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Pixar

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This article is about the animation company. For information on the file format .pxr or the graphics designing computer, see Pixar Image Computer.

Pixar Animation Studios
Company typeSubsidiary of Walt Disney Pictures
Industry
PredecessorGraphics Group of Lucasfilm Computer Division (1979–86)
Founded
  • 1979 (1979) as Graphics Group
  • February 3, 1986 (February 3, 1986) as Pixar
Founder
Headquarters
Emeryville, California
,
United States
Key people
ProductsPixar Image Computer, RenderMan, Marionette
OwnerThe Walt Disney Company
Number of employees
1,233 (2020) Edit this on Wikidata
DivisionsPixar Canada
Websitepixar.com

Pixar Animation Studios, or simply Pixar (/ˈpɪksɑːr/, stylized PIXAR), is an American computer-animated film studio based in Emeryville, California. The studio is best known for its CGI-animated feature films created with PhotoRealistic RenderMan, its own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface used to generate high-quality images. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the computer division of Lucasfilm before its spinout as a corporation in 1986 with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became its majority shareholder.[1] The Walt Disney Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion, a transaction which made Jobs Disney's largest shareholder.

Pixar has produced thirteen feature films, beginning with Toy Story in 1995. It was followed by A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), The Incredibles (2004), Cars (2006), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010), Cars 2 (2011), and Brave (2012). Twelve of the films have received both critical and financial success, with the notable exception being Cars 2, which, while commercially successful, received substantially less praise than Pixar's other productions.[2] The studio has also produced several short films. As of February 2012, its feature films have made over $7 billion worldwide,[3] with its $602 million average gross by far the highest of any studio in the industry.[4] Three of Pixar's films—Finding Nemo, Up, and Toy Story 3—are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, and all of Pixar's films are among the 50 highest-grossing animated films, with Toy Story 3 being the all-time highest, grossing over $1 billion worldwide.

The studio has earned 26 Academy Awards, seven Golden Globe Awards, and eleven Grammy Awards, among many other awards and acknowledgments. Since the award's inauguration in 2001, most of Pixar's films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, with six winning: Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3. Up and Toy Story 3 are two of only three animated films to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. On September 6, 2009, executives John Lasseter, Brad Bird, Pete Docter, Andrew Stanton, and Lee Unkrich were presented with the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement by the Biennale Venice Film Festival. The award was presented by Lucasfilm founder George Lucas.

History

Early history

Pixar's studio lot in Emeryville.

Pixar was founded as The Graphics Group, which was one third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm that was launched in 1979 with the hiring of Dr. Ed Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT),[5] where he was in charge of the Computer Graphics Lab (CGL). At NYIT, the researchers pioneered many of the CG foundation techniques—in particular the invention of the "alpha channel" (by Catmull and Alvy Ray Smith); years later the CGL produced an experimental film called The Works. After moving to Lucasfilm, the team worked on creating the precursor to RenderMan, called REYES (for "renders everything you ever saw"); and developed a number of critical technologies for CG—including "particle effects" and various animation tools.

In 1982 the team began working on film sequences with Industrial Light & Magic on special effects.[5] After years of research, and key milestones in films such as the Genesis Effect in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and the Stained Glass Knight in Young Sherlock Holmes,[5] the group, which numbered 40 individuals back then,[1] was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 with investment by Steve Jobs shortly after he left Apple Computer.[1] Jobs paid $5 million to George Lucas for technology rights and put them and $5 million cash as capital into the company.[1] A factor contributing to Lucas' sale was an increase in cash flow difficulties following his 1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi. The newly independent company was headed by Dr. Edwin Catmull as President and Dr. Alvy Ray Smith as Executive Vice President. They were joined on the Board of Directors by Steve Jobs who was Chairman.[1]

Initially, while awaiting Moore's Law to reduce the cost of computing a movie, Pixar was a high-end computer hardware company whose core product was the Pixar Image Computer, a system primarily sold to government agencies and the medical community. One of the buyers of Pixar Image Computers was Disney Studios, which was using the device as part of their secretive CAPS project, using the machine and custom software (written by Pixar) to migrate the laborious ink and paint part of the 2-D animation process to a more automated and thus efficient method. The Image Computer never sold well.[6] In a bid to drive sales of the system, Pixar employee John Lasseter—who had long been creating short demonstration animations, such as Luxo Jr., to show off the device's capabilities—premiered his creations at SIGGRAPH, the computer graphics industry's largest convention, to great fanfare.[6]

As poor sales of Pixar's computers threatened to put the company out of business, Jobs invested more and more money and took more and more ownership away from the management and employees until after several years he owned essentially all the company for a total investment of $50 million. Lasseter's animation department began producing computer-animated commercials for outside companies. Early successes included campaigns for Tropicana, Listerine, Life Savers and Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[7] In April 1990 Pixar sold its hardware division, including all proprietary hardware technology and imaging software, to Vicom Systems, and transferred 18 of Pixar's approximately 100 employees. The same year Pixar moved from San Rafael to Richmond, California.[8] During this period, Pixar continued its successful relationship with Walt Disney Feature Animation, a studio whose corporate parent would ultimately become its most important partner. In 1991, after a tough start of the year when about 30 employees in the company's computer department had to go (including the company's president, Chuck Kolstad),[9] which reduced the total number of employees to just 42, essentially its original number,[10] Pixar made a $26 million deal with Disney to produce three computer-animated feature films, the first of which was Toy Story. At that point, the software programmers, who were doing RenderMan and CAPS, and Lasseter’s animation department, who made television commercials and a few shorts for Sesame Street, was all that was left of Pixar.[11]

File:Bill Reeves, Pixar, 1995, on rendering algorithms, raytracing and global illumination.ogg
William Reeves, CTE at Pixar, on rendering algorithms, raytracing and global illumination, 1995, after the release of Toy Story.

Despite the total income of these products, the company was still losing money, and Jobs, still chairman of the board and now the full owner, often considered selling it. Even as late as 1994, Jobs contemplated selling Pixar to other companies, among them Microsoft. Only after learning from New York critics that Toy Story was probably going to be a success and confirming that Disney would distribute it for the 1995 Christmas season did he decide to give Pixar another chance.[12] He also began then for the first time to take an active direct leadership role in the company, making himself its CEO. The film went on to gross more than $350 million worldwide.[13] Later that year, Pixar held its initial public offering on November 29, 1995, and the company's stock was priced at US$22 per share.[14]

Changes in Management and Employee Attitudes

One of the biggest changes in management was when John Sculley, Chief Executive, removed Steve Jobs as Executive Vice President and General Manager and left him as only the Board Chairman. This was a result of many things; he was never around the office, he constantly argued with the other executive staff members, and he wasn’t needed to make small decisions. In 1996, when Jobs decided to return to Apple, “there was a relief for senior people at Pixar, who were not displeased to see Apple taking up more of Job’s attentions.” (Price) For years Pixar struggled to make any sort of profit at all. Since Jobs refused to give up on the company, people wondered why the employees continued to work tirelessly for very low wages (in relation their equals at similar firms). It was mostly due to Jobs’ ability to preach optimism and encourage perfection in his employees. He inspired them with his knowledge of the industry and radiated with both confidence in himself and in Pixar’s success. John Lasseter, perhaps the company’s most valuable employee, holds the position as Chief Creative Officer at Pixar. Lasseter had been offered endless job opportunities while Pixar was still struggling to get off the ground, and turned down every single one. He knew there was something special at Pixar, and he said, “I can go to Disney and be a director, or I can stay here and make history” (Price). The employees at Pixar are so much more dedicated to their work and their creations than money. (Price) Although executives like Catmull hold a powerful position, they rarely enforce strict management practices or a system of hierarchy. Every person hired at Pixar is exceptionally intelligent, and they tend to set their own expectations instead of having management set expectations for them. The employees at Pixar are hardwired to work until they create a masterpiece, an attitude instilled and inspired by Steve Jobs himself. The employees see little need for compensation or promotions in return for their work, they simply work to be a part of the animation revolution; their creations are more valuable than their paychecks. In this way, Pixar can be seen as a high commitment firm with individual autonomy and creativity. The success of the entire company is based on the creativity and imagination of the individuals within it. (Price) The management practices at Pixar exemplify the workplaces studied in the Human Relations School. Open conversation between all levels of employees encouraged and social aspects are much more important than the organizational structure of the company. Jobs built the Emeryville campus of Pixar to encourage a social workplace in which freedom would encourage imagination. The setup is an example of encounter socialization, which Professor Dobbin outlined as part of the employee socialization that is necessary in a successful company. Keeping employees together encourages cooperation and teamwork.

Disney

Pixar and Disney had disagreements after the production of Toy Story 2. Originally intended as a straight-to-video release (and thus not part of Pixar's three-picture deal), the film was eventually upgraded to a theatrical release during production. Pixar demanded that the film then be counted toward the three-picture agreement, but Disney refused.[15] Though profitable for both, Pixar later complained that the arrangement was not equitable. Pixar was responsible for creation and production, while Disney handled marketing and distribution. Profits and production costs were split 50-50, but Disney exclusively owned all story and sequel rights and also collected a distribution fee. The lack of story and sequel rights was perhaps the most onerous aspect to Pixar and set the stage for a contentious relationship.[16]

The two companies attempted to reach a new agreement in early 2004. The new deal would be only for distribution, as Pixar intended to control production and own the resulting film properties themselves. The company also wanted to finance their films on their own and collect 100 percent of the profits, paying Disney only the 10 to 15 percent distribution fee.[17] More importantly, as part of any distribution agreement with Disney, Pixar demanded control over films already in production under their old agreement, including The Incredibles and Cars. Disney considered these conditions unacceptable, but Pixar would not concede.[17]

Disagreements between Steve Jobs and then Disney Chairman and CEO Michael Eisner made the negotiations more difficult than they otherwise might have been. They broke down completely in mid-2004, with Jobs declaring that Pixar was actively seeking partners other than Disney.[18] Pixar did not enter negotiations with other distributors. After a lengthy hiatus, negotiations between the two companies resumed following the departure of Eisner from Disney in September 2005. In preparation for potential fallout between Pixar and Disney, Jobs announced in late 2004 that Pixar would no longer release movies at the Disney-dictated November time frame, but during the more lucrative early summer months. This would also allow Pixar to release DVDs for their major releases during the Christmas shopping season. An added benefit of delaying Cars was to extend the time frame remaining on the Pixar-Disney contract to see how things would play out between the two companies.[19]

Pending the Disney acquisition of Pixar, the two companies created a distribution deal for the intended 2007 release of Ratatouille, in case the acquisition fell through, to ensure that this one film would still be released through Disney's distribution channels. (In contrast to the earlier Disney/Pixar deal, Ratatouille was to remain a Pixar property and Disney would have received only a distribution fee.) The completion of Disney's Pixar acquisition, however, nullified this distribution arrangement.[20]

Acquisition by Disney

Disney announced on January 24, 2006 that it had agreed to buy Pixar for approximately $7.4 billion in an all-stock deal.[21] Following Pixar shareholder approval, the acquisition was completed May 5, 2006. The transaction catapulted Steve Jobs, who was the majority shareholder of Pixar with 50.1%, to Disney's largest individual shareholder with 7% and a new seat on its board of directors.[22] Jobs' new Disney holdings exceeded holdings belonging to ex-CEO Michael Eisner, the previous top shareholder, who still held 1.7%; and Disney Director Emeritus Roy E. Disney, who held almost 1% of the corporation's shares.

Pixar shareholders received 2.3 shares of Disney common stock for each share of Pixar common stock redeemed.

As part of the deal, John Lasseter, by then Executive Vice President, became Chief Creative Officer (reporting to President and CEO Robert Iger and consulting with Disney Director Roy Disney) of both Pixar and the Walt Disney Animation Studios, as well as the Principal Creative Adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering, which designs and builds the company's theme parks.[22] Catmull retained his position as President of Pixar, while also becoming President of Walt Disney Animation Studios, reporting to Bob Iger and Dick Cook, chairman of Walt Disney Studio Entertainment. Steve Jobs' position as Pixar's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer was also removed, and instead he took a place on the Disney board of directors.[23]

John Lasseter appears with characters from Up at the 2009 Venice Film Festival.

Lasseter and Catmull's oversight of both the Disney and Pixar studios did not mean that the two studios were merging, however. In fact, additional conditions were laid out as part of the deal to ensure that Pixar remained a separate entity, a concern that analysts had expressed about the Disney deal.[24] Some of those conditions were that Pixar HR policies would remain intact, including the lack of employment contracts. Also, the Pixar name was guaranteed to continue, and the studio would remain in its current Emeryville, California location with the "Pixar" sign. Finally, branding of films made post-merger would be "Disney•Pixar" (beginning with Cars).[25]

Jim Morris, producer of WALL-E, has been named general manager of Pixar. In this new position, Morris is in charge of the day-to-day running of the studio facilities and products.[26]

Expansion

On April 20, 2010, Pixar Animation Studios opened a new studio in the downtown area of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[27] The roughly 2,000 square meters studio is primarily producing shorts and TV specials based on characters from Pixar's feature films. The studio's first production was the Cars Toons episode, "Air Mater."[28]

Feature films and shorts

See also: List of Pixar films, List of Pixar shorts, and List of Pixar awards and nominations

Traditions

While some of Pixar's first animators were former cel animators, including John Lasseter, they also came from stop motion animation and/or computer animation or were fresh college graduates.[5] A large number of animators that make up the animation department at Pixar were hired around the time Pixar released A Bug's Life and Toy Story 2. Although Toy Story was a successful film, it was Pixar's only feature film at the time. The majority of the animation industry was, and is still located in Los Angeles, California, while Pixar is located 350 miles (560 km) north in the San Francisco Bay Area. Also, traditional 2-D animation was still the dominant medium for feature animated films.

With the dearth of Los Angeles–based animators willing to move their families so far north, give up traditional animation, and try computer animation, Pixar's new-hires at this time either came directly from college, or had worked outside feature animation. For those who had traditional animation skills, the Pixar animation software (Marionette) is designed so that traditional animators would require a minimum amount of training before becoming productive.[5]

In an interview with PBS talk show host Tavis Smiley,[29] Lasseter said that Pixar films follow the same theme of self-improvement as the company itself has: with the help of friends or family, a character ventures out into the real world and learns to appreciate his friends and family. At the core, Lasseter said, "it's gotta be about the growth of the main character, and how he changes."[29]

Pixar has been criticized for its lack of female protagonists.[30][31] Brave, Pixar's 13th cinema release, is the studio's first with a female lead (voiced by Kelly Macdonald).

Sequels and prequels

Toy Story 2 was commissioned by Disney as a direct-to-video, 60-minute film. Feeling the material was not very good, John Lasseter convinced the Pixar team to start from scratch and make that their third full-length feature film. Toy Story 3 was the second big-screen sequel when it was released on June 18, 2010. Cars 2, the studio's third theatrical sequel, was released on June 24, 2011. On June 27, 2011, Tom Hanks implied that a Toy Story 4 was in the works, but this has not been confirmed by the studio.[32][33]

Pixar states that they believe that sequels should only be made if they can come up with a story as good as the original. Following the release of Toy Story 2, Pixar and Disney had a gentlemen's agreement that Disney would not make any sequels without Pixar's involvement, despite their right to do so. In 2004, after Pixar announced they were unable to agree on a new deal, Disney announced that they would go ahead with sequels to Pixar's films with or without Pixar. Toy Story 3 was put into pre-production at the new CGI division of Walt Disney Feature Animation, Circle 7 Animation.

When Lasseter was placed in charge of all Disney and Pixar animation following the merger, he immediately put all sequels on hold; Disney stated that Toy Story 3 had been cancelled. However, in May 2006, it was announced that Toy Story 3 was back in pre-production and under Pixar's control when a new plot had been conceived.

Lasseter further fueled speculation on future sequels when he stated, "If we have a great story, we'll do a sequel."[34] Cars 2, Pixar's first sequel not based on Toy Story, was officially announced on April 8, 2008. Monsters University, the prequel to Monsters, Inc. and Pixar's first prequel, was announced on April 22, 2010, for release on November 2, 2012.[35] However, on April 5, 2011, it was announced that the film's release date had been pushed back to June 21, 2013 due to the success of Pixar films that are released in the summer, according to Disney distribution executive Chuck Viane.[36]

Adaptation to television

Toy Story was the first Pixar film to be adapted onto television, with the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command film and TV series. Cars was adapted to television via Cars Toons, a series of shorts (three to five minutes) running between regular Disney Channel shows and featuring Mater (the tow truck voiced by comedian Larry the Cable Guy).[37]

Animation and live-action

All Pixar films to date have been computer-animated features (WALL-E has so far been the only Pixar film not to be completely animated, featuring a small live-action element). 1906, the live action film by Brad Bird about the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, is currently in development. Bird has stated that he was "interested in moving into the live action realm with some projects" while "staying at Pixar [because] it's a very comfortable environment for me to work in."

Product pipeline

In 2008, Pixar announced Newt, a story about the last two blue-footed newts in existence destined to mate to save their species from extinction,[38] scheduled for release in June 2012. This project was to be followed by the fantasy film The Bear and the Bow, which was eventually retitled as Brave.[39]

In April 2010, Disney/Pixar announced that, instead, The Bear and the Bow would be released first, under the new name Brave, followed by a sequel to the 2001 Pixar feature Monsters, Inc. later that year.[40] Also, Newt was removed from the official Disney A to Z Encyclopedia supplement by chief archivist Dave Smith,[41] who confirmed that the film had been cancelled.[42][43] In May 2011, Pixar CEO John Lasseter implied that Newt had been cancelled due to having a similar plotline to Blue Sky Studios' film Rio.[44]

Upcoming projects

The upcoming Monsters University film, a prequel to the 2001 film Monsters, Inc., will be followed by one film "about the inside of a girl's mind,"[45] and The Good Dinosaur, a film about a world in which dinosaurs never became extinct.[46]

In April 2012, Pixar announced their intention to create a film centered on the Mexican holiday Día de los Muertos[47] and to be directed by Lee Unkrich.[48]

Exhibitions

Since December 2005, Pixar has held exhibitions celebrating the art and artists of Pixar, over their first twenty years in animation.[49]

Pixar: 20 Years of Animation

Pixar celebrated 20 years in 2006 with the release of Pixar's seventh feature film, Cars, and held two exhibitions, from April to June 2010, at Science Centre Singapore, in Jurong East, Singapore, and the London Science Museum, London.[50] It was their first time holding an exhibition in Singapore.

The exhibition highlights consist of work-in-progress sketches from various Pixar productions, clay sculptures of their characters, and an autostereoscopic short showcasing a 3D version of the exhibition pieces which is projected through 4 projectors. Another highlight is the Zoetrope, where visitors of the exhibition are shown figurines of Toy Story characters "animated" in real-life through the zoetrope.[50]

Pixar: 25 Years of Animation

Pixar celebrated 25 years of animation in 2011 with the release of its twelfth feature film, Cars 2. Pixar had celebrated its 20th anniversary with the first Cars. The Pixar: 25 Years of Animation exhibition was held at the Oakland Museum of California from July 2010 until January 2011.[51] The exhibition tour debuts in Hong Kong, and was held at the Hong Kong Heritage Museum in Sha Tin, between March 27 and July 11, 2011.[52][53]

Pixar: 25 Years of Animation includes all of the artwork from Pixar: 20 Years of Animation, plus art from Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up, and Toy Story 3.

See also

References

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  2. ^ Josh Tyler (June 23, 2011). "It's Official, Cars Is Pixar's First Bad Movie". Cinema Blend.
  3. ^ Movie Brands Sorted by Total Gross - Box Office Mojo
  4. ^ When added to foreign grosses Pixar Movies at the Box Office Box Office Mojo
  5. ^ a b c d e Hormby, Thomas (January 22, 2007). "The Pixar Story: Fallon Forbes, Dick Shoup, Alex Schure, George Lucas and Disney". Low End Mac. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
  6. ^ a b "Pixar Animation Studios". Ohio State University. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  7. ^ "Toy Stories and Other Tales". University of Saskatchewan.
  8. ^ "Pixar Animation Studios – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  9. ^ "History of Computer Graphics: 1990–99". Hem.passagen.se. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  10. ^ Fisher, Lawrence M. (April 2, 1991). "Hard Times For Innovator In Graphics". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  11. ^ "all about Steve Jobs – Long Bio (6/11)" (in Template:Fr icon). Allaboutstevejobs.com. April 30, 1990. Retrieved July 8, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ Schlender, Brent (September 18, 1995). "Steve Jobs' Amazing Movie Adventure Disney Is Betting On computerdom's Ex-boy Wonder To Deliver This Year's Animated Christmas Blockbuster. Can He Do For Hollywood What He Did For Silicon Valley?". CNNMoney. Retrieved September 18, 1995. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)Nevius, C.W. (August 24, 2005). "Pixar tells story behind 'Toy Story'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  13. ^ "Toy Story". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  14. ^ "Company FAQ's". Pixar. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  15. ^ Hartl, John (July 31, 2000). "Sequels to `Toy Story,' `Tail,' `Dragonheart' go straight to video". The Seattle Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
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  19. ^ Grover, Ronald (December 9, 2004). "Steve Jobs's Sharp Turn with Cars". Business Week. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  20. ^ "Pixar Perfectionists Cook Up 'Ratatouille' As Latest Animated Concoction". Star Pulse. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  21. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (January 24, 2006). "Disney buys Pixar". CNN.
  22. ^ a b Holson, Laura M. (January 25, 2006). "Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  23. ^ La Monica, Paul R. (January 24, 2006). "Disney buys Pixar". CNN. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  24. ^ "Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among The Walt Disney Company, Lux Acquisition Corp. and Pixar". Securities and Exchange Commission. January 24, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
  25. ^ Bunk, Matthew (January 21, 2006). "Sale unlikely to change Pixar culture". Inside Bay Area. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
  26. ^ Graser, Marc (September 10, 2008). "Morris and Millstein named manager of Disney studios". Variety. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  27. ^ "Pixar Canada sets up home base in Vancouver, looks to expand". The Vancouver Sun. Canada. Archived from the original on April 22, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
  28. ^ http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/2011/11/06/pixar_launches_legacy_start_up_in_vancouver_air_mater_short_takes_flight/
  29. ^ a b Smiley, Tavis (January 24, 2007). "Tavis Smiley". PBS. Retrieved March 1, 2007. [dead link]
  30. ^ Sciretta, Peter (February 25, 2009). "Does Pixar Have a Problem Creating Good Female Characters?". Slashfilm. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  31. ^ Wilson, Natalie (October 26, 2010). "Pixar's One-Man Band". Ms. Magazine Blog. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
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  33. ^ Access Hollywood June 27, 2011
  34. ^ Douglas, Edwards (June 3, 2006). "Pixar Mastermind John Lasseter". comingsoon.net. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
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  38. ^ Olly Richards (April 9, 2008). "Cars 2 & A Ton More 'Toons". Empire. Retrieved April 9, 2008.
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  41. ^ David Smith (May 11, 2010). "Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia" (PDF). Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  42. ^ Mike Bastoli (May 11, 2010). "Exclusive: Newt is Cancelled". PixarBlog. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  43. ^ Gary North (May 12, 2010). "Pixar's 'Newt' officially canceled?". Hollywood Wiretap. Retrieved June 4, 2010.
  44. ^ Jim Vejvoda (May 2, 2011). "Pixar on Newt: Blame It on Rio?". IGN. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  45. ^ Stein, Joel (2012). "Pixar's Girl Story". TIME Magazine. 179 (9): 41. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  46. ^ McClintock, Pamela (April 24, 2012). "CinemaCon 2012: Pixar Announces New Latin-Themed Project, Disney Plans 'Muppets 2'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
  47. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (April 25, 2012). "Pixar announces Día de los Muertos film". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
  48. ^ Billington, Alex (April 25, 2012). "Pixar Announces Lee Unkrich's Next Project About Dia de los Muertos". First Showing. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
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  50. ^ a b Eng Eng, Wang (April 1, 2010). "Pixar animation comes to life at Science Centre exhibition". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
  51. ^ "Pixar: 25 Years of Animation". [1]. Retrieved January 11, 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  52. ^ "Pixar: 25 Years of Animation". Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  53. ^ "Pixar brings fascinating animation world to Hong Kong, Xinhua, March 27, 2011

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