Voiced postalveolar affricate
| Voiced postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dʒ | |||
| d̠ʒ | |||
| IPA Number | 104 135 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | d͡ʒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0361 U+0292 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dZ or d_rZ | ||
| |||
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The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.
Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аџыр | [ad͡ʒər] | 'steel' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | джанэ | 'dress' | |||
| Albanian | xham | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | እንጀራ | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[1] | جَرَس | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | جَزْمَة | [d͡ʒazma] | 'shoes' | Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ջուր | [d͡ʒuɾ] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'musca (fly)' | ||
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | jura | [d͡ʒuɾ:a] | 'big' | Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties. | |
| Azerbaijani | ağac | [ɑɣɑd͡ʒ] | 'tree' | ||
| Bengali | জল | [d͡ʒɔl] | 'water' | Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | джудже | [ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒɛ] | 'dwarf' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Chechen | джерво / dzhyerwo | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 重 | [d͡ʒõ] | 'heavy' | |
| Coptic | ϫⲉ | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Czech | léčba | [lɛːd͡ʒba] | 'treatment' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | jump | [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] | 'jump' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| French | adjonction | [ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃] | 'addition' | Rare. See French phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | ჯიბე | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Dschungel | [ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hebrew | ג׳וק | [d͡ʒuk] | 'cockroach' | Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | जाना / جانا | [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] | 'to go' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | jarak | [ˈd͡ʒaraʔ] | 'distance' | ||
| Italian[5] | gemma | [ˈd͡ʒɛmma] | 'gem' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabyle | lǧiran | [ld͡ʒiræn] | 'the neighbors' | ||
| Kashubian[6] | [example needed] | ||||
| Kurdish | Northern | cîger | [d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ] | 'lung' | See Kurdish phonology |
| Central | جەرگ | [d͡ʒɛɾg] | 'liver' | ||
| Southern | [d͡ʒæɾg] | ||||
| Kyrgyz | жаман | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | See Kyrgyz phonology | |
| Latvian | dadži | [dad͡ʒi] | 'thistles' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hasselt dialect[7] | djèn | [d͡ʒɛːn²] | 'Eugene' | |
| Lithuanian | džiaugsmingas | [d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs] | 'gladsome' | See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Macedonian | џемпер | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | jahat | [d͡ʒahat] | 'evil' | ||
| Manchu | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Marathi | जय | [d͡ʒəj] | 'victory' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | See Occitan phonology |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Ojibwe | ᐄᒋᑭᐌᐦ / iicikiwee | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جګ | [d͡ʒeɡ] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | کجا | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | dziwny | [ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ] | 'strange' | /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[8] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[8] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[8] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[8] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[9] | grande | [ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] | 'big' | Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. |
| Most dialects | jambalaya | [d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ] | 'jambalaya' | In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | ger | [d͡ʒer] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | џем / džem | [d͡ʒê̞m] | 'jam' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology |
| Bosnian | ђаво / đavo | [d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː] | 'devil' | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ]. | |
| Croatian | |||||
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[10] | [example needed] | These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ]. | ||
| Jablunkov[10] | [example needed] | ||||
| Somali | joog | [d͡ʒoːɡ] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Tagalog | diyan | [d͡ʒän] | 'there' | Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology. | |
| Turkish | acı | [äˈd͡ʒɯ] | 'pain' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Ubykh | [amd͡ʒan] | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian[11] | джерело | [d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ] | 'source' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uyghur | جوزا | [d͡ʒozɑ] | 'desk' | See Uyghur phonology | |
| West Frisian | siedzje | [ˈʃɪd͡ʒə] | 'to sow' | See West Frisian phonology | |
| Yiddish | דזשוכע | [d͡ʒʊxə] | 'insect' | See Yiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[12] | dxan | [d͡ʒaŋ] | 'god' | |
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| d̠ɹ̠˔ | |
| dɹ̝˗ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[13] | dream | [d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m] | 'dream' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[13][14][15][16] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[14] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| General American[14][15] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[14][15] | |||||
| Port Talbot[16] | [d̠͡ɹ̠˔iːm] | ||||
See also
Notes
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ a b Mangold (2005:51–52)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- ^ Peters (2006:119)
- ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
- ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
- ^ a b c d Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- ^ a b c Wells (2008).
- ^ a b Connolly (1990), p. 121.
References
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
