The New Yorker, October 27, 2003.
^ "U.S. advises weapons inspectors to leave Iraq". USA Today. Associated Press. March 17, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Enforcement Measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter". United Nations Charter. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on March 26, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Schifferes, Steve (March 18, 2003). "US names 'coalition of the willing'". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Mission Not Accomplished". Time. October 6, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "Colin Powell says Iraq in a 'civil war'". Truthout. November 28, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)
^ "Bush: we went to war on faulty intelligence". The Times. UK. December 14, 2005. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)
^ "President George W. Bush speaks during a video teleconference with Vice President Dick Cheney, on screen, and military commanders". October 21, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)
^ "Bush Reviews Iraq War Strategy as Violence Mounts (Update3)". Bloomberg. October 21, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Sporadic violence doesn't deter Iraqi voters". CNN. January 31, 2005. Archived from the original on February 3, 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "Iraq Constitution Passes in Referendum". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "Admitting strategy error, Bush adds Iraq troops". MSNBC. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff (May 1, 2007). "Bush Vetoes Bill Tying Iraq Funds to Exit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Bush on anniversary: War in Iraq must go on". CNN. March 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Baghdad on lockdown as rockets, bombs fly". CNN. March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "Bush: Baghdad's move against Shiite militias a 'bold decision'". CNN. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Myers, Steven Lee and Sabrina Tavernise (August 1, 2008). "Citing Stability in Iraq, Bush Sees Troop Cuts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Press Briefing by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden" (Press release). The White House. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite press release}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Inspectors General of the DoD, DOJ, CIA, NSA, and ODN (July 10, 2009). Unclassified Report on the President’s Surveillance Program (Scribd) (Report). Retrieved July 11, 2009. The specific intelligence activities that were permitted by the Presidential Authorizations remain highly classified, except that beginning in December 2005 the President and other Administration officials acknowledged that these activities included the interception without a court order of certain international communications where there is "a reasonable basis to conclude that one party to the communication is a member of al-Qa'ida, affiliated with al-Qa'ida, or a member of an organization affiliated with al-Qa'ida."{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities. "Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" (PDF). January 19, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Gonzales defends wiretaps amid protest". CNN. January 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved September 2, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); "Lawyers Group Criticizes Surveillance Program". The Washington Post. February 14, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.;
^ "Judge Asked to Suspend Ruling Against Wiretaps". The Washington Post. February 9, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Andrea Hopkins (July 6, 2007). "Court dismisses lawsuit on spying program". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Gonzales, Alberto (January 17, 2007). "Letter from the AG to the Senate leaders". Wikisource. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 6, 2013). "U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Greenwald, Glenn (June 6, 2013). "NSA taps in to internet giants' systems to mine user data, secret files reveal". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Talev, Margaret; Marisa Taylor (April 23, 2009). "Bush-era interrogations: From waterboarding to forced nudity". The Olympian. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Mazzetti, Mark (April 16, 2009). "Obama Releases Interrogation Memos, Says C.I.A. Operatives Won't Be Prosecuted". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Miller, Greg (February 7, 2008). "Waterboarding is legal, White House says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 8, 2003. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Cheney Defends U.S. Use Of Waterboarding". CBS News. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ "Cheney, Rumsfeld, other Bush officials claim credit for nabbing Bin Laden, talk up waterboarding". NY Daily News. New York. May 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Bradbury, Steven G. (January 15, 2009). "Memorandum for the Files: Re: Status of Certain OLC Opinions Issued in the Aftermath of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
^ Tran, Mark (February 5, 2008). "CIA admit 'waterboarding' al-Qaida suspects". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ Ross, Brian; Esposito, Richard (November 18, 2005). "CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b "Bush's detainee interrogation and prosecution plan approved by Senate". USA Today. Associated Press. September 28, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Rushing Off a Cliff". The New York Times. September 28, 2006. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Bill Text: 110th Congress (2007–2008): H.R.2082.ENR". THOMAS. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
^ "Bush vetoes bill banning waterboarding". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 8, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
^ CNN Politics (July 24, 2008). "Previously secret torture memo released". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Stein, Sam (April 16, 2009). "Bush memo footnotes define waterboarding as torture". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ "Pollack, Jonathan. "The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework". Naval War College Review. Summer 2003. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "President Bush's Statement on North Korea Nuclear Test". The White House. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "North Korea Ready to Shut Down Reactor 'Immediately'". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. May 7, 2007. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "U.S.: North Korea agrees to shut down nuke facilities". CNN. Associated Press. September 2, 2007. Archived from the original on September 17, 2007.
^ McCurry, Justin (May 27, 2009). "North Korea restarts nuclear reactor and threatens to attack south". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Park, Joseph (June 22, 2010). "George W. Bush Delivers Message At Korean War Prayer Meeting In Seoul". Continental News. France. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush expands sanctions on Syria". BBC News. February 14, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "U.S. Treasury moves to clamp down on Syrian entities accused of spreading weapons"^{[dead link]}. Registration required. January 4, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ "Syria and Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. October 30, 2003. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ "Administration announces sanctions to combat Syrian influence on Lebanon". North County Times. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2010.^{[dead link]}
^ "The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Blueprint: Creating an AIDS-free Generation". U.S. Department of State. November 29, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Caryl, Christian (February 14, 2013). "What George W. Bush Did Right". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Chilcote (January 11, 2006). "Bush grenade attacker gets life". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Jim VandeHei (June 2, 2005). "In Break With UN, Bush Calls Sudan Killings Genocide". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "News Tip: AIDS Relief in Africa is One of Bush's Most Visible Legacies, Says Duke Expert". Duke Today. Duke University. Associated Press. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Latest Results". U.S. Government. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (June 10, 2007). "Bush is Greeted Warmly in Albania". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush Hails Kosovo Independence". america.gov. February 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ "Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions". CNN. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush hits Russia on 'bullying and intimidation'". USA Today. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Opens 2002 Olympic Games". The White House. February 8, 2002. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush: Olympics exceeded my expectations". Associated Press. August 11, 2008.
^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 278.
^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes – Nomination of Samuel Alito". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on February 2, 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Discusses Judicial Accomplishments and Philosophy". Cincinnati, Ohio: The White House. October 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "PAGE TWO: BUZZWORDS". The New York Times. November 16, 2003. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Denis Steven Rutkus, Mitchel A. Sollenberger, Nova Publishers (2004). Judicial Nomination Statistics: U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1977–2002. p. 43. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Dancey, Logan; Nelson, Kjersten R.; Ringsmuth, Eve M. (November 1, 2011). ""Strict Scrutiny?" the Content of Senate Judicial Confirmation Hearings during the George W. Bush Administration". Judicature. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Maltese, John Anthony (March 22, 2003). "Confirmation gridlock: the federal judicial appointments process under Bill Clinton and George W. Bush". Journal of Appellate Practice and Process. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Halberstam, David. "The History Boys". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on June 23, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Westcott, Kathryn (June 6, 2003). "Bush revels in cowboy speak". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Rodgers, Walter (January 30, 2003). "'John Wayne' president has critics". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Colloff, Pamela (June 2003). "Drawl or Nothin'". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original (republished by PBS) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); External link in |format= (help)
^ Baker, Peter (August 20, 2006). "Pundits Renounce The President". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Walters, Simon (August 19, 2006). "Blair 'feels betrayed by Bush on Lebanon'". Mail Online. London: Daily Mail. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Immelman, Aubrey (January 14, 2001). "Bush gets bad rap on intelligence". The St. Cloud Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Weisberg, Jacob; Curtis, Bryan (August 24, 2001). "The Complete Bushisms". Slate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2001. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
^ Wilentz, Sean (April 21, 2006). "The Worst President in History". Truthout. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Horton, Scott (April 2008). "Worst. President.Ever". Harper's Magazine. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Von Hoffman, Nicholas (February 14, 2007). "The Worst President Ever". The Nation. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Gutman, Huck (July 8, 2005). "The Worst US President Ever?". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Foner, Eric (December 3, 2006). "He's The Worst Ever". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (January 12, 2004). "Bush Gets 'Vision Thing' and Embraces Big Risks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Blair, Tony (September 2, 2010). "Tony Blair on Clinton, Bush and the American Character Time September 2, 2010". Time. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
^ Roper Center (2006). "Job Performance Ratings for President Bush". Archived from the original on December 20, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent". CBS News. January 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Bush's Popularity: A (Really) New Low?". The New York Times. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Nancy Gibbs (December 25, 2000). "Person of the Year". Time. Retrieved March 19, 2008.; Nancy Gibbs and John F. Dickerson (December 19, 2004). "Person of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on December 23, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Deconstructing the Drop in Bush's Job Approval Rating". Gallup Organization. June 1, 2004. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "Republicans criticize Rice over Bush Mideast policy". USA Today. Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c Moniz, Dave (October 3, 2004). "Troops in survey back Bush 4-to-1 over Kerry". USA Today. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Bush's job approval rating creeps up in AP-Ipsos poll". Taipei Times. March 10, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)
^ Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). "Unchecked and Unbalanced". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Joyner, James (December 12, 2005). "Rasmussen Poll: Third of Americans Want Bush Impeached". OutsideTheBeltway.com, OTB Media. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ John W. Dean (December 30, 2005). "George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachably". Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Robert Scheer (July 18, 2003). "A Firm Basis for Impeachment". Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Rothschild, Matthew (March 8, 2006). "Grounds for Impeachment". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Bresnahan, John (June 9, 2008). "Kucinich Offers Impeachment Articles Against Bush". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush—Overall Job Rating". Polling Report. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Silva, Mark (March 7, 2007). "Bush's second-term slump". The Swamp. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ Steve Holland (November 8, 2006). "Bush admits Republicans took a "thumping"". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 10, 2007 suggested (help)
^ "President Bush Job Approval". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on November 10, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "George W. Bush Presidential Job Approval". Gallup. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)
^ "The Worst President in History". Rolling Stone. 2006. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}
^ "Defending the home front". The Australian. July 14, 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Transcript: President Bush on 'FOX News Sunday'". Fox News Channel. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Page, Susan (April 22, 2008). "Disapproval of Bush breaks record". USA Today. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c CBS News (February 11, 2009). "Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22%". CBS News. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Republicans Give George W. Bush's Overall Job Approval Rating a Final Boost". American Research Group. January 19, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
^ "President Bush Overall Job Rating in National Polls". PollingReport.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Saad, Lydia (January 14, 2009). "Bush Presidency Closes With 34% Approval, 61% Disapproval". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Harnden, Toby (January 19, 2009). "Barack Obama inauguration: President-Elect invokes spirit of Martin Luther King". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ M. Overhaus, S. Schieder (2002). "Die außenpolitischen Positionen der Parteien im Bundestagswahlkampf 2002" (PDF). Politik im Netz (in Template:De icon). 3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ John Gray (December 14, 2005). "Was the American ambassador meddling in a Canadian election?". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Walt, Vivienne (February 13, 2003). "French see Bush as the ugly American". USA Today. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ Marcela Sanchez (March 3, 2006). "Keeping the U.S. at Bay, Mexican Presidential Candidate Looks to Move Past Fox's Failures". The Washington Post.
^ "Mexico's President Snubs Bush, Vicente Fox Cancels Visit To Bush Ranch To Protest Execution". CBS News. August 15, 2002. Archived from the original on August 26, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Ewen MacAskill, Hugh Muir, and Julian Borger (November 11, 2003). "Row over Bush security as Blair defends visit". The Guardian; London. Washington. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Gall, Carlotta (April 26, 2008). "Afghan Leader Criticizes U.S. on Conduct of War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Wasswa, Henry (October 14, 2004). "Uganda's president criticizes Bush administration's handling of war in Iraq". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on August 8, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Tremlett, Giles (March 16, 2004). "Spanish leader accuses Bush and Blair". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Ed Pilkington in New York (September 21, 2006). "Chávez attacks 'devil' Bush in UN speech". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Condon, George E. Jr. (July 21, 2006). "Bush, White House now leery of Putin as Russian turns back on democracy". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "In 18 of 21 Countries Polled, Most See Bush's Reelection as Negative for World Security". BBC World Service and Program on International Policy Attitudes. 2004. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Polls: World Not Pleased With Bush". CBS News. Associated Press. March 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 24, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project". March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Peter Kiernan (March 1, 2007). "Middle East Opinion: Iran Fears Aren't Hitting the Arab Street". World Politics Review Exclusive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pew Global Attitudes Project: Spring 2007, Survey of 47 Publics, Final 2007 Comparative Topline" (PDF). Pew Research Center. June 27, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ http://census.al/Resources/Data/Census2011/Instat_print%20.pdf ^{[dead link]}
^ "Bush greeted as hero in Albania". BBC. June 10, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
^ Vicky O'Hara (June 10, 2007). "Bush Gets Warm Reception in Albania". NPR. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Albanian Street Named After George W. Bush". Balkan Insight. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Albanian town thanks George W. Bush with statue". Reuters. July 6, 2011. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Bilefsky, Dan (December 4, 2008). "Serbian official blames U.S. for recent violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "State President awards the Three Star Order to the U.S.President". Latvian President's Chancery. May 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Tbilisi City Council Names Street after U.S. President Bush". Civil Georgia. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on July 3, 2004. Retrieved March 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Georgian capital names street after Bush". Tampa Bay Times. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Albanian Street Named After George W. Bush". Balkan Insight. June 8, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
^ W. Bush Plaza, Jerusalem | Flickr – Condivisione di foto!. Flickr.com. June 2, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ "Bush to be honored by Estonia". United Press International. February 1, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
^ "Ex-President Bush and Wife Leave Washington for Texas". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Brown, Angela K. (January 21, 2009). "Enthusiastic Crowds Welcome Bush Back to Texas". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Coin toss from George and Laura Bush was a brief taste of luck for Cowboys fans". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 21, 2009. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Zaleski, Katharine (April 7, 2009). "Bush throws first pitch at Rangers game (Slideshow)". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Jaynes, Ethan (October 31, 2010). "Video: George W. Bush Throws Out First Pitch Game 4 World Series, Let's Discuss It". News Sports. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}
^ Jackson, David (August 6, 2013). "George W. Bush has heart surgery". USA Today. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
^ Swami, Prerana (July 28, 2009). "Laura Bush Discusses Her Husband's Low Profile". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Bush says Obama 'deserves my silence'". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Allen, Mike (March 18, 2009). "Bush promises not to attack Obama". Politico. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Troops in Iraq hailed by Bush on 'Colbert Report'". CBS News. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Weir, Richard (August 30, 2009). "Funeral mass unites pols". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Jordan, Mary (October 26, 2009). "Bush's first stand on a new podium". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ Sammon, Bill (November 7, 2009). "George W. Bush Secretly Visits Fort Hood Victims". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Schlikerman, Becky (October 21, 2010). "Bush promotes book in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 25, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Roelofs, Ted (June 2, 2010). "'I'd do it again' former President Bush tells Grand Rapids crowd about waterboarding terrorists". The Grand Rapids Press. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Loinaz, Alexis L. (November 20, 2013). "George W. Bush Gushes About Granddaughter on The Tonight Show". People. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival". CNN. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (May 13, 2011). "When Bush Got the Bin Laden Call (While Eating a Souffle)". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Presidents Obama and Bush commemorate 9/11 anniversary". CNN. September 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Travis Diehl (March 26, 2013). "No, George W. Bush's paintings tell us nothing about Iraq". Salon. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "George W. Bush expects stellar reviews of new paintings". MSNBC. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Nick Bryant (April 4, 2014). "George W Bush exhibits his paintings of world leaders". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Art Expert Reviews George W. Bush's Paintings". People. April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "George W. Bush's top five successes — and failures". SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. April 30, 2013.
^ "Debate continues over George W. Bush's legacy". NBC News. April 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ "Historian tips rethink of Bush presidency". ABC Online. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Byron Williams (January 7, 2011). "Is George W. Bush the Most 'Significant' President Since FDR?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
^ "Comparing the Kennedy, Reagan and Bush Tax Cuts". Tax Foundation. August 24, 2004. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
^ Michael D. Tanner (March 4, 2007). "Leviathan on the Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Julian Zelizer (January 3, 2013). "America lives under the shadow of George W. Bush". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)
^ Jim Kuhnhenn (April 24, 2013). "Obama Continues Some George Bush Policies Despite Differences In Ideology, Temperament". Associate Press. The Huffington Post.
^ "Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. July 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Walsh, David Austin (April 26, 2013). "Historians still despise George W. Bush". HNN. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Jackson, David (February 19, 2012). "Gallup: Reagan and Clinton are favorite presidents". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)
^ "Bill Clinton More Popular Than Barack Obama". Gallup Politics. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "George W. Bush: Favorability Ratings". pollingreport.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2001. Retrieved December 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Cillizza, Chris; Sullivan, Sean (April 23, 2013). "George W. Bush's approval rating just hit a 7-year high. Here's how". Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
^ Mali, Meghashyam (April 23, 2013). "Poll: George W. Bush's approval rating rising post-White House". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)
^ Steinhauser, Paul (April 24, 2013). "CNN poll: how will history remember George W. Bush?". CNN. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

External links

Listen to this article
(2 parts, 1 hour and 24 minutes)

Part 2

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated

Error: no date provided

, and do not reflect subsequent edits.

Official White House biography
Archived White House website – National Archives and Records Administration, maintains content from January 20, 2009
George W. Bush Presidential Speech Archive at the Internet Archive
Template:Dmoz
"Republican National Committee biography". Archived from the original on April 14, 2007.
George W. Bush photos – History Channel collection of presidential photographs.
Essays on Bush, each member of his cabinet and First Lady the Miller Center of Public Affairs

Template:Persondata

Template:Link FA Template:Link GA Template:Link GA

[1] Veteran Tributes: George W. Bush

[2] Seelye, Katharine Q. (April 16, 2001). "Bush Celebrates Easter at an Outdoor Service". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2009.

[um-3] "The Jesus Factor". PBS. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[4] Cooperman, Alan (September 16, 2004). "Openly Religious, to a Point". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 31, 2009 suggested (help)

[5] "Selection and Succession of the President". Ushistory.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 31, 2009 suggested (help)

[6] "Life Portraits". American Presidents. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[7] "Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages". CNN. February 25, 2004.

[8] "Republican right abandoning Bush". MSNBC. Associated Press. May 5, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[9] Kelley Beaucar Vlahos (February 13, 2006). "Illegal Immigration, Unchecked Spending Siphon Conservatives From GOP Base". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on February 14, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[Baker-10] Baker, Kevin, "Second-Term Blues: Why Have Our Presidents Almost Always Stumbled after Their First Four Years?". American Heritage. August–September 2006. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[11] "Katrinagate fury spreads to US media". TVNZ. September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on January 4, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[12] Mike M. Ahlers (April 14, 2006). "Report: Criticism of FEMA's Katrina response deserved". CNN. Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[13] "Online NewsHour Update: Amid Widespread Criticism, Government Prepares for Next Hurricane Season". PBS. May 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 7, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[Gallup-14] "Bush Job Approval at 28%, Lowest of His Administration". Gallup Poll. April 11, 2008. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[15] "Protesters greet Bush's UK visit". BBC News. June 15, 2008. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[16] Italie, Hillel (October 7, 2010). "George W. Bush's memoir, 'Decision Points', to have print run of 1.5M copies". USA Today. Associated Press.

[17] "Historians Rank George W. Bush Among Worst Presidents, Lincoln and Washington were rated as the best". US News. September 2, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[18] Austin, David. "History News Network | Historians Still Despise George W. Bush". HNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2013. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[19] Jones, Jeffrey M. (April 25, 2013). "History usually kinder to ex-presidents". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[20] Jones, Jeffrey M. (June 11, 2013). "Former President George W. Bush's image ratings improve". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[21] Ahles, Dick (December 24, 2000). "Bush's Birthplace? It's Deep in the Heart of... New Haven". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[22] "George Walker Bush". Famous Texans. February 3, 2005. Archived from [=http://www.famoustexans.com/georgewbush.htm the original] on January 26, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Check |url= value (help)

[23] "Bush, Prescott Sheldon, (1895–1972)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 11, 1999. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[24] "Ancestry of George W. Bush". Wargs.com. Retrieved April 20, 2010.

[25] Bush, then the Governor of Texas, was the commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995: "An Inventory of Press Office Speech Files at the Texas State Archives, 1986, 1989–2000, undated (bulk 1995–2000)". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved May 1, 2008.

[26] Kristof, Nicholas D. (June 10, 2000). "George W. Bush's Journey The Cheerleader: Earning A's in People Skills at Andover". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)

[27] Kuper, Simon (December 3, 2000). "Ruthian rise of Dubya". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[28] "Biography of President George W. Bush". The White House. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)

[29] Romano, Lois; Lardner, Jr., George (July 27, 1999). "Bush: So-So Student but a Campus Mover". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[30] Simone Berkower. "Cheerleading of the '20s: Epitome of masculinity". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)

[31] Feinstein, Jessica; Sabin, Jennifer (October 7, 2004). "DKE & YPU: Filling precedential shoes". The Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2009.

[32] Bush, George W., A Charge to Keep, (1999) ISBN 0-688-17441-8

[33] Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in Rugby Union for Dummies (2nd Edition), Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, p. 297 ISBN 978-0-470-03537-5

[34] "Self-Deprecating Bush Talks to Yale Grads". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. May 21, 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008.; "Bush/Gore Grades and SAT Scores". Inside Politics. June 17, 2005. Archived from the original on Au8gust 27, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)

[35] "Kerry Grades Near Bush's While at Yale". The New York Times. June 8, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[36] "GWB: HBS MBA". The American Thinker. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[wpbushguardquestion-37] Romano, Lois (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". The Washington Post. pp. A08. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[lardner19990728-38] Lardner, George Jr. and Lois Romano (July 28, 1999). "At Height of Vietnam, Bush Picks Guard". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[39] York, Byron (August 26, 2004). "The Facts about Bush and the National Guard". National Review. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[40] Lois Romano (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[USDoDbushrecords-41] "Official DoD service records of Texas Air National Guard member George Walker Bush". Department of Defense. June 17, 2005. Archived from the original on October 23, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[42] "Winton Blount, 81, a Founder Of the New Postal Service". The New York Times. October 26, 2002. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[43] Walker, Jessica M. (February 13, 2004). "Bush seen in Alabama in 1972". USA Today. Retrieved February 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[44] Rutenberg, Jim (May 17, 2004). Rutenberg, Jim (May 17, 2004). "A Film to Polarize Along Party Lines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[45] Brit Hume, Mara Liasson, Jeff Birnbaum, Charles Krauthammer (July 9, 2004). "The All-Star Panel Discusses John Kerry's Shifting Positions on Iraq War Spending". Fox News Network (transcript).{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[readherlips-46] "Read her lips: Literacy efforts on first lady's agenda". CNN. April 8, 2001. Archived from the original on August 7, 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)

[Life-changing-47] Romano, Lois; George Lardner Jr (July 25, 1999). "Bush's Life-Changing Year". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[48] "2000 Driving Record". Department of the Secretary of State of Maine. November 2, 2000. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
Adam Cohen (November 13, 2000). "Fallout From A Midnight Ride". Time. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 23, 2004 suggested (help)

[turningpoint-49] Leonard, Mary (January 23, 2000). "Turning Point: George W. Bush, A Legacy Reclaimed". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[harrington2011-50] Harrington, Walt (Autumn 2011). "Dubya and Me". The American Scholar. Retrieved September 10, 2011.

[51] George W. Bush Talks About Life After the White House at Memphis Hospital Celebration. The Daily Beast July 17, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2013.

[52] AP (April 14, 2013). "George W. Bush becomes a grandpa". USA Today.

[NewsMine-53] "Bush Wasn't Always a Front-Runner". The Washington Post. October 17, 1999. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[msn-54] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w George Bush. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2008.

[55] Stone, Peter H. (July 4, 2001). "Big oil's White House pipelines". National Journal (33): 1042. ISSN 0360-4217.

[56] Carlisle, John K (January 3, 2004). "George Soros's Plan to Defeat George Bush". Human Events.

[57] "Files: Bush Knew Firm's Plight Before Stock Sale". The Washington Post. July 21, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[58] Bush, George W.; Bill Adler (2004). The Quotable George W. Bush: A Portrait in His Own Words. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-4154-8. OCLC 237927420.

[59] "George W. Bush and the religious right in the 1988 campaign of George H.W. Bush". PBS. June 17, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[TexRngrs-60] Farrey, Tom (November 1, 1999). "A series of beneficial moves". ESPN. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[61] "George W. Bush in Little League uniform". Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[62] "1998 Tax return" (PDF). Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[63] "Seven Who Will Manage Bush's 1992 Presidential Campaign". The New York Times. December 6, 1991. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[64] Jack E. White and Laurence I. Barrett (December 16, 1991). "The White House: Clearing the Decks". Time. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[SlaterBrain-65] Wayne Slater, James Moore (2003). Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential. Wiley. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-471-42327-0.

[telegraph-66] "Ann Richards". London: Telegraph (UK). September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

[concealed_carry-67] Tapper, Jake (August 11, 1999). "Guns and Money". Salon News. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[68] Joshua Green (November 2004). "Karl Rove in a Corner". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 27, 2005. Retrieved November 25, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[69] Edward Epstein, Chronicle Washington Bureau (October 29, 2005). "CIA Leak Probe: Libby Indicted / Powerful aide Rove could still feel heat from investigation". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved January 22, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[70] "Los Angeles News – Don't Mess With Texas – page 1". LA Weekly. September 16, 2004. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 24, 2008 suggested (help)

[71] "Elections of Texas Governors, 1845–2006" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.^{[dead link]};
George Bush. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)

[72] "Violence Against Women Act: History and Federal Funding" (PDF). Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. December 1, 2005. Retrieved May 24, 2009.

[txwind-73] Koronowski, Ryan. It’s Not Just Oil: Wind Power Approaches 8% of Texas Electricity in 2010 Repower America', January 19, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.

[mighty_wind-74] "A mighty wind". Texas Monthly. August 2011. p. 5. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)

[sector-75] "Swift Boats and Texas Wind". Windsector.tumblr.com. July 28, 2011. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help)

[txlaw-76] SB7 Law textTexas Legislature Online, May 1999. Retrieved September 24, 2011.

[77] "Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard". Texas State Energy Conservation Office. Retrieved September 24, 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[78] "Texas Renewable Portfolio Standard". Pew Center on Global Climate Change. September 24, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; July 30, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[79] "Texas Gov. George W. Bush wins in landslide". CNN. Associated Press. November 3, 1998. Archived from the original on May 15, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2006.^{[dead link]}

[80] "Texas Politics – The Executive Branch". Texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved January 22, 2009.

[81] "Jesus Day proclamation" (JPEG). March 17, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[anatomy-82] Davis, Richard H. (March 21, 2004). "The anatomy of a smear campaign". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[83] Hook, Janet; Michael Finnegan (March 17, 2007). "McCain loses some of his rebel edge". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[84] Steinhauer, Jennifer (October 19, 2007). "Confronting Ghosts of 2000 in South Carolina". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[85] Sack, Kevin and Toner, Robin (August 13, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Record; In Congress, Gore Selected Issues Ready for Prime Time". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[86] George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al., 531 U.S. 98 (2000). Retrieved February 12, 2010.

[87] "Poll: Majority of Americans accept Bush as legitimate president". Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. December 13, 2000. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved April 27, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[2000results-88] "2000 Official General Election Presidential Results". Federal Election Commission. December 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[89] "An Interview With Karl Rove". NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. PBS. August 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 2, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[platform04-90] Kirkpatrick, David D (August 25, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The Republican Agenda; Draft GOP Platform Backs Bush on Security, Gay Marriage, and Immigration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[91] "2004 Republican Party Platform: on Civil Rights". OnTheIssues.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[92] After initial comments made in March, there was no statement on the latter issue until June. Rosenberg, Debra (June 28, 2004). "A Gay-Marriage Wedge". Newsweek. Vol. 143, no. 26. p. 8.

[93] "2004 Republican Party Platform: on Energy & Oil". OntheIssues.org. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[94] Kirkpatrick, David D (August 26, 2004). "The 2004 Campaign: The Platform; Conservatives Mount Stem Cell and Immigration Challenges". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[16_years-95] Borger, Julian (November 4, 2004). "And now... four more years". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[96] Milbank, Dana (September 2, 2004). "From His 'Great Goals' of 2000, President's Achievements Mixed". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2009.

[gallup_high-97] "Bush Job Approval Highest in Gallup History". Gallup Poll. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[wapo_ratings-98] "President Bush's Approval Ratings". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[99] Krasny, Ron (April 24, 2009). "SF Fed Economics see longest recession since WW2". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[100] Origins of the Crash: The Great Bubble and Its Undoing, Roger Lowenstein, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 1-59420-003-3, ISBN 978-1-59420-003-8 page 114-115

[101] Historical Budget Data, Congressional Budget Office, Tables F-1, F-3, F-7, F-9, and F-12.

[102] Spending Under President George W. Bush, Veronique de Rugy, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, Mar 2009, Table 2

[bushregulation-103] "Bush's Regulatory Kiss-Off – Obama's assertions to the contrary, the 43rd president was the biggest regulator since Nixon". Reason. January 2009. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[omb-104] Office of Management! and Budget; National Economic Council, September 27, 2000

[105] A BLUEPRINT FOR NEW BEGINNINGS – A RESPONSIBLE BUDGET FOR AMERICAS PRIORITIES, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2001, page 7

[106] Wallace, Kelly (June 7, 2001). "$1.35 trillion tax cut becomes law". CNN InsidePolitics archives. Archived from the original on June 20, 2001. Retrieved June 30, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[107] "CBS Interviews Former Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill". Archived from the original on January 14, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)

[108] "O'Neill Says He `Clearly' Disagreed With Bush Tax Cuts". The Washington Post. December 6, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[109] "Gross Domestic Product". Bureau of Economic Analysis. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.

[Price_&_Ratner-110] Price, L., Ratner, D (October 26, 2005). "Economy pays price for Bush's tax cuts". Archived from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 15, 2006 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[111] "Historical Prices for Dow Jones Industrial Average". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[112] "Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey". United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on January 29, 1998. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[113] Luhby, Tami (July 24, 2008). "Middle class: 'On the edge'". CNN Money. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[114] Homa, Ken. "From Clinton to Bush, after-tax household income is up!". The Homa Files. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[115] "Historical Poverty Timeline". United States Census. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved December 31, 2006.

[116] Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007, Penguin Books, p. 273

[117] Debt nation, post two, Small Business Services CPA Group, Inc.

[118] "Revenues, Outlays, Surpluses, Deficits, and Debt Held by the Public, 1962 to 2006" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[119] "Spending and the National Debt". The Washington Times. September 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[120] Fiedler; Kogan, R. (December 13, 2006). "From Surplus to Deficit: Legislation Enacted Over the Last Six Years Has Raised the Debt by $2.3 Trillion". Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2007. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[121] "Saying `no' to raising the debt ceiling". Chicago Tribune. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[122] "2008 Employment Situation". United States Department of Labor. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[longest1-123] "SF Fed Economics see longest recession since WW2". Reuters. April 24, 2009. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[124] Guodong, Du (February 27, 2008). "Dollar hits record low against euro, oil prices rally". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[125] Aversa, Jeannine, Employers Slash 63,000 Jobs in February, Most in 5 Years, Feeding Recession Fears", Associated Press, March 7, 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2008.

[126] "Recession in the US 'has arrived'". BBC News. January 8, 2008. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[127] Stephen Labaton (September 11, 2003). "New Agency Proposed to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[128] Becker, JO; Sheryl Gay Stolberg; Stephen Labaton (December 20, 2008). "The Reckoning – Bush's Philosophy Stoked the Mortgage Bonfire". The New York Times. p. 4 of 6. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[admin_crisis-129] "H.R. 1461 (109th): Federal Housing Finance Reform Act of 2005". May 25, 2005. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[130] Landler, Mark and Sheryl Gay Stolberg (September 20, 2008). "Bush can share the blame for financial crisis". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[131] See American International Group for details and citations.

[132] Elliott, Larry (March 18, 2008). "A financial crisis unmatched since the Great Depression". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[133] "Worst Financial Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight". Fox News Channel. September 18, 2008. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[134] Irwin, Neil and Amit R. Paley (October 24, 2008). "Greenspan Says He Was Wrong On Regulation". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 9, 2008.

[135] "Bush hails financial rescue plan". BBC News. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[136] "Employers cut 533K jobs in November, most in 34 years". MSN Money. Blacklisted News. December 5, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 5, 2013 suggested (help)

[137] "Bureau of Labor Statistics" (PDF). January 9, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[138] Goldman, David (January 9, 2009). "Worst year for jobs since '45". CNN Money. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[139] Committee on Appropriations —Democratic Staff (September 12, 2006). "President Bush and House Republicans Undermine Life Saving Health Research". United States House of Representatives.

[140] Dillon, Sam (March 16, 2010). "No Child Left Behind Act". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[141] "President Signs Landmark No Child Left Behind Education Bill". The White House. January 8, 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[142] Paley, Amit R (June 6, 2007). "Scores Up Since 'No Child' Was Signed". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2008.

[143] W. James Antle III (August 1, 2005). "Leaving No Child Left Behind". The American Conservative. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[144] Harvard Graduate School of Education (June 1, 2002). "No Child Left Behind?". HGSE News. Archived from the original on October 23, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help); Edited by Gary Orfield and Mindy L. Kornhaber (May 1, 2001). Raising Standards or Raising Barriers?. The Century Foundation Press. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[145] Greenburg, Jan Crawford, Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court, 2007, Penguin Books, p. 274

[146] Michael Abramowitz and Jonathan Weisman (October 4, 2007). "Bush Vetoes Health Measure". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

[147] "Bush Vetoes Child Health Bill Privately". The New York Times. October 4, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[148] "Summary of Medicare Act of 2003" (PDF). Retrieved August 20, 2008.

[149] "President Signs Medicare Legislation". The White House. December 8, 2003. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[ss-msnbc-150] Wolk, Martin (February 16, 2005). "Bush pushes his Social Security overhaul". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 6, 2013 suggested (help)

[151] Jim VandeHei and Peter Baker (February 12, 2005). "Social Security: On With the Show". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[152] "Bush shifts approach on Social Security reform". Financial Times. April 28, 2005. Retrieved September 9, 2007.

[153] Patrick O'Connor (June 1, 2005). "Social Security in Limbo". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 5, 2005.^{[dead link]}

[154] Yeager, Holly (September 22, 2005). "Hurricane dims Bush's hopes on Social Security". Financial Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2007.

[155] "Letter from the President to Senators Hagel, Helms, Craig, and Roberts". Office of the Press Secretary. March 13, 2001. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[156] "Summary of the Kyoto Report—Assessment of Economic Impacts". Energy Information Administration. July 16, 2002. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[eo13212-157] Bush, George W. Executive Order 13212—Actions To Expedite Energy-Related Projects United States Department of Energy, May 18, 2001. Amendment. Retrieved September 24, 2011.

[sovaWater-158] Sovacool et al. Preventing National Electricity-Water Crisis Areas in the United States PDF p389 Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, July 20, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2011.

[EXsummary-159] "Executive Summary—The Clear Skies Initiative". The White House. February 14, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[160] "Clear Skies Proposal Weakens the Clean Air Act". The Sierra Club. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[161] "Interview with President Bush". White House Transcript. Politico. May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. Q. Mr. President, for the record, is global warming real? A. Yes, it is real, sure is.

[162] "Press Conference". The White House. June 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[163] "NASA Scientist Rips Bush on Global Warming". MSNBC. October 27, 2004. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2008.; "60 Minutes: Rewriting the Science". CBS News. March 19, 2006. Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[164] Romm, Joe (2006). Hell or High Water. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-117212-0. OCLC 77537768.; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. Part 2.

[165] "President George W. Bush's address before a joint session of the Congress on the State of the Union". C-SPAN. January 31, 2006. Retrieved October 1, 2006.

[166] "Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve". MSNBC. June 16, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[167] "The Nature Conservancy Applauds President Bush for Creating World's Largest Marine Conservation Area in Hawaii". The Nature Conservancy. June 16, 2006. Archived from the original on March 16, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[168] "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address". The White House. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[drilling-cnn-169] "Bush lifts executive ban on offshore oil drilling". CNN. July 14, 2008. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[170] "President Bush Discusses Energy". The White House. June 18, 2008. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[171] American Rhetoric (January 28, 2008). "George W. Bush: 2008 State of the Union Address". Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[172] "AAAS Policy Brief: Stem Cell Research". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[173] "President Discusses Stem Cell Research". Office of the President. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[174] "NIH's Role in Federal Policy Stem Cell Research". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved June 23, 2009. ^{[dead link]}

[175] Lemonick, Michael D. (August 11, 2003). "Stem Cells in Limbo". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[176] "Bush Vetoes Embryonic Stem Cell Bill". CNN. September 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[177] "Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008". Genome.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2013.

[178] "PUBLIC LAW 110–233—MAY 21, 2008" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved February 2, 2014.

[179] Klein, Rick (June 26, 2007). "Bush Calls Immigration Bill Amnesty". ABC News. Retrieved February 3, 2011.

[180] "Best of the Immigration Fact Check: Top 10 Common Myths" (Press release). The White House. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2012.

[181] "Study: Immigration grows, reaching record numbers". USA Today. December 12, 2005. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[182] "Immigration surge called 'highest ever'"". The Washington Times. December 12, 2005. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[183] "Bush takes tough talk on immigration to Texas". CNN. November 29, 2005. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[184] "Fact Sheet: Border Security and Immigration Reform" (Press release). The White House. May 17, 2007. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2012. {{cite press release}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[185] Garrett, Major and Trish Turner (June 26, 2008). "Senate Votes to Continue Work on Immigration Reform Compromise". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[186] "Talk radio helped sink immigration reform". Politico.com. August 20, 2007.

[187] Klaus Marre (June 28, 2007). "46–53, immigration bill goes down in defeat". The Hill.

[188] "Senate immigration bill suffers crushing defeat". CNN. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help); "President Bush Disappointed by Congress's Failure to Act on Comprehensive Immigration Reform". The White House. June 28, 2007. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[189] "The White House Fact Sheet: Improving Border Security and Immigration Within Existing Law". The White House. August 10, 2007. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[190] Ravid, Barak (September 17, 2010). "Olmert: Bush offered to absorb 100,000 Palestinian refugees if peace deal reached". Haaretz. Israel. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[191] Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R.; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: August 23–30, 2005". National Hurricane Center.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[192] "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[193] "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); "Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama". The White House. August 28, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[dyson-194] Dyson, Michael Eric (2006). Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster. Basic Civitas. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-465-01761-4.

[195] "Statement on Federal Disaster Assistance for Louisiana". The White House. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[196] "Press Gaggle with Scott McClellan". The White House. August 31, 2005. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[tpm-197] "TPM Hurricane Katrina Timeline". TPM. September 20, 2005. Archived from the original on October 1, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[USAToday-Katrina-198] "National Guard descends on New Orleans, giving evacuees hope". USA Today. Associated Press. September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[199] Hsu, Spencer S.; Susan b. Glasser (September 6, 2005). "FEMA Director Singled Out by Response Critics". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[ArmyTimesDeployment-200] Pete Yost (August 30, 2005). "Overseas deployments hinder National Guard hurricane presence". Independent Media Center. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[201] "Transcript, Presidential Videoconference Briefing" (PDF). USA Today. August 28, 2005. p. Page 6. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[202] "Transcript, Presidential Videoconference Briefing" (PDF). USA Today. August 28, 2005. p. Page 5. Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[203] "I don't think anybody anticipated the breach of the levees." George W. Bush to Diane Sawyer, Good Morning America, September 1, 2005.

[204] "Katrina called Bush's biggest blunder". The Boston Globe. May 31, 2012. p. Page 1. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[205] Gill, Kathy (March 22, 2007). "The Firing Of US Attorneys — Nefarious Or Business As Usual?". About.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[206] Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales (March 7, 2007). "They lost my confidence". USA Today. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[207] Eggen, Dan; Michael Fletcher (August 28, 2007). "Embattled Gonzales Resigns". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[208] Alberto Gonzales (August 26, 2007). "Gonzales' Resignation Letter" . United States Department of Justice. Please accept my resignation as Attorney General of the United States, effective September 17, 2007 {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[209] "Mukasey won't pursue contempt probe of Bush aides". Reuters. March 1, 2008. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[210] Porter, Patrick (March 10, 2008). "House judiciary panel files civil lawsuit to enforce Miers, Bolten subpoenas". Jurist Legal News and Research. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[211] Apuzzo, Matt (July 31, 2008). "Federal judge rules Bush's aides can be subpoenaed". USA Today. Retrieved April 20, 2010.

[212] Jordan, Lara Jakes (September 15, 2007). "Attorney general bids farewell to Justice: Praises work of department". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 31, 2005. Retrieved September 19, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[213] Lichtblau. "Bush's Law: The Remaking of American Justice After 9/11". p. 293. ASIN 037542492. {{cite news}}: Check |asin= value (help)

[214] Jordan, Lara Jakes (April 6, 2007). "Gonzales aide Goodling resigns". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; April 8, 2007 suggested (help)

[215] Mike Emanuel and AP (August 13, 2007). "Bush Advisor Karl Rove to Resign at End of Month". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[washingtonpost2007-216] Michael A. Fletcher (May 28, 2007). "Another Top Bush Aide Makes an Exit". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[twssffwe-217] Stout, David (July 25, 2007). "Panel Holds Two Bush Aides in Contempt". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2010. The House Judiciary Committee voted today to seek contempt of Congress citations against a top aide to President Bush and a former presidential aide over their refusal to cooperate in an inquiry about the firing of federal prosecutors.... president's chief of staff, and Harriet E. Miers {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[218] Stout, David (July 25, 2007). "Panel Holds Two Bush Aides in Contempt". The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2007.

[219] "George Bush adviser Karl Rove's role in firing U.S. attorney detailed in newly released transcripts – Page 2". Daily News. New York. Associated Press. August 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[220] Apuzzo, Matt; Yost, Pete (July 21, 2010). "DOJ: Prosecutor firing was politics, not crime". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[221] Decision Points Bush, George W. Random House 2010 page 116

[222] "President Bush Speech on Missile Defense". Federation of American Scientists. May 1, 2001. Archived from the original on April 14, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[223] "Bush backs China's WTO entry despite standoff". CNN. April 6, 2001. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[suterror-224] P.O. Box 400406 (January 29, 2002). "State of the Union Address (January 29, 2002)—Miller Center". Millercenter.org. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[225] "Key points from Bush speech". CNN. November 30, 2005. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[226] "Nuclear deal announced as Bush visits India". USA Today. March 2, 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[227] "U.S.-India Joint Statement". The White House. March 2, 2006. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[228] "Roemer key to U.S.-India relationship – Daniel Libit and Laura Rozen". Politico.Com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[229] Diehl, Jackson (April 24, 2005). "Retreat From the Freedom Agenda". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[230] Bush, George W. (September 20, 2001). "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". The White House. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2011. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[231] "President Bush Salutes Heroes in New York". The White House. September 14, 2001. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[232] "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". The White House. September 20, 2001. Archived from the original on May 27, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[233] "Transcript of President Bush's address to a joint session of Congress on Thursday night, September 20, 2001". CNN. September 20, 2001. Archived from the original on September 21, 2001. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[sotu2002-234] "President Delivers State of the Union Address". The White House. January 29, 2002. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[235] "National Security Council". The White House. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[236] "President Bush: Job Ratings". Polling Report. Archived from the original on October 19, 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[237] Cumings, Bruce; Ervand Abrahamian, Moshe Ma'oz (2006). Inventing the Axis of Evil: The Truth About North Korea, Iran, and Syria. New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-038-2. OCLC 62225812.

[238] Lopez, George, "Perils of Bush's Pre-emptive War Doctrine", The Indianapolis Star, October 3, 2003.

[239] "Prevent Our Enemies from Threatening Us, Our Allies, and Our Friends with Weapons of Mass Destruction". White House. Archived from the original on September 24, 2002. Retrieved April 20, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[240] "NIE: Al Qaeda 'Damaged' Becoming More Scattered". CNN. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[241] DeYoung, Karen (September 24, 2006). "Spy Agencies Say Iraq War Hurting U.S. Terror Fight". The Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[taliband-242] Shanker, Tom and Eric Schmitt (December 11, 2001). "A Nation Challenged; Military Campaign; Taliban Defeated, Pentagon Asserts, but War Goes On". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 31, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[243] "Fact Sheet: International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan". Center for Defense Information. February 14, 2002. Archived from the original on June 12, 2002. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[244] "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC News. February 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 4, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[245] Kristof, Nicholas D., "A Merciful War," The New York Times, February 1, 2002. "Now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale. Unicef, for example, has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months, in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years. Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan, the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children's lives each year....Heidi J. Larson of Unicef says that if all goes well, child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years. That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year."

[246] Gellman, Barton; Ricks, Thomas E. (April 17, 2002). "U.S. Concludes bin Laden Escaped at Tora Bora Fight" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2012.

[247] "Taliban Appears To Be Regrouped and Well-Funded". The Christian Science Monitor. May 8, 2003. Archived from the original on June 17, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[248] Capaccio, Tony (January 9, 2014). "Gates: Bombs Away in Memoir — How Green Lantern Drove a Decision". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[249] "World Cannot Give Up on Afghanistan, Coalition Officials Say". United States Department of Defense. June 28, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[250] Leithead, Alastair (July 22, 2006). "Frustrated Karzai toughens stance". BBC News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[251] Wiseman, Paul (July 22, 2006). "Revived Taliban waging 'full-blown insurgency'". USA Today. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[252] Baker, Peter (March 11, 2007). "Additional Troop Increase Approved". The Washington Post. p. A11. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[253] "Iraq: The War Card". The Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[254] "Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs". CIA. October 2002. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[255] "CIA Whites Out Controversial Estimate on Iraq Weapons". The National Security Archive. July 9, 2004. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[256] Judis, John B. and Ackerman, Spencer, “The Selling of the Iraq War”, The New Republic, June 2003.

[257] Hersh, Seymour M., "The Stovepipe", The New Yorker, October 27, 2003.

[258] "U.S. advises weapons inspectors to leave Iraq". USA Today. Associated Press. March 17, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[259] "Enforcement Measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter". United Nations Charter. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on March 26, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[260] Schifferes, Steve (March 18, 2003). "US names 'coalition of the willing'". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2003. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)

[261] "Mission Not Accomplished". Time. October 6, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[262] "Colin Powell says Iraq in a 'civil war'". Truthout. November 28, 2006. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)

[263] "Bush: we went to war on faulty intelligence". The Times. UK. December 14, 2005. Archived from the original on May 31, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)

[264] "President George W. Bush speaks during a video teleconference with Vice President Dick Cheney, on screen, and military commanders". October 21, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)

[265] "Bush Reviews Iraq War Strategy as Violence Mounts (Update3)". Bloomberg. October 21, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 11, 2007 suggested (help)

[iraq_votes-266] "Sporadic violence doesn't deter Iraqi voters". CNN. January 31, 2005. Archived from the original on February 3, 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 25, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[267] "Iraq Constitution Passes in Referendum". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. October 25, 2005. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[268] "Admitting strategy error, Bush adds Iraq troops". MSNBC. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[269] Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Zeleny, Jeff (May 1, 2007). "Bush Vetoes Bill Tying Iraq Funds to Exit". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[270] "Bush on anniversary: War in Iraq must go on". CNN. March 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[271] "Baghdad on lockdown as rockets, bombs fly". CNN. March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[272] "Bush: Baghdad's move against Shiite militias a 'bold decision'". CNN. March 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[cuts-nyt-273] Myers, Steven Lee and Sabrina Tavernise (August 1, 2008). "Citing Stability in Iraq, Bush Sees Troop Cuts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[274] "Press Briefing by Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and General Michael Hayden" (Press release). The White House. December 19, 2005. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite press release}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[IG-275] Inspectors General of the DoD, DOJ, CIA, NSA, and ODN (July 10, 2009). Unclassified Report on the President’s Surveillance Program (Scribd) (Report). Retrieved July 11, 2009. The specific intelligence activities that were permitted by the Presidential Authorizations remain highly classified, except that beginning in December 2005 the President and other Administration officials acknowledged that these activities included the interception without a court order of certain international communications where there is "a reasonable basis to conclude that one party to the communication is a member of al-Qa'ida, affiliated with al-Qa'ida, or a member of an organization affiliated with al-Qa'ida."{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[276] U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities. "Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" (PDF). January 19, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[277] "Gonzales defends wiretaps amid protest". CNN. January 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved September 2, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); "Lawyers Group Criticizes Surveillance Program". The Washington Post. February 14, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.;

[278] "Judge Asked to Suspend Ruling Against Wiretaps". The Washington Post. February 9, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[279] Andrea Hopkins (July 6, 2007). "Court dismisses lawsuit on spying program". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[280] Gonzales, Alberto (January 17, 2007). "Letter from the AG to the Senate leaders". Wikisource. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[WaPo1-281] Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 6, 2013). "U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[Greenwald1-282] Greenwald, Glenn (June 6, 2013). "NSA taps in to internet giants' systems to mine user data, secret files reveal". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[283] Talev, Margaret; Marisa Taylor (April 23, 2009). "Bush-era interrogations: From waterboarding to forced nudity". The Olympian. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[284] Mazzetti, Mark (April 16, 2009). "Obama Releases Interrogation Memos, Says C.I.A. Operatives Won't Be Prosecuted". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[285] Miller, Greg (February 7, 2008). "Waterboarding is legal, White House says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 8, 2003. Retrieved May 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[cbs-waterboard-286] "Cheney Defends U.S. Use Of Waterboarding". CBS News. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[287] "Cheney, Rumsfeld, other Bush officials claim credit for nabbing Bin Laden, talk up waterboarding". NY Daily News. New York. May 8, 2011. Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[certain_olc-288] Bradbury, Steven G. (January 15, 2009). "Memorandum for the Files: Re: Status of Certain OLC Opinions Issued in the Aftermath of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. Retrieved May 12, 2009.

[289] Tran, Mark (February 5, 2008). "CIA admit 'waterboarding' al-Qaida suspects". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[290] Ross, Brian; Esposito, Richard (November 18, 2005). "CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help)

[detainee-291] "Bush's detainee interrogation and prosecution plan approved by Senate". USA Today. Associated Press. September 28, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[292] "Rushing Off a Cliff". The New York Times. September 28, 2006. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[293] "Bill Text: 110th Congress (2007–2008): H.R.2082.ENR". THOMAS. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 27, 2010.

[294] "Bush vetoes bill banning waterboarding". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 8, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.

[Ass'tAtt'yGen'lBybeeMemo-295] CNN Politics (July 24, 2008). "Previously secret torture memo released". CNN. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[296] Stein, Sam (April 16, 2009). "Bush memo footnotes define waterboarding as torture". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 18, 2006 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[297] "Pollack, Jonathan. "The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework". Naval War College Review. Summer 2003. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)^{[dead link]}

[autogenerated1-298] "President Bush's Statement on North Korea Nuclear Test". The White House. October 9, 2006. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[299] "North Korea Ready to Shut Down Reactor 'Immediately'". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. May 7, 2007. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[300] "U.S.: North Korea agrees to shut down nuke facilities". CNN. Associated Press. September 2, 2007. Archived from the original on September 17, 2007.

[301] McCurry, Justin (May 27, 2009). "North Korea restarts nuclear reactor and threatens to attack south". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[302] Park, Joseph (June 22, 2010). "George W. Bush Delivers Message At Korean War Prayer Meeting In Seoul". Continental News. France. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[303] "Bush expands sanctions on Syria". BBC News. February 14, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[304] "U.S. Treasury moves to clamp down on Syrian entities accused of spreading weapons"^{[dead link]}. Registration required. January 4, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[305] "Syria and Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. October 30, 2003. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[306] "Administration announces sanctions to combat Syrian influence on Lebanon". North County Times. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2010.^{[dead link]}

[307] "The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Blueprint: Creating an AIDS-free Generation". U.S. Department of State. November 29, 2012.

[Foreign_Policy-308] Caryl, Christian (February 14, 2013). "What George W. Bush Did Right". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[309] Chilcote (January 11, 2006). "Bush grenade attacker gets life". CNN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2006. Retrieved January 3, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[310] Jim VandeHei (June 2, 2005). "In Break With UN, Bush Calls Sudan Killings Genocide". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[311] "News Tip: AIDS Relief in Africa is One of Bush's Most Visible Legacies, Says Duke Expert". Duke Today. Duke University. Associated Press. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[312] "Latest Results". U.S. Government. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[313] Sheryl Gay Stolberg (June 10, 2007). "Bush is Greeted Warmly in Albania". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[314] "Bush Hails Kosovo Independence". america.gov. February 19, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[315] "Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions". CNN. August 26, 2008. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[316] "Bush hits Russia on 'bullying and intimidation'". USA Today. August 15, 2008. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[317] "President Bush Opens 2002 Olympic Games". The White House. February 8, 2002. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[318] "Bush: Olympics exceeded my expectations". Associated Press. August 11, 2008.

[Greenburg,_Jan_Crawford_2007._Page_278-319] Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 278.

[320] "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes – Nomination of Samuel Alito". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on February 2, 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[321] "President Bush Discusses Judicial Accomplishments and Philosophy". Cincinnati, Ohio: The White House. October 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[322] "PAGE TWO: BUZZWORDS". The New York Times. November 16, 2003. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[323] Denis Steven Rutkus, Mitchel A. Sollenberger, Nova Publishers (2004). Judicial Nomination Statistics: U.S. District and Circuit Courts, 1977–2002. p. 43. Archived from the original on June 4, 2013. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[324] Dancey, Logan; Nelson, Kjersten R.; Ringsmuth, Eve M. (November 1, 2011). ""Strict Scrutiny?" the Content of Senate Judicial Confirmation Hearings during the George W. Bush Administration". Judicature. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[325] Maltese, John Anthony (March 22, 2003). "Confirmation gridlock: the federal judicial appointments process under Bill Clinton and George W. Bush". Journal of Appellate Practice and Process. HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[326] Halberstam, David. "The History Boys". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on June 23, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[BBCcowboy-327] Westcott, Kathryn (June 6, 2003). "Bush revels in cowboy speak". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[328] Rodgers, Walter (January 30, 2003). "'John Wayne' president has critics". CNN. Archived from the original on February 13, 2003. Retrieved January 28, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[329] Colloff, Pamela (June 2003). "Drawl or Nothin'". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original (republished by PBS) on December 30, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); External link in |format= (help)

[330] Baker, Peter (August 20, 2006). "Pundits Renounce The President". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[331] Walters, Simon (August 19, 2006). "Blair 'feels betrayed by Bush on Lebanon'". Mail Online. London: Daily Mail. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[332] Immelman, Aubrey (January 14, 2001). "Bush gets bad rap on intelligence". The St. Cloud Times. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[333] Weisberg, Jacob; Curtis, Bryan (August 24, 2001). "The Complete Bushisms". Slate. Archived from the original on October 24, 2001. Retrieved January 30, 2012.

[334] Wilentz, Sean (April 21, 2006). "The Worst President in History". Truthout. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[335] Horton, Scott (April 2008). "Worst. President.Ever". Harper's Magazine. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[336] Von Hoffman, Nicholas (February 14, 2007). "The Worst President Ever". The Nation. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[337] Gutman, Huck (July 8, 2005). "The Worst US President Ever?". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[338] Foner, Eric (December 3, 2006). "He's The Worst Ever". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[339] Bumiller, Elisabeth (January 12, 2004). "Bush Gets 'Vision Thing' and Embraces Big Risks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[340] Blair, Tony (September 2, 2010). "Tony Blair on Clinton, Bush and the American Character Time September 2, 2010". Time. Retrieved October 27, 2010.

[ApprovalRatingsOverTime-341] Roper Center (2006). "Job Performance Ratings for President Bush". Archived from the original on December 20, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[342] "Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22 Percent". CBS News. January 16, 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[jobapp19-343] "Bush's Popularity: A (Really) New Low?". The New York Times. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[344] Nancy Gibbs (December 25, 2000). "Person of the Year". Time. Retrieved March 19, 2008.; Nancy Gibbs and John F. Dickerson (December 19, 2004). "Person of the Year". Time. Archived from the original on December 23, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[345] "Deconstructing the Drop in Bush's Job Approval Rating". Gallup Organization. June 1, 2004. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[346] "Republicans criticize Rice over Bush Mideast policy". USA Today. Associated Press. February 15, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[military_support-347] Moniz, Dave (October 3, 2004). "Troops in survey back Bush 4-to-1 over Kerry". USA Today. Retrieved May 9, 2008.

[Taipei_Times-348] "Bush's job approval rating creeps up in AP-Ipsos poll". Taipei Times. March 10, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |newspaper= (help)

[Unchecked_and_Unbalanced-349] Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). "Unchecked and Unbalanced". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[350] Joyner, James (December 12, 2005). "Rasmussen Poll: Third of Americans Want Bush Impeached". OutsideTheBeltway.com, OTB Media. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[351] John W. Dean (December 30, 2005). "George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachably". Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[352] Robert Scheer (July 18, 2003). "A Firm Basis for Impeachment". Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[353] Rothschild, Matthew (March 8, 2006). "Grounds for Impeachment". CommonDreams.org. Archived from the original on March 20, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[354] Bresnahan, John (June 9, 2008). "Kucinich Offers Impeachment Articles Against Bush". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[355] "President Bush—Overall Job Rating". Polling Report. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[356] Silva, Mark (March 7, 2007). "Bush's second-term slump". The Swamp. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 9, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[357] Steve Holland (November 8, 2006). "Bush admits Republicans took a "thumping"". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 10, 2007 suggested (help)

[358] "President Bush Job Approval". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on November 10, 2000. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[359] "George W. Bush Presidential Job Approval". Gallup. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)

[360] "The Worst President in History". Rolling Stone. 2006. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.^{[dead link]}

[361] "Defending the home front". The Australian. July 14, 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[Fox_News-362] "Transcript: President Bush on 'FOX News Sunday'". Fox News Channel. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[USAToday_April_21,_2008-bushrating-363] Page, Susan (April 22, 2008). "Disapproval of Bush breaks record". USA Today. Retrieved April 23, 2008.

[CBSNYTfinalpolls-364] CBS News (February 11, 2009). "Bush's Final Approval Rating: 22%". CBS News. Retrieved July 12, 2012.

[ARGbushpolls-365] "Republicans Give George W. Bush's Overall Job Approval Rating a Final Boost". American Research Group. January 19, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.

[366] "President Bush Overall Job Rating in National Polls". PollingReport.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved July 12, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[saadgall-367] Saad, Lydia (January 14, 2009). "Bush Presidency Closes With 34% Approval, 61% Disapproval". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[368] Harnden, Toby (January 19, 2009). "Barack Obama inauguration: President-Elect invokes spirit of Martin Luther King". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[369] M. Overhaus, S. Schieder (2002). "Die außenpolitischen Positionen der Parteien im Bundestagswahlkampf 2002" (PDF). Politik im Netz (in Template:De icon). 3.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[370] John Gray (December 14, 2005). "Was the American ambassador meddling in a Canadian election?". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[371] Walt, Vivienne (February 13, 2003). "French see Bush as the ugly American". USA Today. Retrieved June 23, 2009.

[372] Marcela Sanchez (March 3, 2006). "Keeping the U.S. at Bay, Mexican Presidential Candidate Looks to Move Past Fox's Failures". The Washington Post.

[373] "Mexico's President Snubs Bush, Vicente Fox Cancels Visit To Bush Ranch To Protest Execution". CBS News. August 15, 2002. Archived from the original on August 26, 2007. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[374] Ewen MacAskill, Hugh Muir, and Julian Borger (November 11, 2003). "Row over Bush security as Blair defends visit". The Guardian; London. Washington. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; August 22, 2008 suggested (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[375] Gall, Carlotta (April 26, 2008). "Afghan Leader Criticizes U.S. on Conduct of War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[376] Wasswa, Henry (October 14, 2004). "Uganda's president criticizes Bush administration's handling of war in Iraq". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on August 8, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[377] Tremlett, Giles (March 16, 2004). "Spanish leader accuses Bush and Blair". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[378] Ed Pilkington in New York (September 21, 2006). "Chávez attacks 'devil' Bush in UN speech". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[LeeryofPutin-379] Condon, George E. Jr. (July 21, 2006). "Bush, White House now leery of Putin as Russian turns back on democracy". U-T San Diego. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[380] "In 18 of 21 Countries Polled, Most See Bush's Reelection as Negative for World Security". BBC World Service and Program on International Policy Attitudes. 2004. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[381] "Polls: World Not Pleased With Bush". CBS News. Associated Press. March 4, 2004. Archived from the original on March 24, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[382] "America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project". March 14, 2007. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[383] Peter Kiernan (March 1, 2007). "Middle East Opinion: Iran Fears Aren't Hitting the Arab Street". World Politics Review Exclusive. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[pew_research-384] "Pew Global Attitudes Project: Spring 2007, Survey of 47 Publics, Final 2007 Comparative Topline" (PDF). Pew Research Center. June 27, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[385] "Mapping the Global Muslim Population – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[386] ttp://census.al/Resources/Data/Census2011/Instat_print%20.pdf ^{[dead link]}

[albania-387] "Bush greeted as hero in Albania". BBC. June 10, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2008.

[388] Vicky O'Hara (June 10, 2007). "Bush Gets Warm Reception in Albania". NPR. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[389] "Albanian Street Named After George W. Bush". Balkan Insight. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[390] "Albanian town thanks George W. Bush with statue". Reuters. July 6, 2011. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[391] Bilefsky, Dan (December 4, 2008). "Serbian official blames U.S. for recent violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[LatPres-392] "State President awards the Three Star Order to the U.S.President". Latvian President's Chancery. May 7, 2005. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[Civil.ge-393] "Tbilisi City Council Names Street after U.S. President Bush". Civil Georgia. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on July 3, 2004. Retrieved March 17, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[tampa_times-394] "Georgian capital names street after Bush". Tampa Bay Times. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[395] "Albanian Street Named After George W. Bush". Balkan Insight. June 8, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2012.

[396] W. Bush Plaza, Jerusalem | Flickr – Condivisione di foto!. Flickr.com. June 2, 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2013.

[397] "Bush to be honored by Estonia". United Press International. February 1, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2013.

[leaving-398] "Ex-President Bush and Wife Leave Washington for Texas". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[399] Brown, Angela K. (January 21, 2009). "Enthusiastic Crowds Welcome Bush Back to Texas". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[400] "Coin toss from George and Laura Bush was a brief taste of luck for Cowboys fans". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. September 21, 2009. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[401] Zaleski, Katharine (April 7, 2009). "Bush throws first pitch at Rangers game (Slideshow)". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[402] Jaynes, Ethan (October 31, 2010). "Video: George W. Bush Throws Out First Pitch Game 4 World Series, Let's Discuss It". News Sports. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)^{[dead link]}

[403] Jackson, David (August 6, 2013). "George W. Bush has heart surgery". USA Today. Retrieved August 6, 2013.

[404] Swami, Prerana (July 28, 2009). "Laura Bush Discusses Her Husband's Low Profile". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[405] "Bush says Obama 'deserves my silence'". MSNBC. Associated Press. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[406] Allen, Mike (March 18, 2009). "Bush promises not to attack Obama". Politico. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[407] "Troops in Iraq hailed by Bush on 'Colbert Report'". CBS News. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[pols-408] Weir, Richard (August 30, 2009). "Funeral mass unites pols". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[409] Jordan, Mary (October 26, 2009). "Bush's first stand on a new podium". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2009.

[410] Sammon, Bill (November 7, 2009). "George W. Bush Secretly Visits Fort Hood Victims". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2009. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[411] Schlikerman, Becky (October 21, 2010). "Bush promotes book in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 25, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[412] Roelofs, Ted (June 2, 2010). "'I'd do it again' former President Bush tells Grand Rapids crowd about waterboarding terrorists". The Grand Rapids Press. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[413] Loinaz, Alexis L. (November 20, 2013). "George W. Bush Gushes About Granddaughter on The Tonight Show". People. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[414] "Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival". CNN. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[415] Franke-Ruta, Garance (May 13, 2011). "When Bush Got the Bin Laden Call (While Eating a Souffle)". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[416] "Presidents Obama and Bush commemorate 9/11 anniversary". CNN. September 11, 2011. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[417] Travis Diehl (March 26, 2013). "No, George W. Bush's paintings tell us nothing about Iraq". Salon. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[418] "George W. Bush expects stellar reviews of new paintings". MSNBC. April 3, 2014. Archived from the original on April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[419] Nick Bryant (April 4, 2014). "George W Bush exhibits his paintings of world leaders". BBC News Online. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[420] "Art Expert Reviews George W. Bush's Paintings". People. April 9, 2014. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[421] "George W. Bush's top five successes — and failures". SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. April 30, 2013.

[422] "Debate continues over George W. Bush's legacy". NBC News. April 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[423] "Historian tips rethink of Bush presidency". ABC Online. September 22, 2010. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[424] Byron Williams (January 7, 2011). "Is George W. Bush the Most 'Significant' President Since FDR?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2014.

[425] "Comparing the Kennedy, Reagan and Bush Tax Cuts". Tax Foundation. August 24, 2004. Retrieved April 12, 2014.

[426] Michael D. Tanner (March 4, 2007). "Leviathan on the Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[427] Julian Zelizer (January 3, 2013). "America lives under the shadow of George W. Bush". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 2, 2013 suggested (help)

[428] Jim Kuhnhenn (April 24, 2013). "Obama Continues Some George Bush Policies Despite Differences In Ideology, Temperament". Associate Press. The Huffington Post.

[Siena_2010-429] "Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents" (PDF). Siena Research Institute. July 1, 2010. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[430] Walsh, David Austin (April 26, 2013). "Historians still despise George W. Bush". HNN. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[gallup0212-431] Jackson, David (February 19, 2012). "Gallup: Reagan and Clinton are favorite presidents". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 6, 2009 suggested (help)

[432] "Bill Clinton More Popular Than Barack Obama". Gallup Politics. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2014. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[433] "George W. Bush: Favorability Ratings". pollingreport.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2001. Retrieved December 14, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[George_W._Bush’s_approval_rating_just_hit_a_7-year_high._Here’s_how.-434] Cillizza, Chris; Sullivan, Sean (April 23, 2013). "George W. Bush's approval rating just hit a 7-year high. Here's how". Washington Post. Retrieved April 24, 2013.

[TheHill20130423-435] Mali, Meghashyam (April 23, 2013). "Poll: George W. Bush's approval rating rising post-White House". The Hill. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[436] Steinhauser, Paul (April 24, 2013). "CNN poll: how will history remember George W. Bush?". CNN. Archived from the original on April 28, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 23, 2009 suggested (help)

[1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[3]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

[101]

[102]

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 '''George Walker Bush''' (born July 6, 1946) is an [[Americans|American]] [[politician]] and [[businessman]] who served as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|43rd]] [[President of the United States]] from 2001 to 2009, and the [[List of Governors of Texas|46th Governor of Texas]] from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], he was born in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. After graduating from [[Yale University]] in 1968 and [[Harvard Business School]] in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married [[Laura Bush|Laura Welch]] in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] baseball team before defeating [[Ann Richards]] in the [[Texas gubernatorial election, 1994|1994 Texas gubernatorial election]]. Bush was elected president in 2000 after a [[United States presidential election, 2000|close and controversial election]], becoming the fourth president to be elected while receiving fewer popular votes nationwide than his opponent.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=July 31, 2012|publisher=Ushistory.org |url=http://www.ushistory.org/gov/7c.asp|title=Selection and Succession of the President|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20091031061627/http://www.ushistory.org/gov/7c.asp|archivedate=December 1, 2010}}</ref> Bush is the second president to have been the son of a former president, the first being [[John Quincy Adams]] (with the other familial presidential relations being [[William Henry Harrison|grandfather]]-[[Benjamin Harrison|grandson]] of the Harrisons, as well as the [[Theodore Roosevelt#Early Life and Family|Roosevelts]] being [[Franklin D. Roosevelt#Early life and education|5th cousins]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Life Portraits|url=http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42|publisher=American Presidents|accessdate=March 16, 2010 |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090506050241/http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42|archivedate=December 1, 2010}}</ref> He is also the brother of [[Jeb Bush]], former [[Governor of Florida]].
-Eight months into Bush's first term as president, the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] occurred. In response, Bush [[Bush Doctrine|launched]] the [[War on Terror]], an international military campaign which included the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] launched in 2001 and the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, social security reform, and [[Federal Marriage Amendment|amending]] the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] to disallow [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=//web.archive.org/web/20090506050241/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage|title=Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages |publisher=CNN|date=February 25, 2004}}</ref> He signed into law [[Bush tax cuts|broad tax cuts]], the [[PATRIOT Act]], the [[No Child Left Behind Act]], the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] prescription drug benefits for seniors, and funding for the [[AIDS]] relief program known as [[PEPFAR]]. Bush announced the U.S. would not implement the [[Kyoto Protocol]] on [[global warming]] that had been negotiated by the Clinton Administration in 1997, and agreed to by 178 other countries, but never ratified by the U.S. Senate.<ref name=kyotoder>{{cite news|last=Rosenbaum|first=David E.|title= Senate committee united in seeking Bush action on emissions|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/02/world/senate-committee-united-in-seeking-bush-action-on-emissions.html?src=pm|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 2, 2001|archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20090506050241/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/02/world/senate-committee-united-in-seeking-bush-action-on-emissions.html?src=pm |archivedate=November 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name=kyo>{{cite news|last=Lynch|first= Colum|title=EU ratifies pact to reduce globale warming / Kyoto Protocol may move ahead without US OK|url=http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/EU-ratifies-pact-to-reduce-global-warming-Kyoto-2831775.php|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=June 1, 2002|archivedate=November 4, 2013|archiveurl=
+Eight months into Bush's first term as president, the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] occurred. In response, Bush [[Bush Doctrine|launched]] the [[War on Terror]], an international military campaign which included the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] launched in 2001 and the [[Iraq War|war in Iraq]] launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, social security reform, and [[Federal Marriage Amendment|amending]] the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] to disallow [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|url=//web.archive.org/web/20090506050241/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage|title=Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages |publisher=CNN|date=February 25, 2004}}</ref> He signed into law [[Bush tax cuts|broad tax cuts]], the [[PATRIOT Act]], the [[No Child Left Behind Act]], the [[Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] prescription drug benefits for seniors, and funding for the [[AIDS]] relief program known as [[PEPFAR]]. His tenure saw national debates on [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[NSA electronic surveillance program|electronic surveillance]], and [[enhanced interrogation techniques]].
-//web.archive.org/web/20090506050241/http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/EU-ratifies-pact-to-reduce-global-warming-Kyoto-2831775.php}}</ref> His tenure saw national debates on [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]], [[NSA electronic surveillance program|electronic surveillance]], and [[enhanced interrogation techniques]].
 Bush successfully ran for re-election against Democratic Senator [[John Kerry]] in [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004]], in another relatively close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated [[Public image of George W. Bush|criticism]] from across the [[political spectrum]]<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12643666/|title= Republican right abandoning Bush|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=May 5, 2006|accessdate= June 23, 2009|archivedate=May 17, 2006|archiveurl=

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF 2 FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data Japan Italy Australia Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Korea Sweden Poland Israel Catalonia Belgium
Academics	CiNii 2 DBLP
Artists	MusicBrainz
People	Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB
Other	IdRef NARA SNAC 2