KLM: Difference between revisions

Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij
Royal Dutch Airlines
	File:KLM-Logo-2011.png
Founded	7 October 1919
Hubs	Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
Frequent-flyer program	Flying Blue
Alliance	SkyTeam
Subsidiaries	KLM Cityhopper; Martinair; Transavia.com;
Fleet size	118 (excl. subsidaries)
Destinations	136
Parent company	Air France-KLM
Headquarters	Amstelveen, Netherlands
Key people	Albert Plesman (Founder); Camiel Eurlings (President & CEO)
Revenue	€9,473 million (2012)
Operating income	€153 million (2012)
Website	www.klm.com

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Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. (KLM Royal Dutch Airlines), known by its initials KLM, is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands. KLM's headquarters is in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. KLM operates scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations worldwide. It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. As of 31 March 2010^[update] it had 31,787 employees.^[3]

The merger of KLM with Air France in May 2004 created Air France-KLM, which is incorporated under French law with headquarters at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. KLM is part of the SkyTeam alliance.

History

Pre World War II

A KLM poster, probably dating to the late 1920s, after it started service to Jakarta^[4]

In 1919, a young aviator lieutenant named Albert Plesman sponsored the ELTA aviation exhibition in Amsterdam. This aviation exhibition was a great success, and, after closure, several Dutch commercial interests had the intention to establish a Dutch airline. Plesman was nominated to head this new airline.^[5] In September 1919, Queen Wilhelmina awarded the yet to be founded KLM its "Royal" ("Koninklijke") predicate.^[6] On October 7, 1919, the "Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij" (KLM) ^[6] was founded by Albert Plesman in The Hague as one of the world's first commercial airline companies.^[5]

The first KLM flight took place on 17 May 1920. KLM's first pilot, Jerry Shaw, flew from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam.^[6] The flight was flown using a leased Aircraft Transport and Travel De Haviland DH-16,^[6] registration G-EALU, and was carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1920, KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In April 1921, after a winter hiatus, KLM resumed its services using its own pilots and aircraft: Fokker F.II and Fokker F.III.^[6] In 1921, KLM started scheduled services.

KLM's first intercontinental flight was initiated on the 1st of October 1924.^[6] This flight had Batavia (Colonial Jakarta) on the island Java in the Dutch East Indies as the final destination and was flown by a Fokker F.VII^[6] with registration H-NACC and was piloted by Van Der Hoop. In September 1929, regular scheduled services between Amsterdam and Batavia commenced. Until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, this was the world's longest-distance scheduled service by airplane.^[6]

By 1926, it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F2 & Fokker F.III.^[7]

In 1930, KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934.

The first transatlantic KLM flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F-XVIII "Snip".^[6] The first of the airline's Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936, and these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney. KLM was the first airline to serve Manchester's new Ringway airport, starting June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to operate the Douglas DC-5, using four of them in the Dutch East and West Indies between May 1940 and late 1941.

1940s

Revenue Passenger-Kilometers, scheduled flights only, in millions
Year	Traffic
1947	454
1950	766
1955	1,485
1960	2,660
1965	3,342
1971	6,330
1975	10,077
1980	14,058
1985	18,039
1995	44,458

Source: ICAO Digest of Statistics for 1947–55, IATA World Air Transport Statistics 1960–1995

Second World War

When German military forces invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, a number of KLM aircraft (mostly DC-3s and a few DC-2s) were en route to or from the Far East or operating services in Europe. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 managed to escape to England. During the war, these KLM planes and crew members would fly the infamous Bristol-Lisbon scheduled passenger flights under BOAC registration.

The Douglas DC-3 PH-ALI 'Ibis', then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked three times by the Luftwaffe: on 15 November 1942, 19 April 1943, and finally on 1 June 1943 (fatal to passengers and crew, see BOAC Flight 777). Some KLM aircraft with their crews ended up in the Australia-Indonesia region, where they aided in transporting people who were escaping the Japanese aggression in that area.

Post World War II

After the ending of the Second World War in the fall of 1945, KLM immediately started to rebuild its network. Since the Dutch East Indies were in a state of revolt, Plesman's first priority was to reestablish KLM's route to Batavia. This service was reinstated by the end of 1945.^[5] Domestic and European flights resumed in September 1945, initially with a fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Douglas DC-4s.^[6] On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to start transatlantic scheduled flights between Amsterdam and New York City using Douglas DC-4 aircraft.^[6] By 1948, KLM had reconstructed its network and service resumed to Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean.^[5] Long range pressurized Lockheed Constellations and Douglas DC-6s joined KLM's fleet in the late 1940s; the Convair 240 short range pressurized twin engined airliner began European flights for the company in late 1948.

During the immediate postwar period, the Dutch government expressed interest in gaining a majority stake in the airline and thus nationalizing KLM. Plesman, however, wanted KLM to remain a private company under private control and thus only allowed the Dutch government a minority stake in KLM.^[5]

1950s

In 1950, KLM carried 356,069 passengers. The expansion of the network continued in the 1950s with the addition of several destinations in western North America.^[5] KLM's fleet expanded as well with the addition of new versions of the Lockheed Constellation and Lockheed Electra, of which KLM was the first European airline to fly.^[5]

On 31 December 1953, the founder and president of KLM, Albert Plesman, died at the age of 64.^[8]^[9] Fons Aler succeeded Albert Plesman as KLM's president.^[10] After the death of Plesman, the company and other airlines entered a difficult economic period. The conversion to jet airplanes placed a further financial burden on KLM. Besides all this, the Dutch government increased its ownership of the company to two-thirds, and thus hereby nationalized the airline. The board of directors, however, remained under the control of the private shareholders.^[5]

On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its flight simulator for the Douglas DC-7C – the last KLM aircraft with piston engines – which opened the transpolar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958.^[6] Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire AR-10 carbine for use against polar bears, in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.^[11]

1960s and 1970s

Beginning in September 1959, the airline introduced the four-engine turboprop Lockheed Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, KLM introduced the first Douglas DC-8 jet into its fleet.^[6] In 1961, KLM reported its first year of losses.^[5] In 1961, the president of KLM, Fons Aler, was succeeded by Ernst van der Beugel. This change of leadership, however, did not lead to a reversion of KLM's financial difficulties.^[5] Van der Beugel resigned as president in 1963 due to health reasons.^[12] Horatius Albarda was appointed to succeed Ernst van der Beugel as president of KLM in 1963.^[13] Alberda initiated a reorganization of the company, which led to the reduction of staff and air services.^[5] In 1965, Alberda died in an air crash. Dr. Gerrit van der Wal succeeded Alberda as president of KLM.^[14]^[15] Van der Wal forged an agreement with the Dutch government that KLM would be run once again as a private company without interference of the government. By 1966, the stake of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to a minority stake of 49.5%.^[5] In 1966, KLM introduced the Douglas DC-9 on European and Middle East routes.

The new terminal buildings at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened in April 1967 and in 1968, the stretched Douglas DC-8-63 entered service.^[6] With 244 seats, it was the largest airliner at the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher gross-weight Boeing 747-200B into service, starting in February 1971, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, thus beginning the airline's era of widebody jets.^[6] ^{[citation needed]} In March 1971, KLM opened its current headquarters in Amstelveen.^[6] In 1972, KLM purchased the first of several Douglas DC-10 aircraft. This jet was McDonnell Douglas's response to Boeing's 747.^[5]

In 1973, Sergio Orlandini was appointed to succeed Gerrit van der Wal as president of KLM.^[5]^[16] At the time, KLM, as well as other airlines, had to deal with overcapacity. Orlandini proposed to convert KLM 747s to "combis" that could carry a combination of passengers and freight.^[5] In November 1975, the first of these Boeing 747-300B Combi aircraft were added to the KLM fleet.^[6]

The oil crisis of 1973, which caused difficult economic conditions, led KLM to seek government assistance in arranging debt refinancing. KLM issued additional shares of stock to the government, in return for its money. In the late 1970s, the government's stake had again increased to a majority stake of 78%.^[5] KLM thus, again, was nationalized. The company management, however, remained under control of the private stakeholders.^[6]

1980s and 1990s

In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached an agreement with Boeing to convert some of its Boeing 747-200s to stretched upper deck configuration. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD, which the airline operated in addition to Boeing 747-300s. In 1983 as well, KLM took delivery of its first (of ten) Airbus A310 passenger jets.^[5] Sergio Orlandini retired in 1987 and was succeeded by Jan de Soet as president of KLM.^[17] In 1986, the share of the Dutch government in KLM was reduced to 54.8 percent.^[5] It was expected that this share would be reduced further during the decade.^[5] The Boeing 747-400 was introduced into KLM's fleet in June 1989.^[6]

With the liberalization of the European market, KLM started with the development of its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by feeding its network with traffic from affiliated airlines.^[5] A major step in the development of a worldwide network was the acquisition of a 20% stake in Northwest Airlines in July 1989.^[6]

In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. KLM president Jan de Soet retired at the end of 1990 and was succeeded in 1991 by Pieter Bouw.^[18] In December 1991, KLM was the first European airline to introduce a frequent flyer loyalty program, which was called Flying Dutchman.^[6]

In January 1993, the US Department of Transportation granted KLM and Northwest Airlines antitrust immunity, which allowed the two airlines to intensify their partnership.^[6] As of September 1993, the partners operated all their flights between the US and Europe as part of a joint venture.^[6] In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes.^[6] KLM's stake in Northwest Airlines was increased to 25% in 1994.^[5]

KLM introduced the Boeing 767-300ER in July 1995.^[6] In January 1996, KLM acquired a 26% share in the flag carrier of Kenya, Kenya Airways.^[6] In 1997, Pieter Bouw resigned as president of KLM; he was succeeded by Leo van Wijk.^[19] In August 1998, KLM repurchased all regular shares from the Dutch government to make KLM, once again, a private company.^[6] On November 1, 1999, KLM founded AirCares, a communication and fundraising platform supporting worthy causes and focusing on underprivileged children around the world.^[6]

2000s

In March and June 2002, KLM announced that it would renew its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s, and eventually the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with Boeing 777-200ERs and Airbus A330-200s. Some 747s would be first to retire. The MD-11s will remain in service until 2014. The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, entering commercial service on the Amsterdam–Toronto route, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005 and entered commercial service on the Amsterdam–Washington Dulles route.

On 30 September 2003, Air France and KLM announced and agreed to a merger plan in which Air France and KLM would become subsidiaries of a holding company called Air France-KLM. Both airlines would retain their own brands and both Paris Charles de Gaulle and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol would become the key hubs.^[20] In February 2004, the European Commission and US Department of Justice approved the proposed merger of Air France and KLM.^[21]^[22] In April 2004, an exchange offer took place in which KLM shareholders exchanged their KLM shares for Air France shares.^[23] The merger of Air France and KLM was approved by the shareholders in April 2004.^[24] By exchanging the KLM shares for Air France shares, the merger was therefore fulfilled On 4 May 2004, the exchange offer was called successful.^[25] As of 5 May 2004, the merger of Air France and KLM was a done deal.^[26] Since 5 May 2004, Air France – KLM has been listed on the Euronext exchanges in Paris, Amsterdam and New York.^[24] In September 2004, the merger was completed by creation of the Air France-KLM holding company.^[24] The merger of Air France and KLM resulted in the world's largest airline group. The merger should lead to an annual total cost-saving of between 400 and 500 million euros.^[26]

It did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines (since merged with Delta Air Lines in 2008) was affected by the merger with Air France. Both KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004.

In March 2007, KLM started to use the Amadeus reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways. Furthermore, after 10 years, Leo van Wijk resigned from his position as president of KLM, being succeeded by Peter Hartman.^[27]

2010s

In January 2010, Northwest Airlines was absorbed into Delta Air Lines, ending their 21-year long alliance with KLM. In September 2010, KLM announced that the passenger division of Martinair would be integrated within KLM. All personnel and routes will be transferred to KLM. By November 2011, Martinair only consisted of the cargo and maintenance division.

In March 2011, KLM and InselAir reached an agreement for mutual interline cooperation on InselAir destinations, thus expanding its services to its passengers. Beginning 27 March 2011, KLM passengers could also fly to all InselAir destinations, through InselAir's hubs in Curacao and Saint Maarten/Saint Martin.

On 20 February 2013, KLM announced that Peter Hartman would resign as president and CEO of KLM on 1 July 2013. He was succeeded by Camiel Eurlings. Peter Hartman will remain employed by KLM until he retires on 1 January 2014.^[1]

KLM recieved the award for "Best Airline Staff Service" in Europe at the World Airline Awards 2013. This award represents the rating for an airline's performance across both Airport Staff and Cabin Staff combined, and were first introduced in 2010.^[28] It is the second consecutive year that KLM won this award; in 2012 it was awarded with this title as well.^[29]

Corporate affairs and identity

Management

KLM's corporate leadership is in hands of president and chief executive officer (CEO) Camiel Eurlings. The president and CEO is part of the larger Executive Committee, which manages KLM and consists of the statutory managing directors and executive vice presidents of KLM's business units. The business units that are represented in the Executive Committee range from Operations to Industrial Relations, and from Engineering & Maintenance to Inflight Services.^[30] The supervision and management of KLM are structured in accordance with the two-tier model. This means that the Board of Managing Directors is supervised by a separate and independent Supervisory Board. Furthermore the Supervisory Board supervises the general performance of KLM as well.^[31] The Board of Managing Directors of KLM is formed by the four Managing Directors, including the CEO. The Supervisory Board is formed by nine Supervisory Directors.^[30]

Head office

KLM's head office is located in Amstelveen,^[32]^[33] on a 16-acre (6.5 ha) site near Schiphol Airport. The current KLM headquarters was built between 1968 and 1970.^[34] Before the opening of the new headquarters, the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in the Haarlemmermeer.^[35]

Subsidiaries

Companies with a major KLM stake include:^[36]

Company	Type	Principal activities	Incorporated in	Group's Equity Shareholding
Cobalt Ground Solutions	Subsidiary	Ground handling	United Kingdom	60%
Cygnific	Subsidiary	Sales and service	Netherlands	100%
EPCOR	Subsidiary	Maintenance	Netherlands	100%
High Speed Alliance	Joint Venture	High speed trains	Netherlands	5% (10% voting right)^[37]^[38]
Kenya Airways	Associate	Airline	Kenya	27%
KLM Asia	Subsidiary	Airline	Taiwan	100%
KLM Catering Services	Subsidiary	Catering services	Netherlands	100%
KLM Cityhopper	Subsidiary	Airline	Netherlands	100%
KLM Cityhopper UK	Subsidiary	Airline	United Kingdom	100%
KLM Equipment Services	Subsidiary	Equipment support	Netherlands	100%
KLM Financial Services	Subsidiary	Financing	Netherlands	100%
KLM Flight Academy	Subsidiary	Flight academy	Netherlands	100%
KLM Health Services	Subsidiary	Health services	Netherlands	100%
KLM UK Engineering	Subsidiary	Engineering and maintenance	United Kingdom	100%
Martinair	Subsidiary	Cargo airline	Netherlands	100%
Schiphol Logistics Park	Joint controlled entity	Logistics	Netherlands	53% (45% voting right)
transavia.com	Subsidiary	Airline	Netherlands	100%
transavia.com France	Associate	Airline	France	40%

Former subsidiaries

Subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures of KLM in the past include:

Company	Type	Year of establishment	Year of rejection	Notes	References
Air UK	Associate	1987	1998	Upon obtaining majority stake, renamed KLM uk	^[39]
Braathens	Joint Venture	1998	2003	—	^[40]^[41]
Buzz	Subsidiary	2000	2003	Sold to Ryanair	^[42]^[43]^[44]
De Kroonduif	Subsidiary	1955	1963	Acquired by Garuda Indonesia	^[45]
KLM alps	Subsidiary	1998	2001	—	^[46]^[47]
KLM exel	Subsidiary	1991	2004	—	^[48]
KLM Helicopters	Subsidiary	1965	1998	Sold to Schreiner Airways	^[49]^[50]^[51]
KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM-IIB)	Subsidiary	1947	1949	Nationalized and renamed Garuda Indonesia	^[52]
KLM uk	Subsidiary	1998	2002	Merged with KLM Cityhopper	^[39]^[53]
NetherLines	Subsidiary	1988	1991	Merged with NLM CityHopper and formed KLM Cityhopper	^[54]^[55]
NLM CityHopper	Subsidiary	1966	1991	Merged with NetherLines and formed KLM Cityhopper	^[55]^[56]

KLM Asia

KLM Asia (Chinese: 荷蘭亞洲航空公司; pinyin: Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī) is a wholly KLM owned subsidiary registered in Taiwan. The airline was established in 1995 in order to operate flights to Taipei, Taiwan, without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China.^[57] KLM Asia was one of a number of airline subsidiaries flying under the "Asia" name with the same purpose of flying to Taiwan. These included Japan Asia Airways (a Japan Airlines subsidiary), Air France Asie, Asiana Airlines, British Asia Airways, Swissair Asia, and Australia Asia Airlines (a Qantas subsidiary).

The livery of KLM Asia does not feature Dutch national symbols, such as the flag of the Netherlands, nor does it use KLM's stylised Dutch Crown logo. Instead, it features a special KLM Asia logo. KLM Asia has 5 Boeing 747-400 Combi aircraft (included in the KLM fleet as 747-400M), 7 Boeing 777-200ER, and 2 Boeing 777-300ER all included in the KLM fleet. KLM Asia initially operated the Amsterdam-Bangkok-Taipei route with a B747-400 Combi or a B747-400 non-combi aircraft. Since March 2012, KLM Asia has operated the revised Amsterdam-Taipei-Manila route with Boeing 777-200ER/-300ER aircraft.

Branding

Logo

At its establishment in 1919, Dirk Roosenburg designed the iconic KLM logo. In this logo, Roosenburg intertwined the letter K, L, and M and gave them wings and a crown. The crown was depicted to denote KLM's royal status, which was granted at KLM's establishment.^[58] The logo became known as the "vinklogo" (referring to the Chaffinch bird breed).^[59] In 1925, the original KLM logo was revised so that it looked more dynamic compared to the original logo.^{[citation needed]} The biggest revision of the KLM logo so far took place in 1961. In this year, F.H.K. Henrion designed the current KLM logo. The crown remained in the logo, formed by the line, the four blue circles, and the cross on top of the logo. In 1991, the logo was further revised by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt.^[60] In addition to its main logo, KLM has shown its alliance status in its branding, including "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002) and the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present).^[61]

1961–
1993–2002

1993–2002
2004–2011

2004–2011
2012–

2012–

Livery and uniforms

The former KLM livery featured a bright blue fuselage, with a wide white and dark blue strip above the grey belly of the aircraft. The KLM logo was placed on the white tail. The KLM logo was placed centrally at the tail and place at the front part of the fuselage. In December 2002, KLM introduced its current livery. In this change, the white strip was dropped while the dark blue strip was transformed into a cheatline. The bright blue color was retained and now covers most of the fuselage. The KLM logo was placed more centrally on the fuselage, while the position of the logo on the tail and the tail design remained the same.^[62]

In April 2010, KLM introduced new uniforms for its female cabin attendants, ground attendants, and pilots at KLM and KLM Cityhopper. The complete new uniform is designed by Dutch couturier Mart Visser. The uniform has the same KLM blue color which was introduced in 1971. KLM added a touch of orange, the national color of the Netherlands, to the KLM blue.^[63]

Marketing slogans

KLM has used different slogans throughout its operational history. Several slogans that KLM used are:

"The businessman travels, sends, and receives by KLM" (translated from Dutch)^[64]^[65] (1920's)
"The Flying Dutchman" (possibly referring to the endless traveling of the famous story)^[64]^[66]
"Bridging the World"^[64] (1994)

"The Reliable Airline"^[67]
"Journeys of Inspiration"^[67]^[68] (2009–present)

Delft Blue houses

Since the 1950s, KLM presents all of its World Business Class passengers with a unique gift: a Delft blue miniature traditional Dutch house. These miniatures are reproductions of real Dutch houses and are filled with Dutch gin, genever.^[69] The houses, however, have not always been filled with genever: initially the houses were filled with Bols liqueur, while in 1986 the switch was made to Bols young genever.^[70]

KLM started to hand out the houses in 1952 to its First Class passengers. However, with the elimination of First Class in 1993, the houses were instead handed out to all Business Class passengers.^[71] The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practice of offering significant incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to .75 US cents. KLM did not bill the Delft Blue Houses as a gift, but rather as a last drink on the house, which was served in the house.^[71]^[72]

Every year, a new house is presented on 7 October, the anniversary of KLM's founding in 1919.^[69] The number on the last presented house thus represents the number of years KLM has been in operation. There are various special edition houses which are offered to special guests (like VIPs or honeymoon couples). These special edition houses are the Dutch Royal Palace and the 17th century Cheese Weighing House De Waag in Gouda.^[71]

Social media

KLM has an extensive presence on various social media platforms, like Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, LinkedIn, Google+, and YouTube. KLM additionally runs a blog.^[73] Customers can ask KLM questions through these channels. Also, these channels are used by KLM to keep their followers up-to-date on the latest KLM news, marketing campaigns, and promotions.

The usage of social media platforms to reach customers experienced an extreme uptake when the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull erupted in April 2010, which caused extreme disruptions to air traffic. Customers used the social channels to reach KLM. In turn KLM decided to utilize these social networks to reach out to customers and provide them with information about the situation.^[74] Following the increased use of social media, KLM decided to create a centralized social media site for the public in October 2010, establishing the Social Media Hub.^[75]

KLM developed several services based on these social platforms, including:

Meet & Seat: this service lets passengers find out about interesting people who will be on board the same KLM flight by connecting your Facebook or LinkedIn profile to the flight. Meet & Seat facilitates contact with fellow travelers who have the same background or interests.^[76] By launching Meet & Seat, KLM became the world's first airline to integrate social networking in its regular flight process.^[77]
Trip Planner: this platform utilizes Facebook in order to organize a trip with Facebook friends.^[78]
Twitterbots: KLM operates several Twitterbots, these include a bot to request the current status of a flight and a bot to request the lowest KLM fares to a destination on a specified date or in a specified month.^[79]

In June 2013, KLM launched its own 3D strategy game 'Aviation Empire' for both iOS and Android platforms. The game lets users experience what it is like to manage an airline via a game. Players manage KLM from its establishment until now by investing in a fleet, building a network with international destinations, and developing airports. The game combines the digital world with the real world by enabling the unlocking of airports by GPS check-ins.^[80]

Biofuel

In 2011, KLM announced plans to start to use recycled cooking oil as biofuel to power more than 200 flights from Amsterdam to Paris. On 19 June 2012, KLM made the world's first-ever transatlantic KLM flight fueled partly by sustainable biofuels to Rio de Janeiro. This was the longest distance that any aircraft had flown on biofuels.^[81] In March 2013, KLM announced that it would begin weekly flights from John F. Kennedy Airport to Schiphol using biofuel.^[82]

Destinations

KLM and its partners serve 133 destinations in 69 countries on five continents from their hub at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport.^[83]^[84] KLM (and its partners) have a strong position in Greater China. KLM (and its partners) serve eight destinations in Greater China. With a total of 54 flights per week, KLM and its partners offer more connections to Greater China than any other European carrier. KLM and its partners are the largest flight operator between Western Europe and Greater China.^[85]

Codeshare agreements

Besides SkyTeam members, KLM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:^[86]^[87]

Fleet

As of June 2013, the KLM fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 9.0 years:^[91]^[92]

KLM Fleet
Aircraft	In Service	Orders	Passengers				Notes
Aircraft	In Service	Orders	C	Y+	Y	Total	Notes
Airbus A330-200	12	0	30	31	182	243
Airbus A330-300	4	1	35	50	205	290	To be delivered in November 2014
Boeing 737-700	18	0	20	12	90	122
Boeing 737-800	24	1	20	24	120	164	To be delivered in May 2014
Boeing 737-900	5	0	28	18	132	178
Boeing 747-400	7	0	42 35	36	337	415 408	New business class with 35 seats, retrofits through April 2014
Boeing 747-400M	15	0	42 35	36	197	275 268	New business class with 35 seats, retrofits through April 2014; being retired 2016 - 2020 ^[93]
Boeing 777-200ER	15	0	35	34	251	320
Boeing 777-300ER	8	2	35	40	350	425	2 to be delivered in 2015
Boeing 787-9	—	25^[94]	36	45	195	276	2 to be delivered in 2015, 9 to be delivered in 2016
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	5	0	24	38	229	285	Last to be retired 25 October 2014^[95]
KLM Cargo Fleet
Boeing 747-400ERF	4	0	112,760 kg				All leased to Martinair Cargo; 1 to be retired by 2015
Total	117	29

KLM is currently in the midst of a major fleet renewal programme. The complete narrow-body fleet has been replaced by next-generation aircraft. KLM is starting to renew its wide-body fleet. The complete MD-11 fleet will be phased out on 25 October 2014.^[95] During winter 2013-14, the only remaining scheduled routes served by this aircraft will be Amsterdam-Montréal (1 daily) and Amsterdam-San Francisco (4-6 weekly).^[96] The new Boeing 787-9 and Airbus A350-900 have been ordered by the Air France-KLM group. The first aircraft are expected to enter service with KLM in 2015.^[97] The Boeing customer code for KLM is 06. The Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft are delivered with Boeing customer code K2, used for Transavia.

Fleet history

Over the years, KLM operated the following aircraft types:^[98]

**KLM fleet** (1920–1939)
Aircraft	Introduced	Retired
Lockheed Super Electra-14	1938	1948
Douglas DC-3	1936	1964
Fokker F.XXXVI	1935	1939
Fokker F.XXII	1935	1939
Douglas DC-2	1934	1946
Fokker F.XX	1933	1936
Fokker F.XVIII	1932	1946
Fokker F.XII	1931	1936
Fokker F.IX	1930	1936
Fokker F.VIII	1927	1940
Fokker F.VII	1925	1936
Fokker F.III	1921	1930
Fokker F.II	1920	1924
De Havilland DH.16	1920	1924

**KLM fleet** (1940–1979)
Aircraft	Introduced	Retired
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30	1972	1995
Boeing 747-200 (includes SUD conversions)	1971	2004
Douglas DC-9 (series 10/30 aircraft)	1966	1989
Douglas DC-8 (series 30/50/60 aircraft)	1960	1985
Lockheed L-188 Electra	1959	1969
Vickers Viscount	1957	1966
Douglas DC-7	1953	1966
Lockheed Super Constellation L-1049	1953	1966
Convair 340	1953	1964
Douglas DC-4	1946	1958
Convair 240	1948	1959
Douglas DC-6	1948	1963
Douglas Skymaster C-54	1945	1959
Douglas DC-5	1940	1941

**KLM fleet** (1980–present)
Aircraft	Introduced	Retired
Airbus A330-300	2012	—
Boeing 737-700	2008	—
Boeing 777-300ER	2008	—
Airbus A330-200	2005	—
Boeing 777-200ER	2003	—
Boeing 737-900	2001	—
Boeing 737-800	1999	—
Boeing 767-300ER	1995	2007
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	1993
Boeing 747-400	1989
Boeing 737-400	1989	2011
Boeing 737-300	1986	2011
Airbus A310-200	1983	1997
Boeing 747-300	1983	2004

Loyalty programme

KLM's frequent flyer programme, Flying Blue, awards members miles based on the distance travelled, ticket fare and class of service. Merger partner Air France also adopted the Flying Blue frequent flyer programme. Other airlines that adopted the Flying Blue programme are Air Europa, Kenya Airways, and TAROM. Miles can be earned as well from all other SkyTeam partners. Membership in the Flying Blue programme is free.

Two types of miles can be earned within the Flying Blue frequent flyer programme: Award Miles and Level Miles. Award Miles can be exchanged for rewards and expire after 20 months without flying. Level Miles, on the other hand, are used to determine membership level and remain valid until 31 December of each year.^[99]

Award Miles can be earned at various Flying Blue partners.^[100] Award Miles can be earned on Flying Blue partner airlines such as: Alaska Airlines, Air Corsica, Airlinair, Bangkok Airways, Chalair Aviation, Comair, Copa Airlines, Gol Transportes Aéreos, Japan Airlines, Jet Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas, TAAG Angola, Twin Jet, and Ukraine International Airlines, as well as SkyTeam partners.^[86] Award Miles are redeemable for free tickets, upgrades to a higher class of service, extra baggage allowance, and lounge access. Award Miles can furthermore be donated to charity, through the KLM AirCares programme,^[101] or can be spent in the Flying Blue Store.^[102]

The Flying Blue programme is divided into four tiers: Ivory, Silver (SkyTeam Elite), Gold (SkyTeam Elite Plus), and Platinum (SkyTeam Elite Plus).^[103] The membership tier depends on the number of Level Miles and is redetermined each calendar year. Flying Blue privileges are additive by membership tier, with higher tiers including all benefits listed for prior tiers. There is an additional fifth tier, Platinum for Life, which can be obtained after 10 consecutive years of Platinum membership. After the Platinum for Life status is obtained, re-qualification is never needed again.^[104] Level Miles can be earned with Air France, KLM, Air Europa, Kenya Airways, TAROM, and other SkyTeam partners.^[99] Qualification levels and general benefits, with SkyTeam airline partners, of the different Flying Blue tiers are as follows:^[104]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]

**Flying Blue Membership Tiers**
Tier Level	Mileage requirements	Membership benefits					Validity
Tier Level	Mileage requirements	General benefits (tier additive)	Mileage bonus	Economy Comfort discount	Extra baggage	Lounge access	Validity
Ivory	None	Earn Award and Level Miles on qualifying flights Flying Blue Award Miles benefits Free checked bag on European flights	None	None	None	None	Permanent
Silver (Elite)	25,000 Level Miles or 15 one-way flights within one year	Priority and exclusive check-in Priority baggage drop-off Priority boarding Elite transfer desks Extra baggage allowance Preferred waitlist status Preferred standby status Preferred seating Transfer Level Miles above threshold to next year	50%	25%	1 23KG piece in Economy 1 32KG piece in Business	Cardholder (for a fee)	1-year
Gold (Elite Plus)	40,000 Level Miles or 30 one-way flights within one year	Priority service at immigration Priority service at the ticket office and transfer desk SkyPriorrity label will be displayed at boarding pass Guaranteed seat in Economy Class Elite reservation service	75%	50%	1 23KG piece in Economy 1 32KG piece in Business	Cardholder and 1 guest	1-year
Platinum	70,000 Level Miles or 60 one-way flights within one year	No additional benefits compared to Gold status	100%	100%	1 23KG piece in Economy 1 32KG piece in Business	Cardholder and 2 guests	1-year

Services

Ground services

KLM offers various check-in methods to their passengers. Passengers are able to check in for their flights at the self-service check-in kiosks at the airport, via the Internet, and via a mobile phone or tablet. Check-in by an airline representative at the counter is provided at destinations where the above mentioned facilities are not available. Electronic boarding passes can be received at a mobile phone or tablet while boarding passes can be printed at the airport through the kiosks.^[109]^[110]

Since 4 July 2008 KLM, in cooperation with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, has been a pioneer by offering self-service baggage drop-off to their passengers. The project started with a pilot which included just one drop-off point.^[111] However, the number of self-service baggage drop-off points has gradually increased and as of 8 February 2012^[update] there are 12 self-service baggage drop-off points.^[112] Together with the self-service check-in kiosks, KLM passengers are now able to check in without any contact with a KLM employee.

In November 2012, KLM started a pilot at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol to test self-service boarding. The passengers board the aircraft without interference of a gate agent by scanning their boarding pass, which will open a gate. Partner Air France ran the same pilot at its hub at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. The pilot ran until March 2013, which was followed by an evaluation.^[113]

KLM is the first airline in the world to offer self-service transfer kiosks on its European and intercontinental routes for passengers connecting through Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.^[114] The self-service transfer kiosks enable connecting passengers to view flight details of connecting flights, to change seat assignments or upgrade to a more comfortable seat. When a passenger misses a connecting flight, details about alternative flights can be viewed on the kiosk and a new boarding pass can be printed. Furthermore, coupons for a beverage, meal, the use of a telephone, or travel discount can be printed from the kiosk when a passenger is entitled to such coupons.^[115]

Travel classes

KLM offers three classes of service on its long-haul flights: "World Business Class" (business), "Economy Comfort" (premium economy), and Economy Class. All cabins feature satellite telephones, Audio Video On Demand (AVOD) entertainment, SMS and e-mail service, and in Airbus A330-300s, mood lighting.^[116] Short-haul flights operated by KLM and KLM Cityhopper have two classes of service: "Europe Business Class" (business) and Economy Class. Economy Comfort is also offered on flights operated by Boeing 737 aircraft.^[117]

World Business Class

World Business Class is KLM's long-haul business class product. Seats in the older World Business Class are 20 inches (51 cm) wide and have a 60-inch (1.5 m) pitch.^[118] Seats can be converted into a 170 to 175-degree angled lie-flat bed with a total length of 75 inches (1.9 m). Seats are equipped with a 10.4-inch (26 cm) personal entertainment system with audio and video on demand in the armrest, privacy canopy, massage function, and laptop power ports.^[119] World Business Class seating is in a 2–3–2 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 777 aircraft and the MD-11 aircraft, a 2–2–2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft, and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747-400 aircraft.^[120] KLM's newest addition to the fleet, the Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A330-300, feature newer World Business Class seats based on the Business Class seats of merger partner Air France. These World Business Class seats are arranged in a pod-style layout.

KLM introduced a new World Business Class seat to be added to the complete long haul fleet in June 2013. Dutch designer Hella Jongerius designed the new cabin as well as the new flat-bed seat,^[121] which will replace the angled flat seat that is currently offered in World Business Class. The retrofit will start in June 2013 with the 22 Boeing 747-400 aircraft. The new seats are fully flat, and offer 17-inch (43 cm) high definition personal entertainment systems. When fully flat, the bed is about 2 metres (6.6 ft) long.

Dutch design group Viktor & Rolf has designed and provides amenity kits to World Business Class passengers. Each year a new design will be introduced, and the color of the amenity kits will change every six months.^{[citation needed]}

Europe Business Class

Europe Business Class is KLM's, and KLM Cityhopper's, short-haul business class product. This new premium product replaced the "Europe Select Class" on 27 March 2011.^[122] Europe Business Class seats have a 17-inch (43 cm) width and an average pitch of 33 inches (84 cm).^[118] Middle seats in rows of 3 are blocked to increase the personal space of passengers. Europe Business Class seats feature extra legroom and more recline than regular Economy Class seats. In-seat power is available on all Boeing 737 aircraft.^[123] Europe Business Class does not have any personal entertainment. Europe Business Class seating is in a 3–3 abreast arrangement, with the middle seat blocked, on the Boeing 737 aircraft, a 3–2 abreast arrangement, with the middle seat blocked, on the Fokker 70 aircraft and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 190 aircraft.^[120]

Economy Comfort

Economy Comfort is the premium economy product offered on KLM flights. Economy Comfort is offered on all intercontinental flights as well as on short haul flights operated by Boeing 737 aircraft.^[117] Economy Comfort seats on long-haul flights have up to a 35-inch (89 cm) pitch and recline up to 7 inches (18 cm).^[124] Economy Comfort seats on short-haul flights have a 33-inch (84 cm) pitch and can recline up to 5 inches (13 cm).^[125] Except for the increased pitch and recline, seating and service in Economy Comfort is the same as in Economy Class. Economy Comfort is located in a separate cabin before the Economy Class zone and therefore Economy Comfort passengers can leave the plane faster.^[126]

Economy Comfort seats can be reserved by any Economy Class passenger. The Economy Comfort service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket, for Flying Blue Platinum members and for Delta SkyMiles Platinum or Diamond members. Discounts apply for Flying Blue Silver or Gold members, SkyTeam Elite Plus members and Delta SkyMiles members.^[126]

Economy Class

The Economy Class seats on long-haul flights have a 31-to-32-inch (79–81 cm) pitch and are 17.5 inches (44 cm) wide.^[118]^[124] All seats are equipped with adjustable winged headrests, a 9-inch (23 cm) PTV with AVOD, and a personal handset satellite telephone which can be used with a credit card. Economy Class seats in Airbus A330-300 aircraft are equipped with in-seat power as well.^[118] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights have a 30-to-31-inch (76–79 cm) pitch and are 17 inches (43 cm) wide.^[118]^[124] The Economy Class seats on short-haul flights do not feature any personal entertainment. The long-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–4–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, a 3–3–3 abreast arrangement on the MD-11 and Boeing 777-200ER aircraft and a 2–4–2 abreast arrangement on the Airbus A330 aircraft. The short-haul Economy Class seating is in a 3–3 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 737 aircraft, a 3–2 abreast arrangement on the Fokker 70 aircraft and a 2–2 abreast arrangement on the Embraer 190 aircraft.^[120]

The last major interior refurbishment of KLM's Economy Class took place in 2010 when interior refurbishment of its Boeing 747-400 fleet was complete. During this interior refurbishment, the old Economy Class seats were replaced by the new Economy Class seats which feature more legroom as well as the new in-flight entertainment system.^{[citation needed]} By finishing this refurbishment, Economy Class now features a consistent product across the complete widebody fleet.

In-flight entertainment

KLM's in-flight entertainment system is available in all classes on all widebody aircraft and provides all passengers with Audio/Video on Demand (AVOD). The system includes over 1000 hours of interactive entertainment, including movies, TV programmes, music, games, and language courses. In total more than 80 movies including recent releases, classics and world cinema are available. Movies can be viewed in several of languages: Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish. The selection is changed every month.^[127] The in-flight entertainment system can also be used to send SMS text messages and emails to the ground. Panasonic's 3000i system is installed on all Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777-200ER and MD-11 aircraft and on most of the Airbus A330-200 aircraft.^[128] All Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, as well as some Airbus A330-200 aircraft, are fitted with the Panasonic eX2 in-flight entertainment system.^[129] No in-flight entertainment system is available in KLM's and KLM Cityhopper's narrowbody aircraft.

KLM provides a selection of international newspapers to their passengers on all long-haul flights, while newspapers on short-haul flights are only offered to Europe Business Class passengers. In addition, a selection of international magazines is available for World Business Class passengers on long-haul flights.^[130] All passengers are provided with KLM's in-flight magazine, the Holland Herald.^[131] On board flights to China, South Korea and Japan, the in-flight magazines EuroSky (China and Japan), in either Chinese or Japanese, and Wings of Europe (South Korea), in Korean, are offered.^[132]

On 29 May 2013, KLM and Air France launched a pilot to test inflight Wi-Fi. Both airlines have equipped one Boeing 777-300ER of each of their fleets with Wi-Fi. Using the inflight Wi-Fi, passengers can stay online using their Wi-Fi enabled smartphones, laptops, or tablets. Wireless service will commence once the flight has reached 20,000 feet.^[133]

Catering

World Business Class passengers are served a three course meal. Each year KLM partners with a leading Dutch chef in order to develop the dishes that are served on board. Passengers in Europe Business Class are served either a cold meal, hot main course, or three course meal depending on the duration of the flight.^[134] All chicken served in World and Europe Business Class meets the standards of the Dutch Beter Leven Keurmerk (Better Life Quality Mark).^[135] KLM partnered with Dutch designer Marcel Wanders to design the tableware of World and European Business Class.^[136]

Economy Class passengers on long-haul flights are served a hot meal service and a snack, second hot meal or breakfast, depending on the duration of the flight. On short-haul flights, passengers are served a snack which suits the time of day. Most alcoholic beverages are free of charge on KLM flights for all passengers. After a successful trial period, KLM introduced à la carte meals in Economy Class at 14 September 2011, with a variety of five à la carte meals available: Dutch, Japanese, Italian, cold delicacies, and Indonesian.^[137]^[138]

Special meal offerings can be requested in each class up to 24 or 36 hours prior to departure. Special meals include children's, vegetarian, medical, and religious meals.^[139] On flights to the Asian countries of India, China, South Korea, and Japan, KLM offers authentic Asian meals in all classes as one of the choices.^[132] Meals served on KLM flights departing from Amsterdam are provided by KLM subsidiary KLM Catering Services.^[140]

Incidents and accidents

For sourcing and full list of accidents from 1943 see:Aviation safety database

This list does not include KLM cityhopper, which had two accidents: NLM CityHopper Flight 431 in 1981 and KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 in 1994.

The most notable accident in which a KLM flight has been involved was the 1977 Tenerife disaster. After this accident KLM flights have not led to fatalities.

Accidents involving fatalities

On 24 April 1923, Fokker F.III H-NABS departed Lympne for Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The aircraft was not heard of again. It was presumed to have crashed into the sea, killing the pilot and both passengers.^[141]
On 22 August 1927, Fokker F.VIII H-NADU crashed near Sevenoaks, England. One crewmember was killed.^[142]
On 20 December 1934, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AJU "Uiver" crashed at Rutbah Wells, Iraq, killing all occupants. It participated in the Mac Robertson Air Race in October 1934 and won the handicap division. It had returned to the Netherlands in November and the crew were heroes. It was on its first flight after return from the race and was en route to the Netherlands Indies carrying the Christmas mail.^[143]
On 14 July 1935, KLM Fokker F.XXII PH-AJQ "Kwikstaart" crashed and burned just outside Schiphol, killing four crew and two passengers – 14 other occupants survived.^[7]

On 20 July 1935, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AKG "Gaai" crashed in an Alpine pass in the San Bernardino Pass near Pian San Giacomo, killing all three crew and all ten passengers.^[7]

On 9 December 1936, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AKL crashed into a house after taking off from Croydon Airport, London the accident killed 15 out of 17 on board the DC-2 (see 1936 KLM Croydon accident)

On 28 December 1941, KNILM Douglas DC-3, PK-ALN (formerly KLM PH-ALN) "Nandoe" was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters at Medan, North Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, killing all crew members and passengers.

On 1 June 1943, the KLM Douglas DC-3, PH-ALI "Ibis" (evaded the Dutch occupation and operating under lease to BOAC) was shot down by eight German Junkers Ju-88 fighters over the Gulf of Biskay while on the scheduled route Lisbon-Bristol. All thirteen passengers and four KLM crewmembers perished. The same aircraft survived two previous attacks in November 1942 and April 1943. For more information see: BOAC Flight 777.

On 14 November 1946 – A KLM Douglas C-47 crashed at Schiphol Airport, caused by a failed landing in bad weather. All 21 passengers and the 5 crew were killed. One passenger was the Dutch writer Herman de Man.
On 26 January 1947, KLM Douglas Dakota PH-TCR crashed after takeoff from Copenhagen, killing all 22 on board, including Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden.^[144]
On 20 October 1948, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TEN "Nijmegen" crashed near Prestwick, Scotland, killing all 40 aboard.
On 23 June 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TER "Roermond", piloted by Hans Plesman (the son of CEO Albert Plesman) crashed into the sea off Bari, killing 33 occupants.^[145]
On 12 July 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TDF "Franeker" crashed into a 674 ft Ghatkopar hill near Bombay, India, killing all 45 aboard. Thirteen of the dead were American news correspondents.^[146]
On 22 March 1952, a KLM Douglas DC-6 PH-TBJ "Koningin Juliana", crashed in Frankfurt, killing 42 of 47 occupants^[147]
On 23 August 1954; a KLM Douglas DC-6B, PH-DFO "Willem Bontekoe", crashed between Shannon and Schiphol in the North Sea, 40 km from IJmuiden – all 21 passengers and crew died.
On 5 September 1954, Flight 633, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKY "Triton" ditched in the River Shannon after takeoff from Shannon Airport, Ireland. 28 out of 56 people on board (46 passengers and 10 crew) were killed.
On 14 July 1957, KLM Super Constellation PH-LKT "Neutron" crashed in the sea near Biak, after takeoff from Mokmer airport at Biak on its way to Manila. The pilot made a low farewell flypass over the island, but the aircraft lost altitude, crashed into the sea and exploded. Nine crew and 49 passengers died; there were 10 survivors. See KLM Flight 844.
On 14 August 1958, KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKM "Hugo de Groot" en route from Amsterdam to New York, via Shannon Airport, crashed into the ocean 180 km off the coast of Co. Galway, Ireland. 91 passengers and 8 crew members perished.
On 25 October 1968, Douglas C-47A PH-DAA of KLM Aerocarto flew into Tafelberg Mountain, Suriname, following an engine failure whilst on a survey flight. The aircraft collided with the mountain in cloud, killing three of the five people on board.^[148]
On 27 March 1977, Flight 4805, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUF, and Pan Am Flight 1736, a Boeing 747–121, N736PA, collided at Tenerife North Airport, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. The incident has the highest number of on-board fatalities of any single accident in aviation history.

Notable incidents without fatalities

On 17 July 1935, KLM DC-2 PH-AKM "Maraboe" crashed near Bushehr, Iran. All occupants were rescued.^[149]

On 15 November 1942, the escaped KLM DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", flying with a Dutch crew under BOAC's flag (G-AGBB) and later destroyed in the downing of Flight 777-A, was attacked by a single Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter, but she was able to limp on to Lisbon where repairs were carried out. The damage sustained by cannon and machine gun fire included the port wing, engine nacelle and fuselage.

On 19 April 1943, the Ibis was again attacked at coordinates 46 North, 9 West, by a schwarm of six Bf 110 fighters. Captain Koene Dirk Parmentier evaded the attackers by dropping to 50 feet above the ocean and then climbing steeply into the clouds. The "Ibis" again sustained damage to the port aileron, shrapnel to the fuselage and a holed fuel tank. A new wingtip was flown to Lisbon to complete repairs. Despite these attacks, BOAC continued to fly the Lisbon–Whitchurch route.

On 6 November 1946, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-TBO crashed near Shere as the flight was on approach to Croydon Airport after a flight from Amsterdam. None of the 20 passengers and crew were killed in the accident.^[150]^[151]
On 23 March 1952, a KLM Lockheed Constellation, PH-TFF "Venlo", suffered a propeller failure and subsequent engine fire during landing in Bangkok. All 44 passengers and crew escaped shortly before the fire completely consumed the plane. A Thai ground crewman ran into the burning aircraft and returned with an infant who had been left behind.^[152]
On 25 November 1973, KLM Flight 861, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUA "Mississippi" was hijacked over Iraq by Palestinian terrorists. The plane took off in Amsterdam and was bound for Tokyo. After 70 hours the plane made its final landing in Dubai. The passengers were released earlier in Malta. Everyone survived the hijack.
On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867, a Boeing 747-400, PH-BFC flew through a volcanic plume causing nearly $80 million worth of damage to the then brand-new aircraft. The plane landed in Anchorage, Alaska, with no reported injuries or fatalities.^[153]^[154]
On 28 November 2004, KLM Flight 1673, a Boeing 737-400, PH-BTC had a birdstrike upon rotation from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The plane continued onwards to Barcelona International Airport, where the nose gear collapsed. No injuries or casualties; the aircraft was written off.

Corporate responsibility issues

Alleged support to Nazi war criminals

KLM has been accused of helping Nazi war criminals to escape from Europe at the end of the Second World War. Suspected war criminals were forbidden by the Allies to leave Germany but historical research done by Dutch journalists show that KLM asked the Swiss authorities to allow some former Nazi to cross the borders without proper documents so that they could then escape to South America. ^[155]^[156] KLM has always denied that it played such a role.^[157]

Philanthropy

KLM started KLM AirCares in 1999. KLM AirCares is a programme that aids underprivileged children in developing countries that KLM flies to.^[158]

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^ "Discover all our houses; About KLM Houses". KLM. KLM. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
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^ "KLM Launches Trip Planner – Plan a trip with friends via Facebook" (Press release). KLM. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ van Drimmelen, Jochem. "KLM's social media strategy – Part 4". KLM Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
^ "KLM Launches 3D Stategy Game 'Aviation Empire'" (Press release). KLM. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
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^ http://www.barin.nl/show_pubnews.php?publ_id=3336
^ "Air France-KLM confirms order for 25 787-9s plus 25 options". Flightglobal.com. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b KLM Plans Final MD11 Service on 25 OCT 2014
^ by JM. "KLM W13 Long-Haul Operation Changes as of 11JUN13; Airline Route – Worldwide Airline Route Updates". Airlineroute.net. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^ "Air France-KLM confirms order for 25 787-9s plus 25 options". Flight International. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
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^ "Spend Miles". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
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^ ^a ^b "Platinum benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Membership thresholds". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Ivory membership". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Silver benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Gold benefits with SkyTeam airlines partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "All about checking in". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "KLM App". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Amsterdam airport Schiphol and KLM launch innovative self-service baggage drop-off trial" (Press release). KLM. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
^ "Amsterdam Airport Schiphol: Six new Self-Service Baggage Drop-Off units now in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol" (Press release). Schiphol Group. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
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^ "Transfer to another flight". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
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^ ^a ^b "KLM offers 'Economy Comfort' on European routes" (Press release). KLM. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
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^ ^a ^b ^c "Seating plans". KLM. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
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^ "KLM Updates Business Class on European Flights" (Press release). KLM. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "Travel classes – Europe Business Class". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Economy Class seats on intercontinental KLM flights" (PDF). KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "Economy Class seats on European KLM flights" (PDF). KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Seat in the Economy Comfort zone". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "Many choices and a personal screen". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "Matsushita Avionics Systems Corporation's System 3000 IFE Selected by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines for B777-200ER Fleet" (PDF) (Press release). Panasonic Avionics Corporation. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
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^ "Travel classes". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ "The Holland Herald, our award winning magazine". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Asia on board: dining and services". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
^ "Air France and KLM launch inflight Wi-Fi" (Press release). KLM. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Dining in Business Class". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
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^ "KLM launches 'à la carte catering' pilot" (Press release). KLM. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
^ "KLM Introduces "À La Carte Meals"" (Press release). KLM. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
^ "Special meals on board". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
^ "Customers". KLM Catering Services. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
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^ "The Fokker Disaster". Flight (25 August 1927): p599. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)
^ "Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood". De Telegraaf. Vol. 42, no. 15920. 21 December 1934. p. 1.
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External links

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[4] ttp://www.urbannebula.nl/?datatype=page&req=project&id=328

[KLMHistoryFU-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u "Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, N.V. History". International Directory of Company Histories. 28. 1999. Retrieved 30 July 2013.

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[Heijn-7] (Dutch) Albert Heijn, ed (1969) KL-50 – logboek van vijftig jaar vliegen. Meijer, Amsterdam.

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[9] "The Netherlands' Aviation Industry – KLM Royal Dutch Airlines". FLIGHT International. 99 (3244): 686. 13 May 1971. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

[10] "Civil Aviation – To Succeed Dr. Plesman". FLIGHT International. 65 (2356): 347. 19 March 1954. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

[11] Pikula, Sam (Major), The ArmaLite AR-10, Regnum Publications (1998), p. 73

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[13] "KLM's New President". FLIGHT International. 83 (2833): 1010. 27 June 1963. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

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[65] van Weezepoel, Paul. "Dutch Aviation History 1919". Dutch Aviation. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

[66] van Weezepoel, Paul. "Dutch Aviation History 1926". Dutch Aviation. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

[travelinsiderslogans-67] "Airline Slogans for airlines G – N". The Travel Insider. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

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[KLMHouses-69] "KLM Delft Blue houses". KLM. KLM. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[70] "House of Bols". Bols. Bols. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

[WSJHouses-71] Michaels, Daniel (31 May 2008). "The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol: House-Shaped Booze Bottles; Jet-Setters Hoard, but Avoid Drinking, KLM's Freebies; The $1,000 Cheese Building". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

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[75] van Drimmelen, Jochem. "KLM's social media strategy – Part 2". KLM Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[76] "KLM Meet & Seat". KLM. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[77] "With Meet & Seat, KLM integrates social media with air travel" (Press release). KLM. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[78] "KLM Launches Trip Planner – Plan a trip with friends via Facebook" (Press release). KLM. 31 May 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[79] van Drimmelen, Jochem. "KLM's social media strategy – Part 4". KLM Blog. Retrieved 31 March 2013.

[80] "KLM Launches 3D Stategy Game 'Aviation Empire'" (Press release). KLM. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.

[81] "Biofuel flight to Rio". Klmtakescare.com. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[82] "KLM Takes Steps in Sustainable Flights". Nieuws.klm.com. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

[83] "Facts & Figures". KLM Corporate. 18 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.

[84] "SkyTeam Fact Sheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. p. 5. Retrieved 1 March 2013.

[85] "KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Annual Report 2011" (PDF). KLM Corporate. 3 September 2012. p. 6. Retrieved 17 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)

[hollandheraldpartners-86] KLM (2013). "Our partners, your benefits". Holland Herald. 48 (1). INK: 95. Retrieved 16 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[87] "Other KLM partners". KLM Corporate. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.

[88] "KLM and InselAir To Initiate Code-Sharing" (Press release). KLM. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.

[89] "Jet Airways enters into code share agreements with Air France, KLM - Business Today". Businesstoday.intoday.in. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

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[94] "Air France-KLM confirms order for 25 787-9s plus 25 options". Flightglobal.com. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

[MD11-95] KLM Plans Final MD11 Service on 25 OCT 2014

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[97] "Air France-KLM confirms order for 25 787-9s plus 25 options". Flight International. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

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[101] "AirCares". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[102] "Spend Miles". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[103] "All about benefits". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[platinummember-104] "Platinum benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[105] "Membership thresholds". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[106] "Ivory membership". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[107] "Silver benefits with SkyTeam airline partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[108] "Gold benefits with SkyTeam airlines partners". KLM. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[109] "All about checking in". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[110] "KLM App". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[111] "Amsterdam airport Schiphol and KLM launch innovative self-service baggage drop-off trial" (Press release). KLM. 4 July 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[112] "Amsterdam Airport Schiphol: Six new Self-Service Baggage Drop-Off units now in use at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol" (Press release). Schiphol Group. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[113] "KLM test 'self service boarding' op Schiphol en Parijs CDG". Luchtvaartnieuws (in Dutch). Reismedia. Retrieved 28 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[114] "KLM and Schiphol Airport first to launch European and intercontinental Self Service Transfer Kiosks" (Press release). KLM. 15 December 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[115] "Transfer to another flight". KLM. Retrieved 19 January 2013.

[116] "KLM ontvangt eerste Airbus A330-300". Luchtvaartfoto (in Dutch). Reismedia. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[ECComfortEurope-117] "KLM offers 'Economy Comfort' on European routes" (Press release). KLM. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[seatinformation-118] "KLM Fleet Information and Seatmaps". Seatguru. TripAdvisor. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[119] "Travel classes – World Business Class". KLM. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

[seatingplans-120] "Seating plans". KLM. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

[WBCOverhaul-121] "KLM revitalises its World Business Class cabin interior" (Press release). KLM. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[122] "KLM Updates Business Class on European Flights" (Press release). KLM. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[123] "Travel classes – Europe Business Class". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[economyseatsintercontinental-124] "Economy Class seats on intercontinental KLM flights" (PDF). KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[economyseatseurope-125] "Economy Class seats on European KLM flights" (PDF). KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[ECComfortAdvantages-126] "Seat in the Economy Comfort zone". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[127] "Many choices and a personal screen". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[128] "Matsushita Avionics Systems Corporation's System 3000 IFE Selected by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines for B777-200ER Fleet" (PDF) (Press release). Panasonic Avionics Corporation. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[129] "Panasonic Avionics Corporation Selected by Air France – KLM to Provide World Class Entertainment on Air France's New B777-300ER" (PDF) (Press release). Panasonic Avionics Corporation. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[130] "Travel classes". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[131] "The Holland Herald, our award winning magazine". KLM. Retrieved 22 January 2013.

[asiaservices-132] "Asia on board: dining and services". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[133] "Air France and KLM launch inflight Wi-Fi" (Press release). KLM. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

[134] "Dining in Business Class". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[135] "KLM Takes New Steps Towards More Sustainable Catering" (Press release). KLM. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[136] "KLM's World Business Class servies van ontwerper Marcel Wanders" (Press release) (in Dutch). KLM. 9 November 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2013. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[137] "KLM launches 'à la carte catering' pilot" (Press release). KLM. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[138] "KLM Introduces "À La Carte Meals"" (Press release). KLM. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[139] "Special meals on board". KLM. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[140] "Customers". KLM Catering Services. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

[Times260423-141] "Lost Aeroplane. Unavailing Search For Dutch Machine". The Times. No. 43636. London. 26 April 1923. col F, p. 10. template uses deprecated parameter(s) (help)

[Flight250827-142] "The Fokker Disaster". Flight (25 August 1927): p599. {{cite journal}}: |page= has extra text (help)

[143] "Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood". De Telegraaf. Vol. 42, no. 15920. 21 December 1934. p. 1.

[144] "DC-3 PH-TCR bij start in Copenhagen verongelukt". Aviacrash.nl. Retrieved 27 October 2007.

[145] De Tijd (Netherlands) 24 June 1949, cited in Heijn (1969)

[146] "Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay". 15 December 2005. Retrieved 27 October 2007.

[147] "Accident Synopsis: 03221952 – Accident Database". Airdisaster.com. 22 March 1952. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[ASN251068a-148] "PH-DAA Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 24 July 2011.

[149] De Telegraaf 17 July 1935, cited in Heijn (1969)

[150] "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-25-DK PH-TBO Shere". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[151] "Photos d'accidents 1946". Baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[152] KLM PH-TFF Bangkok Crash Ralph M. Pettersen's Constellation Survivors Website, March 2006

[153] "Aircraft accident Boeing-747-406 PH-BFC Anchorage, AK – Aviation Safety Network". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 29 November 2012.

[154] ANC90FA020^{[dead link]} NTSB

[155] ANP. "'KLM hielp nazi's bij vlucht naar Argentinië', de Volkskrant, 1 May 2007". De Volkskrant (in Template:Nl icon). Retrieved 29 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[156] "KLM accused of helping Nazis flee". BBC News. 8 May 2007.

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