COVID-19 lockdown in China

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COVID-19 lockdown in China
Part of the COVID-19 pandemic
Top: Montage of various scenes in Wuhan during the outbreak
Bottom Map Legend:
  •   Areas that have been or are being blocked due to the outbreak
      Areas not yet blocked but with more cases
Date23 January – 8 April 2020 (2 months, 2 weeks and 2 days; most of Hubei ended on 25 March 2020; Wuhan lockdown ended on 8 April 2020)
Location
Hubei, China
Caused byCOVID-19 pandemic
GoalsQuarantine the region of the COVID-19 outbreak
MethodsSuspension of all public transport, and control of movement in and out of the city
Resulted inAbout 13 million quarantined in Wuhan;
over 57 million in fifteen other cities[1]
COVID-19 lockdown in China is located in China
COVID-19 lockdown in China
Wuhan in Hubei province, China
For broader coverage of this topic, see Chinese government response to COVID-19.
People in Wuhan rush to buy vegetables.

On 23 January 2020, the central government of China imposed a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei in an effort to quarantine the center of an outbreak of COVID-19; this action was commonly referred to as the Wuhan lockdown (Chinese: 武汉封城; pinyin: Wǔhàn fēng chéng). The World Health Organization (WHO), although stating that it was beyond its own guidelines, commended the move, calling it "unprecedented in public health history".[2]

The lockdown in Wuhan set the precedent for similar measures in other Chinese cities. Within hours of the Wuhan lockdown, travel restrictions were also imposed on the nearby cities of Huanggang and Ezhou, and were eventually imposed on all 15 other cities in Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.[3][4] On 2 February 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a seven-day lockdown in which only one person per household was allowed to exit once each two days, and most of the highway exits were closed.[5] On 13 March 2020, Huangshi[6] and Qianjiang[7] became the first Hubei cities to remove strict travel restrictions within part or all of their administrative confines. On 8 April 2020, the Wuhan lockdown officially ended.[8] The lockdown, combined with other public health measures in early 2020, succeeded in suppressing virus transmission and averted a more widespread outbreak in China.[9][10]

Some Western observers, such as Amnesty International, were initially skeptical of the lockdown;[11][12] however, as the COVID-19 pandemic spread to other countries and territories, similar measures were enacted around the globe.

Background

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province in China. With a population of over 11 million, it is the largest city in Hubei, the most populous city in Central China, the seventh-most populous Chinese city, and one of the nine National Central Cities of China. Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain, on the confluence of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Han River. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities. Because of its key role in domestic transport, Wuhan is known as the "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" (九省通衢)[13] and sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China".[14][15][16]

Lockdowns

Hubei

The last train on the Wuhan Metro before the lockdown
Map of locked down administrative divisions of Hubei

In mid-December 2019 the Chinese Government acknowledged an emerging cluster of people, many linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, were infected with pneumonia with no clear causes. Chinese scientists subsequently linked the pneumonia to a new strain of coronavirus that was given the initial designation 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Some of the first symptoms appeared on December 10, and 24 cases were later discovered to have connection to the seafood market.[17]

On 10 January 2020, the first death and 41 clinically confirmed infections caused by the coronavirus were reported.[18]

By 22 January, the novel coronavirus had spread to major cities and provinces in China, with 571 confirmed cases and 17 deaths reported. Confirmed cases were also reported in other regions and countries, including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States.

According to Li Lanjuan, a professor at Zhejiang University's school of medicine and member of the high-level expert team convened by the National Health Commission, she had urged a lockdown on Wuhan on several occasions between 19 January and 22 January 2020 as a last resort to contain the epidemic.[19]

At 2 am on 23 January, authorities issued a notice informing residents of Wuhan that from 10 am, all public transport, including buses, railways, flights, and ferry services would be suspended. The Wuhan Airport, the Wuhan railway station, and the Wuhan Metro were all closed. The residents of Wuhan were also not allowed to leave the city without permission from the authorities.[20][21] The notice caused an exodus from Wuhan. An estimated 300,000 people were reported to have left Wuhan by train alone before the 10 am lockdown.[22] By the afternoon of 23 January, the authorities began shutting down some of the major highways leaving Wuhan.[23] The lockdown came two days before the Chinese New Year, the most important festival in the country, and traditionally the peak traveling season, when millions of Chinese travel across the country.[20][23]

Following the lockdown of Wuhan, public transportation systems in two of Wuhan's neighboring prefecture-level cities, Huanggang and Ezhou, were also placed on lockdown.[20] A total of 12 other county to prefecture-level cities in Hubei, including Huangshi, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Suizhou, Xianning, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Shiyan, Tianmen and Enshi, were placed on traveling restrictions by the end of 24 January, bringing the number of people affected by the restriction to more than 50 million.[1]

Lockdown timeline

  • 23 January, transport in Wuhan, Huanggang and Ezhou severely restricted, including closure of public transit, trains, airports, and major highways
  • 24 January, travel restrictions enacted in 12 additional prefecture-level cities in Hubei
  • 13 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 20 February.[24]
  • 20 February, the Chinese government has issued extension of order to shut down all non-essential companies, including manufacturing plants, and all schools in Hubei Province until at least 24:00 10 March.[25]
  • 13 March: Huangshi removes controls and permits on road traffic within its urban area;[6] Qianjiang does the same for its entire administrative area.[7]
  • 14 March: Hubei Sanitation and Health Committee (卫生健康委员会) Vice-chairperson Liu Dongru (柳东如) announces that only Wuhan remains a "high-risk area",[26] and that the entirety of the rest of the province is considered medium- or "low-risk areas". Any low-risk township-level divisions, in addition to those medium- and high-risk divisions with no confirmed active cases, could lift their blockades and other mobility controls.[27] Per China News Service reporting, by 14 March, besides the aforementioned Huangshi and Qianjiang, Yichang, Huanggang, Suizhou, Xiantao, Jingzhou, Jingmen, Shiyan, Xiangyang, Tianmen and Shennongjia had announced "measures to lessen controls" and for industries to incrementally resume work and production.[27]
  • 17 March: Jingzhou removes its permit requirements for transport, resuming normal transport operations, and also removes entry/exit controls on xiaoqu.[28]
  • 18 March: The Hubei taskforce to control COVID-19 (湖北省新冠肺炎疫情防控指挥部) announces that, with the exception of exit/entry into Wuhan and the province as a whole, all anti-COVID-19 traffic checkpoints within the province are to be removed.[29]
  • 22 March: Wuhan loosens its two-month lockdown.[30]
  • 25 March: Hubei lifts the lockdown outside of Wuhan,[31] although people will still need to confirm their "Green Code" health classification, designated by Alipay's monitoring system,[31] to travel.[32]
  • 8 April: Wuhan lifts its lockdown, resumes all transportation,[33] with residents intending to leave the city facing similar "Green Code" requirements as those in the rest of the province.[32][34]
Cities under lockdown in China
Place Province Start date End date City level Population Cases Deaths Recoveries Active
Wuhan Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-04-08[35][27][36] Sub-provincial 11,081,000 50,340 3,869 46,471 0
Xiaogan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 4,920,000 3,518 129 3,389 0
Huanggang Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 6,330,000 2,907 125 2,782 0
Jingzhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-17[38] Prefectural 5,590,200 1,580 52 1,528 0
Ezhou Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 1,077,700 1,394 59 1,335 0
Suizhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,216,700 1,307 45 1,262 0
Xiangyang Hubei 2020-01-28[39] 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 5,669,000 1,175 40 1,135 0
Huangshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[40] Prefectural 2,470,700 1,015 39 976 0
Yichang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 4,135,850 931 37 894 0
Jingmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,896,500 928 41 887 0
Xianning Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 2,543,300 836 15 821 0
Shiyan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 3,406,000 672 8 664 0
Xiantao Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 1,140,500 575 22 553 0
Tianmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 1,272,300 496 15 481 0
Enshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[37] Prefectural 3,378,000 252 7 245 0
Qianjiang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[41] Sub-prefectural 966,000 198 9 189 0
Shennongjia Hubei 2020-01-27 2020-03-25[37] Sub-prefectural 78,912 11 0 11 0
Wenzhou Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-20[42] Prefectural 9,190,000 507 1 503 3
Ürümqi Xinjiang 2020-07-18 2020-08-26[43] Prefectural 3,519,600 845 0 845 0
Shijiazhuang Hebei 2021-01-07 2021-01-31[44] Prefectural 11,031,200 977 1 962 14
Xi'an Shaanxi 2021-12-22[45] 2022-01-16[46] Sub-provincial 8,467,838 2,265 3 2,185 77
Yuzhou Henan 2022-01-04[47] 2022-01-31[48] County 1,167,000 - - - -
Anyang Henan 2022-01-10[49] 2022-02-03[50] Prefectural 5,477,614 522 0 522 0
Shenzhen Guangdong 2022-03-14[51][52] 2022-03-21[53][54] Sub-provincial 17,560,000 982 3 428 551
Shanghai Shanghai 2022-04-01[55] 2022-06-01[56] Direct-administered municipality 24,870,895
Lockdown total 101,602,895 68,135 4,512 63,623 0
Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020.[57][58] Totals will evolve.


Elsewhere in China

Lockdowns by outdoor restrictions

On 1 February in Huanggang, Hubei implemented a measure whereby only one person from each household is permitted to go outside for provisions once every two days, except for medical reasons or to work at shops or pharmacies. Many cities, districts, and counties across mainland China implemented similar measures in the days following, including Wenzhou, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Harbin, and the whole of Jiangxi.

Chinese administrative divisions with household-based outdoor restrictions
Administrative
division 		Division
Level 		Provincial
division 		Start date End date Ordinary
population 		Population
year 		Notes Sources
Huanggang Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-01 2020-03-22 6,162,069 2010 [59]
Wenzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 9,190,000 2017
Wenling Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-02 1,366,800 2010
Fangchenggang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-08 860,100 2010
Guigang Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-02 1,562,200
(Urban only) 		2010 Urban districts only
Yuzhou, Yulin District Guangxi 2020-02-02 2020-02-09 900,000 2010
Zhouzhi, Xi'an County Shaanxi 2020-02-02 562,768 2010 One person per household every day
Huyi, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 556,377 2010 One person per household every day
Bengbu Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 3,164,467 2010
Huaibei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-03 2,114,276 2010
Bincheng,
Binzhou 		District Shandong 2020-02-03 2020-02-09 682,717 2010
Taizhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-03 5,968,838 2010
Hangzhou Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-04 9,806,000 2017
Ezhou Prefectural Hubei 2020-02-04 1,048,668 2010
Fuzhou Prefectural Fujian 2020-02-04 7,660,000 2017
Xuzhou Prefectural Jiangsu 2020-02-04 2020-02-08 8,577,225 2010
Jingdezhen Prefectural Jiangxi 2020-02-04 2020-03-31 1,655,000 2015 [60]
Harbin Prefectural Heilongjiang 2020-02-04 10,635,971 2010
Yicheng,
Zhumadian 		District Henan 2020-02-04 721,723 2010 One person per household every five days
Xincheng, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 589,739 2010
Chang'an, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-04 1,083,285 2010
Yanta, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 1,178,529 2010
Lianhu, Xi'an District Shaanxi 2020-02-05 712,300 2015
Ningbo Prefectural Zhejiang 2020-02-05 8,202,000 2018
Hailing, Taizhou District Jiangsu 2020-02-05 594,656 2010
Hefei Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 7,965,300 2017
Fuyang Prefectural Anhui 2020-02-05 2020-02-08 7,599,913 2010
Benxi Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-05 1,709,538 2017
Ngawa Autonomous
Prefecture 		Sichuan 2020-02-05 930,100 2015
Garzê Autonomous
Prefecture 		Sichuan 2020-02-05 1,164,900 2015
Liuzhou Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 3,758,700 2010
Guilin Prefectural Guangxi 2020-02-05 4,961,600 2015
Jinchengjiang,
Hechi 		District Guangxi 2020-02-05 330,131 2010 One person per household every day
Jiangxi Province – 2020-02-06 2020-03-31 45,200,000 2013 [60]
Xianyang Prefectural Shaanxi 2020-02-06 5,096,001 2010
Jinzhou Prefectural Liaoning 2020-02-06 3,070,000 2010
Kuancheng,
Changchun 		District Jilin 2020-02-06 680,631 2010
Tangshan Prefectural Hebei 2020-02-07 7,935,800 2018
Baodi, Tianjin District Tianjin 2020-02-09 799,057 2010
Hubei Province – 2020-02-16 2020-03-13
~2020-04-08 		59,020,000 2018
Suifenhe County Heilongjiang 2020-04-08 69,607 2018 One person per household every three days
All 233,511,355 Sum of census data and population estimates above
Closed management in Jintan District, Changzhou, Jiangsu, where citizens are allowed outside for purchasing once every two days with permit.
Some areas took road closure measures to avoid the spread of COVID-19. Pictured is a road closure notice on Tianhe Road, Yucheng Neibourhood, Yuhuan, Zhejiang.
A slogan for road closure in Lyushunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning.
Residents in Wuhan had to buy daily necessities and food across the fence gate due to their community lockdown.

Closed management of communities

Many areas across China have implemented what is called "closed management" (Chinese: 封闭式管理; pinyin: fēngbìshì guǎnlǐ) on a community-basis. In most of the areas where this came into effect, villages, communities, and units in most areas would only keep one entrance and exit point open, and each household is allowed limited numbers of entrances and exits. In some places, night-time access is prohibited, effectively a curfew, and in extreme cases, access is prohibited throughout the day.[61] People entering and leaving are required to wear masks and receive temperature tests. In some areas, vouchers are issued to the public, with vouchers and valid credentials. There are also areas where people are allowed to declare on WeChat mini-programs or public accounts and some apps at the same time.[62] Courier and food delivery personnel are usually prohibited from entering. Control in communities with confirmed cases is more stringent.

List by the time of official announcement:

Closed management of communities in Mainland China during the COVID-19 outbreak
Start Date Province-level
Division 		Prefecture-level
Division 		County-level
Division 		End
Date 		Population As of Year Sources and Notes
1/31 Chongqing City — Wanzhou District
— Liangping District
Ningxia Hui
Autonomous Region 		Wuzhong City —
Yinchuan City —
2/2 Zhejiang Province Wenzhou City — [63][64][65][66][67]
2/3 Jiangsu Province Huai'an City — [68]
Wuxi City Jiangyin City [69]
2/4 Zhejiang Province Hangzhou City — [70][71]
Ningbo City —
Henan Province Zhengzhou City —
Zhumadian City —
Shandong Province Linyi City —
Heilongjiang Province Harbin City —
Jiangsu Province Nanjing City — [72]
Xuzhou City — until 24:00 on 8 February
Changzhou City — [73]
Nantong City — [74]
Zhenjiang City — [75]
Taizhou City Jiangyan District [76]
Fujian Province Fuzhou City —
Jiangxi Province Jingdezhen City — [77]
2/5 Hainan Province Haikou City —
Sanya City — [78]
Yunnan Province Kunming City —
Shandong Province Qingdao City —
Jinan City —
Tai'an City —
Rizhao City —
Jiangxi Province Nanchang City —
Anhui Province Hefei City —
Guangxi Zhuang
Autonomous Region 		Nanning City —
Hebei Province Shijiazhuang City —
Jiangsu Province Yangzhou City — [79]
Taizhou City — [80]
Suqian City — [81]
Yancheng City Buning County [82]
2/6 Liaoning Province — —
Jiangxi Province — — [83]
Jilin Province Jilin City —
Anhui Province Ma'anshan City —
Guangdong Province Zhuhai City —
Sichuan Province Ya'an City —
Neijiang City —
Jiangsu Province Suzhou City — [84]
2/7 Hubei Province — — Community closed management further added on 10 February
Anhui Province — — [85]
Tianjin City — — [86]
Guangdong Province Guangzhou City —
Shenzhen City —
Gansu Province Lanzhou City —
Sichuan Province Chengdu City — [87]
Suining City —
Guangyuan City —
Guizhou Province Guiyang City —
Zunyi City —
Hebei Province Tangshan City — [88]
Jiangsu Province Lianyungang City — [89]
Chongqing City — Jiangjin District
2/8 Chongqing City — — 　 [90]
Sichuan Province Ziyang City —
Guangdong Province Foshan City —
2/9 Sichuan Province Deyang City —
Mianyang City —
Guangdong Province Huizhou City —
Dongguan City —
Shaanxi Province Hanzhong City —
Jiangsu Province Wuxi City — [91]
2/10 Beijing City — — [92]
Shanghai City — — [93]
2/12 Inner Mongolia
Autonomous Region 		— — 　 [94]
3/31 Henan Province Pingdingshan City Jia County [95]
4/8 Heilongjiang Province Mudanjiang City Suifenhe City 　 [96]

As of 12 February 2020, a total of 207 cities (including 26 provincial capitals and sub-provincial cities) have announced the implementation of closed management, including at least 9 first-level administrative regions (4 municipalities, 4 provinces, 1 autonomous regions, a total of 156-second-level administrative regions) and at least 51-second-level administrative regions in other provinces and cities; of which, 2 secondary administrative regions upgraded to fully closed wartime control.

Impacts and reactions

The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown resulted in angry responses on the Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo from residents in other cities who were concerned that it could result in spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan were concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[23][97]

The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said it showed "how committed the authorities are to contain a viral breakout". However, WHO clarified that the move was not a recommendation that WHO had made and authorities have to wait and see how effective it is.[2] The WHO separately stated that the possibility of locking down an entire city in this way was "new to science".[98]

The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, dropped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months, after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as investors reacting to the drastic measure sought safe haven for their investments.[99]

The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy, and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people.[100] Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighbourhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak, which was lifted after ten days.[100][101]

The lockdown caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. At the time, some experts questioned whether the large costs of such a vast lockdown, both financially and in terms of personal liberty, would translate to effective infection control.[98] Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population," and said that "incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[102] Others, such as Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, defended the intent behind the lockdowns, saying that they have bought the world a "delay to essentially prepare better." Mathematical epidemiologist Gerardo Chowell of Georgia State University stated that based on mathematical modelling, "containment strategies implemented in China are successfully reducing transmission."[103]

However, as the global COVID-19 pandemic worsened, similar lockdown measures were enacted around the world. After northern Italy became a new hotspot of the outbreak in late February, the Italian government has enacted what has been called a "Wuhan-style lockdown," by quarantining nearly a dozen towns of 50,000 people in the provinces of Lombardy and Veneto.[104][105] Iran, another developing hotspot for the coronavirus as of 25 February, has come under calls to assume similar lockdown procedures as China and Italy. Security experts such as Gal Luft of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security in Washington, have said that "The best way for Iran to deal with the disease is to do precisely what China has done – quarantine." and that "If Wuhan with its 11 million population can be under quarantine, so can Tehran with its 8 million"[106]

By late 2020, public health experts estimated that the Wuhan lockdown prevented between 500,000 and 3 million infections and between 18,000 and 70,000 deaths.[107] A November 2021 study examining data from the first half of 2020 estimated that over 347,000 deaths may have been prevented in China by COVID-19 prevention measures from January 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020. The estimate does not solely include deaths that would have occurred due to COVID-19. It includes deaths that were inadvertently prevented, such as from traffic collisions or air pollution.[108]

Reactions and measures outside Mainland China

Strict surveillance measures were enforced at airports, seaports, and border crossings to prevent the disease from spreading to countries or territories in the region. Accordingly, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and some ASEAN countries (notably Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam) implemented thermal monitoring of passengers arriving at their major international airports, while flights from and/or to Wuhan ceased operating. Activity through gateways in Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam were put under extra supervision from the Government and medical staff. North Korea banned international flights and foreign visitors, and Papua New Guinea banned travelers from all Asian countries.

An analysis of air travel patterns was used to map and predict patterns of spread and was published in the Journal of Travel Medicine in mid-January 2020. Based on information from the International Air Transport Association (2018), Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Taipei had the largest volume of travelers from Wuhan. Dubai, Sydney, and Melbourne were also reported as popular destinations for people travelling from Wuhan. Using the validated tool, the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index (IDVI), to assess the ability to manage a disease threat, Bali was reported as least able in preparedness, while cities in Australia were considered most able.[109][110]

As a result of the outbreak, many countries including most of the Schengen Area, Armenia, Australia, Iraq, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the United States imposed temporary entry bans on Chinese citizens or recent visitors to China, or ceased issuing visas and reimposed visa requirements on Chinese citizens.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]

Countries and territories in the region, including Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam responded with border tightening/closures with mainland China.[123] On 22 January, North Korea closed its borders to international tourists to prevent the spread of COVID-19 into the country. In 2020, Reuters reported: "The vast majority of tourists to North Korea come from China."[124]

On 22 January, the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) announced that it would be moving the matches in the third round of the 2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament from Wuhan to Nanjing, affecting the women's national team squads from Australia, China PR, Chinese Taipei, and Thailand.[125] A few days later, the AFC announced that together with Football Federation Australia they would be moving the matches to Sydney.[126] The Asia-Pacific Olympic boxing qualifiers, which were originally set to be held in Wuhan from 3 to 14 February, were also cancelled and moved to Amman, Jordan, to be held between 3 and 11 March.[127][128]

On 23 January, the United States Department of State ordered evacuation of all non-emergency U.S. personnel and their family members from Wuhan.[129] On 27 January the United States CDC issued updated travel guidance for China, recommending that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to China as a whole. The CDC has directed U.S. Customs and Border Protection to check individuals for symptoms of COVID-19.[130]

On 29 January, British Airways cancelled all their flights to mainland China as a reaction to the spread of COVID-19.[131] Lufthansa followed hours later by also suspending all their flights.[132] Lion Air and Air Seoul also suspended all their flights.[133] The same day, Czechia stopped issuing Schengen Visas to Chinese citizens.[134]

On 30 January, Belgium, Greece, and Italy closed all Schengen Visa application centers in China.[135][136][137] The same day, Egyptair announced suspension of flights between Egypt and Hangzhou starting 1 February 2020 with those to Beijing and Guangzhou scheduled to be suspended starting 4 February 2020.[138]

On 31 January, Italy closed all passenger air traffic between Italy, China and Taiwan. The Italian Civil Aviation Authority NOTAM notified that, effective 31 January, all passenger flights from China, including the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and Taiwan were suspended on request of the Italian health authorities. Aircraft that were flying to Italy when the NOTAM was published were cleared to land.[137][139]

On 1 February, Belgium, Czechia, Greece, Italy, and all other Schengen countries' visa application centers closed, with the exception of France, which suspended the issuing of visas to Chinese citizens.[111]

On 3 February, Qatar Airways took the decision to suspend flights to mainland China due to significant operational challenges caused by entry restrictions imposed by several countries.[140] Qatar Airways was the first carrier in the Middle East to do so.[140]

Though some airlines cancelled flights to Hong Kong as well, British Airways, Finnair, and Lufthansa did not, and American Airlines continued operating a limited service to the area. Hong Kong's four airlines halved the flights to mainland China.[141] The following airlines have so far reduced or cancelled flights to and from China:[142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149]

On 31 January, the United States declared the virus a public health emergency. Starting 2 February, all inbound passengers who had been to Hubei in the previous 14 days were put under quarantine for up to 14 days. Any U.S. citizen who had traveled to the rest of mainland China was allowed to continue their travel home if they were asymptomatic, but would be monitored by local health departments.[150]

On 1 February, Vietnam suspended all flights to and from China.[145]

On 2 February, India issued a travel advisory that warned all people residing in India to not travel to China, suspended E-visas from China, and further stated anyone who had traveled to China starting 15 January could be quarantined.[151][non-primary source needed] New Zealand officials announced that New Zealand would deny entry to all travelers from China and that citizens would be ordered to self-isolate for 14 days if they returned to New Zealand from China.[152] Indonesia and Iraq followed by also banning all travelers that visited China within the past 14 days.[152]

On 3 February, Indonesia announced it would ban passenger flights and sea freights to and from China starting on 5 February. In addition, imports of live animals were subject to the same restriction. Minister of Trade Agus Suparmanto said: "We will obviously stop live animals imports from China and are still considering banning other products".[153][154][155] Turkey announced it would suspend all flights from China until the end of February and begin thermally scanning passengers coming from South Asian countries at airports.[156][157]

References

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