New York City Subway: Difference between revisions

New York City Subway
New York City Subway
	Top: A number 6 train made up of R142A cars enters the Parkchester station.; Bottom: An E train made up of R160A cars waits for passengers at the 42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal station.
Overview
Owner	City of New York
Locale	New York City
Transit type	Rapid transit
Number of lines	34 physical lines; (1 under construction); 24 services; (1 planned)
Number of stations	472 (MTA total count); 423 (when compared to international standards); 5 under construction; 14 planned
Daily ridership	5,465,034 (weekdays, 2013); 3,243,495 (Saturdays, 2013); 2,563,022 (Sundays, 2013)
Annual ridership	1,707,555,714 (2013)
Website	MTA Subway
Operation
Began operation	October 27, 1904; (first underground section); July 3, 1868; (first elevated, rapid transit operation); October 9, 1863; (first railroad operation)
Operator(s)	New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA)
Number of vehicles	6,325
Technical
System length	232 mi (373 km); (route length); 656 mi (1,056 km); (track length, revenue); 842 mi (1,355 km); (track length, total)
Track gauge	4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification	625V (DC) third rail (600V third rail for some lines)
System map

Browse history interactively

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The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority,^[5] a subsidiary agency of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. It is one of the largest public transportation systems in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation (423, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations).^[1] The New York City Subway is also one of the world's oldest public transit systems. Overall, the system contains 232 miles (373 km) of routes,^[3]^[4] translating into 656 miles (1,056 km) of revenue track;^[4]^[6] and a total of 842 miles (1,355 km) including non-revenue trackage.^[4] In 2013, the subway delivered over 1.71 billion rides,^[7] averaging approximately 5.5 million rides on weekdays, about 3.2 million rides on Saturdays, and about 2.6 million rides on Sundays. Ridership has been consistently increasing over the last several years, especially because of rising gas prices and the subway's energy efficiency.^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

By annual ridership, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit rail system in the United States and in the Americas, as well as the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world; the metro (subway) systems in Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai, Moscow, Tokyo, and Guangzhou record a higher annual ridership.^[13] It offers rail service 24 hours per day and every day of the year.^[14]

Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. While Staten Island does have a rail line, the Staten Island Railway, it is not officially considered part of the subway, and does not have any direct rail link with the subway system, so any passengers wishing to visit another borough must take a ferry or bus.

All services pass through Manhattan except for the G, Franklin Avenue Shuttle and Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, and a few stretches of track run at ground level. In total, 40% is at or above ground.

Many lines and stations have both express and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations. The BMT Jamaica Line uses skip-stop service on portions, where two services (J and {{NYCS}Z}} trains) operate over the line during rush hours in the peak direction and many stations are only served by one of the two.

History

A demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City was first built by Alfred Ely Beach in 1869. His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet (95 m) under Broadway in Lower Manhattan and exhibited his idea for a subway propelled by pneumatic tube technology. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery and northwards towards the Harlem River.^[15] The Beach subway was demolished when the BMT Broadway Line was built in the 1910s; thus, it was not integrated into the New York City Subway system.

The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27, 1904, almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, that of the BMT West End Line, was in use in 1863 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road.

By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city was closely involved: all lines built for the IRT and most other lines built or improved for the BRT after 1913 were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down, but kept within the core of the City due to the low amount of startup capital provided to the municipal Board of Transportation, the later MTA, by the state.^[5] This required it to be run 'at cost', necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time.^[16]

In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city and some elevated lines closed immediately while others closed soon after. Integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, and now operate as one division called the B Division. Since the IRT tunnel segments are too small and stations too narrow to accommodate B Division cars, and contain curves too sharp for B Division cars, the IRT remains its own division, A Division.

The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), a public authority presided by New York City, was created in 1953 to take over subway, bus, and streetcar operations from the city, and placed under control of the state-level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968.

File:Cortlandt St station demolished.jpg

The Cortlandt Street station partially collapsed as a result of the collapse of the World Trade Center.

In 1934, transit workers of the BRT, IRT, and IND founded the Transport Workers Union of America, organized as Local 100. Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor union. Since the union's founding, there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA, 12 days in 1966, 11 days in 1980, and three days in 2005.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was at an all-time low.^[17]^[18] Ridership had dropped to 1910s levels, and graffiti and crime was rampant on the subway; in general, the subway was very poorly maintained during that time, with delays and track problems common. Still, the NYCTA managed to open six new subway stations during that time, as well as order 1,775 new, graffiti-free subway cars, and things had improved by the early 1990s.^[18]

The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan, particularly the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line, which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center between the Chambers Street and Rector Street stations. Sections of the tunnel, as well as the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the Twin Towers, were severely damaged by the collapse and had to be rebuilt, requiring suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street. Ten other nearby stations were closed while dust and debris were cleaned up. By March 2002, seven of those stations had reopened. The rest (except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) reopened on September 15, 2002, along with service south of Chambers Street.^[19]^[20]

Construction methods

When the IRT subway debuted in 1904, the typical tunnel construction method was cut-and-cover. The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above. This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface. However, mining shields were required for deeper sections, such as the Harlem and East River tunnels, which used cast-iron tubes, segments between 33rd and 42nd streets under Park Avenue, 116th Street and 120th Street under Broadway, and 145th Street and Dyckman Street (Fort George) under Broadway and Saint Nicholas Avenue as well as the tunnel from 96th Street to Central Park North – 110th Street & Lenox Avenue, all of which used either rock or concrete-lined tunnels.^[21]

About 40% of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks, including steel or cast iron elevated structures, concrete viaducts, embankments, open cuts and surface routes. All of these construction methods are completely grade-separated from road and pedestrian crossings, and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade-separated with flying junctions. The sole exceptions of at-grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 135th Street junction and the Myrtle Avenue junction, whose tracks both intersect at the same level.

More recent projects use tunnel boring machines (construction with which comes at a higher cost than construction with cut-and-cover does) to build the subway tunnels to minimize disruption at street level, but also to avoid already existing utilities.^[22] Examples of such projects include the extension of the IRT Flushing Line^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] and the IND Second Avenue Line.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Expansions, current and proposed

Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904, various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system. One of the better known proposals was the "Second System," which was part of a plan by the Independent Subway to construct new subway lines in addition and take over existing subway lines and railroad right-of-ways. Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction, discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines, to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding, the most notable being the Second Avenue Subway. Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s, and expansion plans were proposed in 1910, 1922, 1926, 1929, 1938–40, 1951, 1968, 1996, 1998, and 2007.

The most grandiose plan, conceived in 1929, was to be part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND). By 1939, with unification planned, all three systems were included. Many different plans were proposed at one time or another, but the onset of World War II killed nearly all plans for subway expansion.^[31] As this grandiose expansion was not built, the subway system is only 3⁄4 of what it was planned to be.

Magnificently engineered, almost entirely underground, with 670 feet (200 m) platforms and flying junctions throughout, the IND system tripled the City's rapid transit debt, ironically contributing to the demise of plans for an ambitious expansion proposed before the first line of the first system was even opened.

Due to this debt, after the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed, only 28 new stations were built. Five stations were on the abandoned NYW&B-operated IRT Dyre Avenue Line, fourteen stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch (now the IND Rockaway Line), six were on the Archer Avenue Lines and 63rd Street Lines (built as part of a 1968 plan), two stations (57th Street and Grand Street) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection, and the Harlem – 148th Street terminal. Four stations (the 34th Street station on the 7 Subway Extension and the three stations on the Second Avenue Subway) are under construction with up to 14 more planned.^{[note 1]} However, the stations under construction alone cost $6 billion, reflecting the scale of the debt that the IND brought the city into.

Lines and routes

Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings, so that a train "line" is more or less synonymous with a train "route". In New York, routings change often as new connections are opened or service patterns change. Within the nomenclature of the subway, the "line" describes the physical railroad track or series of tracks that a train "route" uses on its way from one terminal to another. "Routes" (also called "services") are distinguished by a letter or a number and "Lines" have names. They are also designations for trains, as exemplified in the Billy Strayhorn song Take the "A" Train.

There are 24 train services in the subway system, including three short shuttles. Each route has a color and a local or express designation representing the Manhattan trunk line of the particular service. The color light green is exclusively assigned to the Crosstown Line route, which operates entirely outside Manhattan, while the shuttles are all assigned dark gray.^[32] The current color system depicted on official subway maps was proposed by R. Raleigh D'Adamo, a lawyer who entered a contest sponsored by the Transit Authority in 1964. D'Adamo proposed replacing a map that used only three colors (representing the three operating entities of the subway network) with a map that used a different color for each service. D'Adamo's contest entry shared first place with two others and led to the Transit Authority adopting a multi-colored scheme.^[33] The lines and services are not referred to by color (e.g., Blue Line or Green Line).^[34]^[35]

The 1, 6, 7, C, G, L, M and R trains are fully local; making all stops. The 2, 3, 4, 5, <6>, <7>, A, B, D, E, F, N and Q trains have portions of express and local service. The J train normally operates local, but during rush hours it is joined by the Z train in the peak direction. Both run local, express or skip-stop on different parts of their route. The letter S is used for three shuttle services: Franklin Avenue Shuttle, Rockaway Park Shuttle, and 42nd Street Shuttle.^[36]

Though the subway system operates on a 24-hour basis, some of the designated routes do not run, run as a shorter route (often referred to as the 'shuttle train' version of its full-length counterpart) or run with a different stopping pattern during late night hours (usually indicated by smaller, secondary route signage on station platforms). In addition to these regularly scheduled changes, because there is no nightly system shutdown for maintenance, tracks and stations must be maintained while the system is operating. To accommodate such work, services are usually changed during midday, overnight hours, and weekends.^[37]

When a line is temporarily shut-down for construction purposes, the transit authority substitutes free shuttle buses (using New York City Bus rolling stock) in place of it.^[38]

The transit authority announces planned service changes through its website,^[39] via placards that are posted on station and interior subway-car walls,^[40] and through its Twitter page.^[41]

Trunk lines

Primary Trunk line	Color^[42]^[43]	Pantone ^[44]	Service bullets
IND Eighth Avenue Line	Vivid blue	PMS 286
IND Sixth Avenue Line	Bright orange	PMS 165
IND Crosstown Line	Lime green	PMS 376
BMT Canarsie Line	Light slate gray	50% black
BMT Nassau Street Line	Terra cotta brown	PMS 154
BMT Broadway Line	Sunflower yellow	PMS 116
IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line	Tomato red	PMS 185
IRT Lexington Avenue Line	Apple green	PMS 355
IRT Flushing Line	Raspberry	PMS Purple
Shuttles	Dark slate gray	70% black	Template:NYCS-bull-small

Routes

A Division (IRT) consists of:

Route	Name
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway – Seventh Avenue Local
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway – Seventh Avenue Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway – Seventh Avenue Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Lexington Avenue Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Lexington Avenue Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small Template:NYCS-bull-small	Lexington Avenue Local (Pelham Local/Express)
Template:NYCS-bull-small Template:NYCS-bull-small	Flushing Local/Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small	42nd Street Shuttle

B Division (BMT/IND) consists of:

Route	Name	Route	Name
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Eighth Avenue Express	Template:NYCS-bull-small	14 Street – Canarsie Local
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Sixth Avenue Express	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Sixth Avenue Local
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Eighth Avenue Local	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway Local
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Sixth Avenue Express	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway Express
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Eighth Avenue Local	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Broadway Local
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Sixth Avenue Local	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Franklin Avenue Shuttle
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Crosstown Local	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Rockaway Park Shuttle
Template:NYCS-bull-small	Nassau Street Local	Template:NYCS-bull-small	Nassau Street Express

Subway map

The current official transit maps of the New York City Subway are based on a 1979 design by Michael Hertz Associates. The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system (i.e. Manhattan being the smallest borough, but having the most services), but are known to help tourists navigate the city, as major city streets are shown alongside the subway stations serving them. The newest edition of the subway map, which took effect on June 27, 2010, reflects the latest service changes and also makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller.^[45]^[46] A late night-only version of the map was introduced on January 30, 2012.^[47]

Part of the reason for the current incarnation is that earlier diagrams of the subway (the first being produced in 1958), while being more aesthetically pleasing, had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today. The design of the subway map by Massimo Vignelli, published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979, has since become recognized in design circles as a modern classic; however, the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements.^[48]^[49]

On September 16, 2011, the MTA introduced a Vignelli-style interactive subway map, called "The Weekender",^[50] to its website.^[51] As the title suggests,^[52] it is a way for riders to get information about any planned work, from late Friday night to early Monday morning, that is going on either on a service(s) or station(s) of the subway during the weekend only.^[53]^[54] On June 11, 2012, the MTA duplicated "The Weekender" site as a free mobile app download for iOS.^[55]^[56] On November 29, 2012, an Android version of the app was released.^[57]

There are several privately produced schematics which are available online or in published form, such as those by Hagstrom Map.^[58] Additionally, the New York City subway map has served as the subject of artistic endeavors. Among these are works by Fadeout Design and by Alexander Chen.^[59]^[60]

Late night subway service map
The official map
Old official map designed by George Salomon
The NYC Subway map as a theme of art

Stations, facilities, and amenities

7 train arriving at Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue station (43s)

Most of the 472 stations are served 24 hours a day.^[62]

Station and concourse

Many stations have mezzanines. These allow for passengers to enter from multiple entrances and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross the street before entering. They also allow for crossover between the uptown and downtown platforms.

Passengers enter a subway station through stairs towards station booths and vending machines to buy their fare, which is currently stored in a MetroCard. After swiping the card at a turnstile, customers continue to the platforms. Some subway lines in northern Manhattan and the other boroughs have elevated tracks to which passengers climb up to the platforms and station houses via stairs, escalators, or elevators.

Globe lamps

At most of the system's entrances and exits sits a lamp post or two bearing a colored spherical lamp. These lights were once used to indicate the station's availability. A green lamp means that the station is open and running 24 hours a day, while a red lamp means that it is an exit-only or part-time. A yellow lamp once indicated a part-time station, but in an attempt to simplify the system, was eventually phased out and replaced by red lamps, now indicating both a part-time entrance and exit-only. With the introduction of the MetroCard in 1994, some station entrance/exit configurations have been changed by merging some entrances and exits, thus making this light system no longer accurate.^[63]

Platforms

A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 500 to 600 feet (150 to 180 m) long, though some IND platforms may be as long as 660 to 745 feet (201 to 227 m) long.^[64] Due to the large number of transit lines, one platform or set of platforms often serve more than one service. Passengers need to look at the overhead signs at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when, and at the arriving train to see which one it is.

There are a number of common platform configurations:

On a double track line, a station may have one center island platform used for trains in both directions, or 2 side platforms, one for a train in each direction.
For lines with three or four tracks with express service, local stops will have side platforms and the middle one or two tracks will not stop at the station. On these lines, express stations have two island platforms, one for the local and express in one direction, and another for the local and express in the other direction. Each island platform provides a cross-platform interchange between local and express services. Almost everywhere expresses run, they run on the inner one (of 3) or two (of 4) tracks and locals run on the outer two tracks. In a 3-track configuration, the center express track can be used toward the center of the city in the morning and away from the center in the afternoon and evening, though not every 3-track line has that express service.

Three four-track express stations have an island platform for the center express tracks and two side platforms for the outside local tracks. These three stations are connected to major railroad stations and the next station along the line is also an express station with the more common platform configuration. The purpose of splitting the platforms is to limit overcrowding by preventing cross-platform interchanges between local and express services. This occurs at Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center on the IRT Eastern Parkway Line (2, 3, 4, and 5 trains) with the adjacent express station Nevins Street, where the connection is to the Atlantic Terminal of the Long Island Rail Road; and 34th Street – Penn Station on both the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line (1, 2, and 3 trains) and IND Eighth Avenue Line (A, C, and E trains), with adjacent express stations at Times Square – 42nd Street and 42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal, where a connection is available to Pennsylvania Station, one of the two major Manhattan train stations. This does not occur with the connection to New York's other major station, Grand Central Terminal, at Grand Central on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4, 5, 6, and <6> trains), which has no adjacent express station.

There is one notable six-track local station, DeKalb Avenue, where trains to or from the Manhattan Bridge (B and D N and Q) either stop at the outer tracks of one of the island platforms, or pass through and bypass the station on the middle tracks ("express tracks") (D and N). Trains to or from the Montague Street Tunnel (N, R, and W) stop across the platform from the respective outer track, between the outer and bypass tracks.

Artwork

Many stations are decorated with intricate ceramic tile work, some of it dating back to 1904 when the subway first opened. The subway tile artwork tradition continues in a Percent for Art program.

File:Nereid Av IRT SB plat jeh.jpg

The "Arts for Transit" program oversees art in the subway system.^[65] Permanent installations, such as sculpture, mosaics, and murals; photographs displayed in lightboxes encourage people to use mass transit.^[66]^[67] In addition, commissioned art displayed in stations and "art cards", some displaying poetry, are in many of the trains themselves in unused advertisement fixture slots. Some of the art is by internationally known artists such as Elizabeth Murray's Blooming, displayed at Lexington Avenue / 59th Street station.^[68]

Accessibility

Since the majority of the system was built before 1990, the year the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) went into effect, many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be handicapped-accessible. Since then, elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA. (Most grade-level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards.) In addition, the MTA identified "key stations", high-traffic and/or geographically important stations, which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated.^[69] As of June 2011, there are 89 currently accessible stations; many of them have AutoGate access.^[70]^[71]^[72]

Entertainment

Since 1987, MTA has sponsored the "Music Under New York" (MUNY) program^[73] in which street musicians enter a competitive contest to be assigned to the preferred high traffic locations. Each year, applications are reviewed and approximately 70 eligible performers are selected and contacted to participate in live auditions held for one day.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]

At present, more than 100 soloists and groups participate in MUNY providing over 150 weekly performances at 25 locations throughout the transit system. For example Natalia Paruz, a musical saw player, plays at Union Square.

In addition, any musician/entertainer may perform in subway mezzanines and platforms. On platforms, there may be no amplifications as this is part of MTA policies:^[79]

The New York City Transit (NYCT) is a subdivision of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) that operates the city's subways and buses. The NYCT authorizes these types of free expression in subway stations: "Public speaking; distribution of written materials; solicitation for charitable, religious or political causes; and artist performances, including the acceptance of donations."

Performers must not be within 25 feet (7.6 m) of a token booth or 50 feet (15 m) from an MTA office/tower, blocking access to an escalator, stairwell, or elevator, interfering with transit services or passenger movement; or in an area where construction is occurring. In addition, performance is prohibited during public service announcements and may be no louder than 85 dBA at 5 feet (1.5 m) away or 70 dBa at 2 feet (0.61 m) from a token booth. Performances are prohibited in subway cars.

Restrooms

Restrooms are rare in the subway system as only 129 open restrooms are in 77 of the system's 472 stations.^[80] Most station restrooms previously open to the public have been closed to the public and converted to storage spaces or for employee use only. However, there are a few major stations that have operating restrooms, including on the concourses of 42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal; Chambers Street; 57th Street – Seventh Avenue; Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue; and Lexington Avenue/59th Street.^[81] The majority of restrooms in the New York City Subway are found in express and transfer stations, at ADA-accessible stations, and at terminals, though not all of the aforementioned types of stations have restrooms.^[82]

Future subway stations will have restrooms, including 34th Street on the IRT Flushing Line^[83] and the three Second Avenue Subway stations.^[84]

Retail

Some platforms have newspaper stands that sell various items including newspapers and food. The MTA also installed retail spaces within paid areas in selected stations, including the station concourses of the Times Square complex and the Sixth Avenue concourse at 42nd Street – Bryant Park.

According to the MTA, the New York City Subway is home to 345 retail spaces, making over US$70 million in rent and licensing fees in 2009 for the authority. It is continuing to make efforts in attracting more diverse retailers and vendors to set up shop in the subway system.^[85]

Connections

Rapid transit and rail connections are available at designated stations to Amtrak, Long Island Rail Road, AirTrain JFK, Metro-North Railroad, New Jersey Transit and PATH. Connections to the Staten Island Ferry and privately operated ferries such as NY Waterway and New York Water Taxi, as well as intercity and commuter bus lines at the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal, are also available. Free MetroCard-only transfers to buses are available to MTA New York City Transit buses (including the bus rapid transit Select Bus Service), MTA Bus Company, NICE buses (Nassau County) and Bee-Line buses (Westchester County).

Rolling stock

As of June 2011, the New York City Subway has 6,292 cars on the roster.^[86] A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars, although shuttles can have as few as two, and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 m) in length.

The system maintains two separate fleets of cars, one for the A Division routes and another for the B Division routes. All B Division equipment is about 10 feet (3.05 m) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) or 75 feet (22.86 m) long whereas A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches (2.67 m) wide and 51 feet 4 inches (15.65 m) long. There is also a special fleet of B Division cars that is used for operation in the BMT Eastern Division, consisting of R32/R42 cars in married pairs and R143/R160A cars in four-car sets. Due to clearance issues on various sharp curves, 75-foot (22.86 m) long cars are not permitted on BMT Eastern Division trackage.

Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter “R” followed by a number; e.g.: R32. This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased. Cars with nearby contract numbers (e.g.: R1 through R9, or R26 through R29, or R143 through R160B) may be relatively identical, despite being purchased under different contracts and possibly built by different manufacturers.

The MTA has been incorporating newer subway cars into its stock since the late 1990s. Since 1999, the R142, R142A, R143, R160, and R188 cars have been placed into service.^[87]^[88] These cars feature recorded announcements for station information, closing doors, and other general messages in lieu of conductor announcements, although live conductor announcements can still be made. The recordings began in the late 1990s and featured Bloomberg Radio on-air speakers, who volunteered at the request of their employer and then-future city mayor Michael Bloomberg. Voices include Jessica Ettinger Gottesman, Diane Thompson, Charlie Pellett, and Catherine Cowdery. With regards to why certain messages are voiced by males and others by females, MTA spokesperson Gene Sansone said in 2006 that, “Most of the orders are given by a male voice, while informational messages come from females. Even though this happened by accident, it is a lucky thing because a lot of psychologists agree that people are more receptive to orders from men and information from women”.^[89]

On March 24, 2012, the MTA announced that it ordered 300 R179 subway cars from Bombardier.^[90]^[91] The total price of the contract is US$599 million, with the first test train arriving in late 2014.

Fares

NYCTA tokens; from left to right: 1953-1970; 1970-1980; 1979-1980; 1980-1986; 1986-1995; 1995-2003

Riders pay a single fare to enter the subway system and may transfer between trains at no extra cost until they exit via station turnstiles; the fare is a flat rate regardless of how far or how long the rider travels.^[92] Thus, riders must swipe their MetroCard upon entering the subway system, but not a second time upon leaving.^[93]

As of 2013^[update], nearly all fares are paid by MetroCard; the base fare is $2.50 when purchased in the form of a reusable "pay per ride" MetroCard.^[94] Single-use cards may be purchased for $2.75, and 7-day and 30-day unlimited ride cards can lower the effective per-ride fare significantly.^[93] Reduced fares are available for the elderly and people with disabilities.^[95]

Token and change

From the inauguration of IRT subway services in 1904^[96] until the unified system of 1948 (including predecessor BMT and IND subway services), the fare for a ride on the subway of any length was 5 cents (nickel). On July 1, 1948, the fare was increased to 10 cents (dime), and since then has steadily risen. When the New York City Transit Authority was created in July 1953, the fare was raised to 15 cents and a token issued. Until April 13, 2003, riders paid the fare with tokens purchased from a station attendant. The tokens were changed periodically as prices changed. For the 75th anniversary of the subway in 1979 (also called the Diamond Jubilee), a special token with a small off-center diamond cutout and engraved images of a 1904 subway car and kiosk were issued. Many were purchased for keepsakes and were not used for rides. The last iteration of tokens featured a hole in the middle and phased out in 2003 when the fare rose to $2.^[97]

Token sucking

It was a common scam to circumvent the payment of fares by jamming the token slot in an entrance gate with paper. A passenger would insert a token into the turnstile, be frustrated when it did not open the gate, and have to spend another token to enter at another gate. A token thief would then suck the token from the jammed slot with their mouth. This could be repeated many times as long as no police officers spotted the activity. Some token booth attendants sprinkled chili powder in the slots to discourage "token sucking".^[98] Token sucking (also known as stuff 'n' suck) was charged under theft of services, criminal tampering and criminal mischief.^[99]

Token War with Connecticut

Transit riders discovered in the early 1980s that tokens purchased for use in the Connecticut Turnpike toll booths were of the same size and weight as New York City subway tokens. Since they cost less than one third as much, they began showing up in subway collection boxes regularly.^[100] Connecticut authorities initially agreed to change the size of their tokens,^[101] but later reneged and the problem went unsolved until 1985, when Connecticut discontinued the tolls on its turnpike.^[102] At that time, the MTA was paid 17.5 cents for each of more than two million tokens that had been collected during the three-year "token war".^[102]

MetroCard

In 1993, the subway system introduced a fare system called the MetroCard, which allows riders to use cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a station booth clerk or vending machine. The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001. With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998 (for 7-day and 30-day periods, later 1-day "Fun Pass" and 14-day periods, both of which have been discontinued), the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States with the exception of BART in San Francisco to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel.^[103]

In January 2014, the MTA stated that it wants to implement a contactless fare system to replace the MetroCard by 2019.^[104]^[105]^[106]

Renovation and expansion plans

Current expansion projects include the:

Second Avenue Subway on the Upper East Side of Manhattan
7 Subway Extension to the west side of Manhattan
Fulton Center in Lower Manhattan^[107]^[108]^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112]

In August 2006, the MTA revealed that all future subway stations, including ones built for the Second Avenue Subway and Flushing Line extension, will have platforms outfitted with air-cooling systems.

Operations

In the early 21st century, plans resurfaced for a major expansion, the Second Avenue Subway. This line had been planned in the 1920s, but was delayed several times since. Construction was started in the 1970s, but discontinued due to the city's fiscal crisis. Some small portions remain intact in Chinatown, the East Village, and the Upper East Side, but they are each quite short and thus remain unused.^[113]

FASTRACK

In 2012, the MTA introduced a new maintenance program, FASTRACK, to speed up repair work. This program involves a more drastic approach than previous construction, and completely shuts down a major portion of a line for four consecutive weeknights.^[114] According to the MTA, this new program proved much more efficient and quick than regular service changes, especially because it happened at night and not the weekend, when most transit closures had occurred before.^[115] In 2012 the program only closed lines in Midtown and Lower Manhattan,^[116]^{[note 4]} while in 2013 it expanded to other corridors requiring minimal shuttle buses^[117]^{[note 5]} and in 2014 to even more locations.^[118] There are corridors scheduled for 2014 during 24 weeks of the year.^{[note 6]}

Technology

Train arrival "countdown clocks"

In 2003, the MTA signed a $160 million contract with Siemens Transportation Systems to install digital next-train arrival message boards, called Public Address/Customer Information Screens (PA/CIS) at 158 of its IRT stations.^[119] These signs were to be different from the current LED signs that display the current date and time. However, many problems arose with the software used in Siemens programming, and the MTA stopped payment to the company in May 2006.^[120] The MTA threatened to drop Siemens, but about a month later Siemens announced they had fixed the problem. The signs were scheduled to begin operation in late 2007.^[121]

A different system was eventually developed, tested, and installed successfully on the L train.^[122] In 2008, system-wide roll-out was pushed back to 2011, with the MTA citing technical problems.^[123]^[124] However, in December 2009 an initial trial was implemented at three stations along the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6> trains) in the Bronx.^[125] The announcements are voiced by radio traffic reporter Bernie Wagenblast^[126] and Carolyn Hopkins.^[127] As of March 9, 2011, the system is now active in about 110 stations all over the New York City Subway.^[128]^[129]^[130]^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134] By the end of 2011, the program was expanded to 153 IRT stations and the 24 BMT Canarsie Line stations.^[135] Installation of countdown clocks in 22 IRT Flushing Line and 5 IRT Dyre Avenue Line stations is expected to be complete by 2016. The delays in implementing countdown clocks on the IRT Flushing Line are the result of CBTC signal upgrades, while on the IRT Dyre Avenue Line, the delays were attributed to signal work modernizations.^[136] Installation of countdown clocks on the other 267 B Division stations will be funded as part of the 2015–2019 capital program.^[136] It is of note that five stations on the BMT Astoria Line,^[137] thirteen stations on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, three stations on the BMT Broadway Line, and nineteen stations on the IND Eighth Avenue Line have similar, but more simple, forms of countdown clocks.^[135]

2006 PayPass only trial

The MTA signed a deal with MasterCard in the first few months of 2006 to test out a new RFID card payment scheme.^[138] Customers had to sign up at a special MasterCard website and use a MasterCard PayPass credit or debit card/tag to participate. Participating stations included:^[139]

IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4, 5, 6, and <6> trains) from both 138th Street stations in the Bronx to Borough Hall, Brooklyn,
Court Square – 23rd Street in Queens for the E and M trains,
and Court Square for the 7 and <7> trains.

Originally scheduled to end in December 2006, the MTA extended the trial due to "overwhelming positive response".^[140]

2010 PayPass and PayWave trial

In light of the success of the first Paypass pilot project in 2006, another trial was started by the MTA. This one started on June 1, 2010, and ended on November 30, 2010. The first two months started with the customer just using the MasterCard PayPass debit or credit card.^[141]^[142]^[143]^[144]^[145] However, this trial was the debut of having a rider use the VISA PayWave debit or credit card to enter the system, which started on August 1, 2010.^[146] For six months, a rider could use either a MasterCard Paypass or VISA PayWave credit/debit card to pay for a fare on the following locations or routes:

the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4, 5, 6, and <6> trains) from 138th Street – Grand Concourse or Third Avenue – 138th Street stations in the Bronx to Borough Hall station in Brooklyn,
the M14, M23, M79, M86, M101, M102, M103 New York City Transit local bus routes, and the BxM7 MTA Bus express bus route,
most of the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) train stations (except for Christopher Street and 9th Street); and,
#6 (Ocean Avenue – Journal Square), #80 (Newark Avenue), and #87 (King Drive) New Jersey Transit bus routes.
A new route service was added at an unknown date. Here, one can now try this trial to use the Newark Liberty International Airport's AirTrain monorail system to terminals A, B, and C and the long-term parking areas of the airport. However, it is only good for going to the airport, away from the Newark Liberty International Airport New Jersey Transit train station. This service does not apply heading to exit the airport and towards the mentioned Newark Liberty International Airport station.

Two options are available during this second trial for fare payment:

"pay-as-you-go" RFID card scan at select turnstiles or locations; or,
pre-funded fares via a pilot website called the "NY/NJ Transit Trial"^[147] for multiple and unlimited ride discounts. Effective October 16, 2010, pre-funded fares are not available in the trial website.

Automation

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA began the process of automating the subway. Beginning with the BMT Canarsie Line (L train) and the IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7> trains),^[148] the MTA has plans to eventually automate a much larger portion, using One Person Train Operation (OPTO) in conjunction with Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC). Siemens Transportation Systems built the CBTC system on the Canarsie line. Thales is building the CBTC system for the Flushing Line. In late winter 2008, the MTA embarked on a 5-week renovation and upgrade project on the 7 train between Flushing – Main Street and 61st Street – Woodside to upgrade signaling and tracks for CBTC. On February 27, 2008, the MTA issued an Accelerated Capital Program to continue funding the completion of CBTC for the 7 train and to begin on the IND Queens Boulevard Line (E, F, <F>, M, and R trains). The proposed plan is estimated to cost US $1.4 million.^[149]^{(p. 15–16)}

The New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division^[150] (the Flushing line, and the trains used on the 7 service, do not have ATS.)^[150] ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late.^[150] Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays.^[150]

Help Point

The MTA set up another technology pilot project for the New York City Subway called "Help Point" in April 5, 2011. Help Point is a new digital-audio communications system that lets a rider access it, in case of an emergency or needing subway information for travel directions.^[151] The top button is labeled red for emergencies towards the Rail Control Center. The bottom button is labeled green towards a MTA station agent for any inquiries. All units are equipped with a microphone to speak into and a speaker to hear answers to the rider from a MTA worker.^[152] Also, the test units were equipped for the hearing impaired (under ADA compliance).

The two subway stations that were part of this trial were on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line. They were the 23rd Street and the Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall stations. The Help Points at the Brooklyn Bridge – City Hall station were wireless and the 23rd Street station ones were hard-wired, to test which type of transmission is best for the subway. If the test project is successful, then this communications system will replace the existing Customer Assistance Intercom (CAI) units on all 472 subway stations in the future.^[153]^[154]

On March 6, 2012, the MTA decided that all CAI units will be replaced with wireless Help Points in all subway stations, with optional cameras to each unit.^[155] The Help Point would be installed in 139 stations by 2014, and the remaining 333 stations would have Help Points by the end of 2019.^[156]

On The Go! Travel Station

On September 19, 2011, the MTA set up another pilot project, an online, interactive touchscreen computer program called "On The Go! Travel Station" (OTG). It lists any planned work or service changes occurring on the subway as well as information to help travelers find landmarks or locales near the stations with an OTG outlet. The first station to test this new technology was Bowling Green on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line.^[157] Other stations scheduled to participate in this program were Penn Station (with the LIRR), Grand Central Terminal (with Metro-North), Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center in Brooklyn, and Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue / 74th Street – Broadway in Queens.^[158]^[104]

New and existing On the Go! kiosks will receive an interface overhaul as a result of the MTA's partnership with Control Group, a technology and design consultancy firm. Control Group is adding route lookup, countdown to train arrivals, and service alerts. The next iteration of 47–90 interactive wayfinding kiosks is scheduled for deployment in 2013.^[159]

Cellular phone and wireless data

New York City Subway began to provide underground cellular phone with voice and data service, and free Wi-Fi to passengers in 2011 at six stations. The new network was installed and owned by Transit Wireless as part of company's $200 million investment. The company expanded the services to 30 more stations in 2013 and signed an agreement with all 4 major wireless network operators to allow their cellular phone customers to use its network. The MTA and Transit Wireless are splitting the fees received from those wireless carriers for the usage of the network. The Wi-Fi service, which operates using antennae,^[160] is operated by Boingo Wireless.^[161] Transit Wireless expects to provide service to the remaining 241 underground stations by 2017, including the four deep-level subway stations under construction. Work to install the antennas within the next 40 key stations in midtown Manhattan and Queens has already begun, and the antennas are expected to be in service by March 2014.^[162]^[104]

Safety and security

Crime, train accidents, suicides and threats of terrorism all impact the subway system.

Train movement safety

Safe train operation on the whole New York City Subway is ensured by a combination of interlocking, signalling, wayside train protection and wayside speed control layouts.^[163] However, no technical system is free of hazards.

Interlocking

Like the railways, the subway used mechanical interlocking in early days and introduced relay interlocking later. Computer-based interlockings are state-of-the-art systems offering additional functions. But independently from the applied technology, the interlocking logic stayed the same: "Control lengths" along the selected route to be set until the target signal plus an additional overlap (safety distance) must be clear of any trains or cars to be able to clear the signal for the according route and target signal. "Single line signal diagrams" show all defined "control lengths" (and routes) for each interlocking tower.

Signalling

New York City Subway generally distinguishes signals into:

automatic signals, controlled only by train movements
approach signals, like automatic signals, can be forced to switch to stop aspect by interlocking tower
home signals, route set by interlocking tower
additional signals (call-on, dwarf, marker, sign, time signals)

Common automatic and approach signals consist of one signal head showing one of the following signal aspects:

stop (one red light); with special rules for call-on and timer signals
clear, next signal at clear or caution (one green light)
proceed with caution, be prepared to stop at next signal (one yellow light)

Where different directions are possible, the subway uses both speed and route signalling:

upper signal head for speeds
lower signal head for routes (with main route shown green and diverging route shown yellow)

Train protection

Subway trains are stopped mechanically at all signals showing "stop" aspects by automatic train stops located on the right side of IRT tracks and the left side of BMT/IND tracks; all cars are equipped with tripcocks. Although this is a simple principle of train stops, that wayside trippers must not be moved to trip ("stop") position until it is guaranteed that the train has fully passed the signal with all its cars.

In the middle of all New York City subway platforms is a black-and-white striped board at which all conductors are required to point when the train is stopped at the proper location.^[164]

Speed control

Speed control on the subway is ensured by "Time Signals". A timer is started as soon as the train passes a certain point and will clear the signal ahead as soon as the predefined time elapsed; the minimum time is calculated from the speed limit and the distance between start of timer and signal. "Time Signals" are distinguished into "Grade Timer" for speed supervision at grades, curves or in front of buffer stops, and in "Station Timer" for low-speed entrance into stations in order to reduce train headways.

CBTC

Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC) is the state-of-the-art system for signalling, Automatic Train Protection and speed control being installed in the subway system within its current big automation project.

One line currently has CBTC, with installation on another line underway. The BMT Canarsie Line, on which the L service runs, was chosen for CBTC pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other subway lines in the system. First proposed in 1992 and approved by the MTA in 1997, the installation of the signal system was begun in 2000 and was mostly completed by December 2006.^[165] Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered additional cars, the R160s and these were put into service in 2010, enabling the agency to operate 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour—an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology.^[166]

Train accidents

Including the predecessors of the New York City Subway, at least 56 train accidents have been recorded since 1918, when a train bound for South Ferry smashed into two trains halted near Jackson Avenue on the IRT White Plains Road Line in the Bronx.^[167] The deadliest accident, the Malbone Street Wreck, happened November 1, 1918 beneath the intersection of Flatbush Avenue, Ocean Avenue, and Malbone Street (the latter of which is now Empire Boulevard) near the Prospect Park station of the then-BRT Brighton Line in Brooklyn, killing 93 people.^[168]

Passenger safety

Track safety and suicides

A portion of subway-related deaths in New York consists of suicides committed by jumping in front of an oncoming train.

Between 1990 and 2003, 343 subway-related suicides have been registered out of a citywide total of 7,394 (4.6%) and subway-related suicides increased by 30%, despite a decline in overall suicide numbers.^[169]

In 2013, 151 people were hit by subway trains; 53 people died, compared to 143 strikes and 55 deaths in 2012.^[170]

As a result, in late 2013 and early 2014 the MTA started a test program at one undisclosed station, with four systems and strategies to eliminate the number of people hit by trains. Closed-circuit television cameras, a web of laser beams stretched across the tracks, radio frequencies transmitted across the tracks, and thermal imaging cameras focused on the station’s tracks were set to be installed at that station.^[104]

The MTA also expressed interest in starting a pilot program to install platform edge doors.^[171] Several planned stations in the New York City Subway may possibly feature platform screen doors. This includes the 7 Subway Extension,^[172] and Second Avenue Subway.^[173]

Crime

The subway carries over 1.7 billion passengers a year. Crime rates have shown variations over time, with a drop starting in the '90s and continuing today.^[174]^[175]

In order to fight crime, various approaches have been used.^[176] A new initiative by the MTA to prevent crime is to ban people who commit one in the subway system from entering it for a certain length of time.^[177] In the '60s, for example, mayor Robert Wagner ordered an increase in the Transit Police force from 1,219 to 3,100 officers. During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred (between 8:00pm and 4:00am), the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains. In response, crime rates decreased, as extensively reported by the press.^[178]

By 1977, service had become poor and crime had gone up, with newspaper headlines announcing new crime on the subway daily; as a result, Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelick was fired on September 10, 1979. Crime was at its peak during this time. There were 11 "crimes against the infrastructure" in open cut areas of the subway in 1977. On October 5, 1977, someone threw a paving block from an overpass on the BMT Brighton Line, injuring a motorman and nearly blinding him. Another incident on May 11, 1979 on the BMT Canarsie Line occurred when a 16-year-old boy threw a 16-pound rock near the Wilson Avenue station, critically injuring the motorman. There were other rampant crimes, too. In the first two weeks of December of 1977, "Operation Subway Sweep" resulted in the arrest of over 200 robbery suspects. Passengers were afraid of crime, fed up with long waits for short trains (train lengths were cut during off hours as a cost saving measure), upset over malfunctioning equipment, noise and the condition of stations. The subway also had problems with dark subway cars. In the late 1970s, it was common to have a train with 1⁄4 of its cars completely unlit.^[179]

On July 13, 1977, a blackout cut off electricity to most of the city and to Westchester. Because the IRT and BMT had their own power plants, many IRT and BMT trains were able to make their way to the nearest station to discharge passengers, but the IND got their power directly from Con Edison, so they were out of luck. There was rampant looting in parts of the Bronx and Brooklyn and to this day, parts of the affected neighborhoods never completely recovered from the looting.^[179]

Due to a sudden uptick of violent crimes on the subway in the last week of 1978, police statistics about crime in the subway were being questioned. In 1979, six murders on the subway occurred in the first two months of the year, compared to nine during the entire previous year. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line was known to frequent muggers, so in February 1979, a group headed by Curtis Sliwa, began unarmed patrols of the 4 train during the night time, in an effort to discourage crime. They were known as the Guardian Angels, and would eventually expand their operations into other parts of the five boroughs. By March 6th, 1979, Mayor Ed Koch asked the city's top law enforcement officials to devise a plan to counteract rising subway violence and to stop insisting that the subways were safer than the streets. Everything was relative; street crime wasn't exactly hovering near zero, either. Two weeks after Koch's request, top TA cops were publicly requesting Transit Police Chief Sanford Garelik's resignation because they claimed that he lost control of the fight against subway crime. Finally, on September 11th, 1979, Garelik was fired, and replaced with Deputy Chief of Personnel James B. Meehan, reporting directly to City Police Commissioner Robert McGuire. Garelik continued in his role of chief of security for the MTA.^[179]

By September 1979, around 250 felonies per week (or about 13,000 that year) were being recorded on the subway, making the crime rate the most of any other mass transit network anywhere in the world. Some police officers alleged that they were not asked to prosecute less-serious "quality of life" crimes, and that they should only be on the lookout for high-profile crimes. Additionally, MTA police radios and New York City Police Department radios transmitted at different frequencies, so they could not coordinate with each other. Subway patrols were also adherent to tight schedules, and felons quickly knew when and where police would make patrols. Public morale of the MTA police was low at the time. By October 1979, additional decoy and undercover units were deployed in the subway.^[179]

By February 13, 1980, the Guardian Angels grew to include 220 subway and bus patrollers trying to deter crime.^[180] During a City Council meeting where members of safety and transportation committees met jointly to discuss transit crime, the founder of the Guardian Angels, Curtis Sliwa, night manager of a McDonalds on East Fordham Road in the Bronx, appeared to be more in tune with the level of crime than Transit Police Chief James Meehan. While Meehan testified that he could provide sufficient protection to straphangers with the 2,300 members of his police force, Sliwa was advocating additional policemen to patrol the subways. While the City Council received Mr. Sliwa's remarks very favorably, statistics would seem to backup Mr. Meehan's comments. In a one-year period between March 1979 and March 1980, felonies per day dropped from 261 to 154.58 While these figures were still at very unacceptable levels, at least the trend was in the right direction. Yet The New York Times reported that between the summer of 1979 and 1980, crime on the subway rose 70%.^[181]

On the IRT Pelham Line in 1980, a sharp rise in window-smashing on subway cars caused $2 million in damages; it spread to other lines during the course of the year. When the broken windows were discovered in trains that were still in service, they needed to be taken out of service, causing additional delays; in August 1980 alone, 775 vandalism-related delays were reported.^[182] Crime was such a problem that senior City Hall and transit officials considered raising the subway fare from 60 to 65 cents to fund additional transit police officers.

On January 20, 1982, MTA Chairman Richard Ravitch spoke during a breakfast meeting of the Association for a Better New York, a business group. He told the group that he would not let his teenage sons ride the subway at night, and that even he, as the subway chairman, was nervous riding the trains.^[183] This anxiety translated into lost revenue, and this startling revelation by the head of the MTA prompted the organization to study how this drop in ridership could be turned around. October 1982 saw a record low ridership, mostly due to fears about transit crime, poor subway performance and some economic factors, ridership on the subway. The ridership was at levels last seen in 1917, before the IND even existed.^[184]

To counteract a 60% jump in crime in 1982, a plan to have uniformed police officers ride the subway between 8:00pm and 4:00am was instituted. By 1985, the crime and vandalism epidemic had not subsided at all. TA shop employees on the late shift were often used to replace broken glass in subway car windows. Between January 27 and February 2, 1985, 1,129 pieces of glass were replaced on subway cars on the 1, 6, CC, E, and K trains.^[185] In May of 1984, even the Nostalgia Train IND cars were hit by vandals.

Meanwhile, enterprising criminals would steal bus transfers from bus drivers and sell the transfers on the street for 50 cents. The criminals would concentrate on areas where free bus to subway or subway to bus transfers were available, such as Third Avenue – 149th Street in the Bronx.^[186] Mayor Koch even proposed to put a subway court in the Times Square subway station to speed up arraignments, as there were so many subway-related crimes by then. In June of 1985, Operation High Visibility began, where at least one transit policeman rode every train between 8:00pm and 6:00am in an attempt to restore public confidence in the transit system.^[187]

Within less than ten years, over 300,000,000 people annually stopped riding the subway, mainly because of fears of crime. In July 1985, the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing this trend, fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances.^[188]To counter these developments, policy that was rooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s was implemented.^[189]^[190] In line with this Fixing Broken Windows philosophy, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984.^[191]

In 1989 the Metropolitan Transportation Authority asked the transit police (then located within the NYCTA) to focus on minor offenses such as fare evasion. In the early nineties, the NYCTA adopted similar policing methods for Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal.

In 1993, Mayor Rudy Giuliani took office and with Police Commissioner Howard Safir the strategy was more widely deployed in New York under the rubrics of "zero tolerance" and "quality of life". Crime rates in the subway and city dropped,^[192] prompting New York Magazine to declare "The End of Crime as We Know It" on the cover of its August 14, 1995 edition.

Giuliani's campaign credited the success to the zero tolerance policy.^[193] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed.^[194]

Incoming New York City Police Department Commissioner William J. Bratton and author of Fixing Broken Windows, George L. Kelling, however, stated the police played an "important, even central, role" in the declining crime rates.^[195] The trend continued and Giuliani's successor, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, stated in a November 2004 press release that "Today, the subway system is safer than it has been at any time since we started tabulating subway crime statistics nearly 40 years ago."^[196]

Photography

After the September 11 attacks in New York, the MTA was extremely wary of anyone taking photographs or recording video inside the system and proposed banning all photography and recording in a meeting around June 2004.^[197] However, due to strong response from both the public and from civil rights groups, the rule of conduct was dropped. In November 2004, the MTA again put this rule up for approval, but was again denied,^[198] though many police officers and transit workers still confront or harass people taking photographs or video.^[199]

On April 3, 2009, the NYPD issued a directive to officers stating that it is legal to take pictures within the subway system so long as it is not accompanied with suspicious activity.^[200]

Currently, the MTA Rules of Conduct,^[79] Restricted Areas and Activities section states that anyone may take pictures or record video, provided that they do not violate MTA regulations:

Section 1050.9 Restricted areas and activities. Photography, filming or video recording in any facility or conveyance is permitted except that ancillary equipment such as lights, reflectors or tripods may not be used. Members of the press holding valid identification issued by the New York City Police Department are hereby authorized to use necessary ancillary equipment. All photographic activity must be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Part.^[201]

Terrorism prevention and foiled plot

On July 22, 2005, in response to bombings in London, the New York City Transit Police introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers' bags as they approached turnstiles. The NYPD claimed that no form of racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place. The NYPD has come under fire from some groups that claim purely random searches without any form of threat assessment would be ineffectual. "This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented, unlawful and ineffective," said Donna Lieberman, Executive Director of the NYCLU. "It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation. But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity."^[202] The searches were upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in MacWade v. Kelly.

On April 11, 2008, MTA received a Ferrara Fire Apparatus Hazardous Materials Response Truck, which went into service three days later. It will be used in the case of a chemical or bioterrorist attack.^[203]

Najibullah Zazi and others were arrested in September 2009 and pled guilty in 2010 to being part of an al-Qaeda plan to undertake suicide bombings on the New York City subway system.^[204]^[205]

Challenges

2009–2010 budget cuts

The MTA faced a budget deficit of US$1.1 billion in 2009. Fare increases (three times from 2008 to 2010) and service reductions (including the elimination of two part-time subway services, the V and W). Several other routes were modified as a result of the deficit. The N service was made a full-time local in Manhattan (in contrast to being a weekend local/weekday express before 2010), while the Q service was extended nine stations to Astoria – Ditmars Boulevard, both to cover the discontinued W service. The M was rerouted to cover the former V service, so that it would go to Forest Hills – 71st Avenue on weekdays instead of to Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn. The G service was truncated to Court Square full-time. Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened, and off-peak service on seven routes were lengthened.^[206]

This budget deficit also resulted in the shortening, rerouting, or elimination of many bus routes to balance the deficit.^[207]

Capacity constraints

Several subway lines have reached their operational limits in terms of train frequency and passengers, according to data released by the Transit Authority. As of June 2007^[update], all of the A Division services except the 42nd Street Shuttle, as well as the E and L trains were beyond capacity, as well as portions of the N train.^[208]^[209] In April 2013, New York magazine reported that the system is more crowded than it has been in 66 years.^[210]

The Second Avenue Subway, which will have communications-based train control (CBTC), will relieve pressure on the Lexington Avenue Line (4, 5, 6, and <6> trains) when the Second Avenue Subway's first segment begins operating in 2016, and CBTC installation on the Flushing Line is expected to increase the rate of trains per hour on the 7 and <7> trains, but little relief will come to other crowded lines until later. The L train, which is overcrowded during rush hours, already has CBTC operation.^[211]

The MTA is seeking funding for implementation of CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line. CBTC is to be installed on this line in five phases, with phase one (50th Street to Forest Hills – 71st Avenue) being included in the 2010-2014 capital budget. Estimated cost for phase one is 483.7 million dollars with 125 million dollars being provided in the capital budget.^[212] Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is also provided in the 2015-2019 capital project.^[213] The MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029, including most of the IND, as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line.^[214] The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line, the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025.^[215]

The Long Island Railroad East Side Access project is expected to bring many more commuters to the Lexington Avenue Line at about the same time, further overwhelming its capacity. Because new subway construction can require years to plan and complete, the Transit Authority can only turn to increased bus service to manage demand in the short run, until automation of the subways using CBTC allows trains to run with less headway.

Subway flooding

Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms, even minor ones.^[216] Rainwater can disrupt signals underground and require the electrified third rail to be shut off. Since 1992, $357 million has been used to improve 269 pump rooms. As of August 2007, $115 million has been earmarked to upgrade the remaining 18 pump rooms.^[217] Despite these improvements, the transit system continues to experience flooding problems.

On August 8, 2007, after more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rain fell within an hour, the subway system flooded, causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted, effectively halting the morning rush. This was the third incident in 2007 in which rain disrupted service. The system was disrupted on this occasion because the pumps and drainage system can handle only a rainfall rate of 1.75 inches (44 mm) per hour; the incident's severity was aggravated by the scant warning as to the severity of the storm.^[218] ^(p. 10) In late August 2007, MTA Engineer Phil Kollin announced new plans to create a system that would pump water away from the third rail.

In addition, as part of a $130 million and an estimated 18-month project, the MTA began installing new subway grates in September 2008 in an attempt to prevent rain from overflowing into the subway system. The metallic structures, designed with the help of architectural firms and meant as a piece of public art, are placed atop existing grates but with a 3-to-4-inch (76 to 102 mm) sleeve to prevent debris and rain from flooding the subway. The racks will at first be installed in the three most flood-prone areas as determined by hydrologists, including Jamaica, TriBeCa and the Upper West Side. Each neighborhood is scheduled to have its own distinct design, some featuring a wave-like deck which increases in height and features seating (Jamaica), others with a flatter deck that includes seating and a bike rack.^[219]^[220]

On August 27, 2011, due to the approach of Hurricane Irene, the MTA suspended subway service at 12:00 noon in anticipation of heavy flooding on tracks and in tunnels. It was the first weather-caused shutdown in the history of the system.^[221] Service was restored by Monday, August 29.^[222]^[223]

On October 29, 2012, another full closure was ordered before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy. All services on the subway, the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North were gradually shut down that day at 7:00 P.M., to protect passengers, employees and equipment from the coming storm. The storm caused serious damage to the system, especially the IND Rockaway Line, which had many sections between Howard Beach – JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service (temporarily designated the H). Also, several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge.^[224] South Ferry suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 2013 by restoring service to the older loop-configured station that had been replaced in 2009; the stub-end terminal tracks remain out of service pending extensive repairs and the new island-platformed station is not expected to open until June 2016.^[225]^[226]

Rain from drainage pipes comes into a subway car
Flooding at 125th Street after a water main break
Preparations for Hurricane Sandy at Bowling Green
South Ferry after Hurricane Sandy
Pump train in Cranberry Street Tunnel after Hurricane Sandy
Announcement about the temporary H shuttle after Hurricane Sandy

Announcement about the temporary H shuttle after Hurricane Sandy

Litter and rodents

Litter accumulation is a perennial problem in the subway system. In the 1970s and 1980s, dirty trains and platforms, as well as graffiti were a serious problem. The situation has improved since then, but the 2010 budget crisis has threatened to curtail trash removal from the subway system.^[227]^[228]

The New York City Subway system is infested with rats.^[229]^[230]^[231] Rats are sometimes seen on platforms,^[232] and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks.^[233] They are believed to pose a health hazard, and on rare instances have been known to bite humans.^[234] Subway stations notorious for rat infestation include Chambers Street, Jay Street – MetroTech, West Fourth Street, Spring Street and 145th Street.^[235]^[236]

Decades of efforts to eradicate or simply thin the rat population in the system have been unsuccessful. In March 2009, the Transit Authority announced a series of changes to its vermin control strategy, including new poison formulas and experimental trap designs.^[237] In October 2011, the MTA announced a new initiative to clean 25 subway stations, along with their garbage rooms, of rat infestations.^[238] Also in October 2011, the MTA announced a pilot program aimed at reducing levels of garbage in the subways by removing all garbage bins from the subway platforms. The initiative is being tested at the Eighth Street – New York University and Flushing – Main Street stations.^[239]

Typical subway car exterior in the late 1970s
Measures against rats
Program for removing garbage bins from stations

Noise

Rolling stock on the New York City Subway produce high levels of noise that exceed guidelines set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.^[240] In 2006, Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health found noise levels averaged 95 decibel (dB) inside subway cars and 94 dB on platforms.^[240] Daily exposure to noise at such levels for as little as 30 minutes can lead to hearing loss.^[240] Noise on one in 10 platforms exceeded 100 dB.^[240] Under WHO and EPA guidelines, noise exposure at that level is limited to 1.5 minutes.^[240] A subsequent study by Columbia and the University of Washington found higher average noise level in the subway (80.4 dB) than commuter trains including the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) (79.4 dB), the Metro-North (75.1 dB) and Long Island Railroad (LIRR) (74.9 dB).^[241] Since the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale, sound at 95 dB is 10 times more intense than at 85 dB and 100 times more intense than at 75 dB, and so forth.^[241] In the second study, peak subway noise registered at 102.1 dB.^[241]

Public relations

The Board of Transportation and then New York City Transit Authority (MTA New York City Transit) has had numerous events that promote increased ridership of their transit system.

Miss Subways

From 1941 to 1976, the Board of Transportation/New York City Transit Authority sponsored the "Miss Subways" publicity campaign. In the musical On the Town, the character Miss Turnstiles is based on the Miss Subways campaign.^[242]^[243] In one scene, the musical shows three sailors taking an uptown train at Times Square.

The campaign was resurrected in 2004, for one year, as "Ms. Subways". It was part of the 100th anniversary celebrations. Featuring young models, entertainers and others, the monthly campaign, which included the winners' photos and biographical blurbs on placards in subway cards, featured such winners as Mona Freeman and prominent New York City restaurateur Ellen Goodman. The winner of this contest was Caroline Sanchez-Bernat, an actress from Morningside Heights.^[244]

Subway Series

Subway Series is a term attributed to any series of baseball games between New York City teams, called thus as opposing teams can travel to compete merely by using the subway system along with the fact that stations are adjacent and visible to their respective stadiums. Subway Series is a term long used in New York, going back to series between the Brooklyn Dodgers or New York Giants and the New York Yankees in the 1940s and '50s. Today, the term is used to describe the rivalry between the Yankees and the New York Mets. During the 2000 World Series, cars on the 4 train (which stopped at Yankee Stadium) were colored white with blue pinstripes, while cars on the 7 train (which stopped at Shea Stadium) were colored orange and blue, the Mets' team colors.

Holiday Train

Since 2003, the MTA has operated a Holiday Train on Sundays in November and December, from the first Saturday after Thanksgiving to the Saturday before Christmas Day.^[245] This train was made of cars from the R1 through R9 series. The route made all stops between Second Avenue in Manhattan and Queens Plaza in Queens via the IND Sixth Avenue and IND Queens Boulevard Lines. In 2011, the train operated on Saturdays instead of Sundays.^[246]

The contract, car numbers (and year built) used were: R1 100 (1930), R1 381 (1931), R4 401 (1932), R4 484 (1932) – Bulls Eye lighting and a test P.A. system added in 1946, R6-3 1000 (1935), R6-1 1300 (1937), R7A 1575 (1938) – rebuilt in 1947 as a prototype for the R10 subway car, R9 1802 (1940).^[247]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c
There are 13 stations on the IND Second Avenue Line and 1 station on the IRT Flushing Line planned.
- The Second Avenue Line has 16 stations, as per the Final Summary Report. Three are under construction, with 13 planned.
- The Tenth Avenue station will be constructed as an in-fill station once funding for it is secured. See "Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7-line".
^ ^a ^b
- This assumes that either South Ferry loops (New York City Subway) or South Ferry – Whitehall Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) is not counted, as at least one of these stations is closed at any given time. Otherwise, the count rises to 422, as per this article on the MTA's webpage, which clearly states that the new and old South Ferry stations are considered two stations: "Flood mitigation work begins on seven ... low-lying Lower Manhattan subway stations, including ... South Ferry Template:NYCS-bull-small (currently closed), Old South Ferry Loop Station Template:NYCS-bull-small (brought back into operation). "
- Closed stations are usually not counted (except for Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), which is counted by the MTA). Without counting Cortlandt Street, the figure is 471 stations (or 422 by international standards).
- Both the Chambers Street – World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line) and Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line) stations are considered two stations each by the MTA, but are considered by others to be one station each. If both of them are counted as one station each, the number of stations in the New York City Subway is 469 stations (or 422 by international standards).
^ One of these stations is an existing IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line station being completely rebuilt. The other four stations are truly new stations.
^
The corridors repaired in 2012 were:
^
The corridors repaired in 2013 were:
- BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street
- IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street
- IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street
- IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue
- IRT Nostrand Avenue Line from Franklin Avenue to Flatbush Avenue – Brooklyn College
- IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively
- BMT Nassau Street Line from Broad Street to Essex Street
- BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street
- IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street
^
Corridors planned for 2014 include:
- IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center
- IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street
- IND Sixth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to West Fourth Street – Washington Square
- IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street – Washington Square to Jay Street – MetroTech
- IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 34th Street – Penn Station to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center
- IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to Dyckman Street
- IRT Eastern Parkway Line from Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center to Franklin Avenue
- BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street
- IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to Jay Street – MetroTech
- IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street
- IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively
- IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street
- IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue
- BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street
- IND Fulton Street Line between Jay Street – MetroTech and Broadway Junction
- IND Crosstown Line from Bedford–Nostrand Avenues to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets

References

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^ The IRT main line, which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; however, the Ninth Avenue Line, a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868, according to Facts and Figures 1979–80, published by the New York City Transit Authority See also nycsubway.org, and the West End Line railroad opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way is still in daily use near Coney Island. thethirdrail.net
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^ ^a ^b Hood, Clifton. 722 Miles. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
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^ A Better Way To Know How To Go: Subway Service Information
^ https://twitter.com/NYCTSubwayScoop NYCT Subway Service: Official source for NYC Transit news & planned subway service changes
^ Official paint monikers since the colors were fixed in 1979: Grynbaum, Michael (May 10, 2010). "Take the Tomato 2 Stops to the Sunflower". New York Times, City Room Blog. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
^ Official MTA video mentions "lime green" for the G line. "Subway Colors and Names". MTA Info. July 15, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
^ MTA Developer Resources Download, CSV file
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^ ^a ^b Unlimited Ride MetroCard
^ Pay-per-ride MetroCard
^ "Reduced-Fare" information, MTA.info
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^ "Connecticut to alter its turnpike tokens, solving subway issue", The New York Times, December 15, 1982, p.1
^ ^a ^b "17½ Accord puts an end to the great token war", The New York Times, November 7, 1985,
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^ ^a ^b Learn More about Countdown Clocks...
^ ^a ^b MTA 2010-2014 Capital Program Questions & Answers, pages 12–13
^ For Astoria, next train info without the clock
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^ Nally, Jonathan (September 30, 2013). "Tunnel vision: getting New York talking". CriticcalComms. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
^ Moscaritolo, Angela (April 25, 2013). "Cell Phone Service, Free Wi-Fi Arrive at 30 More NYC Subway Stations". PC Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
^ Wireless Service Arrives At 30 Additional Underground Subway Stations
^ "NYC Subway Signals". nycsubway.org. Retrieved November 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Jane Janeczko (October 30, 2013). "The New York Subway Signs Experiment Makes MTA Conductors Point At Something Else". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
^ Neuman, William (May 22, 2007). "For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
^ Neuman, William (May 22, 2007). "For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
^ "NYC Subway accidents". nycsubway.org. 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "The Mayor to Begin B.R.T Inquiry Today" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City, NY. November 1, 1918. p. 24. Retrieved December 12, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Galea, Sandro (November 4, 2009). "Epidemiology of suicide in the New York City subway system". American Public Health Association. Retrieved November 27, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "Deaths by New York subway train strikes shrank slightly for 2013, MTA says". NY Daily News. December 31, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ "MTA tests motion sensing lasers, thermal image cameras to save fallen straphangers from subway trains". NY Daily News. December 12, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ MTA Plans To Install Platform Doors On 7 Line Extension, NY1, September 8, 2007
^ Glass walls, sliding doors on 2nd Ave. subway?, WABC-TV, April 5, 2007
^ Redwine, Tina (November 14, 2011). "Transit Police: Subway Crime More Likely During Daytime, Manhattan Has Most Incidents". NY1. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ Redwine, Tina (January 23, 2012). "More Transit Police Officers Combat Increase In Subway Crime". NY1. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
^ "If You See Something, Say Something – Subway – Spring 2011". MTA.info (YouTube). April 19, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
^ Redwine, Tina (March 26, 2012). "MTA Proposes To Ban Those Who Commit Subway Crimes From Riding System". NY1. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
^ Chaiken, Jan M.; Lawless, M.; Stevenson, K.A. (1974). "The Impact of Police Activity on Crime". RAND Corporation.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d nycsubway.org—The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s
^ "The Subway Savages," New York Daily News, January 1, 1980, page 22.
^ "65 cent fare considered in talks on coping with subway crime," New York Times, September 27, 1980, page A1.
^ "Smashed windows: vandals New Kick," New York Daily News, October 14, 1980, page 5.
^ "The Fear Hits Home: Ravitch Kin Are Not Night Riders," New York Daily News, January 21, 1982, page 4.
^ "Subway Ridership Hits 65 Year Low," New York Daily News, October 1, 1982, page 7.
^ "Vandals on the Rails," New York Daily News, February 17th, 1985, Brooklyn section, page 1.
^ "Illegal Transfers Costing TA $1.2M," New York Daily News, December 21st, 1984, page 29.
^ "Cops Are Night Riders," New York Daily News, front page picture caption, June 6th, 1985.
^ Citizens Crime Commission of New York City (1986). "Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development (Paperback)". Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development. New York, NY, USA: Downtown Research & Development. p. 148. Retrieved November 24, 2009. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Kelling, George L. (2009). "How New York Became Safe: The Full Story". City Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Glazer, Nathan (1979). "On Subway Graffiti in New York" (PDF). National Affairs. No. 54. pp. 3–12. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
^ "DON'T DO IT (1988)". MTA.info (YouTube). January 9, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
^ Wolff, Craig (November 12, 1993). "Subway Crime Declining, New Transit Figures Show". New York Times. New York, NY, USA. Retrieved November 26, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ "Rudy Giuliani". JoinRudy2008.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
^ Levitt, Steven D.: "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163–190
^ Kelling, George L.; Bratton, William J. (1998). "Declining crime rates: insiders' view of the New York City story". The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973–). 88 (4). Northwestern University: 1217–1220. doi:10.2307/1144255. JSTOR 1144255.
^ "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg testifies before the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board" (Press release). November 9, 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
^ Matt Haber (June 1, 2004). "Forbidden Photos, Anyone?". www.villagevoice.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ "Threat Of Subway Photo Ban Riseth Again". Gothamist. November 30, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ "Some Police Still Enforcing Non-Existent Ban On Photography In The Subways". NY1 news. www.ny1.com. February 23, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ 4-3-09 Directive 14: Railfans, use this for your own defense when confronted.
^ Full section
^ "NYCLU Sues New York City Over Subway Bag Search Policy" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. August 4, 2005.
^ "MTA NYC Transit Introduces New Hazmat Response Vehicle". April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
^ Zraick, Karen; Johnston, David (September 15, 2009). "Man in Queens Raids Denies Any Terrorist Link". New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
^ "N.Y.C. bomb plot suspect Zazi pleads guilty". CBC. Associated Press News. February 20, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
^ Subway and Staten Island Railway Service Reductions, mta.info. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ Bus Service Reductions, mta.info. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ Neuman, William (June 26, 2007). "Some Subways Found Packed Past Capacity". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
^ Appendix A: Service Needs Assessment Methodology.
^ "The Approval Matrix, bottom left quadrant". New York. April 22, 2013.
^ Chan, Sewell (January 14, 2005). "Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
^ Pages 11–12
^ http://www.mta.info/mta/news/books/docs/TYNA-Consolidated.pdf, pages 46-47
^ Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment
^ chapter 2
^ Latest Rainstorm No Match For City's Subway Pumps NY1 local news channel. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ Donohue, Pete (August 9, 2007). "Downpour swamps subways, stranding thousands of riders". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
^ "August 8, 2007 Storm Report" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). September 20, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
^ Dunlap, David W. (September 19, 2008). "New Subway Grates Add Aesthetics to Flood Protection". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
^ Lee, Jennifer (October 1, 2008). "Three in One — Flood Protection, Benches and Bike Parking". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
^ Aaron Feis, Sabrina Ford and Jennifer Fermino (August 27, 2011). "Hurricane Irene halts NY, NJ mass transit". The New York Post. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ "NYC's subway service running OK Monday after Irene". The Washington Post. August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
^ Clark, Roger (August 29, 2011). "Straphangers Have Relatively Easy Monday Morning Rush". NY1. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
^ Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded on YouTube
^ Restoring South Ferry Station
^ MTA NYC Transit Reopens the Old South Ferry Loop Station
^ MTA Staff Cuts May Boost Transit Trash – NY1 local news channel. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ "MTA Falls Behind On Trash Collection". NY1. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
^ "NYC takes aim at subway rats". United Press International. March 24, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Transit Officials To Tackle Growing Subway Rat Problem – NY1 local news channel. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
^ Farinacci, Amanda (January 5, 2012). "Transit Workers Call For Action Against Rats In Subway Stations". NY1. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
^ "Rats rule the subway rails, platforms", Matthew Sweeney, Newsday, August 13, 2008
^ Straphangers' Habits Feeding Subway Rat Population, Officials Say NY1 local news channel. Made November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
^ Beja, Marc (September 8, 2011). "Rat bites woman in subway station as she waits for train". amNewYork. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
^ "Rats in subway are health hazard for New Yorkers", Pamela Branch, Brooklyn Today, January 12, 2010
^ Redwine, Tina (June 19, 2012). "Subway Riders Want Rats Booted From Harlem Platform". NY1. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ Namako, Tom (March 24, 2009). "You Dirty Rats! New Traps Target Subway Vermin". New York Post. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Redwine, Tina (October 5, 2011). "MTA To Launch New Cleaning Initiative To Combat Rat Infestations". NY1. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Epstein, Emily (October 24, 2011). "MTA removes bins hoping to reduce trash". Metro. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "New York Subway Noise Levels Can Result In Hearing Loss For Daily Riders" Science Daily October 15, 2006
^ ^a ^b ^c "Got Ear Plugs? You May Want to Sport Them on the Subway and Other Mass Transit, Researchers Say" Columbia Mailman School of Public Health News June 18, 2009
^ Bayen, Ann (March 29, 1976). "Token Women". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 46.
^ Klein, Alvin (June 6, 1993). "'On the Town' in Revival at Goodspeed Opera". New York Times.
^ Ms. Subway 2004 Crowned
^ MTA New York City Transit's Holiday Nostalgia Train
^ The Vintage train runs every Saturday, November 26 to December 24
^ Holiday Subway – Forgotten NY.

External links

Media related to New York City Subway at Wikimedia Commons Template:Multicol

General information

MTA NYC Transit Subways (Official site with maps and schedules)
nycsubway.org (A thorough treatment of the current system and history, including historic and track maps)
NYCT Subway Service@NYCTSubwayScoop: The official New York City Subway Twitter web feed page
NYC Subway on Facebook: The official New York City Subway Facebook page
MTA Arts for Transit: The official MTA art guide
MTAinfo: The official MTA YouTube web page
MTAPhotos' Photostream: The official MTA Flickr web photo page
NYC Subway operations (unofficial map)

Template:Multicol-break

Historical information

MTA's own time line of events
Early Days of the NYC Subway – slideshow by Life magazine
The New York City Subway: A Century by John Stern
Abandoned Stations (A thorough treatment of the history of the abandoned subway stations)
The Future NYC Subway (A thorough treatment of subway extensions that have been discussed, but never built)
The Subway Issue – special October 2010 regional news section by The New York Times
"America's Newest Subway, First Built In Model", October 1931, Popular Science
NYC Subway Ride, 1905 on YouTube

Template:Multicol-end

Template:Link FA

[planned_stations-1] There are 13 stations on the IND Second Avenue Line and 1 station on the IRT Flushing Line planned.
The Second Avenue Line has 16 stations, as per the Final Summary Report. Three are under construction, with 13 planned.

The Tenth Avenue station will be constructed as an in-fill station once funding for it is secured. See "Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7-line".

[2] The Second Avenue Line has 16 stations, as per the Final Summary Report. Three are under construction, with 13 planned.

[3] The Tenth Avenue station will be constructed as an in-fill station once funding for it is secured. See "Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7-line".

[stationnote-3] 
This assumes that either South Ferry loops (New York City Subway) or South Ferry – Whitehall Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) is not counted, as at least one of these stations is closed at any given time. Otherwise, the count rises to 422, as per this article on the MTA's webpage, which clearly states that the new and old South Ferry stations are considered two stations: "Flood mitigation work begins on seven ... low-lying Lower Manhattan subway stations, including ... South Ferry Template:NYCS-bull-small (currently closed), Old South Ferry Loop Station Template:NYCS-bull-small (brought back into operation). "

Closed stations are usually not counted (except for Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), which is counted by the MTA). Without counting Cortlandt Street, the figure is 471 stations (or 422 by international standards).

Both the Chambers Street – World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line) and Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line) stations are considered two stations each by the MTA, but are considered by others to be one station each. If both of them are counted as one station each, the number of stations in the New York City Subway is 469 stations (or 422 by international standards).

[5] This assumes that either South Ferry loops (New York City Subway) or South Ferry – Whitehall Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line) is not counted, as at least one of these stations is closed at any given time. Otherwise, the count rises to 422, as per this article on the MTA's webpage, which clearly states that the new and old South Ferry stations are considered two stations: "Flood mitigation work begins on seven ... low-lying Lower Manhattan subway stations, including ... South Ferry Template:NYCS-bull-small (currently closed), Old South Ferry Loop Station Template:NYCS-bull-small (brought back into operation). "

[6] Closed stations are usually not counted (except for Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), which is counted by the MTA). Without counting Cortlandt Street, the figure is 471 stations (or 422 by international standards).

[7] Both the Chambers Street – World Trade Center (IND Eighth Avenue Line) and Canal Street (BMT Broadway Line) stations are considered two stations each by the MTA, but are considered by others to be one station each. If both of them are counted as one station each, the number of stations in the New York City Subway is 469 stations (or 422 by international standards).

[4] One of these stations is an existing IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line station being completely rebuilt. The other four stations are truly new stations.

[120] The corridors repaired in 2012 were:
IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

IND Sixth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to West Fourth Street – Washington Square

IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 34th Street – Penn Station to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to Jay Street – MetroTech

[10] IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

[11] IND Sixth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to West Fourth Street – Washington Square

[12] IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 34th Street – Penn Station to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

[13] IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to Jay Street – MetroTech

[122] The corridors repaired in 2013 were:
BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street

IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street

IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street

IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue

IRT Nostrand Avenue Line from Franklin Avenue to Flatbush Avenue – Brooklyn College

IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively

BMT Nassau Street Line from Broad Street to Essex Street

BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street

IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street

[15] BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street

[16] IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street

[17] IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street

[18] IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue

[19] IRT Nostrand Avenue Line from Franklin Avenue to Flatbush Avenue – Brooklyn College

[20] IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively

[21] BMT Nassau Street Line from Broad Street to Essex Street

[22] BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street

[23] IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street

[124] Corridors planned for 2014 include:
IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street

IND Sixth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to West Fourth Street – Washington Square

IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street – Washington Square to Jay Street – MetroTech

IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 34th Street – Penn Station to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to Dyckman Street

IRT Eastern Parkway Line from Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center to Franklin Avenue

BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street

IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to Jay Street – MetroTech

IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street

IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively

IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street

IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue

BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street

IND Fulton Street Line between Jay Street – MetroTech and Broadway Junction

IND Crosstown Line from Bedford–Nostrand Avenues to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets

[25] IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

[26] IRT Lexington Avenue Line from Grand Central – 42nd Street to 125th Street

[27] IND Sixth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to West Fourth Street – Washington Square

[28] IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street – Washington Square to Jay Street – MetroTech

[29] IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 34th Street – Penn Station to Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center

[30] IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to Dyckman Street

[31] IRT Eastern Parkway Line from Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center to Franklin Avenue

[32] BMT Broadway Line from Queensboro Plaza to Court Street

[33] IND Eighth Avenue Line from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to Jay Street – MetroTech

[34] IND Eighth Avenue Line from 168th Street to Inwood – 207th Street

[35] IND Concourse/Eighth Avenue lines from 59th Street – Columbus Circle to 161st Street – Yankee Stadium and 168th Street, respectively

[36] IND Concourse Line from 161st Street – Yankee Stadium to Norwood – 205th Street

[37] IND Queens Boulevard Line from Fifth Avenue / 53rd Street to Jackson Heights – Roosevelt Avenue

[38] BMT Fourth Avenue Line from 36th Street to Bay Ridge – 95th Street

[39] IND Fulton Street Line between Jay Street – MetroTech and Broadway Junction

[40] IND Crosstown Line from Bedford–Nostrand Avenues to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets

[ridership2013-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Subway and Bus Ridership Statistics 2013". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved March 9, 2014.

[5] The IRT main line, which is considered to be the first New York City "subway" line, opened in 1904; however, the Ninth Avenue Line, a predecessor elevated railroad line, operated its first trial run on July 3, 1868, according to Facts and Figures 1979–80, published by the New York City Transit Authority See also nycsubway.org, and the West End Line railroad opened in 1863. A small portion of the latter line's original right-of-way is still in daily use near Coney Island. thethirdrail.net

[NY-MTA-2011-Annual-Report-6] "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31, 2011 and 2010" (PDF) (pdf). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). May 2, 2012. p. 150. Retrieved March 9, 2014.

[NYCSubway.org-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Facts & Figures - Subways". Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Retrieved March 9, 2014.

[Hood,_Clifton_2004-8] Hood, Clifton. 722 Miles. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.

[9] New York State Comptroller. "A Guide for Evaluating the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Proposed Capital Program for 2000 Through 2004". www.osc.state.ny.us. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[10] "MTA: Subway Ridership At Highest Level Since 1950". NY1. April 10, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.

[11] TRACK RECORD: 1.5B RODE SUBWAY" by Pete Donohue, New York Daily News, February 11, 2006

[12] Krauss, Clifford (May 10, 2008). "Gas Prices Send Surge of Riders to Mass Transit". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2008.

[13] CBC: Subway ops efficient; buses, commuter rail not so much

[14] "Fact #67: BTU per Passenger Mile for U.S. Transit in 1995". US Department of Energy. EERE Information Center. www1.eere.energy.gov. September 4, 1998. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[15] "GHG Emissions, Urban Mobility and Efficiency of Urban Morphology" (PDF). Urban Research Symposium. Marseille, France.: URS2009.net. May 14, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009. ^{[dead link]}

[16] "(New York City) Subways (Facts and Figures under title of Annual Subway Ridership)". MTA.info. April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.

[17] "How to Ride the Subway". Retrieved November 17, 2013.

[18] "The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway (1870)". nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008. (extract from Scientific American March 5, 1870)

[19] Mark S. Feinman. "History of the Independent Subway". nycsubway.org. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[20] ycsubway.org — The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s

[nycsubway_1980s-21] ycsubway.org — The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s

[22] Kennedy, Randy. "Tunnel Vision; With Station's Reopening, Even Commuters Smile", The New York Times, September 17, 2002. Accessed October 6, 2007.

[23] Brian Abbott. September 11: Three Years Later. Several maps showing changes in lower Manhattan from July 2001 to September 2002.

[24] "Types and Methods of Construction". IRT: The First Subway. nycsubway.org. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[25] MacKechnie, Christopher. "The Two Methods of Subway Construction". about.com. Retrieved May 7, 2014. In exchange for these advantages are two major disadvantages. One is financial: "deep bore" construction costs significantly more than 'cut and cover'

[26] "No. 7 Subway Line Extension". Richard Dattner & Partners Architects. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2010.

[27] "West Side Development Project Gets The Green Light". NY1. December 21, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2010.

[28] Cuza, Bobby (February 19, 2009). "Crews Lower Giant Drill Into 7 Line Tunnel". NY1. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2010.

[29] "New York State Society of Professional Engineers Recognizes No. 7 Line Project". Tunnel Business Magazine. July 3, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2013.

[30] " "Blasting on Second Avenue". thelaunchbox.blogspot.com. March 22, 2010.

[31] Siff, Andrew (May 14, 2010). "2nd Ave. Subway Tunnel Dig Begins". WNBC. Retrieved May 14, 2010.

[32] "Tunneling Begins Under Second Avenue". MTA. May 14, 2010. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2010.

[33] Various (September 23, 2011). "Second Avenue Subway has a breakthrough moment; several billion more are all the M.T.A. wants". Capital New York. Retrieved March 31, 2014.

[34] O'Grady, Jim (January 3, 2012). "Lost Subways: Abandoned Stations and Unbuilt Lines". wnyc.org. Retrieved April 21, 2014.

[35] Subway Colors and Names on YouTube MTA YouTube Web Page. Made July 15, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2010.

[36] Polytechnic University Cable 34:2 Winter 2007 p.7

[37] Cox, Bobby. "New York City Subway". Deaf Echo. Retrieved September 21, 2013.

[38] "Rules of The Subway". Fodors. Retrieved September 21, 2013.

[39] "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.

[40] Subway Service Changes

[41] Finnegan, Jack, Belden Merims and Jennifer Cecil. Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to and Living in New York City: Including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, Staten Island, and Northern New Jersey. First Books Inc., Portland, Oregon. 2007. ISBN 978-0912301723.

[42] Subway Service Changes

[43] A Better Way To Know How To Go: Subway Service Information

[44] ttps://twitter.com/NYCTSubwayScoop NYCT Subway Service: Official source for NYC Transit news & planned subway service changes

[45] Official paint monikers since the colors were fixed in 1979: Grynbaum, Michael (May 10, 2010). "Take the Tomato 2 Stops to the Sunflower". New York Times, City Room Blog. Retrieved May 11, 2010.

[46] Official MTA video mentions "lime green" for the G line. "Subway Colors and Names". MTA Info. July 15, 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2010.

[47] MTA Developer Resources Download, CSV file

[48] New Subway Map is Here MTA.info website. Retrieved June 18, 2010.

[49] "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.

[50] "Late Night Subway Service" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 23, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[51] "The (Mostly) True Story of Helvetica and the New York City Subway". AIGA. aiga.org. November 18, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.

[Hertz-Gothamist-52] Hogarty, Dave (August 3, 2007). "Michael Hertz, Designer of the NYC Subway Map". Gothamist. Retrieved July 4, 2009.

[53] "Introducing The Weekender". MTA.info (YouTube). September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.

[54] "The Weekender". MTA.info. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[55] Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 15, 2011). "Aid for Baffled Weekend Subway Riders". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2011.

[56] "Introducing 'The Weekender'". MTA.info. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.

[57] "MTA Launches Interactive Online Map Ahead Of Difficult Weekend For Subways". NY1. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.

[58] "MTA Releases "Weekender" Smartphone App". NY1. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.

[59] "'The Weekender' Is Now an iPhone App". MTA.info. June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.

[60] "MTA's 'Weekender' App Comes to Android Devices". MTA.info. November 29, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.

[61] Subway Map Gets A Makeover NY1 local news channel. Retrieved May 28, 2010.

[62] TRNSPRTNATION | New York City. Retrieved August 26, 2011.

[63] Artist Turns New York Subway Map Into a Musical Instrument. Retrieved August 26, 2011.

[64] "About NYC Transit: Subways". New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved July 19, 2009.

[65] The Fulton Street and Broad Street stations of the BMT Nassau Street Line are closed on weekends. The Times Square and Grand Central stations of the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle are closed during late nights. The Lower Manhattan R train stations are closed weekends and late nights.

[66] Kennedy, Randy (August 13, 2002). "Tunnel Vision; The Light at the Top of the Subway Stairs". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[67] History of the Independent Subway

[68] "Arts for Transit: The Official Subway and Rail Art Guide". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. www.mta.info. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[69] Subway Art Hard To Miss, Easy To Uncover NY1 local news channel. Made November 11, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2010.

[70] Subway Art Guide

[71] Smith, Roberta (January 2, 2004). "The Rush-Hour Revelations of an Underground Museum". The New York Times. New York, NY.

[72] "MTA Guide to Accessible Transit". New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved March 8, 2010.

[NYCTAAccess-73] "MTA Guide to Accessible Transit: MTA Subways and Buses". New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved March 8, 2010.

[74] "About New York City Transit". MTA.info. Retrieved June 1, 2011.

[75] "MTA Guide to Accessible Transit". MTA.info. Retrieved June 1, 2011.

[76] MTA's Arts for Transit's Music Under New York (MUNY) Section MTA.info website.

[77] "2010 Music Under New York Auditions". MTA.info (YouTube). May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.

[78] Redwine, Tina (May 18, 2011). "MTA Holds Tryouts For Subway Performers". NY1. Retrieved May 20, 2011.

[79] "2011 Music Under New York Auditions". MTA.info (YouTube). May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.

[80] "Performers Audition For Coveted MTA Subway Slots". NY1. May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.

[81] "2012 Music Under New York Auditions". MTA.info (YouTube). May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.

[rules-82] MTA Rules of Conduct

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[87] ta.info—Chapter 13: Infrastructure and Energy

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[89] "New York City Subway Car Fleet June 2010 through June 2011". TheJoeCorner. Retrieved November 12, 2011.

[90] "R160A in service on the N on January 19, 2007".

[91] "R160B in service on the N on February 23, 2007".

[92] AM New York (September 25, 2006): "Voices Down Below", by Justin Rocket Silverman

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[MetroCard-96] Unlimited Ride MetroCard

[97] Pay-per-ride MetroCard

[98] "Reduced-Fare" information, MTA.info

[99] Cudahy, Brian (2003). A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways. Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-2292-6., p. 28

[100] New York City Subway Tokens

[101] "TUNNEL VISION; The Kiss of Desperation: A Disgusting Practice Vanishes With the Token" by Randy Kennedy, The New York Times, April 8, 2003

[Heilbroner1991-102] Heilbroner, David (1991). "ECAB". Rough justice. New York: Dell. p. 14. ISBN 0-440-21030-5.

[103] "Connecticut Highway token buys subway ride, too", The New York Times, November 18, 1982, p.1

[104] "Connecticut to alter its turnpike tokens, solving subway issue", The New York Times, December 15, 1982, p.1

[token_war-105] "17½ Accord puts an end to the great token war", The New York Times, November 7, 1985,

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[thestreet-107] ttp://www.thestreet.com/story/12670911/1/sozzi-the-boring-old-subway-is-now-digital-and-thats-pretty-awesome.html

[108] ttp://www.fastcompany.com/3024544/fast-feed/so-long-metrocard-nyc-subway-cards-will-soon-see-their-last-swipes

[109] ttp://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/MetroCard-Replacement-2019-MTA--239571661.html

[110] "Capital Construction Major Projects" New York City Transit (accessed January 13, 2009)

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[112] MTA Capital Program 2010–2014 MTA.info website. Retrieved June 25, 2010.

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[114] Tracking the Capital Program MTA.info website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.

[115] Capital Program Dashboard 2010 – 2014 Plan MTA.info website. Retrieved August 11, 2010.

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[fastrack2012-119] FASTRACK Coming to the Lexington Avenue Line

[fastrack2013-121] FASTRACK Accomplishments in 2013

[fastrack2014-123] 2014. Schedule of Planned Service Changes for the FASTRACK Maintenance Program

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[133] Announcing the Subway Announcement Lady. // The New York Times, November 14, 2010

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[135] Blocked Subway Signs A Tough Read, Straphangers Say NY1 local news channel. Retrieved August 23, 2010.

[136] Not All Riders Feel The Time Is Right For Subway Station Countdown Clocks NY1 local news channel. Retrieved August 28, 2010.

[137] Subway Countdown Clock Pilot on YouTube MTA's YouTube website. Made February 26, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.

[138] Train Arrival Information Signs on YouTube MTA's YouTube website. Retrieved October 9, 2010.

[139] The Clock Strikes 100! MTA.info website. Made December 21, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.

[140] "Countdown Clocks Go Express.....or Local". MTA.info. March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)

[countdown_clocks-141] Learn More about Countdown Clocks...

[mta_q_and_a-142] MTA 2010-2014 Capital Program Questions & Answers, pages 12–13

[143] For Astoria, next train info without the clock

[144] "NYC Subway-Mastercard Trial". engadget.com. February 1, 2006. Retrieved April 9, 2007.

[145] "Mastercard Paypass NYC Subway Trial-Stations". Mastercard. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved April 9, 2007.

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[147] MTA Launches Smart Card Pilot Program – MTA.info website. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

[148] Pilot Program Replaces MetroCard Swipe With Credit Card Tap NY1. Retrieved June 2, 2010.

[149] Contactless Fare Payment Pilot on YouTube – MTA's YouTube website. Retrieved June 1, 2010.

[150] MasterCard Tap & Go Payment System Enhances Commuter Experience on YouTube – Mastercard Worldwide YouTube website. Made May 28, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2010.

[151] City Critic: A Quick Kiss of Plastic, and Ready to Ride New York Times. Made June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.

[152] NY/NJ Transit Trial FAQ #5 Retrieved October 16, 2010.

[153] NY/NJ Transit Trial Website Mastercard. Retrieved June 1, 2010.

[154] Arden, Patrick; Ventura, Michael P. (04-12). "Ready to roll on Second Ave: MTA's chief engineer dishes the dirt on their new dig" (– ^{Scholar search}). NY Metro. pp. 1/2. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); External link in |format= (help) ^{[dead link]}

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[158] "Help Points Debut at Two Subway Stations". MTA.info. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.

[159] "MTA Kicks Off Test Program With New Subway Station Communication Units". NY1. April 5, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.

[160] "Introducing the Help Point". MTA.info (YouTube). April 6, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2011.

[161] Redwine, Tina (March 6, 2012). "MTA To Provide Every Subway Station With "Help Point" Intercom". NY1. Retrieved March 8, 2012.

[162] MTA Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment 2015-2034, p.46

[163] "MTA's First "On The Go" Touchscreen Unveiled In Bowling Green". NY1. September 19, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.

[164] "MTA Introduces New On the Go! Touch-Screen Travel Station". MTA.info. September 19, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.

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[166] Nally, Jonathan (September 30, 2013). "Tunnel vision: getting New York talking". CriticcalComms. Retrieved March 8, 2014.

[167] Moscaritolo, Angela (April 25, 2013). "Cell Phone Service, Free Wi-Fi Arrive at 30 More NYC Subway Stations". PC Magazine. Retrieved October 31, 2013.

[168] Wireless Service Arrives At 30 Additional Underground Subway Stations

[169] "NYC Subway Signals". nycsubway.org. Retrieved November 19, 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[170] Jane Janeczko (October 30, 2013). "The New York Subway Signs Experiment Makes MTA Conductors Point At Something Else". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 10, 2013.

[neuman-May22-171] Neuman, William (May 22, 2007). "For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.

[172] Neuman, William (May 22, 2007). "For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.

[173] "NYC Subway accidents". nycsubway.org. 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[174] "The Mayor to Begin B.R.T Inquiry Today" (PDF). The New York Times. New York City, NY. November 1, 1918. p. 24. Retrieved December 12, 2009. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[175] Galea, Sandro (November 4, 2009). "Epidemiology of suicide in the New York City subway system". American Public Health Association. Retrieved November 27, 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[176] "Deaths by New York subway train strikes shrank slightly for 2013, MTA says". NY Daily News. December 31, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

[177] "MTA tests motion sensing lasers, thermal image cameras to save fallen straphangers from subway trains". NY Daily News. December 12, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

[178] MTA Plans To Install Platform Doors On 7 Line Extension, NY1, September 8, 2007

[179] Glass walls, sliding doors on 2nd Ave. subway?, WABC-TV, April 5, 2007

[180] Redwine, Tina (November 14, 2011). "Transit Police: Subway Crime More Likely During Daytime, Manhattan Has Most Incidents". NY1. Retrieved November 15, 2011.

[181] Redwine, Tina (January 23, 2012). "More Transit Police Officers Combat Increase In Subway Crime". NY1. Retrieved January 24, 2012.

[182] "If You See Something, Say Something – Subway – Spring 2011". MTA.info (YouTube). April 19, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.

[183] Redwine, Tina (March 26, 2012). "MTA Proposes To Ban Those Who Commit Subway Crimes From Riding System". NY1. Retrieved March 27, 2012.

[184] Chaiken, Jan M.; Lawless, M.; Stevenson, K.A. (1974). "The Impact of Police Activity on Crime". RAND Corporation.

[nyc_subway_in_the_1970s-185] ycsubway.org—The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s

[186] "The Subway Savages," New York Daily News, January 1, 1980, page 22.

[187] "65 cent fare considered in talks on coping with subway crime," New York Times, September 27, 1980, page A1.

[188] "Smashed windows: vandals New Kick," New York Daily News, October 14, 1980, page 5.

[189] "The Fear Hits Home: Ravitch Kin Are Not Night Riders," New York Daily News, January 21, 1982, page 4.

[190] "Subway Ridership Hits 65 Year Low," New York Daily News, October 1, 1982, page 7.

[191] "Vandals on the Rails," New York Daily News, February 17th, 1985, Brooklyn section, page 1.

[192] "Illegal Transfers Costing TA $1.2M," New York Daily News, December 21st, 1984, page 29.

[193] "Cops Are Night Riders," New York Daily News, front page picture caption, June 6th, 1985.

[194] Citizens Crime Commission of New York City (1986). "Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development (Paperback)". Downtown Safety Security and Economic Development. New York, NY, USA: Downtown Research & Development. p. 148. Retrieved November 24, 2009. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[195] Kelling, George L. (2009). "How New York Became Safe: The Full Story". City Journal. Retrieved November 24, 2009. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[196] Glazer, Nathan (1979). "On Subway Graffiti in New York" (PDF). National Affairs. No. 54. pp. 3–12. Retrieved November 24, 2009.

[197] "DON'T DO IT (1988)". MTA.info (YouTube). January 9, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2011.

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[199] "Rudy Giuliani". JoinRudy2008.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.

[200] Levitt, Steven D.: "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(1), 163–190

[201] Kelling, George L.; Bratton, William J. (1998). "Declining crime rates: insiders' view of the New York City story". The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973–). 88 (4). Northwestern University: 1217–1220. doi:10.2307/1144255. JSTOR 1144255.

[202] "Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg testifies before the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board" (Press release). November 9, 2004. Retrieved November 26, 2009.

[203] Matt Haber (June 1, 2004). "Forbidden Photos, Anyone?". www.villagevoice.com. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[204] "Threat Of Subway Photo Ban Riseth Again". Gothamist. November 30, 2004. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[205] "Some Police Still Enforcing Non-Existent Ban On Photography In The Subways". NY1 news. www.ny1.com. February 23, 2006. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[206] 4-3-09 Directive 14: Railfans, use this for your own defense when confronted.

[207] Full section

[208] "NYCLU Sues New York City Over Subway Bag Search Policy" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. August 4, 2005.

[209] "MTA NYC Transit Introduces New Hazmat Response Vehicle". April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.

[210] Zraick, Karen; Johnston, David (September 15, 2009). "Man in Queens Raids Denies Any Terrorist Link". New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2014.

[211] "N.Y.C. bomb plot suspect Zazi pleads guilty". CBC. Associated Press News. February 20, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2014.

[212] Subway and Staten Island Railway Service Reductions, mta.info. Retrieved April 15, 2014.

[213] Bus Service Reductions, mta.info. Retrieved April 15, 2014.

[214] Neuman, William (June 26, 2007). "Some Subways Found Packed Past Capacity". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2008.

[215] Appendix A: Service Needs Assessment Methodology.

[216] "The Approval Matrix, bottom left quadrant". New York. April 22, 2013.

[chan-January14-217] Chan, Sewell (January 14, 2005). "Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2007.

[218] Pages 11–12

[219] ttp://www.mta.info/mta/news/books/docs/TYNA-Consolidated.pdf, pages 46-47

[220] Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment

[221] ter 2

[222] Latest Rainstorm No Match For City's Subway Pumps NY1 local news channel. Retrieved October 2, 2010.

[223] Donohue, Pete (August 9, 2007). "Downpour swamps subways, stranding thousands of riders". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 23, 2007.

[flood_report-224] "August 8, 2007 Storm Report" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York). September 20, 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

[225] Dunlap, David W. (September 19, 2008). "New Subway Grates Add Aesthetics to Flood Protection". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2008.

[226] Lee, Jennifer (October 1, 2008). "Three in One — Flood Protection, Benches and Bike Parking". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2008.

[227] Aaron Feis, Sabrina Ford and Jennifer Fermino (August 27, 2011). "Hurricane Irene halts NY, NJ mass transit". The New York Post. Retrieved August 28, 2011.

[228] "NYC's subway service running OK Monday after Irene". The Washington Post. August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.

[229] Clark, Roger (August 29, 2011). "Straphangers Have Relatively Easy Monday Morning Rush". NY1. Retrieved August 30, 2011.

[230] Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded on YouTube

[231] Restoring South Ferry Station

[232] MTA NYC Transit Reopens the Old South Ferry Loop Station

[233] MTA Staff Cuts May Boost Transit Trash – NY1 local news channel. Retrieved May 7, 2010.

[234] "MTA Falls Behind On Trash Collection". NY1. June 27, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.

[235] "NYC takes aim at subway rats". United Press International. March 24, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.

[236] Transit Officials To Tackle Growing Subway Rat Problem – NY1 local news channel. Retrieved June 16, 2010.

[237] Farinacci, Amanda (January 5, 2012). "Transit Workers Call For Action Against Rats In Subway Stations". NY1. Retrieved January 8, 2012.

[238] "Rats rule the subway rails, platforms", Matthew Sweeney, Newsday, August 13, 2008

[239] Straphangers' Habits Feeding Subway Rat Population, Officials Say NY1 local news channel. Made November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.

[240] Beja, Marc (September 8, 2011). "Rat bites woman in subway station as she waits for train". amNewYork. Retrieved September 12, 2011.

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[245] Epstein, Emily (October 24, 2011). "MTA removes bins hoping to reduce trash". Metro. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

[autogenerated10-246] "New York Subway Noise Levels Can Result In Hearing Loss For Daily Riders" Science Daily October 15, 2006

[autogenerated11-247] "Got Ear Plugs? You May Want to Sport Them on the Subway and Other Mass Transit, Researchers Say" Columbia Mailman School of Public Health News June 18, 2009

[248] Bayen, Ann (March 29, 1976). "Token Women". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 46.

[249] Klein, Alvin (June 6, 1993). "'On the Town' in Revival at Goodspeed Opera". New York Times.

[250] Ms. Subway 2004 Crowned

[251] MTA New York City Transit's Holiday Nostalgia Train

[252] The Vintage train runs every Saturday, November 26 to December 24

[253] Holiday Subway – Forgotten NY.

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@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 All services pass through Manhattan except for the {{NYCS|G}}, [[Franklin Avenue Shuttle]] and [[Rockaway Park Shuttle]]. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on [[Embankment (transportation)|embankments]], or in [[Cut (earthmoving)|open cuts]], and a few stretches of track run at ground level. In total, 40% is at or above ground.
-Many lines and stations have both [[Express train|express]] and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations. The [[BMT Jamaica Line]] uses [[skip-stop]] service on portions, where two services ([[J (New York City Subway service)|J]] and [[Z (New York City Subway service)|Z]] trains) operate over the line during rush hours in the peak direction and many stations are only served by one of the two.
+Many lines and stations have both [[Express train|express]] and local services. These lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the outer two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations. The [[BMT Jamaica Line]] uses [[skip-stop]] service on portions, where two services ({{NYCS|J}} and {{NYCS}Z}} trains) operate over the line during rush hours in the peak direction and many stations are only served by one of the two.
 == History ==
@@ Line 280: / Line 280: @@
 [[File:7train arriving.ogg|thumb|'''{{NYCS|7}}''' train arriving at [[Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue (IRT Flushing Line)|Vernon Boulevard – Jackson Avenue]] station (43s)]]
-Most of the [[List of New York City Subway stations|{{NYCS const|number|total}} stations]] are served 24 hours a day.<ref>The [[Fulton Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Fulton Street]] and [[Broad Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Broad Street]] stations of the [[BMT Nassau Street Line]] are closed on weekends. The [[Times Square (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Times Square]] and [[Grand Central (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Grand Central]] stations of the [[IRT 42nd Street Shuttle]] are closed during late nights. The Lower Manhattan [[R (New York City Subway service)|R]] train stations are closed weekends and late nights.</ref>
+Most of the [[List of New York City Subway stations|{{NYCS const|number|total}} stations]] are served 24 hours a day.<ref>The [[Fulton Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Fulton Street]] and [[Broad Street (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Broad Street]] stations of the [[BMT Nassau Street Line]] are closed on weekends. The [[Times Square (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Times Square]] and [[Grand Central (IRT 42nd Street Shuttle)|Grand Central]] stations of the [[IRT 42nd Street Shuttle]] are closed during late nights. The Lower Manhattan {{NYCS|R}} train stations are closed weekends and late nights.</ref>
 === Station and concourse ===
@@ Line 378: / Line 378: @@
 == Rolling stock ==
-[[File:New York City subway (2011) IMG 3927.JPG|thumb|left|An [[R (New York City Subway service)|R train]] made up of [[R46 (New York City Subway car)|R46 cars]] in Lower Manhattan]]
+[[File:New York City subway (2011) IMG 3927.JPG|thumb|left|An {{NYCS|R}} train made up of [[R46 (New York City Subway car)|R46]] cars in Lower Manhattan]]
 [[File:Empty subway in NYC.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of an [[R142A (New York City Subway car)|R142A]] train car]]
 {{Main|New York City Subway rolling stock}}
@@ Line 392: / Line 392: @@
 The MTA has been incorporating newer subway cars into its stock since the late 1990s. Since 1999, the [[R142 (New York City Subway car)|R142]], [[R142A (New York City Subway car)|R142A]], [[R143 (New York City Subway car)|R143]], [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|R160]], and [[R188 (New York City Subway car)|R188]] cars have been placed into service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?59931 |title= R160A in service on the N on January 19, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?59998 |title= R160B in service on the N on February 23, 2007}}</ref> These cars feature recorded announcements for station information, closing doors, and other general messages in lieu of conductor announcements, although live conductor announcements can still be made. The recordings began in the late 1990s and featured [[Bloomberg Radio]] on-air speakers, who volunteered at the request of their employer and then-future city mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]]. Voices include [[Jessica Ettinger|Jessica Ettinger Gottesman]], Diane Thompson, Charlie Pellett, and Catherine Cowdery. With regards to why certain messages are voiced by males and others by females, MTA spokesperson Gene Sansone said in 2006 that, “Most of the orders are given by a male voice, while informational messages come from females. Even though this happened by accident, it is a lucky thing because a lot of psychologists agree that people are more receptive to orders from men and information from women”.<ref>''[[AM New York]]'' (September 25, 2006): "Voices Down Below", by Justin Rocket Silverman</ref>
-On March 24, 2012, the MTA announced that it ordered 300 [[R179]] subway cars from Bombardier.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/158331/mta-on-track-to-purchase-new-subway-cars| title=MTA On Track To Purchase New Subway Cars| work=[[NY1]]| date=March 27, 2012| accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/032812MTA-Investment| title=Governor Cuomo Announces $600 Million MTA Investment in Upstate Manufacturing (MTA Chooses Bombardier for $600 Million Order for 300 Subway Cars, More Than 500 Manufacturing and Supply Chain Jobs Maintained or Created)| work=[[Government of New York]]| date=March 28, 2012| accessdate=March 29, 2012}}</ref> The total price of the contract is [[US currency|US$]]599 million, with the first test train arriving in late 2014.
+On March 24, 2012, the MTA announced that it ordered 300 [[R179 (New York City Subway cars)|R179]] subway cars from Bombardier.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/transit/158331/mta-on-track-to-purchase-new-subway-cars| title=MTA On Track To Purchase New Subway Cars| work=[[NY1]]| date=March 27, 2012| accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.governor.ny.gov/press/032812MTA-Investment| title=Governor Cuomo Announces $600 Million MTA Investment in Upstate Manufacturing (MTA Chooses Bombardier for $600 Million Order for 300 Subway Cars, More Than 500 Manufacturing and Supply Chain Jobs Maintained or Created)| work=[[Government of New York]]| date=March 28, 2012| accessdate=March 29, 2012}}</ref> The total price of the contract is [[US currency|US$]]599 million, with the first test train arriving in late 2014.
 == Fares ==
@@ Line 592: / Line 592: @@
 [[Communication-based train control|Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC)]] is the state-of-the-art system for [[Railway signal|signal]]ling, [[train protection system|Automatic Train Protection]] and speed control being installed in the subway system within its current big [[Automation of the New York City Subway|automation]] project.
-[[BMT Canarsie Line|One line]] currently has CBTC, with installation on [[IRT Flushing Line|another line]] underway. The BMT Canarsie Line, on which the [[L (New York City Subway service)|L]] subway service runs, was chosen for CBTC pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other subway lines in the system. First proposed in 1992 and approved by the MTA in 1997, the installation of the signal system was begun in 2000 and was mostly completed by December 2006.<ref name="neuman-May22">{{cite news| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html | title = For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says | accessdate = 2007-05-24 | first=William | last=Neuman | date = 2007-05-22 | newspaper = The New York Times}}</ref> Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|more cars]] and these were put into service in 2010, enabling the agency to operate 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour—an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html | title = For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says | accessdate = 2007-05-24 | first=William | last=Neuman | date = 2007-05-22 | newspaper = The New York Times}}</ref>
+[[BMT Canarsie Line|One line]] currently has CBTC, with installation on [[IRT Flushing Line|another line]] underway. The BMT Canarsie Line, on which the {{NYCS|L}} service runs, was chosen for CBTC pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other subway lines in the system. First proposed in 1992 and approved by the MTA in 1997, the installation of the signal system was begun in 2000 and was mostly completed by December 2006.<ref name="neuman-May22">{{cite news| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html | title = For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says | accessdate = 2007-05-24 | first=William | last=Neuman | date = 2007-05-22 | newspaper = The New York Times}}</ref> Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered additional cars, the [[R160 (New York City Subway car)|R160s]] and these were put into service in 2010, enabling the agency to operate 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour—an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/nyregion/22subway.html | title = For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says | accessdate = 2007-05-24 | first=William | last=Neuman | date = 2007-05-22 | newspaper = The New York Times}}</ref>
 ====Train accidents====
@@ Line 814: / Line 814: @@
 This budget deficit also resulted in the shortening, rerouting, or elimination of many bus routes to balance the deficit.<ref>[http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/ServiceReduction/part2.htm Bus Service Reductions], mta.info. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</ref>
-[[File:NYC subway riders with their newspapers.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of an '''{{NYCS service|F}}''' train during morning rush hour]]
+[[File:NYC subway riders with their newspapers.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of an '''{{NYCS|F}}''' train during morning rush hour]]
 ===Capacity constraints===
@@ Line 842: / Line 842: @@
 On August 27, 2011, due to the approach of [[Hurricane Irene (2011)|Hurricane Irene]], the MTA suspended subway service at 12:00 noon in anticipation of heavy flooding on tracks and in tunnels. It was the first weather-caused shutdown in the history of the system.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/mass_transit_shutdown_mode_ge2t81TM8fgggFhhBkbHoJ|title=Hurricane Irene halts NY, NJ mass transit|work=The New York Post|author=Aaron Feis, Sabrina Ford and Jennifer Fermino|date=August 27, 2011|accessdate=August 28, 2011}}</ref> Service was restored by Monday, August 29.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/nycs-subway-service-running-ok-monday-after-irene/2011/08/29/gIQA1NnInJ_story.html?wpisrc=nl_headlines|title=NYC's subway service running OK Monday after Irene|work=The Washington Post|date=August 29, 2011|accessdate=August 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145962/straphangers-have-relatively-easy-monday-morning-rush| title=Straphangers Have Relatively Easy Monday Morning Rush| work=[[NY1]]| first=Roger| last=Clark| date=August 29, 2011| accessdate=August 30, 2011}}</ref>
-On October 29, 2012, another full closure was ordered before the arrival of [[Hurricane Sandy]]. All services on the subway, the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and [[Metro-North]] were gradually shut down that day at 7:00 P.M., to protect passengers, employees and equipment from the coming storm. The storm [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|caused serious damage]] to the system, especially the [[IND Rockaway Line]], which had many sections between [[Howard Beach – JFK Airport (IND Rockaway Line)|Howard Beach – JFK Airport]] and Hammels Wye on the [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaway Peninsula]] heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 [[R32 (New York City Subway car)|R32]] subway cars to the line to provide some interim service (temporarily designated the [[H (New York City Subway service)|H]]). Also, several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge.<ref>{{youtube|mhJrrGNvcFk|Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded}}</ref> [[South Ferry (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)|South Ferry]] suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 2013 by restoring service to the older [[South Ferry loops|loop-configured station]] that had been replaced in 2009; the stub-end terminal tracks remain out of service pending extensive repairs and the new island-platformed station is not expected to open until June 2016.<ref>[http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/RestoringSouthFerryStation.htm Restoring South Ferry Station]</ref><ref>[http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/SouthFerryStationReopenApril2013.htm MTA NYC Transit Reopens the Old South Ferry Loop Station]</ref>
+On October 29, 2012, another full closure was ordered before the arrival of [[Hurricane Sandy]]. All services on the subway, the [[Long Island Rail Road]] and [[Metro-North]] were gradually shut down that day at 7:00 P.M., to protect passengers, employees and equipment from the coming storm. The storm [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|caused serious damage]] to the system, especially the [[IND Rockaway Line]], which had many sections between [[Howard Beach – JFK Airport (IND Rockaway Line)|Howard Beach – JFK Airport]] and Hammels Wye on the [[Rockaway, Queens|Rockaway Peninsula]] heavily damaged, leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system. This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 [[R32 (New York City Subway car)|R32]] subway cars to the line to provide some interim service (temporarily designated the {{NYCS|H}}). Also, several of the system's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge.<ref>{{youtube|mhJrrGNvcFk|Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded}}</ref> [[South Ferry (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line)|South Ferry]] suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 2013 by restoring service to the older [[South Ferry loops|loop-configured station]] that had been replaced in 2009; the stub-end terminal tracks remain out of service pending extensive repairs and the new island-platformed station is not expected to open until June 2016.<ref>[http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/RestoringSouthFerryStation.htm Restoring South Ferry Station]</ref><ref>[http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/SouthFerryStationReopenApril2013.htm MTA NYC Transit Reopens the Old South Ferry Loop Station]</ref>
 <gallery>
 File:New York City Subway 100 1888 edited.JPG|Rain from [[drainage]] pipes comes into a subway car

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