Yami language
Yami | |
---|---|
ciciring no Tao | |
Native to | Taiwan |
Ethnicity | Tao |
Native speakers | about 4000 (2012)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | tao |
Glottolog | yami1254 |
ELP | Tao |
Linguasphere | 31-CAA-a |
![]() Yami language is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Orchid Island in Taiwan | |
Coordinates: 22°03′N 121°32′E / 22.050°N 121.533°E |
Yami language (Chinese: 雅美語), also known as Tao language (Chinese: 達悟語), is a Malayo-Polynesian and Philippine language spoken by the Tao people of Orchid Island, 46 kilometers southeast of Taiwan. It is a member of the Ivatan dialect continuum.
Yami is known as ciriciring no Tao 'human speech' by its native speakers. Native speakers prefer the 'Tao' name.[1]
Classification
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Batanic_languages.png/220px-The_Batanic_languages.png)
Yami is the only native language of Taiwanese indigenous peoples that is not a member of the Formosan grouping of Austronesian; it is one of the Batanic languages also found in Batanes province of northern Philippines, and as such is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian.
Phonology
[edit]Yami has 20 consonants and 4 vowels:[2]
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ||
Mid | ə | o | |
Open | a |
- /o/ can be heard as [ʊ] after labial stop consonants.
Iraralay Yami, spoken on the north coast, distinguishes between geminative consonants (e.g., opa 'thigh' vs. oppa 'hen' form one such minimal pair).[3]
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | ||
voiced | b | d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
Fricative | v | ʂ | ʁ | |||||
Approximant | l | j | ɻ | w | ||||
Trill | r |
- /k ʁ/ can also be heard as sounds [q ɦ] when between vowel /a/ intervocalically.
- Sounds /n l ʂ/ can be heard as sounds [ɲ ɮ ʃ] before /i/.
Grammar
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]The following set of pronouns is found in the Yami language.[4]
Nominative | Genitive | Locative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
free | bound | free | bound | ||
1st person singular | yaken | ko | niaken | ko | jiaken |
2nd person singular | imo | ka | nimo | mo | jimo |
3rd person singular | iya | ya | nia | na | jia |
1st person plural inclusive | yaten | ta, tamo, takamo | niaten | ta | jiaten |
1st person plural exclusive | yamen | namen | niamen | namen | jiamen |
2nd person plural | inio | kamo, kanio | ninio | nio | jinio |
3rd person plural | sira | sia | nira | da | jira |
Verbs
[edit]The following list are verbal inflections found in Yami.[5]
- Dynamic intransitive
- -om-/om- (subjunctive: N-)
- mi-
- ma-
- maN-
- maka-
- maci-/masi-/macika-/macipa-
- Stative
- ma- (subjunctive: a-)
- ka- ... -an (subjunctive: ka- ... -i)
- Dynamic
- pi-
- pa-
- paN- (subjunctive: maN-)
- paka- (subjunctive: maka-)
- paci- (subjunctive: maci-)
- Transitive
- -en (subjunctive: -a)
- -an (subjunctive: -i)
- i- (subjunctive: -an)
- Stative functioning as transitive
- ma- (subjunctive: a- ... -a)
- ka- ... -an (subjunctive: a- ... -a)
Affixes
[edit]The following is a list of affixes found in Yami.[6]
- icia- 'fellows such and such who share the same features or fate'
- ikeyka- 'even more so'
- ika- 'feel such and such because...'
- ika- 'ordinal number'
- ipi- 'multiple number'
- ji a- 'negation or emphatic'
- ka- 'company, as ... as, abstract noun'
- ka- 'and then, just now, only'
- ka- 'stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs'
- ka- (reduplicated root) 'very'
- ka- (reduplicated root) 'animals named after certain features'
- ka- ... -an 'common noun'
- ma- ... -en 'love to do such and such'
- mapaka- 'pretend to be such and such'
- mapi- 'do such and such as an occupation'
- mi-/mala- 'kinship relationships in a group of two or three'
- mika-/mapika-/ipika- 'all, gradually, one by one'
- mala- 'taste or look like...'
- mipa- 'getting more and more...'
- mipipa- 'even more...'
- mapi-/mapa-/pa- ... -en/ipa- 'causative verb affixes'
- ni- 'perfective'
- ni- ... na 'superlative'
- noka- 'past'
- noma- 'future (remote)'
- sicia- 'present'
- sima- 'future (proximal)'
- tey- 'direction'
- tey- 'very, too'
- tey- (reduplicated root) 'amount allocated to each unit
Vocabulary
[edit]Cognates with Philippine languages
[edit]English | Yami | Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan, etc. |
---|---|---|
Person | tao | tao (Tagalog), tawo (Cebuano Vis., Bicol) |
Mother | ina | ina (Tagalog)[7] |
Father | ama | ama (Tagalog), ama (Ilokano)[8] |
Head | oo | ulo (Tagalog), ulu (Cebuano), olo (Ilokano)[9] |
Yes | nohon | oho (Pandan Bikol, Bikol Sentral) |
Friend | kagagan | kaibigan (Tagalog) |
who | sino | sino, sin-o (Hiligaynon Vis.), hin-o (Waray Vis.) |
they | sira | sila (Tagalog), sira/hira (Waray Vis.) |
their | nira | nila (Tagalog) |
offspring | anak | anak (Cebuano Vis.), anak (Hiligaynon Vis.), anak (Ilokano), anak (Tagalog) |
I (pronoun) | ko | ko, -ko (Ilokano) |
you | ka | ka, -ka (Ilokano) |
day | araw | araw, aldaw (Ilokano), adlaw (Cebuano Vis.) |
eat | kanen | kain, kanen (Ilokano), kaon (all Visayan) |
drink | inomen | inumin, inomen (Ilokano) |
speech | ciriciring | chirichirin (Itbayaten Ivatan), siling (Hiligaynon Vis., 'say'), siring (Waray Vis., 'say') |
and | aka | saka (Bikol Sentral, Calabanga variant) (historically "saka asin") |
ouch | Ananay | Aray, Agay (Cebuano Vis.), Annay (Ilokano) |
home | vahay | bahay, balay (Ilokano, Cebuano Vis.) |
piglet | viik | biik (Tagalog) |
goat | kadling | kambing, kanding (Cebuano Vis.), kalding (Ilokano) |
stone | vato | bato (Tagalog, all Visayan, etc.) |
town | ili | ili (Ilokano) |
one | ása | isa (Tagalog, Hiligaynon Vis.), maysa (Ilokano), usa (Cebuano Vis.) |
two | dóa (raroa) | dalawa (Tagalog), duha (Cebuano), dua (Ilokano) |
three | tílo | tatlo, tulo/tuto (Cebuano Vis.), tallo (Ilokano) |
four | ápat | apat (Tagalog, Hiligaynon Vis.), upat (Cebuano Vis.), uppat (Ilokano) |
five | líma | lima (Cebuano Vis.), lima (Hiligaynon Vis.), lima (Ilokano), lima (Tagalog)[10] |
six | ánem | anim (Tagalog), innem (Ilokano), unom (Cebuano Vis.), anum (Hiligaynon Vis.) |
seven | píto | pito (Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan) |
eight | wáo | walo (Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan) |
nine | síam | siyam, siam (Ilokano) |
ten | póo | sampu (Tagalog), sangapulo (Ilokano), napulo (all Visayan) |
Japanese loanwords
[edit]English | Yami | Japanese |
---|---|---|
Airplane | sikoki | hikouki (飛行機) |
Alcohol | saki | sake (酒) |
Battleship | gengkang | gunkan (軍艦) |
Bible | seysio | seisho (聖書) |
Christ | Kizisto | kirisuto (キリスト) |
Doctor | koysang | o-isha-san? (お医者さん) |
Flashlight | dingki | denki (電気) |
Holy Spirit | seyzi | seirei (聖霊) |
Key | kagi | kagi (鍵) |
Medicine | kosozi | kusuri (薬) |
Monkey | sazo | saru (猿) |
Motorcycle | otobay | ōtobai (オートバイ; 'auto bike') |
Police | kisat | keisatsu (警察) |
School | gako | gakkō (学校) |
School bag | kabang | kaban (鞄) |
Teacher | sinsi | sensei (先生) |
Ticket | kipo | kippu (切符) |
Truck | tozako | torakku (トラック; 'truck') |
Chinese loanwords
[edit]English | Yami | Mandarin Chinese |
---|---|---|
Wine | potaw cio | pútáojiǔ (葡萄酒) |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Rau & Dong 2006, p. 79
- ^ Rau & Dong 2006, pp. 79–80
- ^ Rau & Dong 2006, p. 81
- ^ Rau & Dong 2006, p. 123
- ^ Rau & Dong 2006, p. 135
- ^ Rau & Dong 2006, p. 135–136
- ^ "ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Cognate Sets - I".
- ^ "amax father". ACD. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "quluh head". ACD. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ "lima five". ACD. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
Sources
[edit]- Rau, D. Victoria; Dong, Maa-Neu (2006). 達悟語:語料、參考語法、及詞彙/ Yami Texts with Reference Grammar and Dictionary (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- Rau, D. Victoria 何德華; Dong, Maa-Neu 董瑪女; Chang, Ann Hui-Huan 張惠環 (2012). Dáwù yǔ cídiǎn / Yami (Tao) Dictionary 達悟語詞典 / Yami (Tao) Dictionary (in Chinese and English). Taibei shi: Guoli taiwan daxue chuban zhongxin. ISBN 978-986-03-2519-5.
- Rau, Der-Hwa 何德華; Dong, Maa-Neu 董瑪女 (2018). Dáwù yǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 達悟語語法概論 [Introduction to Tao Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5695-7 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw.
Further reading
[edit]- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2016). Acoustic Cues to Prosodic Boundaries in Yami: A First Look. Proceedings of Speech Prosody 8, May 31 – June 3, Boston, USA. doi:10.21437/SpeechProsody.2016-128.
- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2015). What Does the Question Sound Like: Exploring Wh- and Yes/No Interrogative Prosody in Yami. ICPhS.
- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2018). Tonal Hybridization in Yami-Mandarin Contact. Proceedings of the 6th Tonal Aspects of Languages. ISCA. doi:10.21437/TAL.2018-7.
External links
[edit]- Yami wordlists at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=254, language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=335 Archived 2015-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
- Yami Language Documentation Project website – hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Online Yami language course – hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Yami Dictionary Project website Archived 2021-02-26 at the Wayback Machine – hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Yuán zhù mínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (in Chinese) – Yami search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation
- Yami teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan Archived 2021-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Yami translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office