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The '''Nazi salute''', also known as '''Hitler salute''' ({{lang-de|Hitlergruß}}, literary Hitler Greeting) or {{lang-de|Deutscher Gruß}}, German Greeting), was a form of [[salute]] gesture in [[Nazi Germany]] that was usually accompanied with an utterance of either ''Heil Hitler'' (literally: Hail Hitler), ''Heil mein Führer'' (Hail my leader), or ''Sieg Heil'' (Hail victory). It was adopted by the Nazi party to indicate subservience to the party's leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and to glorify the German nation and war effort. The salute became a mandatory form of social conduct for civilian and [[Wehrmacht|military personal]]. It was the embodiment of a [[cult of personality]] throughout Nazi Germany. Nowadays, the use of this form of greeting is illegal and constitutes a criminal offence in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]].
The '''Nazi salute''', also known as '''Hitler salute''' ({{lang-de|Hitlergruß}}, literary Hitler Greeting) or {{lang-de|Deutscher Gruß}}, German Greeting), was a form of [[salute]] gesture in [[Nazi Germany]] that was usually accompanied with an utterance of either ''Heil Hitler'' (literally: Hail Hitler), ''Heil mein Führer'' (Hail my leader), or ''Sieg Heil'' (Hail victory). It was adopted by the Nazi party to indicate subservience to the party's leader [[Adolf Hitler]] and to glorify the German nation and war effort. The salute became a mandatory form of social conduct for civilian and [[Wehrmacht|military personal]]. It was the embodiment of a [[cult of personality]] throughout Nazi Germany. Nowadays, the use of this form of greeting is illegal and constitutes a criminal offence in [[Germany]] and [[Austria]].

'''Es lebe Hitler'''


==Description==
==Description==

Revision as of 20:11, 10 March 2010

This article is about the facist salute used in Germany. For fascist salutes in other countries, see Roman salute.
People of Eger, in the Sudetenland (now Cheb, Czech Republic), greet German soldiers with the Hitler salute in October 1938

The Nazi salute, also known as Hitler salute (Template:Lang-de, literary Hitler Greeting) or Template:Lang-de, German Greeting), was a form of salute gesture in Nazi Germany that was usually accompanied with an utterance of either Heil Hitler (literally: Hail Hitler), Heil mein Führer (Hail my leader), or Sieg Heil (Hail victory). It was adopted by the Nazi party to indicate subservience to the party's leader Adolf Hitler and to glorify the German nation and war effort. The salute became a mandatory form of social conduct for civilian and military personal. It was the embodiment of a cult of personality throughout Nazi Germany. Nowadays, the use of this form of greeting is illegal and constitutes a criminal offence in Germany and Austria.

Es lebe Hitler

Description

To salute it was customary to raise the right arm at an angle so that the palm becomes visible.[1] The appropriate phrase that went with it is Heil Hitler or at least Heil. If one saw an acquaintance at a distance, it sufficed to simply raise the right hand.[1] If one encountered a superior, then the right hand was to be fully stretched out, raised to eye-level and at the same time say Heil Hitler.[1] If physical disability prevented the use of the raising of the right arm, then it was correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm.[2] The form Heil mein Führer was designated for direct address of Hitler.[3] The phrase Sieg Heil was used as a chant that was reiterated on public occasions.[3] Written communication would be concluded with Mit deutschem Gruß (with German greeting) Heil Hitler or simply Heil Hitler.[4]

Origins and adoption

See also: Roman salute
Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring performing the salute at a Nazi party rally in Nuremberg (ca. 1928)

The salute gesture is commonly perceived to be based on a ancient Roman custom.[5] But no Roman work of art displays this salute, nor does any Roman text describe it.[5] The gesture and its identification with Roman culture emerged throughout the late 18th and early 19th century in French neoclassic art.[6] This was further manifested in popular culture during the late 19th and early 20th century in plays and films that portrayed the salute as an ancient Roman custom.[7] It included a film called Cabiria that is a based on a screenplay by the Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio.[8] In 1919, d'Annunzio adopted the cinematographically depicted salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume.[9] The salute gesture was soon adopted by the Italian Fascist party.[9]

The verbal greeting Heil became popular within the pan-German movement around 1900.[10] The manner of address Führer was introduced by Georg Ritter von Schönerer, who considered himself leader of the Austrian Germans.[10]

By the autumn of 1923, members of the Nazi Party used the rigid, outstretched right arm salute to greet their leader, while the leader responding by raising his own right hand, but crooked back the elbow, palm opened upwards, in a gesture of acceptance.[11] The Heil Hitler salute, sporadically used by party members since 1923, was made compulsory within the movement in 1926.[2] It functioned both as an expression of commitment within the party and as a demonstrative statement to the outside world.[12] Yet in spite of this demand for the outward display of obedience, the drive to gain acceptance did not go unchallenged, even within the movement.[12] Party members objected to its resemblance to the Roman salute employed by Fascist Italy, and challenged its legitimacy on the grounds that it was not Germanic.[12] In response, efforts were made to establish its pedigree and invent a tradition after the fact.[12]

Rudolph Hess published an article titled "The Fascist Greeting" in June 1928, claiming that the gesture was used as early as 1921, before the Nazi's had heard about the Italian Fascists.[13] He admits in the article that "The NSDAP's introduction of the raised-arm greeting approximately two years ago still gets some people's blood boiling. Its opponents suspect the greeting of being un-Germanic. They accuse it of merely aping the (Italian) Fascists".[14] He goes on to ask "and even if the decree from two years ago (Hess's order that all party members use it) is seen as an adaption of the Fascist gesture, is that really so terrible"?[14] Ian Kershaw points out that Hess did not deny the likely influence from Fascist Italy, even if indeed the salute had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed.[15]

On the night of January 3rd, 1942, Hitler said the following about the origins of the salute:[16]

I made it the salute of the Party long after the Duce had adopted it. I'd read the description of the sitting of the Diet of Worms, in the course of which Luther was greeted with the German salute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with arms, but with peaceful intentions. In the days of Frederick the Great, people still saluted with their hats, with pompous gestures. In the Middle Ages the serfs humbly doffed their bonnets, whilst the noblemen gave the German salute. It was in the Ratskeller at Bremen, about the year 1921, that I first saw this style of salute. It must be regarded as a survival of an ancient custom, which originally signified: "See, I have no weapon in my hand!" I introduced the salute into the Party at our first meeting in Weimar. The SS at once gave it a soldierly style. It's from that moment that our opponents honoured us with the epithet "dogs of Fascists".

— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk

From 1933 to 1945

File:Briefmark Reichsparteitag 1936.jpg
Raised hands in a salute to the swastika on a German stamp commemorating the 1936 Nuremberg Rally.

The compulsory use of the Hitler salute for all public employees followed a directive issued by Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick on July 13, 1933, one day before the ban on all non-Nazi parties.[17] The decree also required the use of the salute during the singing of the national anthem and the Horst-Wessel-Lied.[17] It stipulated that "anyone not wishing to come under suspicion of behaving in a consciously negative fashion will therefore render the Hitler Greeting.[17] A rider to the decree, added two weeks later, stipulated that if physical disability prevented the use of the raising of the right arm, "then it is correct to carry out the Greeting with the left arm."[2] On September 27, prison inmates were forbidden to use the salute[18] as were Jews by 1937.[19]

By the end of 1934, special courts were established to punish those who refused to salute.[20] Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider, faced the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp.[20] Foreigners were not exempt from intimidation. For example, the Portuguese Consul General was beaten by members of the Sturmabteilung for remaing seated in a car and not saluting a procession in Hamburg.[21] Reactions to inappropriate use were not merely violent but sometimes bizarre.[22] For example, a memo dated July 23, 1934 sent to local police stations stated: "There have been reports of traveling vaudeville performers training their monkeys to give the German Greeting....see to it that said animals are destroyed."[22]

Appeal by Fritz Sauckel to show gratitude by using the Hitler salute (ca. 1934)

The salute became an ordinary way life.[23] Postmen used the greeting when they knocked on peoples door to deliver packages or letters.[23] Small metal signs that reminded people to use the Hitler salute were displayed in public squares, on telephone poles, and street lights throughout Germany,.[24] Department store clerks greeted customers with “Heil Hitler, how may I help you?”[23] Dinner guests brought glasses etched with the words "Heil Hitler" as house gifts.[23]

The Nazi salute in school, 1934

Children were indoctrinated at an early age.[25] Kindergarten children were taught to raise their hand to the proper height by hanging their lunch bags across the raised arm of their teacher.[25] At the beginning of first grade primers was a lesson on how to use the greeting.[25] The greeting found its way into fairy tales, including classics like Sleeping Beauty.[25] Students and teachers would salute each another at the beginning and end of the school day, between classes, or whenever an adult entered the classroom.[26]

The Nazi salute was used in the opening ceremony of the 1936 Berlin Olympics by some athletes as they passed by Adolf Hitler in the reviewing stand.[27] This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, Iceland, Italy, and Turkey.[27] The Bulgarian athletes performed the Nazi salute and broke into a goose-step[27]; Turkish athletes maintained the salute all around the track.[28] There is some confusion over the use of the salute, since the stiff-arm Nazi salute could have been mistaken for an Olympic salute, with the right arm held out at a slight angle to the right from the shoulder.[27] According to the American sportswriter Jeremy Schaap, only half of the athletes from Austria performed a Nazi salute while the other half gave an Olympic salute. According to the historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports on whether athletes from France performed a Nazi salute or an Olympic Salute.[28]

General von Stülpnagel saluting in customary Wehrmacht style, January 1941

The Wehrmacht refused to adopt the Hitler salute and was able for a time to maintain its own customs.[29] A compromise edict from the Reich Defense Ministry, released on September 19, 1933, required the Hitler salute of soldiers and uniformed civil servants while singing the Horst Wessel Lied and national anthem, and in non-military encounters both within and outside the Wehrmacht (for example, when greeting members of the civilian government). All other times they were to use their traditional salutes.[29] Only after the July 20 Plot in 1944, were the military forces of the Third Reich ordered to replace the standard military salute with the Hitler salute.[30] The order went into effect on 24 July 1944, four days after the attempt on Hitler's life in Rastenburg.[30]

On the night of January 3rd, 1942, Hitler stated the following about the compromise edict of 1933:[16]

I imposed the German salute for the following reason. I'd given orders, at the beginning, that in the Army I should not be greeted with the German salute. But many people forgot. Fritsch drew his conclusions, and punished all who forgot to give me the military salute, with fourteen days' confinement to barracks. I, in turn, drew my conclusions and introduced the German salute likewise into the Army.

— Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Table Talk

Despite indoctrination and punishment the salute was ridiculed by some people. Since "heil" is also the imperative of "heal" in German, a common joke in Nazi Germany was to reply with "Is he sick?", "Am I a doctor?" or "You heal him!"[31] Jokes were also made by bowdlerizing the phrase. So for example Heil Hitler may become Eine Liter ("One liter").[31] Cabaret performer Karl Valentin would quip "It's lucky that Hitlers name wasn't 'Krauter'. Otherwise, we'd have to go around yelling Heilkrauter ('medicinal herbs')".[31]

The Swing Kids (Template:Lang-de) were a group of middle class teenagers who consciously separated themselves from Nazism and its culture, greeting each other with 'Swing-Heil!' and addressing one another as 'old-hot-boy'.[32] This playful behavior was dangerous for participants in the subculture; on January 2, 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered that the leaders be put in concentration camps to be drilled and beaten.[32]

Satirical use of the salute dates back to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932, photomontage artist John Heartfield used Hitler's modified version, with the hand bent over the shoulder, in a poster that linked Hitler to Big Business. A giant figure representing right-wing capitalists stands behind Hitler, placing money in his hand, suggesting "backhand" donations. The caption is, "the meaning of the Hitler salute" and "Millions stand behind me".[33]

Sieg Heil

A mass rally on Tempelhof field, 1 May 1935

Sieg Heil was a ritualistic chant used at mass rallies, where enthusiastic crowds answered Heil to the call of Sieg ("victory").[34] For example, at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally, Rudof Hess ends his climatic speech with "The Party is Hitler. But Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler. Hitler! Sieg Heil!"[35] In his total war speech delivered in 1943, audiences shouted Sieg Heil as Joseph Goebbels solicited from them "a kind of plebiscitary 'Ja' to self destruction in a war which Germany could by now neither win nor end through negotiated peace".[36]

Hitler's confidant Ernst Hanfstaengel claimed that the chant Sieg Heil, as well as the accompanying arm movement, was a direct copy of a technique used by American football cheerleaders, which he had taught Hitler.[37] He claims to taken the Harvard cheer and "Rah, rah rah! became Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil!"[38]

On 11 March 1945, less then two months before the capitulation of Nazi Germany, a memorial for the dead of the war was held in Marktschellenberg, a small town within the vicinity of Hitler's Berghof residence.[39] The historian Ian Kershaw reports "When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for a Sieg Heil for the Fuhrer, it was returned neither by the Wehrmacht present, nor by the Volkssturm, nor by the spectators of the civilian population who had turned up. This silence of the masses... probably reflects better than anything else, the attitudes of the population."[39]

Reactions elsewhere

File:They salute with both hands now 1934-DLow.png
"They salute with both hands now" A political cartoon in the London Evening Standard 3 July 1934
Charlie Chaplin in The Great Dictator (1940)

In England, the cartoonist David Low caricatured members of the Sturmabteilung during the Operation Hummingbird in 1934 –with their hands raised to surrender– with the caption "They salute with both hands now".[40]

In the United States, Charlie Chaplin produced and directed a comedy film called The Great Dictator that satirised Adolf Hitler and Nazism, by portraying the protagonist Adenoid Hynkel as being obsessed with the salute. The film ridicules the protagonist by for instance letting him pass the famous statues of The Thinker and Venus de Milo that appear in a saluting posture.[41] At the film's first release in October 1940, the United States was still formally at peace with Nazi Germany. After America entered the war, Spike Jones released the derisory song Der Fuehrer's Face, in which Heil was accompanied throughout by blowing a raspberry.[42]

Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute, in the United States, and the Nazi salute, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the United States, instead of the Bellamy salute.[43] This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on 22 June1942.[44]

After 1945

Raised arms to salute the Nazi punk band Batallón de Castigo (2003, Alcalá de Henares, Spain)
File:Producer spngtim 4.jpg
Dancing stormtroopers in Springtime for Hitler (1968)

Today in Germany, the use of Nazi salutes in written form, vocally, and even straight-extending the right arm with or without the phrase are forbidden.[45][46] It is a criminal offense punishable by up to three years of prison (Strafgesetzbuch section 86a).[47][46] Usage for art, teaching and science is exempt from punishment unless "the existence of an insult results from the form of the utterance of the circumstances under which it occurred."[47] Use of the salute also has been forbidden by law in Austria since the end of World War II.

Usage that is "ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting" is exempt, and this exemption has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use of the salute.[48]. One recent case involved Prince Albrecht of Hanover, who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an overly zealous airport baggage inspector.[48] On November 23, 2007, the Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier.[49] The following month, a pensioner named Roland T was given a prison term of five months for training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in a Nazi salute every time the command "Heil Hitler!" was uttered.[50]

Versions of the salute are used by neo-Nazis, who also use the number 88 to stand for "Heil Hitler" (the 8 standing for H, the eighth letter of the alphabet).[51] One version is the so-called Kühnen salute with extended thumb, index and middle finger, also forbidden in Germany.[52]

Satirical displays of the salute continued after the war. In Mel Brooks comedy film The Producers, the Hitler salute is performed as a can-can dance in his fictional play Springtime for Hitler.[53] The fictional character Dr. Strangelove, played by Peter Sellers in the homonymous movie produced by Stanley Kubrick, had a mechanical arm which would independently spring into a Nazi salute (when not attempting to strangle its owner).[54]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Grunberger, Richard (1995). The 12-year Reich: a social history of Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 (illustrated ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306806606, 9780306806605. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  2. ^ a b c Kershaw (2001), p. 26
  3. ^ a b Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (2008). Hitler Youth, 1922-1945: An Illustrated History (illustrated ed.). McFarland. p. 70. ISBN 0786439351, 9780786439355. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 15
  5. ^ a b Wnkler (2009) p. 2
  6. ^ Winkler (2009), pp. 42-56
  7. ^ Winkler (2009), pp 70-101
  8. ^ Winkler (2009), pp. 74-101
  9. ^ a b Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000). Fascist spectacle: the aesthetics of power in Mussolini's Italy. Studies on the history of society and culture. Vol. 28 (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 110–113. ISBN 0520226771, 9780520226777. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  10. ^ a b Mommsen, Hans (2003). The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918-1945. German Historical Perspectives. Vol. Volume 12. Berg Publishers. p. 28. ISBN 859736270, 9781859736272. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  11. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2005). "The Rize of Nazism". The Coming of the Third Reich (reprint, illustrated ed.). Penguin Group. pp. 184–185. ISBN 0143034693, 9780143034698. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  12. ^ a b c d Tilman (2009), p. 55
  13. ^ Tilman (2009), pp.55-56
  14. ^ a b Tilman (2009), p. 56
  15. ^ Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1889-1936: hubris (illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 294, 689. ISBN 0393320359, 9780393320350. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  16. ^ a b Hitler, Adolf (2000-10-01). Bormann, Martin (ed.). Hitler's Table Talk 1941-1944. trans. Cameron, Norman; Stevens, R.H. Preface and Introduction: The Mind of Adolf Hitler by H.R. Trevor-Roper (3rd ed.). London: Enigma Books. pp. 172–173. ISBN 1929631057.
  17. ^ a b c Kershaw (2001) p.60
  18. ^ Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES. (September 27, 1933). "Nazi Salute Banned in Prisons". The New York Times. p. 12. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
  19. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 51
  20. ^ a b Tilman (2009), p. 61
  21. ^ Shore, Zachary (2003). What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 33. ISBN 0195154592, 9780195154597. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  22. ^ a b Tilman (2009), p. 60
  23. ^ a b c d Tilman (2009), p. 33
  24. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 34
  25. ^ a b c d Tilman (2009), p. 35
  26. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 38
  27. ^ a b c d Schaap, Jeremy (2007). Triumph: the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0618688226, 9780618688227. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  28. ^ a b Mandell, Richard D. (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Sports and society (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. 149. ISBN 0252013255, 9780252013256. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  29. ^ a b Tilman (2009) pp. 80-82
  30. ^ a b Tilman (2009), p.82
  31. ^ a b c Tilman (2009), p. 44
  32. ^ a b Willett, Ralph (May, 1989). "Hot Swing and the Dissolute Life: Youth, Style and Popular Music in Europe 1939-49". Popular Music. Vol. 8 (No. 2). Cambridge University Press: 161. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); |volume= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ Jay, Martin (2001). "From Modernism to Post-Modernism". In T. C. W. Blanning (ed.). The Oxford illustrated history of modern Europe. Oxford Illustrated Histories (illustrated, reissue ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0192854267, 9780192854261. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  34. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 32
  35. ^ Kershaw (2001), p. 69
  36. ^ Kershaw (2000), pp. 561-562
  37. ^ Conradi, Peter (2004). Hitler's piano player: the rise and fall of Ernst Hanfstaengl, confidant of Hitler, ally of FDR (illustrated ed.). Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 45. ISBN 078671283X, 9780786712830. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  38. ^ Hanfstaengl, Ernst (1994). Hitler: the missing years (reprint, illustrated ed.). Arcade Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 1559702788, 9781559702782. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  39. ^ a b Kershaw (2000), p. 766
  40. ^ Kelly, Nigel (1995). The twentieth century world. Heinemann History Study Units Series (illustrated ed.). Heinemann. p. 46. ISBN 0435312928, 9780435312923. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Schechter, Joel (1994). Satiric impersonations: from Aristophanes to the Guerrilla Girls (illustrated ed.). SIU Press,. p. 67. ISBN 0809318687, 9780809318681. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  42. ^ Taruskin, Richard (2009). Music in the Late Twentieth Century. Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. Volume 5 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 505. ISBN 0195384857, 9780195384857. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  43. ^ Bishop, Ronald (2007). "A Case of First Impression". Taking on the Pledge of Allegiance: the news media and Michael Newdow's Constitutional challenge. SUNY Press. p. 27. ISBN 0791471810, 9780791471814. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  44. ^ Leepson, Marc (2006). Flag: An American Biography. Macmillan. p. 171. ISBN 0312323093.
  45. ^ "Rechtsextremismus - Straftaten". hagalil.com. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  46. ^ a b Tilman (2009), pp. 94-95
  47. ^ a b "Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)". Federal Law Gazette I,. 13 November 1998. pp. p. 945, p. 3322. Retrieved 14 February 2010. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  48. ^ a b Tilman (2009), p. 95
  49. ^ "Sechs Monate für Hitlergruß" (in German). Die Zeit/dpa. 23 November 2007.
  50. ^ Paterson, Tony (December 21, 2007). "Dog's Nazi salute lands owner in jail for five months". The Independent. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  51. ^ Tilman (2009), p. 94
  52. ^ "Kühnengruß oder sechs Bier bei FPÖ-Parteitag?" (in German). Kleine Zeitung. 27 May, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Second paragraph The Kühnengruß is regarded as a variation of the Hitler salute. In the right arm with three fingers spread is stretched. In Austria, unlike Germany, the salute is not prohibited.
  53. ^ Finney, Gail (2006). Visual culture in twentieth-century Germany: text as spectacle. Indiana University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0253347181, 9780253347183. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  54. ^ Goodchild, Peter (2004). Edward Teller, the real Dr. Strangelove (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. xxi. ISBN 0674016696, 9780674016699. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

References

  • Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1936-45 : Nemesis (illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393049949, 9780393049947. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Kershaw, Ian (2001). The "Hitler myth": image and reality in the Third Reich (2, reissue ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192802062, 9780192802064. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  • Allert, Tilman (April 2009). The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture (Picador ed.). Picador. ISBN 0312428308, 9780312428303. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press,. ISBN 0814208649, 9780814208649. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)


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