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Revision as of 02:04, 22 January 2013

Turkish Airlines
Türk Hava Yolları A.O.
IATA ICAO Callsign
TK THY TURKISH[nb 1]
Founded20 May 1933
Hubsİstanbul, European Side
Focus cities
Frequent-flyer programMiles&Smiles
AllianceStar Alliance
Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries List
Fleet size202
Destinations260 (as of October 2012)
HeadquartersAtatürk International Airport
Yeşilköy, Istanbul, Turkey
Key people
RevenueIncrease US$ 9.0 billion (2012)[1]
Operating incomeDecrease US$ 307.0 million (2010)[1]
Net incomeDecrease US$ 572.5 million (2011)[2]
Websitewww.turkishairlines.com

Turkish Airlines (Turkish: Türk Hava Yolları) (BİST: THYAO) is the national flag carrier airline of Turkey, headquartered at the Turkish Airlines General Management Building on the grounds of Atatürk Airport in Yeşilköy, Bakırköy, Istanbul.[3][4] It operates scheduled services to 163 international and 41 domestic cities (38 domestic airports), serving a total of 204 airports, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. With an increase to 91 destination countries, the carrier's destination network from one hub is the world's largest.[5] The airline's main base is at Atatürk International Airport, with secondary hubs at Esenboğa International Airport, Antalya International Airport, Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, and Adnan Menderes Airport. In 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 THY carried 17 million, 19.7 million, 22.5 million, 25.1 million, 29 million and 32.6 million passengers with total revenues of US$2.23, $3.0, $4.5, $4, $5.6 and $7.1 billion, respectively.[6][7]

The airline has 18,188 employees (30 June 2011). THY has been a member of the Star Alliance network since 1 April 2008.

Other airline companies that are/were owned or co-owned by Turkish Airlines include AnadoluJet, SunExpress, Cyprus Turkish Airlines, North Cyprus Airlines and B&H Airlines.

History

Early years

İsmet İnönü and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

The airline was formed on 20 May 1933 as State Airlines Administration, part of the Ministry of Defence.[8] The fleet was a five-seat Curtiss Kingbird, two four-seat Junkers F-13s and one ten-seat Tupolev ANT-9.[8] In 1935 it became part of the Ministry of Public Works, in 1938 it moved to be part of the Ministry of Transportation and was renamed "General Directorate of State Airlines".[8] In 1945 the first Douglas DC-3 joined the airline.

Postwar Period

A Boeing 707 of Turkish Airlines at the Zurich Airport in Switzerland, 1976.

Turkish Airlines (THY) started its first international services with the inauguration of the Ankara - Istanbul - Athens flights in 1947.[9]

The airline benefited from the postwar U.S. assistance program to Turkey. With the help of Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) the fleet was upgraded with Douglas DC-3s. THY soon added Nicosia, Beirut and Cairo to its international flight destinations. However, domestic services remained the airline's main focus until the 1960s.

The Turkish government reorganized the airline in 1956 under the name Türk Hava Yollari A.O. (THY). It was capitalized at TRL 60 million. British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) began supplying technical support after acquiring a 6 percent shareholding, which it held for about 20 years.

The fleet was upgraded with Viscounts and Fokker F27s in the late 1950s. The company began operating its first jet, a DC-9, in 1967. This was followed by the addition of a leased Boeing 707 in 1971. Other jets operated in the early 1970s included the DC-10 and Boeing 727.[10]

1980s and 1990s

Turkish Airlines Corporate Headquarters

Unfortunately, the airline was plagued by several difficult issues. It developed a reputation for poor customer service and delays. It also endured hijackings and suffered seven accidents between 1974 and 1983. The most notorious came in 1974, when a DC-10 crashed shortly after take-off near Ermenonville, France, resulting in the deaths of 346 people.

However, a new government came to power in 1983 which recognized THY's importance as Turkey's ambassador to the world, beginning the airline's make-over into a modern operation. It would maintain one of the youngest fleets in the world. Security was intensified, causing one shipper to compare it to Israel's El Al, at least in terms of delays.

THY built a new, state-of-the-art technical center at Yeşilköy Airport in 1984. It was capable of both light and heavy maintenance on a number of different aircraft types. Technical staff then made up one-quarter of the airline's 6,000 employees, according to Air Transport World. In 1984, the company's capital was raised to TRL 60 billion as it was classified as a state economic enterprise. Three years later, the capital was raised again, to TL150 billion.

By the mid-1980s, THY had a fleet of 30 aircraft. It was flying about three million passengers a year to 16 domestic destinations and three dozen international ones. The airline was Turkey's largest source of foreign currency. Turkish Airlines began operating Airbus 310s in 1985, allowing the addition of flights to Singapore in 1986. A route New York via Brussels was added in 1988.

The company posted losses in 1987 and 1988, largely due to high payments on its dozen new Airbus A310s, according to Air Transport World. The fleet also included 11 Boeing 727s and nine DC-9s. THY ended the decade with 8,500 employees.[10]

The company suffered in the global aviation crisis following the Persian Gulf War and would not break even again until 1994. However, business was again booming in the mid-1990s, with the greatest growth coming from North American destinations. THY launched a nonstop to New York in July 1994.

The company's capital continued to be raised, reaching TRL 10 trillion in 1995. During that year, the airline also converted three of its Boeing 727s to dedicated freighters. (The old DC-9s had been sold off.) The company posted a $6 million profit on revenues of $1 billion for the year. While profitable, THY had to contend with Turkey's exorbitant inflation, making capital improvements difficult.

The domestic market was deregulated in 1996, allowing new scheduled competition from charter airlines. At the same time, larger international carriers were providing stiff competition on routes to Western Europe. THY entered into marketing agreements with other international airlines to enhance its competitiveness. The company teamed with Japan Airlines to offer service to Osaka and Tokyo in 1997 and 1998. Other jointly operated flights soon followed with Austrian Airlines, Swissair, and Croatian Airlines.[10]

2000s

A Turkish Airlines Boeing 777-300ER at Atatürk International Airport in 2012. This particular aircraft has the badge and squad of FC Barcelona; the airline is the official sponsor and carrier of the club.[11]

A new terminal opened for the airline in January 2000 at Istanbul's Atatürk International Airport. Turkish Airlines continued to extend its international reach, forging marketing agreements with Asiana Airlines, American Airlines, Malaysian Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines, Czech Airlines and Cathay Pacific in 2000. An Antalya-Frankfurt route was added in 2001 through a code-sharing agreement with Sun Express. However, THY withdrew from the Swissair-led Qualiflyer alliance in order to help attract a strategic investor for its privatization.[citation needed]

Turkey underwent an economic crisis throughout most of 2001, cutting traffic on domestic routes in particular. THY managed to survive after the September 11 attacks on the United States without a government bailout or mass layoffs, although 300 middle management positions were eliminated, 400 part-timers were laid off, and wages were cut 10 percent. Turkish Daily News credited the airline's survival to entrepreneurial management, which was quick to get rid of loss-making routes at home and abroad.

In 2003, the war in Iraq prompted Turkish Airlines to close some routes in the Persian Gulf, while flights to Asia were suspended during the SARS epidemic. However, the airline soon recovered, increasing traffic on existing routes and adding service to Delhi after an 11-year lapse.

Manchester United is another football giant which selected Turkish Airlines as its official sponsor and carrier.[12]
Boeing 737-800 with the livery of the 2010 FIBA World Championship at the Atatürk International Airport in Istanbul.

Another fleet expansion program kicked off in 2004, helping THY maintain one of the youngest fleets in Europe. In July, the airline announced a massive $2.8 billion order of 36 jets from Airbus, plus an order for 15 Boeing 737s.

THY was not just ordering new planes. It was planning to spend $350 million on a new technical and training facility at Istanbul's underutilized Sabiha Gökçen International Airport. The airline had built up a significant technical services operation, maintaining not just its own aircraft but those of third parties. Turkish Technic employed 2,700 and was planning to hire another 2,000 by 2010. THY also had three flight simulators and offered flight training services.

THY faced the entry of new competitors into the liberalizing Turkish aviation market. However, tourism was booming, with 20 million people expected to visit the country in 2005 versus 12 million in 2003. THY divested its 50% holding in Cyprus Turkish Airlines (Kibris Turk Hava Yollari) in 2005.

Although the company was publicly traded at this time, the government owned 98% of its shares. The privatization program was revived in 2004 with a public offering of 20% of shares on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. The Turkish government owned 75% of shares after the offering, which raised $170 million. Currently, the Republic of Turkey's Prime Ministry Privatization Administration owns a 49.12% interest in THY, while 50.88% of shares are publicly traded.[13]

THY's financial statements should be read in light of a new currency created in January 2005. One New Turkish Lira (YTL) is equivalent to one million of the former Turkish Lira (TRL).[10]

On 1 April 2008, Turkish Airlines joined the Star Alliance after an 18-month integration process since December 2006, becoming the seventh European airline[14] in the alliance, which had thus reached a total of 20 members.

In December 2011, the Turkish government unveiled plans to modernize the Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu, Somalia, which became one of the newest flight destinations of the carrier in 2012. The rehabilitation project is part of Turkey's broader engagement in the local post-conflict reconstruction process. Among the scheduled renovations are new airport systems and infrastructure, including a modern control tower to monitor the airspace.[15] In March 2012, Turkish Airlines became the first international carrier to resume flights to Somalia since the start of that country's civil war in the early 1990s.

By the end of 2011, Turkish Airlines upgraded the number of its flight points to 189 destinations (149 international and 40 domestic) worldwide.[16]

Destinations

Main article: Turkish Airlines destinations

Codeshare agreements

As of December 2012, Turkish Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines (Star Alliance members with asterix): Template:Multicol

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Turkish Airlines A340-300 with Star Alliance livery at the Beijing Airport.

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Fleet

As of January 2013, the Turkish Airlines fleet (including AnadoluJet) consists of 196 passenger and 6 cargo aircraft with an average age of 6.5 years.[18][19]

Airbus A321-200
Airbus A330-200
Airbus A340-300
Boeing 737-800
Boeing 777-300ER
Turkish Airlines fleet
Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes
C Y+ Y Total
Airbus A319-100 14 — — — 124 124
Airbus A320-200 27 — — — 159 159
Airbus A321-200 32 9 10 — 176 186
Airbus A330-200 8 — 22 — 228 250 One wet leased
Airbus A330-300 10 15 28 — 261 289 New deliveries: 4 in 2014, 6 in 2015, and 5 in 2016[20]
Airbus A340-300 7 — 34 — 237 271 To be replaced by A330-300 and 777-300ER
Boeing 737-400 3 — — — 149 149 To be replaced by 737 Next Generation
Boeing 737-700 14 — — — 149 149 10 operated by AnadoluJet
Boeing 737-800 59 16 20 — 145 167 7 operated by AnadoluJet
Boeing 737-900ER 9 6 16 — 135 151
Boeing 777-300ER 12 15[21] 28 63 246 337 New deliveries: 3 in 2014, 7 in 2015, 5 in 2016; +5 options
Turkish Airlines Cargo Fleet
Airbus A310-300F 3 — Cargo
Airbus A330-200F 3 2[22] Cargo
Total 202 63

Livery

The airline's "Eurowhite" livery is a white fuselage with blue lettering, a grey tulip on the fuselage running from the rear of the wing to the tail, and a red tail with the company logo in a white circle. In the past, the airplanes were painted white on the top with four red stripes going across the fuselage and the tail white with a red center that included the emblem; instead of a white emblem with a red circle for a background, the emblem was red with a white circle as background; the bellies of the planes had an aluminum finish, while the nose was black, and text on the plane read "THY Türk Hava Yolları-Turkish Airlines" on the left side; on the right the concept was the same with different text reading "Türk Hava Yolları-Turkish Airlines THY".

Boeing 777-300ER with the new logo

The logo on the fin has been modified; the main change being that the emblem is now white and on a red background, while it was formerly red and on a white background.

The inscription "Turkish" has been replaced with "Turkish Airlines" on the front-left and front-right sides of the fuselage.

The "Eurowhite" livery (a white fuselage with blue lettering) and a grey tulip figure on the fuselage (running from the rear of the wing to the tail) have remained the same.

Turkish Airlines Flight Academy

Turkish Airlines Flight Academy was established by the 28th THY Board on 10 November 2004, and started training with 16 cadets on 1 May 2006. The Flight Academy is based at Atatürk International Airport and uses the nearby Çorlu Airport for training activities.[23]

Aircraft Number Notes
Cessna Citation Mustang 2 5 pax.
Diamond DA-42NG 2
Cessna 172S 10

Maintenance center

Main article: Turkish Airlines Maintenance Center

The airlines has a maintenance centre at its hub Atatürk International Airport (IST) in Istanbul. Turkish Airlines Maintenance Center (Turkish Technic) is responsible for the maintenance, repair and overhaul of THY's and third party aircraft, including airframe, landing gear, APU and components.[24]

Turkish Technic has opened a new engine centre in partnership with Pratt & Whitney at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW). The facility provides engine maintenance, repair and overhaul services to customers worldwide.[25]

Affinity programmes

Miles&Smiles is the frequent flyer programme of Turkish Airlines, started after the airline left Qualiflyer. The earned miles can be used in Turkish Airlines's flights, as well as flights on Lufthansa, including the entire Star Alliance network. Miles&Smiles Classic Plus card holders are entitled to the same benefits of Star Alliance Silver card members. Elite and Elite Plus Miles&Smiles Cards entitle the owner to the same benefits as Star Alliance Gold users.[26]

Awards

Turkish Airlines has twice won the Skytrax awards for Europe's Best Airline, Southern Europe's Best Airline, and the World's Best Premium Economy Class Airline Seat in 2011 and 2012.[27][28]

Sponsorship and promotion agreements

Turkish Airlines was chosen as the official carrier by Europe's leading football clubs such as FC Barcelona[29] and Manchester United.[30]

The company is also the primary sponsor of Turkish Airlines Euroleague[31] and was among the sponsors of the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

The airline made also a sponsorship deal with different people like athletes, actors[32]:

Incidents and accidents

During its 75-year history, Turkish Airlines has had 3 accidents on its international flights and 18 on domestic flights. They include the following:

Turkish Airlines Reported Incidents
Flight Date Aircraft Location Description Casualties
Fatal Injured
N/A 17 February 1959 Vickers Viscount Type 793 London, England A Vickers Viscount Type 793, registration TC-SEV, crashed in heavy fog just before landing at London Gatwick Airport. The charter flight was carrying Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and a governmental delegation to London for signing the Zürich and London Agreements on the Cyprus issue. Nine of the 16 passengers and 5 of the 8 crew lost their lives. Menderes, sitting in the back part of the plane, survived the accident almost uninjured and was hospitalized at The London Clinic 90 minutes after receiving first aid from Margaret Bailey, a local resident who rushed to the crash site. 14 10
100 23 September 1961 Fokker F27 Friendship 100 Ankara, Turkey A Fokker F27 Friendship 100, registration TC-TAY, crashed at Karanlıktepe on approach to Esenboğa International Airport, Ankara. All of the four crew and 24 of the 25 passengers on board lost their lives.[36] 24 1
N/A 8 March 1962 Fairchild F27 Adana, Turkey A Fairchild F27, registration TC-KOP, crashed at Taurus Mountains on approach to Adana Airport. All three crew and eight passengers on board were killed.[37] 11 0
N/A 3 February 1964 Douglas C-47A-5-DK Ankara Province A Douglas C-47A-5-DK, registration TC-ETI, flew into terrain in Ankara Province whilst on an ILS approach to Esenboğa International Airport.[38] All 3 crew members on board were killed. 3 0
N/A 2 February 1969 Vickers Viscount Ankara, Turkey A Vickers Viscount, registration TC-SET, crashed on approach to Esenboğa International Airport, Ankara. There were no casualties.[39] 0 0
N/A 26 January 1974 Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000 Izmir, Turkey A Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000, registered TC-JAO and named Van, on a scheduled domestic flight from Izmir Cumaovası Airport (IZM) to Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport (IST/LTBA) crashed shortly after takeoff due to atmospheric icing on the wings. The aircraft disintegrated and caught fire killing four of the five crew and 62 of the 68 passengers on board.[40] 66 7
981 3 March 1974 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Fontaine-Chaalis, Oise, France, Flight 981 crashed in France due to explosive decompression, killing all 346 people aboard. The main cause was a design fault on the cargo doors of DC-10 aircraft, registered TC-JAV and named Ankara. Prior to the Tenerife airport disaster, it was the deadliest aircraft disaster in the world. 346 0
345 30 January 1975 Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship Istanbul, Turkey Flight 345, a Fokker F28-1000 Fellowship, registered TC-JAP and named Bursa, on a scheduled domestic flight from Izmir Cumaovası Airport (IZM) to Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport (IST/LTBA) crashed into the Sea of Marmara during its final approach at the destination airport and sank. All the four crew and 38 passengers on board the aircraft lost their lives.[41] 42 0
452 19 September 1976 Boeing 727 Karatepe, Isparta, Turkey Flight 452, a Boeing 727-2F2, registration TC-JBH, named Antalya, on a domestic flight from Istanbul Yeşilköy Airport (IST/LTBA) to Antalya Airport (AYT/LTAI) struck high ground in Karatepe Mountains during an attempted landing in Isparta instead of Antalya by pilot error. All the eight crew and 146 passeners on board were killed.[42] 154 0
N/A 23 December 1979 Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000 Ankara Fokker F28 Fellowship 1000, registration TC-JAT, named Trabzon, on a scheduled domestic flight from Samsun Airport (SSX/LTAQ) to Esenboğa Airport (ESB/LTAC) in Ankara struck a hill in Kuyumcuköy village at Çubuk, 32 km (20 mi) north-east of the destination airport in severe turbulence on approach to landing. Three of the four crew and 38 of the 41 passengers on board were killed.[43] 41 4
158 16 January 1983 Boeing 727 Ankara, Turkey Flight 158, a Boeing 727-2F2, registration TC-JBR, named Afyon, landed about 50 m (160 ft) short of the runway at Ankara Esenboğa Airport (ESB/LTAC) in driving snow, broke up and caught fire. 47 passengers died, all of the seven crew and 13 passengers survived the accident with injuries.[44] 47 20
278 29 December 1994 Boeing 737 Van, Turkey Flight 278, a Boeing 737-4Y0, registration: TC-JES, named Mersin, crashed during its final approach to land at Van Ferit Melen Airport (VAN/LTCI) in driving snow. Five of the seven crew and 52 of the 69 passengers died. 57 19
5904 7 April 1999 Boeing 737 Classic Ceyhan, Turkey Flight 5904, a Boeing 737-4Q8, registration TC-JEP, named Trakya, on a repositioning flight crashed in Ceyhan eight minutes after taking off from Adana Şakirpaşa Airport (ADA/LTAF). There were no passengers on board, but all six crew members died in the accident. 6 0
634 8 January 2003 Avro RJ-100 Diyarbakır, Turkey Flight 634, an Avro RJ-100, registration: TC-THG, named Konya, crashed while on a VOR/DME approach to runway 34 at Diyarbakır Airport (DIY/LTCC), Turkey. 75 of the 80 passengers and crew died.[45] 75 5
1951 25 February 2009 Boeing 737 Amsterdam, Netherlands Flight 1951, a Boeing 737–800, registration: TC-JGE, named Tekirdağ, carrying 135 passengers, crashed while approaching Schiphol Airport, Netherlands. Nine people died, including the three pilots.[46] 86 passengers were transported to local hospitals. The preliminary results of the Dutch investigation found that a faulty altimeter caused the aircraft to throttle the engines back to idle and that the crew failed to react quickly enough resulting in a stall and crash. Boeing advised operators of all 737 aircraft to carefully monitor primary flight instruments and not to engage autopilot/throttle systems during approach and landing in event of a radio altimeter malfunction.[47][48][49] 9 86

See also

Footnotes

Notes

  1. ^ As of April 2010, TURKISH replaced TURKAIR as the Official ICAO allocated callsign.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b "Turkish Airlines' Net Profit for the Year 2010 191 Million USD..." turkishairlines.com. Turkish Airlines, Inc. 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
  2. ^ "Turkish Airlines' Net Profit for the Year 2011" (PDF). kap.gov.tr. Kamuoyu Aydinlatma Platformu. 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2012-02-15.
  3. ^ "Contact Us." Turkish Airlines. Retrieved on 26 June 2010. "Turkish Airlines General Management Turkish Airlines General Management Building Ataturk Airport, Yesilkoy 34149 Istanbul Turkey"
  4. ^ "Map." Turkish Airlines. Retrieved on 26 June 2010.
  5. ^ "Turkish Airlines". Sabah English. Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  6. ^ ATW Daily News
  7. ^ Turkish Airlines nine month net profit 304 million USD – Turkish Airlines – TK – International Home Page. Thy.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  8. ^ a b c A Brief History of THY
  9. ^ http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/corporate/about_us/history.aspx
  10. ^ a b c d Company History of Turkish Airlines Cite error: The named reference "Turkish Airlines Inc." was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Turkish Airlines signs sponsorship deal with Barcelona" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  12. ^ "Turkish Airlines becomes sponsor of Manchester United" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  13. ^ http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/corporate/investor_relations/organization.aspx
  14. ^ "Turkish Airlines to join Star Alliance, Star Alliance board approves membership application" (Press release). Star Aliance. 9 December 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  15. ^ SKA will run airport operations in Mogadishu
  16. ^ Turkish Airlines: Flight destinations
  17. ^ "Air Canada and Turkish Airlines enter into Code Share Agreement" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  18. ^ Turkish Airlines fleet list. Turkish Airlines
  19. ^ Turkish Airlines fleet list PlaneSpotters.net
  20. ^ http://www.cnbc.com/id/49325567/Turkish_Airlines_to_buy_15_Airbus_A330_300_planes in 2014_2016
  21. ^ http://www.airnewstimes.co.uk/turkish-airlines-order-15-boeing-777-300ers-15110-news.html
  22. ^ Airbus – Orders, Deliveries, Operators Summary to 31 July 2010
  23. ^ THY Uçuş Akademisi – THY – Türk Hava Yolları. Turkishairlines.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  24. ^ Turkish Technic. Turkish Technic. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  25. ^ Turkish Engine Center. Turkish Technic. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  26. ^ Miles&Smiles – THY | Türk Hava Yolları. Turkishairlines.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  27. ^ Skytrax: Turkish Airlines won the "Best Airline of Europe" Award in 2011.
  28. ^ Skytrax: Turkish Airlines won the "Best Airline of Europe" Award in 2012.
  29. ^ "Turkish Airlines signs sponsorship deal with Barcelona" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  30. ^ "Turkish Airlines becomes sponsor of Manchester United" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  31. ^ "An important strategic partnership agreement between Turkish Airlines and Euroleague Basketball" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  32. ^ "Movie archive" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  33. ^ a b "Fly with the best" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  34. ^ "Caroline Wozniacki Movie" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  35. ^ "Feel like a star" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  36. ^ "Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 TC-TAY Ankara". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  37. ^ "Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 100 TC-KOP Taurus Mts". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  38. ^ "Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-5-DK TC-ETI Ankara-Esenboga". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
  39. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  40. ^ "Aircraft accident Fokker F-28 Fellowship 1000 TC-JAO Izmir-Cumaovası Airport (ADB)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
  41. ^ "Aircraft accident Fokker F-28 Fellowship 1000 TC-JAP Istanbul-Yeşilköy Airport (IST) [Marmara Sea]". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
  42. ^ "Aircraft accident Boeing 727-2F2 TC-JBH Isparta". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  43. ^ "Aircraft accident Fokker F-28 Fellowship 1000 TC-JAT Ankara-Esenboğa Airport (ESB)". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  44. ^ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-2F2 TC-JBR Ankara-Esenboga Airport (ESB). Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  45. ^ Aviation Safety Network report – January 8, 2003 crash
  46. ^ "Turkish plane crash in Amsterdam". BBC News. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  47. ^ Altimeter fault behind Turkish Airlines crash. News.ninemsn.com.au. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
  48. ^ "Faulty altimeter contributed to Turkish Airlines crash: officials". CBC News. 4 March 2009.
  49. ^ "Altimeter 'had role' in air crash". BBC News. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  50. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
  51. ^ "Passengers thwart Turkish jet hijack attempt". BBC News Online. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  52. ^ Hradecky, Simon (5 January 2011). "Incident: THY B738 near Istanbul on Jan 5th 2011, hijack attempt averted". Aviation Herald. Retrieved 6 January 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkish Airlines.
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