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Philippine adobo

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Filipino adobo
A bowl of pork adobo
CourseMain course
Place of originPhilippines
Associated cuisineFilipino cuisine
Serving temperatureHot
Main ingredientsMeat (beef, chicken, pork), seafood, or vegetables; soy sauce, vinegar, cooking oil, garlic, black peppercorn, bay leaf
VariationsSome sugar for sweet-salty taste. Adobo with no broth, only coating on the chicken.
Food energy
(per serving)
Similar dishesPaksiw, kinilaw, estofado

Philippine adobo (from Spanish adobar: "marinade," "sauce" or "seasoning" / English: /əˈdoʊboʊ/ Tagalog pronunciation: [ɐdobo]) is a popular Filipino dish and cooking process in Philippine cuisine of, in its base form, meat, seafood, or vegetables first browned in oil, and then marinated and simmered in vinegar, salt and/or soy sauce, and garlic. It has occasionally been considered the unofficial national dish in the Philippines.[4][5]

History

The cooking method for the Philippine adobo is indigenous to the Philippines. The various precolonial peoples of the Philippine archipelago often cooked or prepared their food with vinegar and salt in various techniques to preserve them in the tropical climate. Vinegar, in particular, is one of the most important ingredients in Filipino cuisine, with the main traditional types being coconut, cane, nipa palm, and kaong palm. These are all linked to traditional alcohol fermentation.[6][7][8]

Chicken adobo on white rice

There are four main traditional cooking methods using vinegar in the Philippines: kiniláw (raw seafood in vinegar and spices), paksíw (a broth of meat with vinegar and spices), sangkutsá (pre-cooked braising of meat in vinegar and spices), and finally adobo (a stew of vinegar, garlic, salt/soy sauce, and other spices).[9][10][11][6] It is believed that paksíw, sangkutsá, and adobo are all derivations of kiniláw. They are also related to cooking techniques like sinigáng and pinangát na isdâ that also have a sour broth, albeit using fruits like calamansi, tamarind, unripe mangoes, bilimbi, santól, and star fruit as souring agents instead of vinegar.[7]

When the Spanish Empire colonized the Philippines in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, they encountered the adobo cooking process. It was first recorded in the 1613 dictionary Vocabulario de la lengua tagala compiled by the Spanish Franciscan missionary Pedro de San Buenaventura. He referred to it as adobo de los naturales ("adobo of the native [peoples]").[10][11][6]

The Spanish also applied the term adobo to any native dish that was marinated before consumption. However, the concept of cooking adobo already existed long before the arrival of the Spanish in 1521.[12]

In the 1794 edition of the Vocabulario, it was applied to quilauìn (kinilaw) a related but different dish which also primarily uses vinegar.[13] In the 1711 Visayan dictionary Vocabulario de la lengua Bisaya, the term guinamus (verb form: gamus) was used to refer to any kind of marinades (adobo), from fish to pork. Other terms for precolonial adobo-like dishes among the Visayan peoples are dayok and danglusi. In modern Visayan, guinamós and dayok refer to separate dishes.[14][15] Dishes prepared with vinegar, garlic, salt (later soy sauce), and other spices eventually came to be known solely as adobo, with the original term for the dish now lost to history.[16][17][8]

Description

See also: Adobo
Chicken adobo with broccoli

While the adobo dish and cooking process in Filipino cuisine and the general description of adobo in Spanish cuisine share similar characteristics, they refer to different things with different cultural roots.[18] Unlike the Spanish and Latin American adobo, the main ingredients of Philippine adobo are ingredients native to Southeast Asia, which includes vinegar (made from palm sap or sugarcane), soy sauce (typically substituting salt), black peppercorns, and bay leaves (traditionally Cinnamomum spp. leaves; but in modern times, usually Laurus nobilis). Unlike Spanish and Latin American adobo, Philippine adobo does not traditionally use chilis, paprika, oregano, or tomatoes, and only share similarities in their primary use of vinegar and garlic. Philippine adobo has a characteristically salty and sour, and often sweet, taste, in contrast to Spanish and Mexican adobos which are spicier or infused with oregano.[11][19][20]

Pork adobo with scallions

While the Philippine adobo can be considered adobo in the Spanish sense—a marinated dish—the Philippine usage is much more specific to a cooking process (rather than a specific recipe) and is not restricted to meat.[18] Typically, pork or chicken, or a combination of both, is slowly cooked in vinegar, crushed garlic, bay leaves, black peppercorns, and soy sauce. It is served with white rice.[10][21][22] It was traditionally cooked in small clay pots (palayok or kulon); but today, metal pots or woks (kawali) are largely used instead.[23]

There are numerous variants of the adobo recipes in the Philippines.[16] The most basic ingredient of adobo is vinegar, which is usually coconut vinegar, rice vinegar, or cane vinegar (although sometimes white wine or cider vinegar can also be used). Almost every ingredient can be changed according to personal preference. Even people in the same household can cook adobo in significantly different ways.[18][22]

A rarer version without soy sauce is known as adobong puti ("white adobo"), which uses salt instead, to contrast it with adobong itim ("black adobo"), the more prevalent versions with soy sauce.[24][25] Adobong puti is often regarded as the closest to the original version of the prehispanic adobo.[18][26] It is similar to another dish known as pinatisan, where patis (fish sauce) is used instead of vinegar.[27]

Adobong sitaw (green beans and pork)

Adobong dilaw ("yellow adobo"), which uses kalawag (turmeric) to provide the yellow colouring as well as adding in a different flavour, can be found in Batangas, the Visayas, and Mindanao regions.

The proportion of ingredients like soy sauce, bay leaves, garlic, or black pepper can vary. The amount and thickness of the sauce also varies as some like their adobo dry while some like it saucy. Other ingredients can sometimes be used; like siling labuyo, bird's eye chili, jalapeño pepper, red bell pepper, olive oil, onions, brown sugar, potatoes, pineapple, or lemon-lime sodas like Sprite. It may also be further browned in the oven, pan-fried, deep-fried, or even grilled to get crisped edges.[22][28]

Adobo has been called the quintessential Philippine stew, served with rice both at daily meals and at feasts.[21] It is commonly packed for Filipino mountaineers and travelers because it keeps well without refrigeration. Its relatively long shelf-life is due to one of its primary ingredients, vinegar, which inhibits the growth of bacteria.[10]

Variations

Beef adobo from a Filipino restaurant.

Based on the main ingredients, the most common adobo types are adobong manók, in which chicken is used, and adobong baboy, in which pork is used. Adobong baka (beef), along with adobong manók (chicken), is more popular among Muslim Filipinos in accordance with halal dietary laws.[29] Other meats may also be used, such as pugò (quail), itik (duck), and kambíng (goat).[18] Seafood variants include fish (isdâ), catfish (hitò), shrimp (hipon), and squid or cuttlefish (pusít). Vegan options utilize vegetables and fruits,[23] like water spinach (kangkóng), bamboo shoots (labóng), eggplant (talóng), banana flowers (pusô ng saging), and okra (okra).[30][31]

More exotic versions include adobong sawâ (snake),[32] adobong palakâ (frog),[33] Kapampangan adobung kamaru (mole cricket),[18] and the adobong atáy at balúnbalunan (chicken liver and gizzard).[34]

There are also regional variations. In Bicol, Quezon, and south in Zamboanga City, it is common for adobo to have coconut milk (known as adobo sa gatâ). In Cavite, mashed pork liver is added. In Batangas and Laguna, turmeric is added, giving the dish a distinct, yellowish color (known as adobong diláw, "yellow adobo"), as well as a red variant using achuete seeds in the former.[10][22][8] In the northernmost province of Batanes, the Ivatan prepare a type of adobo called luñiz, where they preserve pork in jars with salt.[35]

Adobo has also become a favorite of Filipino-based fusion cuisine, with avant-garde cooks coming up with variants such as "Japanese-style" pork adobo.[36]

  • Philippine adobo variants
  • Adobong manók (chicken) over rice
    Adobong manók (chicken) over rice
  • Adobo sa gatâ (with coconut milk)
    Adobo sa gatâ (with coconut milk)
  • Adobong baboy (pork) with pineapple
    Adobong baboy (pork) with pineapple
  • Adobong talóng (eggplant)
    Adobong talóng
    (eggplant)
  • Adobong kamaru (mole crickets)
    Adobong kamaru
    (mole crickets)
  • Adobong kangkóng (water spinach)
    Adobong kangkóng
    (water spinach)
  • Adobong hipon (shrimp)
    Adobong hipon (shrimp)
  • Adobong pusít (squid)
    Adobong pusít (squid)
  • Vegetarian adobo
    Vegetarian adobo

Other uses

Outside of the dish itself, the flavor of adobo has been developed commercially and adapted to other foods. A number of local Philippine snack products such as cornicks, nuts, chips, noodle soups, and corn crackers, market their items as "adobo flavored".

In 2021, the Bureau of Philippine Standards of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI-BPS) of the Philippines unveiled plans to standardize the most popular Filipino dishes to make it easier to promote them internationally as well as keep their cultural identity. Philippine adobo will be the first of such dishes to be standardized. The definition will be set by a technical committee headed by Glenda Rosales Barreto, and includes representatives from the academia, government departments, the food industry, chefs, and food writers. The main reference will be Kulinarya: A Guidebook to Philippine Cuisine (2008), authored by Barreto and the committee vice-chairperson Myrna Segismundo, both notable chefs of Filipino cuisine in their own right.[37][38] The announcement has received some criticism from the public, but the DTI-BPS clarified that it's not mandatory and will only aim to define a basic traditional recipe that can serve as a benchmark for determining the authenticity of Filipino dishes in the international setting.[39][40]

On March 15, 2023, Google Doodles released a Philippine Adobo doodle.[41]

See also

Related Philippine dishes and cooking techniques:

References

  1. ^ "Calories in Filipino Pork Adobo - Calories and Nutrition Facts - MyFitnessPal.com". www.myfitnesspal.com.)
  2. ^ "Calories in Beef Adobo and Nutrition Facts". www.fatsecret.com.
  3. ^ "Calories in Chicken Adobo and Nutrition Facts". www.fatsecret.com.
  4. ^ DeWitt, Dave (2010). 1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes. Agate Publishing. p. 428. ISBN 9781572841130.
  5. ^ Pangilinan, Leon Jr. (October 3, 2014). "In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Lim-Castillo, Pia (2006). "Traditional Philippine Vinegars and their Role in Shaping the Culinary Culture". In Hosking, Richard (ed.). Authenticity in the Kitchen. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2005. Prospect Books. p. 296–298. ISBN 9781903018477.
  7. ^ a b Ponseca, Nicole; Trinidad, Miguel (2018). I Am a Filipino: And This Is How We Cook. Artisan Books. ISBN 9781579658823.
  8. ^ a b c Dacanay, Barbara Mae Naredo (May 1, 2019). "There's nothing Spanish about adobo—should we ditch its Spanish name?". ANC X. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  9. ^ "ADOBO: A History of the Country's National Dish". July 14, 2008.
  10. ^ a b c d e Rodell, Paul A. (2002). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Culture and Customs of Asia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 9780313304156.
  11. ^ a b c Estrella, Serna (June 22, 2013). "Adobo: The History of A National Favorite". Pepper.ph. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  12. ^ "What Is Adobo? The Answer Is as Complex as the Dish Itself". Food & Wine. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  13. ^ Domingo de los Santos (1794). Vocabulario de la lengua tagala, primera y segunda parte: en la primera, se pone primero el Castellano, y despues el Tagalo : y en la segunda al contrario, que son las rayzes simples con sus accentos (in Spanish). N.S. de Loreto. p. 42. Adobo. Quilauìn. (pc) toman sàl vinagre, y chíle, y lo echan en la carne, pescado, ò tripas de venado; y asi medio crudo lo comen . . . Este mismo genero de adobo sirve para las yervas como ensalada.
  14. ^ Scott, William Henry (1990). "Sixteenth-Century Visayan Food and Farming". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 18 (4): 291–311. JSTOR 29792029.
  15. ^ R. P. Matheo Sanchez (1711). Vocabulario de la lengua Bisaya. Colegio de la Sagrada Compania de Jesus. p. 198. Gamus. up. f Gamusun vel. gamsun. Salar o adobar carne, o pescado; ba cun gagamsun an isda sagan sin saguing, sin chile, sua. &c
  16. ^ a b Ocampo, Ambeth. (February 24, 2009). "Looking Back: 'Adobo' in many forms". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  17. ^ Rappaport, Rachel (2010). The Everything Healthy Slow Cooker Cookbook. Adams Media. p. 255. ISBN 9781440508486. Philippine Adobo variation.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Claude Tayag (March 8, 2012). "The adobo identity (crisis)". The Philippine Star. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  19. ^ Zulu, Mijon (November 19, 2017). "What Is the Difference Between Mexican and Filipino Adobo?". Chowhound. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  20. ^ "This Chicken Adobo Is a Flavor Bomb of Salty-Sour Goodness". CookingLight. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
  21. ^ a b Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom (2006). The Oxford Companion to Food. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-19-280681-5.
  22. ^ a b c d Sifton, Sam (January 5, 2011). "The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment". The New York Times.
  23. ^ a b Kittler, Pamela Goyan & Sucher, Kathryn (2007). The Culinary culture of the Philippines. Cengage Learning. p. 371. ISBN 9780495115410.
  24. ^ Artie Sy (August 11, 2011). "The Admirable Adobo". Sun Star. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  25. ^ "Adobong Puti (White Chicken Adobo) for Kulinarya Cooking Club". FoodPress. June 19, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  26. ^ "The BEST Pork Adobo a la Marketman". Market Manila. May 7, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  27. ^ "Adobong Puti (White Adobo)". AdobongBlog. October 4, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  28. ^ Cordero-Fernando, Gilda (1976). The Culinary culture of the Philippines. Bancom Audiovision Corp. pp. 11–13.
  29. ^ Jeroen Hellingman (March 28, 2003). "Adobong Baka (Beef)". Bohol.ph. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  30. ^ Alejandro, Reynaldo G. (1985). The Philippine Cookbook. Penguin. pp. 52–60. ISBN 9780399511448.
  31. ^ "Traditional Adobo Recipes". AdoboChef. January 5, 2011. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ^ "Only for the Daring: Exotic Food Finds in Cebu". Cebutourist. June 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  33. ^ "Adobong Palaka". San Pablo City. October 14, 2010. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  34. ^ "Adobong Atay at Balunbalunan (Chicken Liver and Gizzard)". Reel and Grill. December 9, 2010.
  35. ^ Javellana, Abigail (April 24, 2017). "IVATAN CUISINE: The Flavors of the Batanes Isles! • Awesome!". Awesome!. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  36. ^ Manipon, Roel Hoang (February 1, 2016). "Japanese-style adobo and other delicious things you can cook in a microwave oven". The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  37. ^ "Standardization of famous Filipino dishes advances!". Department of Trade and Industry. July 9, 2021.
  38. ^ Canivel, Roy Stephen C. (July 10, 2021). "Committee to decide what is 'standard' adobo". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  39. ^ Ramos, Christia Marie (July 12, 2021). "DTI says standardizing Philippine adobo only for international promotion". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  40. ^ Punzalan, Jamaine (July 12, 2021). "Standard adobo, sinigang, sisig? DTI says aiming for international promotion". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  41. ^ Celebrating Filipino Adobo, retrieved March 15, 2023
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