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This is a '''timeline of United States history''', comprising most legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see [[History of the United States]]. See also [[timeline of United States diplomatic history]], the [[list of U.S. states by date of statehood]], the [[list of Presidents of the United States]] and [[years in the United States]]. |
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Knock Knock |
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== 16th century == |
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Who's there? |
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Boo. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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Boo Who. |
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event || Reference |
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| 1513 || March 27 || [[Juan Ponce de León]] sights [[Florida]] for the first time. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Juan Ponce de Léon | encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Fuentes, Ventura | editor=Herbermann, Charles G. | year=2013 | volume=12 | editor-link=Charles George Herbermann | url=http://www.google.com}}</ref> |
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| 1520 || || ''Spanish conquest of Yucatán'': Spanish conquest of the [[Maya civilization]] began. || |
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| 1521 || August 8 || ''[[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]'': Spanish ''conquistador'' [[Hernán Cortés]] destroyed the [[Aztec Triple Alliance|Aztec Empire]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hernando_Cortés | title=Hernando Cortés | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse | editor=Herbermann, Charles G. | editor-link=Charles George Herbermann | year=1913 | volume=4 | author-link=Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier}}</ref> |
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| 1524 || April 17 || [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] explored the Atlantic coast of North America under French employ. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Giovanni da Verrazano | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Meehan, Thomas F. | editor=Herbermann, Charles G. | year=1913 | volume=15 | editor-link=Charles George Herbermann | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Giovanni_da_Verrazano}}</ref> |
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| 1542 || || Spanish explorer [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Soto]] discovered the [[Mississippi River]], strengthening Spanish claims to the interior of North America. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Hernando de Soto | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Fuentes, Ventura | editor=Herbermann, Charles G. | year=1913 | volume=4 | editor-link=Charles George Herbermann | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Hernando_de_Soto}}</ref> |
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| 1565 || August 28 || Spanish Admiral [[Pedro Menendez de Aviles]] founded [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Florida | title=Florida | encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia | publisher=The Encyclopedia Press | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Veale, James | editor=Herbermann, Charles G. | editor-link=Charles George Herbermann | year=1913 | volume=6}}</ref> |
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| 1570 || || The [[Iroquois]] Confederacy was founded. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Iroquois Confederacy |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294660/Iroquois-Confederacy}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Iroquois Confederacy| bibcode=1971SciAm.224b..32T | last1=Tuck | first1=James A. | volume=224 | year=1971 | pages=32–42 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0271-32 | issue=1 | journal=Scientific American|pmid=5538696}}</ref> |
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| 1587 || April || English explorer Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] founded [[Roanoke Colony]]. || <ref name="raleigh">{{cite encyclopedia | accessdate=August 31, 2013 | author=Cabell, Isa Carrington | editor1=Wilson, James Grant | editor2=Fiske, John | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Ralegh,_Walter | title=Ralegh, Walter | encyclopedia=Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography | publisher=D. Appleton and Company | year=1900 | volume=5 | editor-link=James Grant Wilson | editor6-link=John Fiske (philosopher)}}</ref> |
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| 1590 || August 15 || The [[Roanoke Colony]] was found deserted. || <ref name="raleigh" /> |
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== 17th century == |
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[[File:MayflowerHarbor.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Mayflower]]'']] |
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[[File:JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg|thumb|[[John Winthrop]], founder of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]]] |
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[[File:The fall of New Amsterdam cph.3g12217.jpg|thumb|[[New Amsterdam]] surrenders to the English.]] |
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[[File:Pere Marquette.JPG|thumb|''Pere Marquette and the Indians'']] |
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[[File:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|[[William Penn]]'s treaty with the Indians]] |
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[[File:Matteson-witch.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Salem witch trials]]]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event || Reference |
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| 1607 ||May 14 || [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] founded the [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown settlement]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown | title=Jamestown Colony | publisher=History Channel | year=2013 | accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1614 || October 11 || The [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] laid claim to the territories of [[New Netherland]]. || |
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| 1619 || || Slavery was introduced to the [[Colony of Virginia]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=41}} |
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| 1620 ||November 11 || The [[Mayflower Compact]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mayflower.asp | title=Mayflower Compact : 1620 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1626 || || [[New Amsterdam]] was founded. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=97}} |
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| 1629 || March 4 || The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp | title=The Charter of Massachusetts Bay : 1629 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1630 || July 6 || The [[Winthrop Fleet]] arrived in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=59}} |
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| 1632 || June 20 || The [[Province of Maryland]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ma01.asp | title=The Charter of Maryland : 1632 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1634 || || Theologian [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Roger Williams]] was banished from the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. || |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1636 || || The [[Connecticut Colony]] was founded by [[Thomas Hooker]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=81}} |
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| January || [[Roger Williams (theologian)|Williams]] founded the [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=69}} |
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| || [[Harvard College]] was founded. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=64}} |
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| 1637 || || ''[[Pequot War]]'': The war, in New England, ended. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=86}} |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1638 || || The [[Delaware Colony]] was founded. || |
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| || The [[New Haven Colony]] was founded. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=83}} |
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| || [[New Sweden]] was created. || <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.delawaretoday.com/Delaware-Today/May-2013/Meet-the-Royals-Swedens-King-Carl-XVI-Gustaf-and-Queen-Silvia/ | title=Meet the Royals: Sweden's King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia | journal=Delaware Today |date=April 2013}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1639 || January 14 || The [[Fundamental Orders of Connecticut]] were adopted. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=83}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/order.asp | title=Fundamental Orders of 1639 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| June 4 || The [[Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ct01.asp | title=Fundamental Agreement, or Original Constitution of the Colony of New Haven, June 4, 1639 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1640 || || ''[[French and Iroquois Wars]]'': The wars escalated to full warfare. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Iroquois Wars | encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia | publisher=Historica-Dominion | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | year=2012 | url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/iroquois-wars}}</ref> |
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| 1642 || February 25 || ''[[Kieft's War]]'': The war, in [[New Netherland]], began. || <ref name="kieftswar">{{cite web | url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/indianwars/articles/kieftswar.aspx | title=Governor Kieft's Personal War | publisher=MilitaryHistoryOnline.com, LLC | work=MilitaryHistoryOnline.com | date=August 26, 2006 | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | author=Giersbach, Walter}}</ref> |
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| 1643 || May || The [[New England Confederation]] was created. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=New England Confederation | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | year=2013 | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/411437/New-England-Confederation}}</ref> |
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| 1644 || || ''[[Third Anglo–Powhatan War]]'': The war began. || <ref name="anglopowhatanwars">{{cite web | url=http://www.virginiaplaces.org/nativeamerican/anglopowhatan.html | title=The Anglo-Powhatan Wars | publisher=George Mason University | work=Virginia Places | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | author=Grymes, Charles A.}}</ref> |
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| 1645 || August 9 || ''Kieft's War'': The war ended. || <ref name="kieftswar" /> |
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| 1646 || || ''Third Anglo-Powhatan War'': The war ended. || <ref name="anglopowhatanwars" /> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1649 || || The [[Maryland Toleration Act]] was passed. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=115}} |
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| January 30 || The execution of the [[Kingdom of England|English]] King [[Charles I of England]] caused the establishment of the [[Commonwealth of England]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=102}} |
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| 1655 || || ''[[Peach Tree War]]'': The war took place. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/P_Pages/Peach_Tree_War_1655.htm | title=Peach Tree War | publisher=New Jersey City University | work=Jersey City: Past and Present | year=2007 | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | author=Karnoustos, Carmela}}</ref> |
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| 1659 || || ''[[Esopus Wars]]'': The first war took place. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://secondesopuswar.blogspot.com/2008/07/first-esopus-war-1659july-1660.html | title=A History of Kingston | author=Schoonmaker, Marius | authorlink=Marius Schoonmaker | year=1888 | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | edition=The First Esopus War; 1659—July 1660}}</ref> |
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| 1660 || || The [[Commonwealth of England]] came to an end with the restoration of King [[Charles II of England]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=170}} |
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| 1662 || || The [[Halfway Covenant]] was adopted. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Half-Way Covenant (religion) | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | year=2013 | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252432/Half-Way-Covenant}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1663 || March 24 || [[Charles II of England|Charles]] granted a charter for a new colony, the [[Province of Carolina]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc01.asp | title=Charter of Carolina – March 24, 1663 | publisher=Yale University | work=Avalon Project | year=2008 | accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Esopus Wars]]'': The second war took place. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://secondesopuswar.blogspot.com/2008/07/second-esopus-war-1663.html | title=The Documentary History of the State of New York | publisher=van Benthuysen, Charles | author=O'Callaghan, M.D., E.B. | year=1851 | volume=IV | location=Albany | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | edition=The Second Esopus War, 1663}}</ref> |
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| 1664 || || ''[[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]'': The war began with the [[Kingdom of England|English]] conquest of [[New Amsterdam]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=170}} |
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| 1667 || July 31 || [[New Netherland]] was ceded to [[Kingdom of England|England]] under the [[Treaty of Breda (1667)]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Treaty of Breda (European history) | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | year=2013 | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78668/Treaty-of-Breda}}</ref> |
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| 1669 || || [[John Lederer]] of [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] began to explore the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. || <ref name="johnlederer">{{cite web | url=http://www.virginiaplaces.org/settleland/lederer.html | title=John Lederer | publisher=George Mason University | work=Virginia Places | accessdate=September 1, 2013 | author=Grymes, Charles A.}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1670 || || [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Town]] was founded. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=170}} |
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| || [[John Lederer|Lederer's]] expedition ended. || <ref name="johnlederer" /> |
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| 1671 || September || The Batts-Fallam expedition sponsored by [[Abraham Wood]] reached the [[New River (West Virginia)|New River]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.tngenweb.org/pre1796/batts-1671.html | title=Annals of Southwest Virginia, 1769–1800 | author=Summers, Lewis Preston | year=1929 | location=Abingdon, Va. | pages=1–7 | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | edition=The Expedition of Batts and Fallam: A Journey from Virginia to beyond the Appalachian Mountains, September 1671.}}</ref> |
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| 1672 || || The [[Blue Laws (Connecticut)|Blue Laws]] were enacted in [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]]. || |
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| 1673 || May || [[Louis Jolliet]] and [[Jacques Marquette]] began to explore the [[Illinois Country]]. || <ref name="jolliet">{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404703368.html | title=Louis Jolliet | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography | publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | year=2004 | location=Farmington Hills, Mich.}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1674 || || [[Louis Jolliet|Jolliet]] and [[Jacques Marquette|Marquette's]] expedition ended. || <ref name="jolliet" /> |
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| || [[New Netherland]] was permanently relinquished to [[Kingdom of England|England]] under the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Westminster, treaty of | encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to British History | publisher=Oxford University Press | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | author=Cannon, John | year=2002 | location=Oxford | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/treaty_of_Westminster.aspx#3}}</ref> |
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| 1675 || June 24 || ''[[King Philip's War]]'': The war, in New England, began. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=86}} |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1676 || || ''[[Bacon's Rebellion]]'': The rebellion, in [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], took place. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=125}} |
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| || ''King Philip's War'': The war took place. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=86}} |
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| 1677 || || The [[Province of Maine]] was absorbed by the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. || |
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| 1679 || || War between [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] and the [[Westo]] resulted in the destruction of the Westo. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Westo Indians | encyclopedia=New Georgia Encyclopedia | publisher=Georgia Humanities Council | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | author=Bowne, Eric E. | editor=Inscoe, John C. | year=2002 | url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/westo-indians}}</ref> |
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| 1680 || September || ''[[Pueblo Revolt]]'': A revolt took place in [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Spanish New Mexico]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=89}} |
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| 1681 || || The [[Province of Pennsylvania]] was founded by [[William Penn]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=107}} |
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| 1682 || April 7 || [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] travelled down the [[Mississippi River]] to its mouth. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Columbia University Press | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | year=2013 | edition=6th | location=New York | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-LaSalleR.html}}</ref> |
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| 1685 || February 6 || [[Charles II of England|Charles]] died. He was succeeded as King of [[Kingdom of England]] by [[James II of England]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404701259.html | title=Charles II | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography | publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | year=2004 | location=Farmington Hills, Mich.}}</ref> |
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| 1686 || || The [[Dominion of New England]] was established. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=170}} |
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| 1687 || || [[Yamasee]] Indians from [[Spanish Florida]] moved to [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]]. || |
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| 1688 || December 11 || ''[[Glorious Revolution]]'': [[James II of England|James]] was deposed in favor of [[William and Mary]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003|p=170}} |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1689 || April 18 || The Governor of the [[Dominion of New England]] was deposed, ending the rule of the Dominion. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chsbs.cmich.edu/timothy_hall/bofr/5thlesson/sir_edmund_andros.htm | title=Sir Edmund Andros | publisher=University of Central Michigan | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | author=Hall, Timothy}}</ref> |
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| May || ''[[King William's War]]'': The war began. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=King William's War | encyclopedia=Dictionary of American History | publisher=The Gale Group, Inc. | year=2003 | location=Farmington Hills, Mich. | author1=Flick, A.C. | author2=Balik, Shelby}}</ref> |
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| 1690 || February 9 || ''[[Schenectady Massacre]]'': A massacre took place. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/na/schenectady.html | title=Schenectady | publisher=New York State Museum | work=Colonial Albany Social History Project | date=March 4, 2013 | accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> |
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| 1692 || || ''[[Salem witch trials]]'': Witch trials took place in the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]]. || {{sfn|Hakim (vol. 2)|p=170}} |
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| 1697 || July || ''[[War of the Grand Alliance]]'': The war was ended by the [[Treaty of Ryswick]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Ryswick, treaty of | encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to British History | publisher=Oxford University Press | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | author=Cannon, John | year=2003 | location=Oxford | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Ryswicktreatyof.html}}</ref> |
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| 1698 || || [[Pensacola, Florida]] was established by the Spanish. || |
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| 1699 || || [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] was founded by [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]]. || <ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Biloxi: History | encyclopedia=Cities of the United States | publisher=Thomson Gale | accessdate=September 2, 2013 | year=2006 | location=Farmington Hills, Mich. | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3441800324.html}}</ref> |
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== 18th century == |
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It's just a joke why are u crying. :) |
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[[File:Benjamin West, English (born America) - Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A depiction of [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s [[kite experiment]]]] |
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[[File:Benjamin West 005.jpg|thumb|''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' during the [[French and Indian War]]]] |
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[[File:Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[George III of the United Kingdom]]]] |
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[[File:Boston Massacre high-res.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Revere]]'s depiction of the [[Boston Massacre]]]] |
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[[File:Boston Tea Party Currier colored.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Boston Tea Party]]]] |
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[[File:Battle of Lexington, 1775.png|thumb|Depiction of the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]]]] |
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[[File:The death of general warren at the battle of bunker hill.jpg|thumb|Trumbull's [[Battle of Bunker Hill]]]] |
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[[File:Declaration independence.jpg|thumb|Trumbull's ''[[Trumbull's Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]'']] |
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[[File:Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze, MMA-NYC, 1851.jpg|thumb|''[[Washington's crossing of the Delaware]]'']] |
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[[File:Surrender of General Burgoyne.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Surrender of General Burgoyne]]'' at the [[Battle of Saratoga]]]] |
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[[File:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Surrender of Lord Cornwallis]]'' at the [[Siege of Yorktown|Battle of Yorktown]]]] |
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[[File:Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West 1783.jpg|thumb|The American delegation that signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]]]] |
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[[File:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]]]] |
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[[File:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|thumb|[[George Washington]], the first [[President of the United States]]]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1702 || March 8 || [[William III of England|William III]] died and was succeeded by [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]]. |
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| || ''[[Queen Anne's War]]'': The war began. |
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| || [[East Jersey]] and [[West Jersey]] became [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]]. |
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| 1714 || August 1 || ''[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain]] died and was succeeded by [[George I of Great Britain]]. |
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| 1715 || || ''[[Yamasee War]]'': The war, in [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]], took place. |
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| 1727 || June 11 || [[George I of Great Britain]] died and was succeeded by [[George II of Great Britain]]. |
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| 1729 || July 25 || The proprietors of the [[Province of Carolina]] sold out to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] crown. |
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| 1732 || || ''[[First Great Awakening]]'': The First Great Awakening took place. |
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|- |
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|1749 || || The [[Province of Georgia]] overturned its ban on slavery |
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|- |
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| 1752 || June 15 || [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s [[kite experiment]] took place. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1754 || May 28 || ''[[French and Indian War]]'': The war began. |
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|- |
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| June 19 || ''[[Albany Congress]]'': A "Union of Colonies" was proposed. |
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|- |
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| 1758 || October || The [[Treaty of Easton]] was signed. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1760 || September 8 || ''[[French and Indian War]]'': [[Pierre de Rigaud]], Governor of [[New France]], signed the [[Articles of Capitulation of Montreal]], ceding the [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]], and the territory of modern-day Canada, to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] Field Marshal [[Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst]], ending major hostilities. |
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|- |
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| October 25 || [[George II of Great Britain]] died and was succeeded by his grandson [[George III of the United Kingdom]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1763 || || ''[[Pontiac's Rebellion]]'': The rebellion began. |
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|- |
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| February 10 || ''French and Indian War'': The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], under which [[Kingdom of France|France]] ceded much of its North American territory to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] but surrendered [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] to Spain, formally ended the war. |
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|- |
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| October 7 || [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], establishing royal administration over the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] colonies won under the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] and demarcating their western boundary. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1764 || April 5 || The [[Sugar Act]], intended to raise revenues, was passed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]]. |
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|- |
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| September 1 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] passed the [[Currency Act]], which prohibited the colonies from issuing paper money. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1765 || March 22 || To help defray the cost of keeping troops in [[British America|America]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] enacted the [[Stamp Act 1765]], imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies. |
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|- |
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| March 24 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] enacted the [[Quartering Act]], requiring the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to provide housing, food, and other provisions to British troops. |
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|- |
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| May 29 || [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia's]] [[House of Burgesses]] adopted the [[Virginia Resolves]], which claimed that under [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] law Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives. |
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|- |
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| October 19 || ''[[Stamp Act Congress]]'': A congress of delegated from nine colonies adopted the [[Declaration of Rights and Grievances]], which petitioned [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] and the King to repeal the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1766 || || ''Pontiac's Rebellion'': The rebellion ended. |
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|- |
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| March 18 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] repealed the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]] and issued the [[Declaratory Act]], which asserted its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes... to bind the colonies and people of [[British America|America]]... in all cases whatsoever." |
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|- |
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| May 21 || The [[Liberty Pole]] was erected in New York City in celebration of the repeal of the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="1" valign="top" | 1767 || June 29 || The [[Townshend Acts]], named for [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] [[Charles Townshend]], were passed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]], placing duties on many items imported into [[British America|America]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1769 || || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] suspended the Governor and assembly of the [[Province of New York]] for failure to enforce the [[Quartering Act]]. |
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|- |
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| December || The broadside ''To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York'' was published by the local [[Sons of Liberty]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1770 || January 19 || ''[[Battle of Golden Hill]]'': [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops wounded several civilians and killed one. |
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|- |
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| January 28 || [[Frederick North, Lord North]] becomes [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. |
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|- |
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| March 5 || ''[[Boston Massacre]]'': The massacre took place. |
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|- |
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| 1771 || May 16 || ''[[Battle of Alamance]]'': A battle took place in [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] ending the [[Regulator Movement]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1772 || May || The [[Watauga Association]], in modern-day [[Tennessee]], declared itself independent. |
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|- |
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| June 9 || ''[[Gaspée Affair]]'': The affair took place. |
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|- |
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| November 2 || [[Samuel Adams]] organized the [[Committees of Correspondence]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1773 || May 10 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] passed the [[Tea Act]]. |
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|- |
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| December 15 || The local [[Sons of Liberty]] published ''Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York''. |
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|- |
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| December 16 || ''[[Boston Tea Party]]'': The Boston Tea Party took place. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="11" valign="top" | 1774 || || [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]], then [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts's]] agent in London, was questioned before the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]]. |
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|- |
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| || ''[[Dunmore's War]]'': The war took place. |
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|- |
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| || [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] passed the [[Quebec Act]], one of the so-called [[Intolerable Acts]]. |
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|- |
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| March 31 || [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] passed the [[Boston Port Act]], one of the so-called [[Intolerable Acts]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | May 20 || [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] passed the [[Administration of Justice Act 1774]], one of the so-called [[Intolerable Acts]]. |
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|- |
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| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] passed the [[Massachusetts Government Act]], one of the so-called [[Intolerable Acts]]. |
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|- |
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| June 2 || [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] passed a second [[Quartering Act]], one of the so-called [[Intolerable Acts]]. |
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|- |
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| September 1 || ''[[Powder Alarm]]'': [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] General [[Thomas Gage]] secretly raided a powder magazine in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]. |
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|- |
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| September 5 || [[First Continental Congress]] held in Philadelphia, PA. 12 colonies attended. |
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|- |
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| October 19 || The [[Peggy Stewart (ship)|HMS ''Peggy Stewart'']] was burned. |
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|- |
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| December 22 || ''[[Greenwich Tea Party]]'': The [[Greenwich Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey|Greenwich]] Tea Party took place. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1775 || || ''[[Second Continental Congress]]'': The Congress met. |
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|- |
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| April 19 || ''[[Battles of Lexington and Concord]]'': The battles took place, beginning the [[American Revolutionary War]]. |
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|- |
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| May 9 || [[Whitehall (town), New York|Skenesboro, New York]] was captured by Lieutenant Samuel Herrick. |
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|- |
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| May 10 || [[Fort Ticonderoga]] was captured by [[Ethan Allen]], [[Benedict Arnold]] and the [[Green Mountain Boys]]. |
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|- |
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| June 17 || ''[[Battle of Bunker Hill]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| July || The [[Olive Branch Petition]] was sent to [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]]. |
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|- |
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| December 5 || [[Henry Knox]] began the transport of fifty-nine captured cannon from upstate [[Province of New York|New York]] to Boston. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="22" valign="top" | 1776 || || [[New Hampshire]] ratified the first state constitution. |
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|- |
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| || Prisoners began to be taken in [[Wallabout Bay]]. ''see'' [[Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War]]. |
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|- |
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| January 10 || [[Thomas Paine]] published ''[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]''. |
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|- |
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| January 24 || [[Henry Knox|Knox]] reached Boston. |
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|- |
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| March 3 || ''[[Battle of Nassau]]'': The battle began. |
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|- |
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| March 4 || ''Battle of Nassau'': The battle ended. |
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|- |
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| July 2 || ''[[Second Continental Congress]]'': The Congress enacted the [[Lee Resolution]] declaring independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] Empire. |
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|- |
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| July 4 || ''Second Continental Congress'': The Congress approved the written [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. |
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|- |
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| August 27 || ''[[Battle of Long Island]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| September 11 || ''[[Staten Island Peace Conference]]'': The peace conference took place. |
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|- |
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| September 15 || ''[[Landing at Kip's Bay]]'': The landing took place. |
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|- |
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| September 16 || ''[[Battle of Harlem Heights]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| September 21 || ''[[Great Fire of New York (1776)]]'': The fire began. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | September 22 || [[Nathan Hale]] was captured and executed for espionage. |
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|- |
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| ''Great Fire of New York (1776)'': The fire ended. |
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|- |
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| October 11 || ''[[Battle of Valcour Island]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| October 29 || ''[[Battle of White Plains]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| November 16 || ''[[Battle of Fort Washington]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| November 20 || ''[[Battle of Fort Lee]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| December 23 || ''[[Battle of Iron Works Hill]]'': The battle began. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | December 26 || ''[[Battle of Trenton]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| ''Battle of Iron Works Hill'': The battle ended. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="25" valign="top" | 1777 || || ''[[Forage War]]'': The war took place. |
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|- |
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| January 2 || ''[[Second Battle of Trenton]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| January 3 || ''[[Battle of Princeton]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| April 13 || ''[[Battle of Bound Brook]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| May 28 || The [[Continental Army]] made camp at the [[Middlebrook encampment]]. |
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|- |
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| July 2 || The [[Continental Army]] left the [[Middlebrook encampment]]. |
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|- |
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| July 5 || [[Fort Ticonderoga]] was abandoned by the [[Continental Army]] due to advancing [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops placing cannon on [[Mount Defiance (New York)|Mount Defiance]]. |
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|- |
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| July 6 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] retook [[Fort Ticonderoga]]. |
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|- |
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| July 7 || ''[[Battle of Hubbardton]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| July 8 || Delegates in Vermont established the [[Vermont Republic]] and adopted the [[Constitution of Vermont (Vermont Republic)]], which abolished slavery. |
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|- |
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| July 26 || ''[[Battle of Short Hills]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| August 6 || ''[[Battle of Oriskany]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| August 16 || ''[[Battle of Bennington]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| September 11 || ''[[Battle of Brandywine]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| September 19 || ''[[Battles of Saratoga]]'': The first Battle of Saratoga took place. |
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|- |
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| September 20 || ''[[Battle of Paoli]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| September 26 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] occupied [[Philadelphia]]. |
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|- |
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| October 4 || ''[[Battle of Germantown]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| October 7 || ''Battles of Saratoga'': The second battle concluded with the surrender of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] army under General [[John Burgoyne]]. |
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|- |
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| October 22 || ''[[Battle of Red Bank]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| November 15 || ''Second Continental Congress'': The Congress adopted the [[Articles of Confederation]]. |
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|- |
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| December 5 || ''[[Battle of White Marsh]]'': The battle began. |
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|- |
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| December 8 || ''Battle of White Marsh'': The battle ended. |
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|- |
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| December 11 || ''[[Battle of Matson's Ford]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| December 19 || The [[Continental Army]] entered its winter quarters at [[Valley Forge]] |
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|- |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1778 || February 6 || The [[Treaty of Alliance (1778)|Treaty of Alliance]] was signed with [[Kingdom of France|France]]. |
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|- |
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| May 20 || ''[[Battle of Barren Hill]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| June || [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] occupation of [[Philadelphia]] ended. |
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|- |
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| June 19 || The [[Continental Army]] left its winter quarters at [[Valley Forge]]. |
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|- |
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| June 28 || ''[[Battle of Monmouth]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| November 30 || The [[Continental Army]] entered winter quarters at the [[Middlebrook encampment]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1779 || June 3 || The [[Continental Army]] left the [[Middlebrook encampment]]. |
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|- |
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| July 16 || ''[[Battle of Stony Point]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| August 19 || ''[[Battle of Paulus Hook]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| December || The [[Continental Army]] entered winter quarters at [[Morristown National Historical Park|Morristown]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="13" valign="top" | 1780 || January 28 || A stockade known as [[Fort Nashborough]] was founded on the banks of the [[Cumberland River]]. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | February 1 || Some eight thousand [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces under General [[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)|Henry Clinton]] arrived in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], from New York. |
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|- |
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| ''Second Continental Congress'': New York ceded its western claims, including territory west of [[Lake Ontario]], to the Congress. |
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|- |
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| March 14 || ''[[Bombardment of Fort Charlotte]]'': After a two-week siege, Spanish General [[Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez]] captured [[Fort Conde|Fort Charlotte]], in [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]]. |
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|- |
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| April 8 || ''[[Siege of Charleston]]'': [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] troops under General [[Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)|Clinton]] and naval forces under Admiral [[Mariot Arbuthnot]] besiege [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. |
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|- |
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| May || The [[Continental Army]] left [[Morristown National Historical Park|Morristown]]. |
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|- |
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| May 6 || ''[[Siege of Charleston]]'': [[Fort Moultrie]] fell to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]]. |
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|- |
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| May 12 || ''[[Siege of Charleston]]'': American General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] surrendered [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]]. The British lost two hundred and fifty-five men while capturing a large American garrison. |
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|- |
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| May 29 || ''[[Battle of Waxhaws]]'': A clash between [[Continental Army]] forces under [[Abraham Buford]] and a mainly [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] force led by [[Banastre Tarleton]] near [[Lancaster, South Carolina]] resulted in the destruction of the American forces. |
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|- |
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| June 6 || ''[[Battle of Connecticut Farms]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| June 23 || ''[[Battle of Springfield (1780)]]'': An attempted [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] invasion of [[New Jersey]] was stopped at Connecticut Farms and [[Springfield Township, Union County, New Jersey|Springfield]], ending major fighting in the North. |
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|- |
|||
| September 23 || [[John André]] was captured, exposing the treason of [[Benedict Arnold|Arnold]]. |
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|- |
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| October 7 || ''[[Battle of Kings Mountain]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1781 || January 17 || ''[[Battle of Cowpens]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
|||
| March 1 || The [[Articles of Confederation]] were ratified. |
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|- |
|||
| March 15 || ''[[Battle of Guilford Court House]]'': The battle took place. |
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|- |
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| October 19 || ''[[Siege of Yorktown]]'': The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] surrendered at [[Yorktown, Virginia|Yorktown]]. |
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|- |
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| December 31 || The [[Bank of North America]] was chartered. |
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|- |
|||
| 1782 || || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] government officially, yet informally, recognized American independence. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1783 || September 3 || ''[[American Revolutionary War]]'': The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] ended the war. |
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|- |
|||
| November 25 || The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] withdraw from ports in New York and [[the Carolinas]]. |
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|- |
|||
| 1784 || || The [[State of Franklin|State of Frankland]], later Franklin, seceded from [[North Carolina]]. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1785 || || [[Congress of the Confederation|Congress]] refused [[State of Franklin|Franklin]] admission to the Union. |
|||
|- |
|||
| November 28 || The [[Treaty of Hopewell]] was signed. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1786 || August 29 || ''[[Shays' Rebellion]]'': The rebellion took place. |
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|- |
|||
| September 11–14 || ''[[Annapolis Convention (1786)]]'': The convention failed. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1787 || July 13 || The [[Northwest Ordinance of 1787]] was passed. |
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|- |
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| May 25-September 17 || ''[[Philadelphia Convention]]'': A Constitutional convention took place in [[Philadelphia]]. |
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|- |
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| December 7–18 || [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New Jersey]] ratified the Constitution. |
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|- |
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| 1788 || || [[North Carolina]] reconquered and dissolved the [[State of Franklin]]. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1789 || || ''[[United States presidential election, 1789]]'': The election took place. |
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|- |
|||
| March 4 || The [[United States Constitution]] came into effect. |
|||
|- |
|||
| April 30 || ''[[First inauguration of George Washington]]'': [[George Washington]] was inaugurated as President in New York City. |
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|- |
|||
| || ''[[1st United States Congress]]'': The [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] and the [[Hamilton tariff]]. |
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|- |
|||
| || The [[Jay-Gardoqui Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| November 21 || [[North Carolina]], by a margin of 43%, became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1790 || May 26 || The [[Southwest Territory]] (a/k/a ''Territory South of the River Ohio'') is created from North Carolina's [[Washington District, North Carolina|Western frontier lands]]. |
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|- |
|||
| May 29 || [[Rhode Island]], by a margin of 3%, became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1791 || || The [[United States Bill of Rights]] was ratified. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[First Bank of the United States]] was chartered. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The independent [[Vermont Republic]] was admitted to the Union as [[Vermont]], becoming the fourteenth state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1792 || || [[Kentucky County, Virginia]] became the fifteenth state of [[Kentucky]]. |
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|- |
|||
|November 2 – December 5 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1792]]'': [[George Washington|Washington]] was reelected President. [[John Adams]] was chosen as Vice President. |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1793 || || [[Eli Whitney]] invented the cotton gin. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || A [[yellow fever]] outbreak occurred in [[Philadelphia]]. |
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|- |
|||
| || The [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1793]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| February 18 || ''[[Chisholm v. Georgia]]'' was decided. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1794 || || ''[[Whiskey Rebellion]]'': The rebellion took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| August–November || The [[Nickajack Expedition]] brings a close to the [[Chickamauga Wars]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| August 20 || ''[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]]'': The battle took place ending the [[Northwest Indian War]] with the [[Western Confederacy]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The first of the [[Five Civilized Tribes|"Civilized" Indian Nations]], the [[Cherokee Nation (19th century)|Cherokee Nation]], is founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1795 || || The [[Treaty of Greenville]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Jay Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1796 || June 1 || [[Tennessee]], formerly [[Southwest Territory]], was admitted as the sixteenth state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Pinckney's Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Treaty of Tripoli]] was signed. |
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|- |
|||
|November 4 – December 7 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1796]]'': [[John Adams|Adams]] was elected President. [[Thomas Jefferson]] was elected Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1797 || || [[John Adams|Adams]] was inaugurated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[XYZ Affair]]'': The affair took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1798 || || The [[Alien and Sedition Acts]] were passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions]] were issued. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1799 || || The [[Charles Brockden Brown]] novel ''[[Edgar Huntly]]'' was published. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Fries's Rebellion]]'': The rebellion took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Logan Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
|December 14 || [[George Washington|Washington]] died. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1800 || || The [[Library of Congress]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
|October 31 – December 3 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1800]]'': [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] and [[Aaron Burr]] tied in votes in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]]. |
|||
|} |
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== 19th century == |
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[[File:Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Jefferson]], 3rd [[President of the United States]]]] |
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[[File:John Marshall by Henry Inman, 1832.jpg|thumb|[[John Marshall]], 4th [[Chief Justice of the United States]]]] |
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[[File:Lewis and Clark.jpg|thumb|Explorers [[Lewis and Clark]]]] |
|||
[[File:US Capitol 1814c.jpg|thumb|The [[U.S. Capitol]] after the [[Burning of Washington]]]] |
|||
[[File:Ft. Henry bombardement 1814.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Bombardment of Fort McHenry]], the basis for the [[Star-Spangled Banner]]]] |
|||
[[File:Battle of New Orleans.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Battle of New Orleans]]]] |
|||
[[File:James Monroe Cabinet.jpg|thumb|[[James Monroe]], the author of the [[Monroe Doctrine]], and his cabinet]] |
|||
[[File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Battle of the Alamo]]]] |
|||
[[File:Battle of Veracruz.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Veracruz]] in the [[Mexican-American War]]]] |
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[[File:DredScott.jpg|thumb|[[Dred Scott]], the plaintiff in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'']] |
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[[File:Sumter.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Fort Sumter]], which began the [[American Civil War]]]] |
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[[File:Bodies on the battlefield at antietam.jpg|thumb|Remains of casualties at the [[Battle of Antietam]]]] |
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[[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|A depiction of the [[Battle of Gettysburg]]]] |
|||
[[File:Abraham Lincoln November 1863.jpg|thumb|Abraham Lincoln, 16th [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:The Assassination of President Lincoln - Currier and Ives 2.png|thumb|The [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]]]] |
|||
[[File:Andew Johnson impeachment trial.jpg|thumb|The trial of the [[impeachment of Andrew Johnson]]]] |
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[[File:Chicago-fire1.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Chicago Fire]]]] |
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[[File:Portrait of Susan B. Anthony.jpg|thumb|Women's suffragist leader, [[Susan B. Anthony]]]] |
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[[File:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventor of the [[telephone]]]] |
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[[File:Thomas Edison2.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Edison]], inventor of the [[light bulb]]]] |
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[[File:Brooklyn Bridge Postdlf.jpg|thumb|The [[Brooklyn Bridge]]]] |
|||
[[File:EdwardMoran-UnveilingTheStatueofLiberty1886Large.jpg|thumb|The unveiling of the [[Statue of Liberty]]]] |
|||
[[File:Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill.JPG|thumb|The charge of the [[Rough Riders]] at the [[Battle of San Juan Hill]] during the [[Spanish-American War]]]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1801 || || [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] was elected President by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. [[Aaron Burr|Burr]] became Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[John Adams|Adams]] appointed [[John Marshall]] as [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1803 || || The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] issued a decision in ''[[Marbury v. Madison]]'' which overturned the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Louisiana Purchase]]'': The purchase was made. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Mar 1 || [[Ohio]], formerly the [[Northwest Territory]], became the 17th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1804 || || The [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[New Jersey]] abolished slavery. |
|||
|- |
|||
| July 11 || ''[[Burr–Hamilton duel]]'': [[Alexander Hamilton]] was fatally wounded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Lewis and Clark]] set out. |
|||
|- |
|||
|November 2 – December 5|| ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1804]]'': [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] was reelected President; [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] was elected Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1807 || || The [[Embargo Act of 1807]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Robert Fulton]] invented the steamboat. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1808 || || The slave trade was ended. |
|||
|- |
|||
|November 4 – December 7 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1808]]'': [[James Madison]] was elected president. [[George Clinton (vice president)|Clinton]] was reelected as Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1809 || || [[James Madison|Madison]] was inaugurated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| March 1 || The [[Non-Intercourse Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1810 || || The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] issued a decision in ''[[Fletcher v. Peck]]'' which overturned a state law. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1811 || || The charter of the [[First Bank of the United States]] expired. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1812 || || ''[[War of 1812]]'': The war began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Daniel Webster]] was elected to the [[United States Congress]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| April 30 || [[Louisiana]] became the 18th state |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1812]]'': [[James Madison|Madison]] was reelected President; [[Elbridge Gerry]] was elected United States Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1814 ||August 24 || ''[[Burning of Washington]]'': [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] troops burned Washington, D.C. but were forced back at [[Baltimore]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 14 || ''War of 1812'': The [[Treaty of Ghent]] ended the war. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1815 || Jan 8 || ''War of 1812'': ''[[Battle of New Orleans]]'': The battle took place before notification of the Treaty of Ghent made it to the frontier. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1816 || || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1816]]'': [[James Monroe]] was elected President. [[Daniel D. Tompkins]] was elected Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Second Bank of the United States]] was chartered. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 11 || [[Indiana]] became the 19th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1817 || || [[James Monroe|Monroe]] was inaugurated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Rush–Bagot Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Harvard Law School]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 10 || [[Mississippi]] became the 20th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1818 || || [[Cumberland Road]] opened. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 3 || [[Illinois]] became the 21st state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Jackson Purchase (U.S. historical region)|Jackson Purchase]] in [[Kentucky]] was obtained. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1819 || || ''[[Panic of 1819]]'': The panic took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Adams–Onís Treaty]], which provided for the acquisition of Florida, was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The decision in ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'' prohibited state laws from infringing upon federal Constitutional authority. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The decision in ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'' protected the principle of honoring contracts and charters. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 14 || [[Alabama]] became the 22nd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1820 || || The [[Missouri Compromise]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| March 15 || [[Maine]] became the 23rd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1820]]'': [[James Monroe|Monroe]] was reelected President, [[Daniel D. Tompkins|Tompkins]] Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1821 || Aug 10 || [[Missouri]] became the 24th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1823 || || The [[Monroe Doctrine]] was proclaimed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1824 || || The decision in ''[[Gibbons v. Ogden]]'' affirmed federal over state authority in interstate commerce. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1824]]'': An election was held with inconclusive results. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1825 || || [[John Quincy Adams]] was elected President by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]; [[John C. Calhoun]] was elected Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Erie Canal]] was completed |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1826 || July 4 || Former [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] and [[John Adams]] died within hours of each other on Independence Day |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1828 || || ''[[Nullification Crisis]]'': The [[South Carolina Exposition and Protest]] was published. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || Construction began on the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1828]]'': [[Andrew Jackson]] was elected President. [[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]] continued as Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1829 || || [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] was inaugurated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1830 || || ''[[Second Great Awakening]]'': A religious revival movement took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Oregon Trail]] came into use by settlers migrating to the [[Pacific Northwest]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| May 28 || The [[Indian Removal Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1831 || || A revolt led by [[Nat Turner]] occurred. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || Publication of ''[[The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)|The Liberator]]'' began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Cyrus McCormick]] invented the reaper. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Petticoat affair]]'': The affair took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1832 || || The [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] ruled in favor of the [[Cherokee Nation]] in ''[[Worcester v. State of Georgia]]''. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Black Hawk War]]'': The war took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Tariff of 1832]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Ordinance of Nullification]] was passed by [[South Carolina]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Department of Indian Affairs]] was established. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[United States presidential election, 1832]]'': [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] was reelected President; [[Martin Van Buren]] was elected Vice President of the United States. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Bank War]]'': [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] vetoed the charter renewal of the [[Second Bank of the United States]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[John C. Calhoun|Calhoun]] resigned the Vice Presidency. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1833 || || The [[Force Bill]], expanding [[President of the United States|Presidential]] powers, was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson's]] second inauguration was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1834 || || Slavery debates took place at [[Lane Theological Seminary]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1835 || || ''[[Texas Revolution]]'': The revolution began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Alexis De Tocqueville]]'s ''[[Democracy in America]]'' was published. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Second Seminole War]]'': A war began in Florida with [[Seminole]] resistance to relocation. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1836 || || ''[[Battle of the Alamo]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Battle of San Jacinto]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Creek War of 1836]]'': The war took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Samuel Colt]] invented the revolver. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The original "[[Gag Rule]]", a bar on discussion of antislavery petitions passed by the [[United States House of Representatives|House]], was imposed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Specie Circular]] was issued. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jun 15 || [[Arkansas]] became the 25th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1836]]'': [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] was elected President, [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] Vice President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1837 || || [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] was inaugurated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The United States recognized the [[Republic of Texas]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Caroline Affair]]'': The affair took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jan 26 || [[Michigan]] became the 26th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Oberlin College]] began enrolling female students. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Panic of 1837]]'': The panic took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || A decision in ''[[Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge]]'' reversed a decision in ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'' and affirmed that property rights can be overridden by public need. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1838 || || The forced removal of the [[Cherokee Nation (19th century)|Cherokee Nation]] from the Southeastern United States along the [[Trail of Tears]] led to over four thousand Native American deaths. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Aroostook War]]'': The war took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1840 || || ''[[United States presidential election, 1840]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1841 || || [[William Henry Harrison]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[John Quincy Adams]] argued the case ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]'' before the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]'' was decided. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || President [[William Henry Harrison|Harrison]] died after only a month in office. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[John Tyler]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1842 ||August 9 || The [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Dorr Rebellion]]'': A civil war took place in [[Rhode Island]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1843 || || An attempt to impeach [[John Tyler|Tyler]] failed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1844 || || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1844]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1845 || || ''[[Texas Annexation]]'': The annexation took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[James K. Polk]] became President of the United States. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Mar 3 || Florida became the 27th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 28 || Texas became the 28th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1846 || || ''[[Mexican–American War]]'': The war began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 28 || [[Iowa]] became the 29th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Wilmot Proviso]] was introduced. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1848 || || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1848]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| May 29 || [[Wisconsin]] became the 30th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Feb 2 || ''Mexican–American War'': The [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] ended the war. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1849 || || [[Zachary Taylor]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[California Gold Rush]]'': The gold rush began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1850 || || [[Zachary Taylor|Taylor]] threatened to veto the [[Compromise of 1850]] even at the risk of civil war. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Zachary Taylor|Taylor]] died. [[Millard Fillmore]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Compromise of 1850]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Sep 9 || California became the 31st state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1852 || || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1852]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1853 || || [[Franklin Pierce]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || Commodore [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]] opened [[Tokugawa shogunate|Japan]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1854 || || The [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] was passed, nullifying the [[Missouri Compromise]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jun 8 || The [[Gadsden Purchase]] was finalized. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Ostend Manifesto]] was issued. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Convention of Kanagawa]] was signed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] led an expedition. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1855 || || The Farmers' High School, later [[Penn State University]], was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1856 || || ''[[Sacking of Lawrence]]'': The sacking of [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence]] took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| May 24–25|| ''[[Pottawatomie Massacre]]'': The massacre, led by [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Preston Brooks]] beat [[Charles Sumner]] with his walking stick in the Senate chamber. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1856]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1857 || || [[James Buchanan]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || A decision in ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' declared that [[African American|blacks]] were not citizens of the United States and could not sue. |
|||
|- |
|||
| May || ''[[Utah War]]'': The war started. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[LeCompton Constitution]] was rejected in the [[Kansas Territory]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Panic of 1857]]'': The panic took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1858 || || The first [[transatlantic telegraph cable|transatlantic cable]] was laid. |
|||
|- |
|||
| May 11 || [[Minnesota]] became the 32nd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Lincoln-Douglas Debates]]'': The debates were held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The United States became party to the [[Treaty of Tientsin]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1859 || || [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] led a raid on [[Harper's Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Feb 14 || [[Oregon]] became the 33rd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Comstock Lode]] was discovered. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1860 || || The [[Pony Express]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Crittenden Compromise]] was reached. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Nov 6 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1860]]'': [[Abraham Lincoln]] was elected President of the United States. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Dec 20 || [[South Carolina]] seceded from the Union. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1861 || || Ten more states seceded from the Union and established the [[Confederate States of America]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jan 29 || [[Kansas]] became the 34th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Jefferson Davis]] was elected [[President of the Confederate States of America|President]] of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[American Civil War]]'': The war began at [[Fort Sumter]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[First Battle of Bull Run]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1862 || || ''[[Battle of Hampton Roads]]'': A naval battle between the ''[[USS Monitor|Monitor]]'' and ''[[CSS Virginia|Merrimack]]'' took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Homestead Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || General [[Robert E. Lee]] was placed in command of the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Second Battle of Bull Run]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Battle of Antietam]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Aug–Dec || ''[[Dakota War of 1862]]'': The war was fought. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1863 || || ''[[Battle of Gettysburg]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jan 1 || [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] freeing slaves in the rebel states. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Siege of Vicksburg]]'': The siege took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[New York Draft Riots]]'': Draft riots took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jun 20 || Pro-Union counties which had seceded from [[Virginia]] became the 35th state, [[West Virginia]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1864 || || General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was put in command of all Union forces. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Wade–Davis Bill]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Sand Creek Massacre]]'': The massacre took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Oct 31 || [[Nevada]] became the 36th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1864]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Sherman's March to the Sea]]'': The march took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1865 || || [[Robert E. Lee|Lee]] was made commander-in-chief of all [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Richmond, Virginia]], the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] capital, was captured by a corps of [[African American|black]] Union troops. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Robert E. Lee|Lee]] surrendered to [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]] at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Court House]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| April 15 || ''[[Abraham Lincoln assassination]]'': [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] was assassinated; [[Andrew Johnson]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''American Civil War'': The war ended with the surrender of the last elements of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was passed, permanently outlawing slavery. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Freedmen's Bureau]] was established. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1866 || || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1866]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1867 || || The [[Tenure of Office Act (1867)]] was enacted. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Mar 1 || [[Nebraska]] became the 37th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The ''[[Alaska Purchase]]'' (also known as "Seward's Folly"): The Alaskan territory was purchased from Russia. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1868 || || ''[[Impeachment of Andrew Johnson]]'': The attempted impeachment ended in an acquittal by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], second of the [[Reconstruction Amendments]], was ratified. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Ulysses S. Grant|Grant]] was elected President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1869 || || The [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] was completed at [[Promontory Summit, Utah Territory]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/ |title = Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = May 10, 1869 |accessdate=July 21, 2013}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| May 15 || Women's suffrage leaders [[Susan B. Anthony]] and [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] founded the [[National Woman Suffrage Association]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1870 || || The [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The first graduate programs, at [[Yale University]] and [[Harvard University|Harvard]], began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Force Acts]] were passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1871 || || ''[[Great Chicago Fire]]'': The fire occurred. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Treaty of Washington, 1871]] was signed with the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] Empire regarding the [[Dominion of Canada]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1872 || || [[Yellowstone National Park]] was created. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Crédit Mobilier scandal]]'': The scandal took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Amnesty Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Alabama Claims]] were settled. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1872]]'': An election was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1873 || || ''[[Panic of 1873]]'': The panic took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Virginius Affair]]'': The affair took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| 1874 || || ''[[Red River Indian War]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1875 || || ''[[Kentucky Derby]]'': [[Aristides (horse)]] won the first Kentucky Derby. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Resumption Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1875]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Art Students League of New York]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1876 || || The [[National League]] of baseball was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Centennial Exposition]]'': The Exposition, in [[Philadelphia]], was held. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || A decision in ''[[Munn v. Illinois]]'' established the public regulation of utilities. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Colorado]] became the 38th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Battle of Little Bighorn]]'': The battle took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Wild Bill Hickok]] was killed by a shot to the back of the head by [[Jack McCall]] while playing poker in [[Deadwood, South Dakota]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Alexander Graham Bell]] invented the telephone. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1876]]'': The election produced an unclear, result with twenty [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] votes disputed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1877 || || The [[Electoral Commission (United States)|Electoral Commission]] awarded [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] the [[President of the United States|Presidency]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Reconstruction era of the United States]]'': The era ended. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Nez Perce War]]'': The war took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1878 || || The [[Bland-Allison Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The first [[Morgan silver dollar]]s were minted. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1879 || || [[Thomas Edison]] invented the light bulb. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Knights of Labor]] went public. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1880 || || The [[University of Southern California]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Population of the United States]] passed fifty million. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1881 || || ''[[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]]'': A gunfight took place in [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Arizona Territory]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[James Garfield]] was inaugurated President of the United States. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[James Garfield|Garfield]] was assassinated. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Chester A. Arthur]] was inaugurated President of the United States. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Clara Barton]] created the [[Red Cross]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Tuskegee Institute]] was founded |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Billy the Kid]] was shot and killed by Sheriff [[Pat Garrett]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[A Century of Dishonor]]'' was written by [[Helen Hunt Jackson]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1882 || || The [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Jesse James]] was shot and killed by [[Robert Ford (outlaw)|Robert Ford]] and [[Charles Ford (outlaw)|Charlie Ford]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1883 || || [[Buffalo Bill Cody]] debuted his ''[[Wild West Show]]''. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || A decision in the ''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' legalized the doctrine of racial segregation. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Brooklyn Bridge]] opened. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1885 || || [[Grover Cleveland]] was inaugurated as President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Washington monument]] was completed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1886 || || ''[[Haymarket Riot]]'': The riot took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[American Federation of Labor]] was founded in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1887 || || The [[United States Congress]] created the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Dawes Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Hatch Act of 1887|Hatch Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1888 || || ''[[Looking Backward]]'', by [[Edward Bellamy]], was published. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[National Geographic Society]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1889 || || [[Benjamin Harrison]] becomes President |
|||
|- |
|||
| Nov 2 || [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]] became the 39th and 40th states. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Nov 8 || [[Montana]] became the 41st state |
|||
|- |
|||
| Nov 11 ||[[Washington (state)|Washington]] became the 42nd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Johnstown flood]]'': A flood occurred in [[Pennsylvania]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Jane Addams]] founded [[Hull House]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| April 22 || ''[[Land Run of 1889]]'': The land run began. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1890 || || The [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Jacob Riis]] published ''[[How the Other Half Lives]]''. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[McKinley tariff]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[Yosemite National Park]] was created. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jul 3 || [[Idaho]] became the 43rd state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jul 10 || [[Wyoming]] became the 44th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Wounded Knee Massacre]]'': The massacre took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1891 || || ''[[Baltimore Crisis]]'': The crisis took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[James Naismith]] invented basketball. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1892 || || ''[[Homestead Strike]]'': The strike took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[General Electric]] was founded. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Sierra Club]] was founded |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1893 || || [[Grover Cleveland|Cleveland]] was inaugurated President for a second term. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Panic of 1893]]'': The panic took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] was repealed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1894 || || [[Coxey's Army]] marched on Washington, D.C. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Pullman strike]]'': The strike took place. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act]], including an income tax, was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1895 || || [[Stagger Lee Shelton]] shot Billy Lyons. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company]]'' was decided, striking down part of the [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1896 || || A decision in ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' affirmed the legality of "separate but equal" facilities. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[William Jennings Bryan]] delivered his [[Cross of Gold]] speech. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || Gold was discovered in the [[Yukon]]'s [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] region. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jan 4 || [[Utah]] became the 45th state. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1897 || || [[William McKinley]] became President. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Boston subway]] was completed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Dingley Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1898 || || The {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} exploded in [[Havana]] harbor. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[De Lôme Letter]] was published. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Spanish–American War]]'': The [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] ended the war. |
|||
|- |
|||
| Jul 7 || [[Republic of Hawaii]] was annexed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Newlands Resolution]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[American Anti-Imperialist League]] was organized. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1899 || || The [[Teller Amendment]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || [[American Samoa]] was occupied. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Open Door Policy]] was announced. |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1900 || || The United States population exceeded seventy-five million. ''see'' [[Demographics of the United States]]. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Foraker Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Gold Standard Act]] was passed. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[Boxer Rebellion]]'': The United States helped put down the rebellion. |
|||
|- |
|||
| || ''[[1900 Galveston hurricane]]'': The hurricane took place. |
|||
|} |
|||
== 20th century == |
|||
[[File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]] of President [[William McKinley]]]] |
|||
[[File:T Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|[[Theodore Roosevelt]], the 26th [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:Post-and-Grant-Avenue.-Look.jpg|thumb|Destruction from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]]] |
|||
[[File:1919 Ford Model T Highboy Coupe.jpg|thumb|A [[Ford Model T]]]] |
|||
[[File:WEB DuBois 1918.jpg|thumb|Civil rights activist [[W. E. B. Du Bois]], the founder of the [[NAACP]]]] |
|||
[[File:Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919.jpg|thumb|[[Woodrow Wilson]], the 28th [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:Ruins of Ludlow restored.jpg|thumb|Ruins after the [[Ludlow Massacre]]]] |
|||
[[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-17, Untergang der "Lusitania".jpg|thumb|The [[sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking]] of the ''[[RMS Lusitania|Lusitania]]'']] |
|||
[[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|President Wilson requests the [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declaration of war]] against Germany in [[World War One]]]] |
|||
[[File:Orpen, William (Sir) (RA) - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|The signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]]] |
|||
[[File:TulsaRaceRiot-1921.png|thumb|Destruction from the [[Tulsa Race Riot of 1921]]]] |
|||
[[File:Bath School Disaster-east.jpg|thumb|An image of the [[Bath Township, Michigan|Bath, Township]] Elementary School after being [[Bath School disaster|bombed]] in 1927]] |
|||
[[File:Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis (Crisco restoration, with wings).jpg|thumb|[[Charles Lindbergh]] with his plane, the ''[[Spirit of St. Louis]]'']] |
|||
[[File:Crowd outside nyse.jpg|thumb|The [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]]] |
|||
[[File:Empire State Building from the Top of the Rock.jpg|thumb|The [[Empire State Building]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]]]] |
|||
[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the 32nd [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:Hindenburg burning.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]]]] |
|||
[[File:GoldenGateBridge-001.jpg|thumb|The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[San Francisco]]]] |
|||
[[File:Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png|thumb|The [[Dust Bowl]] in 1935]] |
|||
[[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|thumb|[[Dorothea Lange]]'s ''Migrant Mother'' became an iconic image representing the economic struggle of the [[Great Depression]]]] |
|||
[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|The [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] during the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]]] |
|||
[[File:We Can Do It!.jpg|thumb|The iconic ''[[We Can Do It!]]'' poster of World War II]] |
|||
[[File:Tehran Conference, 1943.jpg|thumb|President Roosevelt with [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Winston Churchill]] and the [[Tehran Conference]]]] |
|||
[[File:Into the Jaws of Death 23-0455M edit.jpg|thumb|The [[Normandy landings]], commonly known as "D-Day"]] |
|||
[[File:Atomic bombing of Japan.jpg|thumb|The [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]]] |
|||
[[File:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg|thumb|General [[Douglas MacArthur]] during the [[Korean War]]]] |
|||
[[File:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg|thumb|[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], the 34th [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:BRVB school ext.jpg|thumb|[[Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site]]]] |
|||
[[File:Rosaparks.jpg|thumb|Civil rights activist [[Rosa Parks]]]] |
|||
[[File:101st Airborne at Little Rock Central High.jpg|thumb|Federal troops escorting the [[Little Rock Nine]] to their classrooms, after they were prevented from doing so due to protest over racial integration]] |
|||
[[File:Adlai Stevenson shows missiles to UN Security Council with David Parker standing.jpg|thumb|Ambassador [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] shows Russian missile sights in Cuba to the [[U.N.]] amid the [[Cuban missile crisis]]]] |
|||
[[File:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] delivers his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech]] |
|||
[[File:JFK limousine.png|thumb|President [[John F. Kennedy]] just before his [[assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassination]]]] |
|||
[[File:Lyndon B. Johnson taking the oath of office, November 1963.jpg|thumb|[[Lyndon B. Johnson]] being [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in on Air Force One]] after the assassination of President Kennedy]] |
|||
[[File:Lyndon Johnson signing Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964.jpg|thumb|President Johnson signs the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]]] |
|||
[[File:Bombing in Vietnam.jpg|thumb|U.S. bombing of North Viet Nam, as apart of [[Operation Rolling Thunder]]]] |
|||
[[File:Thurgoodmarshall1967.jpg|thumb|[[Thurgood Marshall]], the first African-American Supreme Court Justice.]] |
|||
[[File:Vietnamdem.jpg|thumb|[[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|Nonviolent protesters of the Vietnam War]]]] |
|||
[[File:My Lai massacre.jpg|thumb|The [[My Lai Massacre]] by U.S. troops in [[South Vietnam]]]] |
|||
[[File:The Lorraine Motel, site of the Martin Luther King assassination and the National Civil Rights Museum..jpg|thumb|The Lorraine Motel, the site of the [[assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]]]] |
|||
[[File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|thumb|The image ''[[Earthrise]]'', taken during the [[Apollo 8]] mission]] |
|||
[[File:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|[[Neil Armstrong]] becomes the first man on the Moon]] |
|||
[[File:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|President [[Richard Nixon]] upon his resignation]] |
|||
[[File:President Ford announces his decision to pardon former President Richard Nixon - NARA - 7140608.jpg|thumb|President [[Gerald Ford]] announcing the pardon of President Nixon for his actions in the [[Watergate scandal]]]] |
|||
[[File:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|thumb|President [[Jimmy Carter]] with [[Menachem Begin]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] at the [[Camp David Accords]]]] |
|||
[[File:DF-SN-82-06759.jpg|thumb|Group photo of the 52 hostages of the [[Iran hostage crisis]]]] |
|||
[[File:MSH80 eruption mount st helens 05-18-80-dramatic-edit.jpg|thumb|[[Eruption of Mount St. Helens]]]] |
|||
[[File:Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg|thumb|[[Ronald Reagan]], the 40th [[President of the United States]]]] |
|||
[[File:Photograph of Sandra Day O'Connor Being Sworn in a Supreme Court Justice by Chief Justice Warren Burger....jpg|thumb|The swearing in of [[Sandra Day O'Connor]], the first woman Supreme Court Justice]] |
|||
[[File:Challenger explosion.jpg|thumb|The [[Space Shuttle Challenger]]'s smoke plume after its in-flight breakup, resulting in its crash and the deaths of all seven crew members]] |
|||
[[File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG|thumb|The fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] symbolically ended the [[Cold War]]]] |
|||
[[File:BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg|thumb|Oil fires during the [[Gulf War]]]] |
|||
[[File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the [[Oklahoma City bombing]]]] |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event || Reference |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1901 || September 14 || President [[William McKinley]] was [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassinated]] by [[Leon Czolgosz]] in [[Buffalo, New York]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_history/white-house-stories/president-mckinley-assassinated.html | title =President William McKinley Died from Wounds After Being Shot in Buffalo, New York | author =''[[White House Historical Association]]'' | publisher =whitehousehistory.org}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| September 14 || Vice President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was sworn in as president, after the assassination of President McKinley. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/thri/september14.htm | title =Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural September 14, 1901 | author =''[[United States Department of the Interior]]'' ''[[National Park Service]]'' | publisher =nps.gov}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| November 18|| The [[Hay–Pauncefote Treaty]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=ROJGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq=Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote+Treaty+november+18+1901#v=onepage&q=Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote%20Treaty%20november%2018%201901&f=false | title =Congressional edition, Volume 6582 | isbn =978-1-272-08790-6 | author =''[[United States Congress]]'' | publisher =books.google.com | year =2011}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1902 || January 1 || The first ''[[Rose Bowl Game]]'' was played between the [[University of Michigan]] and [[Stanford University]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bentley.umich.edu/athdept/football/bowls/1902rose.htm | title =Michigan's Bowl Game History 1902 Rose Bowl | author =''[[University of Michigan]]'' | publisher =umich.edu | date =April 10, 2006 |year =2002}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| February 19 || The [[Elkins Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/Themes/Capitalism-and-Labor/The-Elkins-Act.aspx | title =Elkins Act | publisher =theodorerooseveltcenter.org | date =July 16, 2013}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| || The [[Drago Doctrine]] was announced. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/thesaurus/toc.asp?id=10742 | title =Drago Doctrine | author =''[[United States Army Combined Arms Center]]'' | publisher =army.mil | date =September 17, 2008}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| June 17 || The [[Newlands Reclamation Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amrvhtml/cnchron4.html | title =Documentary Chronology of Selected Events in the Development of the American Conservation Movement, 1847–1920 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1903 || January 22 || The [[Hay–Herrán Treaty]] was passed. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC&pg=PA279&lpg=PA279&dq=Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n+Treaty+january+22+1903#v=onepage&q=Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n%20Treaty%20january%2022%201903&f=false | title =The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History (3 Volumes) | author =Spencer C. Tucker | author2 =ABC-CLIO | isbn =978-1-85109-951-1 | page =279 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2009| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| June 16 || The [[Ford Motor Company]] was formed. || <ref name ="FordTimeline">{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5168769 | title =A Timeline of Ford Motor Company | author =''[[National Public Radio]]'' | publisher =npr.org | date =January 23, 2006}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| February 14 || The [[Department of Commerce and Labor]] was created. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/2012/February/14-Commerce-and-Labor.aspx | title =Cumbrous, Misleading and Slightly Ridiculous: The Creation of the Department of Commerce and Labor | author =Grant Carlson | publisher =theodorerooseveltcenter.org | date =February 14, 2012}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| October 1 || The first [[World Series]] was played between the [[Boston Americans]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://library.pittstate.edu/univarchives/psu100/1903_World_Series.pdf | title =Quick Facts about the 1903 World Series | author =Compiled by Shari Scribner | author2 =Pittsburg State University | publisher =library.pittstate.edu| authorlink2 =Pittsburg State University }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| November 18 || The [[Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty]] was signed.|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pan001.asp | title =Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18, 1903 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| December 1 || The movie ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'' opened. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=gABqNFQkjR4C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=The+Great+Train+Robbery+december+1+1903#v=onepage&q=The%20Great%20Train%20Robbery%20december%201%201903&f=false | title =Early American Cinema | author =''[[Scarecrow Press]]'' | publisher =books.google.com | page =8 | isbn =978-0-8108-2711-0 | year =1994}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| December 17 || The [[Wright brothers]] made their first powered flight in the ''[[Wright Flyer]]''. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/icon/1903.html | title =The Wright Flyer: From Invention to Icon December 17, 1903 | author =''[[Smithsonian Institution]]'' ''[[National Air and Space Museum]]'' | publisher =si.edu}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1904 || || The [[Roosevelt Corollary]] to the [[Monroe Doctrine]] was issued. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/RooseveltandMonroeDoctrine | title =Milestones: 1899–1913 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| May 4 || The [[Panama Canal Zone]] was acquired by the United States from France for $40 million. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/panama.html | title =Topics in Chronicling America – The Panama Canal | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =May 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| November 8 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1904]]'': President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was reelected to a second term, defeating [[New York Court of Appeals|New York Appeals Court Judge]] [[Alton B. Parker]]. || <ref name="Gerhard Peters">{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1904 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1904 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1905 || July 11–14 || The ''[[Niagara Falls conference]]'' was held.|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-niagara-movement.html | title =The Niagara Movement | author =''[[University at Buffalo]]'' | publisher =buffalo.edu}}</ref> |
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| September 5 || The [[Treaty of Portsmouth]], negotiated by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], was signed, ending the [[Russo-Japanese War]] . || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/PortsmouthTreaty | title =Milestones: 1899–1913 The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1906 || March 13 || Women's suffrage and civil rights activist [[Susan B. Anthony]] died. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.rochester.edu/index.cfm?page=4118 | title =Susan B. Anthony: Celebrating "An Heroic Life" | author =''[[University of Rochester]]'' | publisher =rochester.edu | year =2007}}</ref> |
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| April 18 || The [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] killed over 3,400 people and destroyed over 80% of [[San Francisco]]; being the deadliest earthquake in American history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/casualties.php | title =Casualties and damage after the 1906 Earthquake | author =''[[United States Geological Survey]]'' | publisher =usgs.gov | date =July 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mceer.buffalo.edu/1906_Earthquake/industry_impacts/impact-insurance-industry.asp | title =Insurance Industry Struggles with Claims | author =''[[University at Buffalo]]'' | publisher =buffalo.edu | year =2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/1906/18april/index.php | title =The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake | author =''[[United States Geological Survey]]'' | publisher =usgs.gov | date =July 23, 2012}}</ref> |
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| June 29 || The [[Hepburn Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/hepburn/ | title ="Hepburn Rate Bill" by Clifford K. Berryman, May 15, 1906 | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 30 || The [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] and [[Meat Inspection Act]] were signed; establishing the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA). || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22116/ | title =Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). United States Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772; cited as 34 U.S. Stats. 768) | author =Michael North | author2 =National Institute of Health | publisher =nih.gov | date =April 2004| authorlink2 =National Institute of Health }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://meat.tamu.edu/ansc-307-honors/meat-inspection/ | title =Meat Inspection | author =''[[Texas A & M University]]'' | publisher =tamu.edu}}</ref> |
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| December 10 || President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his role in negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese war; becoming the first [[Public figure|statesman]] to win a [[Nobel Prize]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1906/roosevelt-facts.html | title =The Nobel Peace Prize 1906 Theodore Roosevelt | publisher =nobelprize.org | date =July 17, 2013}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1907 || January 26 || The [[Tillman Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=wnJpj2GBaQMC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=tillman+act++signed+January+26,+1907#v=onepage&q=tillman%20act%20%20signed%20January%2026%2C%201907&f=false | title =U.S. Election Campaigns: A Documentary and Reference Guide | author =Thomas J. Baldino, Kyle L. Kreider | author2 =ABC-CLIO | publisher =books.google.com | page =44 | isbn =978-0-313-35304-8 | year =2011| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
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| February 26 || The [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/gentlemens-agreement | title =Gentlemen's Agreement | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| November 17 || [[Oklahoma]] was admitted to the Union, becoming the 46th state. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oklahoma/ | title =Oklahoma Statehood, November 16, 1907 | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| December 6 || ''[[Monongah Mining Disaster]]'': A coal mine exploded in [[Monongah, West Virginia]], killing at least 361. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msha.gov/mshainfo/factsheets/mshafct8.htm | title =Historical Data on Mine Disasters in the United States | author =''[[United States Department of Labor]]'' ''[[Mine Safety and Health Administration]]'' | publisher =msha.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1908 || May 30 || The [[Aldrich–Vreeland Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/1900-present.aspx | title =About 1900-Present | author =''[[United States Department of the Treasury]]'' | publisher =treasury.gov | date =March 30, 2012}}</ref> |
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| July 26 || The [[Bureau of Investigation]] (later the FBI) was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/doj/fbi/fbi_hist.htm | title =Federal Bureau of Investigation History | author =Steve Aftergood | author2 =Federation of American Scientists | publisher =fas.org | date =June 18, 2003| authorlink2 =Federation of American Scientists }}</ref> |
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| October 1 || The [[Ford Model T]] appeared on the market. || <ref name ="FordTimeline" /> |
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| November 3 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1908]]'': [[U.S. Secretary of War]] [[William Howard Taft]] was elected President, defeating former [[Nebraska's 1st congressional district|Nebraska Representative]] [[William Jennings Bryan]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1908 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1908 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =presidency.ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| November 30 || The [[Root–Takahira Agreement]] was reached. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://khistory.korea.ac.kr/bbs/table/koreanhistory/upload/3151_006.pdf | title =The Russo-Japanese War and the Root-Takahira Agreement | author =Choi Jeong-soo | author2 =Korea University | publisher =korea.ac.kr | date =February 2005| authorlink2 =Korea University }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1909 || || [[William Howard Taft]] implemented [[Dollar Diplomacy]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/DollarDiplo | title =Milestones: 1899–1913 Dollar Diplomacy, 1909–1913 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| February 12 || The [[NAACP]] was founded by [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/dubois/aa_dubois_naacp_1.html | title =W.E.B. Du Bois and the NAACP | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =americaslibrary.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 7 || [[Robert Peary]] became the first person to reach the [[North Pole]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ice/sfeature/peary.html | title =Robert Peary: To the Top of the World | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | year =1999}}</ref> |
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| August 2 || The first redesigned [[Lincoln Penny]] was released to the public. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/lincoln-cent.aspx | title =History of the Lincoln Cent | author =''[[United States Department of the Treasury]]'' | publisher =treasury.gov | date =January 4, 2011}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1910 || February 8 || The [[Boy Scouts of America]] was created. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boy-scouts-movement-begins | title =Boy Scouts movement begins | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | June 18 || The [[Mann–Elkins Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/172.html | title =Records of the United States Commerce Court | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| The [[Mann Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/taft/key-events | title =Presidential Key Events William Taft | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| August 6 || The [[Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/1002.html | title =En Tour | author =Robert C. Kennedy | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2001}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1911 || May 15 || ''[[Standard Oil Company v. United States]]'': The Supreme Court found [[Standard Oil]] guilty of [[Monopoly|monopolizing]] the petroleum industry; subsequently dividing Standard Oil into several geographically separate firms. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0221_0001_ZS.html | title =Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States () 100 U.S. 1 173 Fed. Rep. 177, modified and affirmed | author =''[[Cornell University Law School]]'' | publisher =cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 30 || The first [[Indianapolis 500]] was held; being won by [[Ray Harroun]].|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/One-Hundred-Years-of-the-Indy-500.html | title =One Hundred Years of the Indy 500 A century ago, the first Indianapolis 500 race started in high excitement and ended in a muddle | author =Charles Leerhsen | author2 =Smithsonian Magazine | publisher =smithsonianmag.com | date =June 2011| authorlink2 =Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1912 || January 6 || [[New Mexico]] was admitted to the Union, becoming the 47th. || <ref name ="AZNM Statehood">{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/ | title =New Mexico and Arizona Statehood Anniversary (1912–2012) | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| February 14 || [[Arizona]] was admitted to the Union, becoming the 48th state. || <ref name ="AZNM Statehood" /> |
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| March 12 || [[Girl Scouts of the USA]] was created by [[Juliette Gordon Low]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.lib.uchicago.edu/blog/2012/04/02/girl-scouts-of-america-centennial-1912-2012/ | title =Girl Scouts of America Centennial, 1912–2012 | author =Anne Knafl | author2 =University of Chicago | publisher =uchicago.edu | date=April 2, 2012 |deadurl=no |accessdate=October 23, 2013| authorlink2 =University of Chicago }}</ref> |
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| April 14–15 || The [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] crashed into an iceberg in the northern [[Atlantic Ocean]], sinking the ship entirely less than three hours the initial collision, killing over 1,500 of the 2,224 passengers aboard. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/titanic | title =Titanic | author =''[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | year =2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/titanic/p2.htm#alpha | title =RMS Titanic: 100 Years Later | author =''[[Library of Virginia]]'' | publisher =lva.virginia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.physrev.york.ac.uk/news/PhysRev%2021_4%20Titanic.pdf | title =What sank the Titanic? | author =''[[University of York]]'' | publisher =york.ac.uk | date =April 4, 2012}}</ref> |
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| October 14 || Former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was shot, but not killed, while campaigning for President as the candidate for the progressive [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Bull Moose Party]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/thrb/historyculture/whoshottr.htm | title =Who Shot T.R.? | author =''[[United States Department of the Interior]]'' ''[[National Park Service]]'' | publisher =nps.gov}}</ref> |
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| November 5 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1912]]'': [[Governor of New Jersey|New Jersey Governor]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] defeated incumbent President [[William Howard Taft]], former President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and union leader [[Eugene V. Debs]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1912 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1912 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1913 || February 3 || The [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing an [[Income tax in the United States|income tax]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/hottopic/irs_history.html | title =History of the US Income Tax | author =Ellen Terrell | author2 =United States Library of Congress | publisher =loc.gov | date =February 2004| authorlink2 =United States Library of Congress }}</ref> |
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| February 17 || The [[Armory Show]] opened in New York City, introducing American and European [[modern art]] to the American public. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://library.osu.edu/blogs/rarebooks/2013/02/18/armory-show-opening-february-17-1913/ | title =Armory Show opening: February 17, 1913 | author =Lisa Iacobellis | author2 =Ohio State University | publisher =osu.edu | date =February 17, 2013| authorlink2 =Ohio State University }}</ref> |
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| May 31 || The [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing direct election of [[United States Senate|Senators]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.northwestern.edu/lawreview/v107/n3/1181/LR107n3CloptonAppendices.pdf | title =The Meaning of the Seventeenth Amendment and a Century of State Defiance: Appendices | author =Zachary D. Clopton, Steven E. Art | author2 =Northwestern University School of Law | publisher =northwestern.edu | year =2013| authorlink2 =Northwestern University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| June 15 || After mass civilian casualties in the [[Battle of Bud Bagsak]], the [[Moro people|Moro]]'s surrendered their [[Moro Rebellion|rebellion]], ending the [[Philippine–American War]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/hero/armm/page10.html | title =Martyrs of the Battle of Bud Bagsak | author =''MSC Institute of Technology'' | publisher =msc.edu.ph}}</ref> |
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| October 4 || The [[Underwood Tariff]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F20A13F73A5F13738DDDAD0894D8415B838DF1D3 | title =Wilson Signs New Tariff Law; Calls it Only First Step Toward Freeing the Nation of Monopoly | publisher =nytimes.com | date =October 4, 1913}}</ref> |
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| December 1 || [[Henry Ford]] developed the modern assembly line. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fords-assembly-line-starts-rolling | title =Ford's assembly line starts rolling | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| December 23 || The [[Federal Reserve Act]] was signed into law; establishing the [[Federal Reserve System]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/events/12_23 | title =Federal Reserve Act Signed–December 23, 1913 | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1914 || April 20 || ''[[Ludlow Massacre]]'': The camps of striking coal miners were attacked by the [[Colorado National Guard]]; killing 25, including 11 children. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-nireland/A74782993 | title =The 1914 Ludlow Colorado Massacre | author =''[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =November 9, 2010}}</ref> |
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| July 28 || ''[[World War I]]'': [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Serbian Campaign (World War I)|invaded]] the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] after the assassination of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]; triggering the start of World War I. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/timeline/time_1914.html | title =The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century WWI Timeline: 1914 | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | year =2004}}</ref> |
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| May 9 || The first [[Mother's Day (United States)|Mother's Day]] was observed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/jazz/jb_jazz_mother_1.html | title =The First Mother's Day May 9, 1914 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =americaslibrary.gov}}</ref> |
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| September 26 || The [[Federal Trade Commission]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stolaf.edu/people/becker/antitrust/statutes/ftc.html | title =The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) | author =''[[St. Olaf College]]'' | publisher =stolaf.edu | year =2004}}</ref> |
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| October 15 || The [[Clayton Antitrust Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=nqRHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA971&lpg=PA971&dq=Clayton+Antitrust+Act+signed+by+woodrow+wilson+October+15,+1914#v=onepage&q=Clayton%20Antitrust%20Act%20signed%20by%20woodrow%20wilson%20October%2015%2C%201914&f=false | title =American Federationist, Volume 21, Part 2 | author =Samuel Gompers, John McBride, William Green | author2 =American Federation of Labor | author3 =Cornell University Press | page =971 | publisher =books.google.com | year =1914 | date =August 16, 2011| authorlink2 =American Federation of Labor | authorlink3 =Cornell University Press }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1915 || February 8 || The controversial movie ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' opened in [[Los Angeles]], becoming the largest-grossing movie at the time. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/birth-nation-naacp-and-balancing-rights | title =Birth of a Nation, the NAACP, and the Balancing of Rights | author =''[[National Endowment for the Humanities]]'' | publisher =neh.gov}}</ref> |
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| May 7 || The [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] was [[Sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sunk]] by a German torpedo, killing 1,198 passengers; partially contributing to the U.S.'s later involvement in World War I. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lusitania-sinks | title =May 7, 1915: Lusitania sinks | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1916 || November 7 || [[Jeannette Rankin]] of Montana became the [[Women in the United States House of Representatives|first woman elected]] to the [[United States Congress]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=r000055 | title =RANKIN, Jeannette, (1880–1973) | author =''[[United States Congress]]'' | publisher =bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> |
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| || The [[Adamson Railway Labor Act]] was signed into law. || |
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| July 17 || The [[Federal Farm Loan Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rd/70th/history%20of%20farmers%20home.pdf | title =A Brief History of Farmers Home Administration | author =''[[United States Department of Agriculture]]'' ''[[USDA Rural Development|Rural Development]]''| publisher =usda.gov | year =1989}}</ref> |
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| August 29 || The [[Jones Act (Philippines)|Jones Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.princeton.edu/graphicarts/2011/11/wilson_and_the_philippines.html | title =Woodrow Wilson and the Philippines | author =Julie L. Mellby | author2 =Princeton University | publisher =princeton.edu | date =November 11, 2011| authorlink2 =Princeton University }}</ref> |
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| November 7 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1916]]'': President Woodrow Wilson was reelected to a second term, defeating [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Supreme Court Justice]] [[Charles Evans Hughes]] of New York. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1916 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1916 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1917 || March 31 || The United States acquired the [[Virgin Islands]] from [[Denmark]] for $25,000,000. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/107293.htm | title =Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| March 1 || The [[Zimmermann telegram]] was published, helping shift public opinion in favor of U.S. involvement in World War I. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/ | title =Teaching With Documents: The Zimmermann Telegram | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 6 || The United States [[United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)|declared war on Germany]], beginning the U.S.'s involvement in World War I. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr06.html | title =U.S. Enters World War I | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =November 30, 2010}}</ref> |
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| June 15 || The [[Espionage Act]] was signed into law. || <ref name ="E&SAct">{{cite web | url=http://dig.lib.niu.edu/ISHS/ishs-1994spring/ishs-1994spring41.pdf | title =The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918 | author =Shirley J. Burton | author2 =Northern Illinois University | publisher =niu.edu| authorlink2 =Northern Illinois University }}</ref> |
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| November 2 || The [[Lansing–Ishii Agreement]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/japanvisit/japana2.htm | title =The Imperial Japanese Mission to the United States, 1917 | author =''[[Brigham Young University]]'' | publisher =byu.edu}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[First Red Scare]]'': The scare, marked by a widespread fear of [[Bolshevik|Bolshevism]] and [[anarchism]], began. || <ref name ="UMKCRedScare">{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/saccov/redscare.html | title =The Red Scare | author =Paul Burnett | author2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law | publisher =umkc.edu| authorlink2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldman/peopleevents/e_redscare.html | title =People & Events: Prelude to the Red Scare: The Espionage and Sedition Acts | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =March 11, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/redscare/ABOUT_RS.HTM | title =About Red Scare History and Scope | author =''[[City University of New York]]'' | publisher =cuny.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1918 || January 8 || ''World War I'': President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s [[Fourteen Points]], which assured citizens that the war was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe, was issued. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp | title =President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
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| May 16 || The ''[[Sedition Act of 1918]]'' was signed into law; forbidding the "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" against the United States government during a time of war. || <ref name ="E&SAct" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3903 | title =The Sedition Act of 1918 | author =''[[University of Houston]]'' | publisher =uh.edu | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1919 || || ''[[Red Summer]]'': Heightened racial scrutinization of African-Americans during the Red Scare prompted mass racial riots among Whites in [[Bisbee Riot|Bisbee, Arizona]], [[Longview Race Riot|Longview, Texas]], [[Washington D.C.]], [[Chicago Race Riot of 1919|Chicago]], [[Knoxville Riot of 1919|Knoxville]], [[Omaha Race Riot of 1919|Omaha]], and [[Elaine Race Riot|Elaine, Arkansas]]. || <ref name ="1919RedSummer" /> |
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| || Inflation from the [[Post–World War I recession]] lead to the strike of 4 million workers; prompting the [[Boston Police Strike]], [[Seattle General Strike]], [[Steel Strike of 1919]] and [[First Red Scare#Coal Strike of 1919|Coal Strike of 1919]]. || <ref name ="UMKCRedScare" /> |
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| June 28 || ''World War I'': The [[Treaty of Versailles]] ended the war. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/june-28-1919-germany-signs-treaty-of-versailles/ | title =June 28, 1919: Germany Signs Treaty of Versailles | publisher =nytimes.com | date =June 28, 2011}}</ref> |
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| October 2 || The ''[[Black Sox Scandal]]'', involving the fixing of the [[1919 World Series]], occurred. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/blacksox/blacksoxaccount.html | title =The Black Sox Trial: An Account | author =Doug Linder | author2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law | publisher =umkc.edu | year =2010| authorlink2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law }}</ref> |
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| October 28 || President Woodrow Wilson's veto of the [[Volstead Act]] was overridden by the Senate, establishing the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighteenth Amendment]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct28.html | title =Temperance and Prohibition | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =October 21, 2010}}</ref> |
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| November 19 || The [[United States Senate]] rejected the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and the [[League of Nations]], becoming the first time in U.S. history the Senate rejected a peace treaty. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/A_Bitter_Rejection.htm | title =November 19, 1919 A Bitter Rejection | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1920 || January 17 || The [[Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing [[prohibition in the United States]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.albany.edu/~wm731882/18th_amendment_final.html | title =The 18th Amendment | author =''[[University of Albany]]'' | publisher =albany.edu}}</ref> |
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| || The first radio broadcasts were made, in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Detroit]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mediahistory.umn.edu/timeline/1920-1929.html | title =Media History Project 1920–1929 | author =''[[University of Minnesota]]'' | publisher =umn.edu | date =May 18, 2012}}</ref> |
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| August 18 || The [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], granting women the [[Suffrage|right to vote]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendment_19.html | title =The 19th Amendment | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| September 16 || ''[[Wall Street Bombing]]'': [[Wall Street]], the financial district of the United States, was bombed, killing 38 people. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/22/books/review/Baker-t.html?_r=0 | title =Blood on the Street | author =Kevin Baker | publisher =nytimes.com | date =February 19, 2009}}</ref> |
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| November 2 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1920]]'': [[Ohio]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Warren G. Harding]] was elected President, defeating [[Ohio Governor]] [[James M. Cox]].|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1920 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1920 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1921 || May 19 || The [[Emergency Quota Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/harding/key-events | title =Presidential Key Events Warren G. Harding | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| May 31 – June 1 || The [[Tulsa Race Riot]] occurred; resulting in the deaths of up to 300 African-Americans and leaving more than 8,000 homeless. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/us/20tulsa.html?pagewanted=all | title =As Survivors Dwindle, Tulsa Confronts Past | author =A. G. Sulzberger | publisher =nytimes.com | date =June 19, 2011}}</ref> |
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| November 12 || The first meeting of the ''[[Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921]]'' was held. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=theses | title =The Concurrent Conferences: The Washington Naval Conference and the Far Eastern Affairs Conference of 1922 | author =Edward Joseph Chusid | author2 =Eastern Michigan University | publisher =emich.edu | date =January 1, 2008| authorlink2 =Eastern Michigan University }}</ref> |
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| 1922 || September 21 || The [[Fordney–McCumber Tariff]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=dfGR1iPfxTwC&pg=PA882&lpg=PA882&dq=Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber+Tariff+signed#v=onepage&q=Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber%20Tariff%20signed&f=false | title =Globalization: Encyclopedia of Trade, Labor, and Politics, Volume 1 | author =Ashish K. Vaidya | author2 =ABC-CLIO | isbn =978-1-57607-826-6 | page =882 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2005| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1923 || August 2 || President [[Warren G. Harding]] died of a [[heart attack]] at the [[Palace Hotel, San Francisco|Palace Hotel]] in [[San Francisco]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/harding/essays/biography/6 | title =Death of the President | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| August 3 || Vice President [[Calvin Coolidge]] was [[First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge|sworn in as President]], the day following the death of President Harding. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/calvin-coolidge-takes-oath-of-office-after-hardings-death | title =Calvin Coolidge takes oath of office after Harding's death | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| November 22 || ''[[Teapot Dome scandal]]'': [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Albert B. Fall]] resigned as a result of the scandal. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/5334 | title =The Teapot Dome Scandal | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =richmond.edu}}</ref> |
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| December 10 || The ''[[Equal Rights Amendment]]'', written by women's suffragist leader [[Alice Paul]], was first introduced in the Senate. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42979.pdf | title =The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues | author =Thomas H. Neale | author2 =Federation of American Scientists | publisher =fas.org | date =May 9, 2013| authorlink2 =Federation of American Scientists }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1924 || May 10 || [[J. Edgar Hoover]] was appointed director of the [[Bureau of Investigation]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/directors/hoover | title =John Edgar Hoover Director May 10, 1924 – May 2, 1972 | author =''[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'' | publisher =fbi.gov}}</ref> |
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| May 26 || The [[Immigration Act Basic Law]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/staff/sharon/as205_f09/collections/items/show/39.html | title =1924 Immigration Act | author =''[[George Mason University]]'' | publisher =gmu.edu | date =December 7, 2010}}</ref> |
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| November 4 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1924]]'': President Calvin Coolidge defeated former [[United States Solicitor General|Solicitor General]] [[John W. Davis]] and [[Wisconsin]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Robert M. La Follette, Sr.|Robert M. La Follette]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1924 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1924 | author =Gerhard Peters | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1925 || July 21 || ''[[Scopes Trial]]'': High school teacher [[John T. Scopes]] was found guilty of violating Tennessee's [[Butler Act]], for teaching [[human evolution]] in the classroom. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/pop_moral.html | title =The Relationship of Religion to Moral Education in the Public Schools | author =Warren A. Nord, Charles C. Haynes | author2 =George Washington University | publisher =gwu.edu| authorlink2 =George Washington University }}</ref> |
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| November 4 || [[Nellie Tayloe Ross]] was elected Governor of [[Wyoming]], becoming the [[List of female governors in the United States|first woman elected governor]] of a U.S. State. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_wyoming/col2-content/main-content-list/title_ross_nellie.html | title =Wyoming Governor Nellie Tayloe Ross | author =''[[National Governors Association]]'' | publisher =nga.org | year =2011}}</ref> |
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| November 28 || [[WSM (AM)|WSM]] first broadcast the [[Grand Ole Opry]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-grand-ole-opry-begins-broadcasting | title =The Grand Ole Opry begins broadcasting | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| 1926 || November 15 || The broadcast network [[NBC]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/mbrs/eadmbrs/eadpdfmbrsrs/2000/rs000001.pdf | title =NBC: A Finding Aid to the National Broadcasting Company History Files at the Library of Congress, Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | year =1999 | date =March 2010}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1927 || January 27 || The radio network [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]] (later CBS) was founded. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=mqLDcaW2K18C&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=January+27,+1927+CBS+founded#v=onepage&q=January%2027%2C%201927%20CBS%20founded&f=false | title =100 Media Moments That Changed America | author =Jim Willis | author2 =ABC-CLIO | isbn =978-0-313-35517-2 | page =61 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2009| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
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| May 18 || ''[[Bath School disaster]]'': [[Andrew Kehoe]] detonated over 500 pounds of dynamite and incendiary pyrotol which he planted in an elementary school in [[Bath Township, Michigan]], where he later detonated the first ever car bomb in the U.S. in a suicide attack at the scene of the bombing; killing a total of 44 people and being the deadliest mass murder at a school in U.S. History. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/sept/NCTC%20Did%20you%20know%20the%20first%20suicide%20car%20bombing%20took%20place%20in%20Bath,%20Michigan%20in%201927.pdf | title =A Fact Sheet form the Worldwide Incidents Team | author =''Financial and Banking Information Infrastructure Committee'' | author2 =National Counterterrorism Center | publisher =fbiic.gov | date =October 8, 2007| authorlink2 =National Counterterrorism Center }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2012/0724/America-s-deadliest-school-violence-Not-Columbine-but-Bath-Mich.-in-1927 | title =America's deadliest school violence? Not Columbine, but Bath, Mich., in 1927 The Bath School disaster of 1927 remains the deadliest killing spree at a school in America | author =Randy Dotinga | publisher =csmonitor.com | date =June 24, 2012}}</ref> |
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| May 21 || [[Charles Lindbergh]] made the first trans-Atlantic flight. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/may-21-1927-charles-lindbergh-flies-solo-across-the-atlantic/ | title =May 21, 1927: Charles Lindbergh Flies Solo Across the Atlantic | publisher =nytimes.com | date =July 19, 2013}}</ref> |
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| August 23 || [[Sacco and Vanzetti]] were executed. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0823.html | title =Sacco and Vanzetti Put to Death Early This Morning | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| October 6 || ''[[The Jazz Singer]]'', the first motion picture with sound, was released. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1665692_1665693_1672129,00.html | title =The Jazz Singer: Three-Disc Deluxe Edition, 1927 | author =Richard Corliss | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com| authorlink2 =Time Magazine | date=September 26, 2007}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1928 || August 27 || The [[Kellogg–Briand Pact]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp | title =Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 | author =''[[Yale University School of Law]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
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| November 6 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1928]]'': [[United States Secretary of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]] [[Herbert Hoover]] was elected President, defeating [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[Al Smith]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1928 | title =The American PResidency Project Election of 1928 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| November 18 || [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney's]] animated feature ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'', featuring Mickey Mouse, opened. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1859935,00.html | title =A Brief History of Mickey Mouse | author =Claire Suddath | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com | date =November 18, 2008| authorlink2 =Time Magazine }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1929 || February 14 || The [[St. Valentine's Day Massacre]] became one of the most infamous slaying between rival gangs of the Prohibition era; resulting in the deaths of 7. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-valentinesmassacre-story,0,1233196.story | title =The St. Valentine's Day Massacre With one ruthless stroke, Al Capone assumes undisputed leadership of Chicago crime | author =John O'Brien | publisher =chicagotribune.com | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| October 29 || ''[[Wall Street Crash of 1929]]'': The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] plummeted a record 68 points. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/10/sprj.80.1929.crash/ | title =October 29, 1929: 'Black Tuesday' | publisher =cnn.com | date =March 10, 2003}}</ref> |
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| November 7 || The [[Museum of Modern Art]] opened to the public in New York City. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://aaablogs.uoregon.edu/csanjuan/files/2012/02/MOMA.pdf | title =MOMA (Museum of Modern Arts) – Case Study | author =Carmen Sanjuan Melendez | author2 =University of Oregon | publisher =uoregon.edu | date =March 1, 2012| authorlink2 =University of Oregon }}</ref> |
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| February 20 || [[American Samoa]] officially became a [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|United States territory]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=bIx7G7j1HC8C&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=Ratification+Act+of+1929+american+samoa#v=onepage&q=Ratification%20Act%20of%201929%20american%20samoa&f=false | title =SAMOA American Country Study Guide: Strategic Information and Developments | author =International Business Publications | author2 =Google Books | page =49 | isbn =978-1-4387-4187-1 | publisher =google.books.com | year =2009| authorlink2 =Google Books }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="1" valign="top" | 1930 || June 17 || The [[Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.cfr.org/lindsay/2013/06/17/twe-remembers-herbert-hoover-signs-the-smoot-hawley-tariff-into-law/ | title =TWE Remembers: Herbert Hoover Signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Into Law | author =James M. Lindsay | author2 =Council on Foreign Relations | publisher =cfr.org | date =July 17, 1930| authorlink2 =Council on Foreign Relations }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="1" valign="top" | 1931 || May 1 || The [[Empire State Building]] opened in New York City. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/wwii/jb_wwii_empire_1.html | title =The Empire State Building Opens May 1, 1931 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =americaslibrary.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1932 || January 7 || The [[Stimson Doctrine]] was published. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://courses.knox.edu/hist285schneid/stimsondoctrine.html | title =The Stimson Doctrine | author =''[[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]]'' | publisher =knox.edu}}</ref> |
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| January 22 || The [[Reconstruction Finance Corporation]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=23210 | title =Herbert Hoover Statement About Signing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| March 23 || The [[Norris–La Guardia Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=2hNdePcjrdUC&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=Norris%E2%80%93La+Guardia+Act+signed+March+23,+1932#v=onepage&q=Norris%E2%80%93La%20Guardia%20Act%20signed%20March%2023%2C%201932&f=false | title =La Guardia in Congress | author =''[[Howard Zinn]]'' | author2 =Cornell University Press | publisher =google.books.com | page =230 | isbn =978-0-8014-7617-4 | year =1959 | date =August 8, 2010| authorlink2 =Cornell University Press }}</ref> |
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| May || The [[Bonus Army]] protests began in Washington, D.C. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/marching.html?c=y&story=fullstory | title =Marching on History | author =Paul Dickson, Thomas B. Allen | author2 =Smithsonian Magazine | publisher =smithsonianmag.com | date =February 2003| authorlink2 =Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref> |
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| May 20 || [[Amelia Earhart]] flew solo across the Atlantic Ocean. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19670093000 | title =Lockheed Vega 5B, Amelia Earhart | author =''[[Smithsonian Institution]]'' ''[[National Air and Space Museum]]'' | publisher =si.edu}}</ref> |
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| November 8 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1932]]'': [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] is elected President, defeating incumbent [[Herbert Hoover]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1932 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1932 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1933 || January 23 || The [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], moving the beginning and end of the terms of elected federal officials to January 20, was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/inaugurationconstit.html | title =The Constitution and the Inauguration of the President | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu}}</ref> |
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| February 15 || [[Giuseppe Zangara]] assassinated Chicago [[Mayor of Chicago|Mayor]] [[Anton Cermak]] in an attempt on President-elect [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s life. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/photo.php?pid=1290 | title =Anton Cermak | author =''[[University of Minnesota Law School]]'' | publisher =law.umn.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 4 || President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] appointed [[Frances Perkins]] [[United States Secretary of Labor]], becoming the first woman to hold a [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet level position]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=HWeSKnVpIFkC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=march+4+1933+francis+perkins#v=onepage&q=march%204%201933%20francis%20perkins&f=false | title =Frances Perkins: Champion of the New Deal | author =Naomi Pasachoff | author2 =Oxford University Press | page =10 | isbn =0-19-512222-4 | publisher =books.google.com | year =1999| authorlink2 =Oxford University Press }}</ref> |
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| || ''[[New Deal]]'': The [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]], [[Civil Works Administration]], [[Civilian Conservation Corps]], [[Farm Credit Administration]], [[Home Owners Loan Corporation]], [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], [[Public Works Administration]], [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] were all established or brought into force. || <ref name="1933NewDeal" /> |
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| December 5 || The [[Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution]], ending prohibition, was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.albany.edu/~wm731882/21st_amendment_final.html | title =The 21st Amendment | author =''[[University of Albany]]'' | publisher =albany.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1934 || || ''[[Dust Bowl]]'': The Dust Bowl, characterized by severe drought and heat waves in the [[Great Plains]], began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/depression/dustbowl.htm | title =About the Dust Bowl | author =''[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]'' | publisher =illinois.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 24 || The [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] was signed into law, establishing the [[Philippine Commonwealth]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=raS9TqUFb94C&pg=PA473&lpg=PA473&dq=Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie+Act+signed+March+24,+1934#v=onepage&q=Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie%20Act%20signed%20March%2024%2C%201934&f=false | title =Anti-Immigration in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 | author =Kathleen R. Arnold | author2 =ABC-CLIO | page =473 | isbn =978-0-313-37521-7 | publisher =books.google.com |year =2011| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
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| June 6 || The [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1845&context=lcp | title =The Securities and Exchange Commission: Its Organization and Functions Under the Securities Act of 1933 | author =Adolph C. Johnson, Andrew Jackson | author2 =Duke University School of Law | publisher =duke.edu| authorlink2 =Duke University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| June 12 || The [[Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/export-importbank | title =Milestones: 1921–1936 New Deal Trade Policy: The Export-Import Bank & the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 1934 | author ='[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 16 || The [[Glass–Steagall Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.academia.edu/3543425/Bankers_Courtesy_Glass-Steagall_and_the_Persistence_of_Relationship_Banking_in_Security_Underwriting_in_the_United_States_1933-1939 | title =Banker's Courtesy: Glass-Steagall and the Persistence of Relationship Banking in Security Underwriting in the United States, 1933–1939 | author =Trevin Stratton | publisher =academia.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 18 || The [[Indian Reorganization Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://tm112.community.uaf.edu/files/2010/09/The-Indian-Reorganization-Act.pdf | title =The Indian Reorganization Act, June 18, 1934 | author =''[[University of Alaska Fairbanks]]'' | publisher =uaf.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 22 || [[John Dillinger]] was killed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/john-dillinger | title =FBI — John Dillinger | author =''[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'' | publisher =fbi.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 28 || The [[Federal Housing Administration]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.hud.gov/content/focus/2004-08-17.cfm | title =New Jersey Event Marks First FHA House | author =''[[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]]'' | publisher =hud.gov | date =August 17, 2004}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="11" valign="top" | 1935 || March 22 || The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] was established, with [[J. Edgar Hoover]] as its first director. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2006/march/fbiname_022406 | title =A Byte Out of History How the FBI Got its Name | author =''[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'' | publisher =fbi.gov | date =March 24, 2006}}</ref> |
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| April 8 || The [[Works Progress Administration]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr08.html | title =Today in History: April 8 Works Progress Administration | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =March 9, 2009}}</ref> |
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| May 14 || The [[Social Security Act]] was signed into law; establishing the Social Security Administration. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=68 | title =Social Security Act (1935) | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =ourdocuments.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 9 || The [[Motor Carrier Act of 1935|Motor Carrier Act]] was signed into law. || <ref name="digitalcommons">{{cite web | url=http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5120&context=fss_papers | title =Federal Regulation of Motor Carrier Unification | author =John M. Meck, Robert W. Bogu | author2 =Yale University Law School | publisher =yale.edu| authorlink2 =Yale University Law School }}</ref> |
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| May 27 || ''[[Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States]]'': The Supreme Court ruled that the [[National Industrial Recovery Act]], a central piece of President Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] program, was unconstitutional. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0295_0495_ZS.html | title =A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (No. 854) 76 F. 2d 617, reversed in part; affirmed in part | author =''[[Cornell University Law School]]'' | publisher = cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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| July 5 || The [[National Labor Relations Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/national-labor-relations-board | title =National Labor Relations Board | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| August 9 || The [[Motor Carrier Act of 1935|Motor Carrier Act]] was signed into law. || <ref name="digitalcommons" /> |
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| August 30 || The [[Revenue Act of 1935]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/key-events | title =Presidential Key Events Franklin Roosevelt | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| August 31 || The [[Neutrality Act of 1935]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/Neutrality_acts | title =Milestones: 1921–1936 The Neutrality Acts, 1930s | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| September 10 || Louisiana Senator [[Huey Long]] was assassinated. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.uga.edu/dwilkes_more/other_4kingfish.html | title =Who Killed the Kingfish? | author =''[[University of Georgia School of Law]]'' | publisher =uga.edu | date =December 3, 2009}}</ref> |
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| November 9 || The [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=zEWsZ81Bd3YC&pg=PA546&lpg=PA546&dq=Congress+of+Industrial+Organizations+November+9,+1935#v=onepage&q=Congress%20of%20Industrial%20Organizations%20November%209%2C%201935&f=false | title =Encyclopedia of United States Labor and Working-class History |editor-last=Arnesen|editor-first=Eric| page =546 | isbn =978-0-415-96826-3 | year =2006| publisher =[[CRC Press]] }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1936 || January 6 || ''[[United States v. Butler]]'': The Supreme Court ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 [[Agricultural Adjustment Act]] were unconstitutional. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0297_0001_ZS.html | title =United States v. Butler (No. 401) 78 F.2d 1 affirmed | author =''[[Cornell University Law School]]'' | publisher = cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 25 || The [[Second London Naval Treaty]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1936.htm | title =Chronology 1936 | author =''[[Indiana University]]'' | publisher =indiana.edu | date =October 2002}}</ref> |
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| June 19 || The [[Robinson-Patman Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710&context=vlr | title =FTC 5 and Robinson-Patman: Unfair Method of Legislation or Fair Method of Administration | author =Jeffrey Averett Brodkin | author2 =Villanova University School of Law | publisher =villanova.edu| authorlink2 =Villanova University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| November 3 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1936]]'': President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] was reelected to a second term, defeating [[Governor of Kansas|Kansas Governor]] [[Alf Landon]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1936 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1936 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| December 30 || The [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]] began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://flint.matrix.msu.edu/ | title =Remembering the Flint Sit-Down Strike 1936–1937 | author =''[[Michigan State University]]'' | publisher =msu.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1937 || May 1 || The [[Neutrality Act of 1937]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/fdr-neutrality/ | title =Primary Resources: The Neutrality Act of 1937 | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| May 6 || ''[[Hindenburg disaster]]'': The [[LZ 129 Hindenburg]] caught fire, crashing at the [[Lakehurst Naval Air Station]] in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]] after departing from [[Frankfurt, Germany]]; killing thirty-five passengers and one ground crewman. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/07/nyregion/remembering-fiery-fall-of-the-airship-hindenburg.html | title =Remembering Fiery Fall of the Airship Hindenburg | author =Malcolm W. Browne | publisher =nytimes.com | date =May 7, 1997}}</ref> |
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| May 27 || The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opened in [[San Francisco]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may27.html | title =Today in History: May 27 Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =December 9, 2010}}</ref> |
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| December 12 || ''[[Panay incident]]'': A [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] attack was made on the United States Navy gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}} while it was anchored in the [[Yangtze River]] outside of [[Nanjing]]; killing three Americans. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/uss-ipanayi-sunk-by-japanese | title =USS Panay sunk by Japanese | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1938 || June 25 || The [[Fair Labor Standards Act]] was signed into law; establishing a federal [[minimum wage]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/flsa1938.htm | title =Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage | author =Jonathan Grossman | author2 =United States Department of Labor | publisher =dol.gov| authorlink2 =United States Department of Labor }}</ref> |
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| October 30 || [[Orson Welles]] performed a broadcast of ''[[The War of the Worlds (radio drama)|The War of the Worlds]]''. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1855120,00.html | title =Orson Welles' War of the Worlds | author =Gilbert Cruz | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com | date =October 30, 2008| authorlink2 =Time Magazine }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1939 || February 4 || Disney's [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]] became the first full-length animated film. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/disney-releases-snow-white-and-the-seven-dwarfs | title =Disney releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| August 2 || The [[Hatch Act of 1939|Hatch Act]], aimed at corrupt political practices, was signed into law, preventing federal civil servants from campaigning. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/jbl/articles/volume7/issue2/Bloch7U.Pa.J.Lab.%26Emp.L.225(2005).pdf | title =The Judgment of History: Faction, Political Machines, and the Hatch Act | author =Scott J. Bloch | author2 =University of Pennsylvania Law School | publisher =upenn.edu| authorlink2 =University of Pennsylvania Law School }}</ref> |
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| September 1 || ''[[Invasion of Poland (1939)]]'': [[Nazi Germany]] invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/germany-s-wwii-occupation-of-poland-when-we-finish-nobody-is-left-alive-a-759095.html | title =Germany's WWII Occupation of Poland: 'When We Finish, Nobody is Left Alive' | author =Michael Sontheimer | author2 =Der Spiegel | publisher =spiegel.de | year =2011| authorlink2 =Der Spiegel }}</ref> |
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| September 21 || In response to the Poland Campaign, President Roosevelt requested a '' [[cash and carry (World War II)|cash and carry]] policy to replace the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality Acts]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0909/27385.html | title =FDR Asks Congress to Revise Neutrality Law, Sept. 21, 1939 | author =Andrew Glass | publisher =politico.com | date =September 21, 2009}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1940 || June 29 || The [[Smith Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1940.htm | title =Chronology 1940 | author =''[[Indiana University]]'' | publisher =indiana.edu | date =October 2002}}</ref> |
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| || The cartoon characters [[Bugs Bunny]] and [[Tom and Jerry]] debuted. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-viral-video-bugs-bunny-a-wild-hare,0,7957834.htmlstory | title =Bugs Bunny's debut: 'A Wild Hare' (July 27, 1940) | author =''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' | publisher =chicagotribune.com | date =July 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3692108.stm | title =Tom and Jerry top cartoon survey | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =September 27, 2004}}</ref> |
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| July 20 || ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' publishes its first music popularity [[Billboard charts|chart]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/arts-days/july/20.aspx | title =July 20, 1940: Top of the Pops Billboard publishes its first pop-music chart | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]'' | publisher =kennedy-center.org}}</ref> |
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| September 16 || The [[Selective Training and Service Act of 1940]], reinstating the [[Conscription in the United States|U.S. military draft]], was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalww2museum.org/learn/education/for-students/ww2-history/take-a-closer-look/draft-registration-documents.html | title =The Draft and WWII | author =''[[National World War II Museum]]'' | publisher =nationalww2museum.org}}</ref> |
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| November 5 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1940]]'': President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] was reelected to a third term, defeating [[corporate lawyer]] [[Wendell Willkie]] of Indiana. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1940 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1940 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1941 || February 23 || American [[Nuclear chemist]] [[Glenn T. Seaborg]], with fellow [[University of California, Berkeley|U.C. Berkeley]] researchers, discovered the chemical element [[plutonium]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwiibayarea/307.htm | title =Room 207, Gilman Hall, University of California | author =''[[United States Department of the Interior]]'' ''[[National Park Service]]'' | publisher =nps.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/gseaborg.html | title =Glenn Theodore Seaborg April 19, 1912 — February 25, 1999 | author =Darleane C. Hoffman | author2 =National Academies Press | publisher =nap.edu| authorlink2 =National Academies Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Seaborg/hits.htm | title =Glenn Seaborg's Greatest Hits | author =''[[United States Department of Energy]]'' ''[[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]]'' | publisher =lbl.gov}}</ref> |
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| March 11 || ''World War II'': [[Lend-Lease]], which supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[Free French Forces|France]] and other [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] nations with vast amounts of war material, began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35199 | title =Historical Highlights the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 | author =''[[Historian of the United States House of Representatives|Office of the Historian of the United States House of Representatives]]'' | publisher =house.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 25 || President Roosevelt signed [[Executive Order 8802]], prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/eo-8802.html | title =Executive Order 8802 Reaffirming Policy of Full Participation in the Defense Program by All Persons, Regardless of Race, Creed, Color, Or National Origin, and Directing Certain Action in Furtherance of Said Policy | author =''[[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]'' | publisher =eeoc.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 14 || ''World War II'': The [[Atlantic Charter]] was drafted by Britain and the United States to serve as a blueprint for the postwar world. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/AtlanticConf | title =Milestones: 1937–1945 The Atlantic Conference & Charter, 1941 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| December 7 || ''[[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]'': The [[Empire of Japan]] [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|declares war]] on the United States and Britain, attacking the U.S. Naval Base in [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii]]. Sinking six U.S. ships, including the ''[[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS Arizona]]'', and destroying 188 aircraft, the attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the deaths of 2,402 Americans, leaving 1,247 wounded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usar.army.mil/ourstory/History/Documents/REMEMBERING%20PEARL%20HARBOR.pdf | title =Remembering Pearl Harbor | author =''[[United States Army Reserve]]'' | publisher =army.mil}}</ref> |
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| December 8 || The United States [[United States declaration of war upon Japan|declares war]] on the [[Empire of Japan]], beginning the U.S. entry into [[World War II]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1208.html | title =U.S. Declares War, Pacific Battle Widens | author =Frank L. Kluckhohn | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| December 11 || The United States [[United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941)|declares war on Germany]] and [[United States declaration of war upon Italy|Italy]], after both nations declared war with United States. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/11/newsid_3532000/3532401.stm | title =1941: Germany and Italy declare war on US | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=December 11, 1941}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="13" valign="top" | 1942 || || The [[Congress of Racial Equality]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_congress_of_racial_equality_core/ | title =Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' ''Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| January 20 || The [[Office of Price Administration]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16245 | title =Statement on Signing the Emergency Price Control Act. | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| February 9 || Automobile production in the United States for private consumers is halted by the [[War Production Board]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=KnCTDK5jxggC&pg=PA7504&lpg=PA7504&dq=Automobile+production+in+the+United+States+1942#v=onepage&q=Automobile%20production%20in%20the%20United%20States%201942&f=false | title =United States of America Congressional Record | author =''[[United States Government Printing Office]]'' | publisher =books.google.com | year =2012}}</ref> |
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| February 19 || ''[[Japanese American internment]]'': Internment and seizure of property began, per [[Executive Order 9066]] issued by President Roosevelt. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5154 | title =Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation | author =''[[George Mason University]]'' | publisher =gmu.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 9 || The U.S. surrenders to Japan in the [[Battle of Bataan]], beginning the three year [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupation]] of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] by Japanese forces. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.army.mil/asianpacificsoldiers/history/bataan.html | title =The Bataan Death March | author =''[[United States Army]]'' | publisher =army.mil}}</ref> |
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| April 11 || President Roosevelt signed Executive order 8734; establishing the [[Office of Price Administration]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16099 | title =Executive Order 8734 Establishing the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply. | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 18 || ''[[Pacific Theater of Operations]]'': The [[Doolittle Raid]] begins the first U.S. bombing of [[Japanese archipelago]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/misc-42/dooltl.htm | title =Doolittle Raid on Japan, 18 April 1942 | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref> |
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| June 3 || The [[Aleutian Islands Campaign]] begins the Japanese occupation of [[Alaska Territory]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/aleut/aleut.htm | title =Aleutian Islands 3 June 1942 to 24 August 1943 | author =''[[United States Army]]'' | publisher =army.mil | date =October 3, 2003}}</ref> |
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| June 4–7 || The [[Battle of Midway]] was fought. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/Midway/Battle-of-Midway-Overview.html | title =Battle of Midway: 4-7 June 1942 | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref> |
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| August 7 || The ''[[Guadalcanal Campaign]]'' begins in the [[Solomon Islands]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/previous_seasons/case_dogfight/ | title =Case File: Dogfight Over Guadalcanal | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | year =2005}}</ref> |
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| August 13 || The ''[[Manhattan Project]]'', leading to the development of the first [[atomic bomb]], began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.aasc.ucla.edu/cab/200801130002.html | title =The Manhattan Engineer District | author =''[[University of California, Los Angeles]]'' | publisher =ucla.edu | date =October 10, 2007}}</ref> |
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| October 21 || The [[Revenue Act of 1942]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2192&context=lcp | title =Constitutionality of Statutory Renegotiation | author =Charles S. Collier | author2 =Duke University School of Law | publisher =duke.edu| authorlink2 =Duke University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| November 28 || The ''[[Cocoanut Grove fire]]'', the deadliest nightclub fire in U.S. History, killed 492 people in [[Boston]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/10/30/witness-transcripts-from-cocoanut-grove-fire-are-released-tell-dramatic-story-historic-boston-blaze/ErDncLdE682FvDmaBUrNqM/story.html | title =Witness transcripts from Cocoanut Grove fire released | author =Travis Andersen | publisher =bostonglobe.com | date =October 31, 2012}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1943 || January 14–24 || The ''[[Casablanca Conference]]'' was held. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/Casablanca | title =Milestones: 1937–1945 The Casablanca Conference, 1943 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| March 31 || The Broadway musical ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' opened. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nea.gov/national/gav/oklahoma.html | title =Oklahoma! | author =Roger Pines | author2 =National Endowment for the Arts | publisher =nea.gov| authorlink2 =National Endowment for the Arts }}</ref> |
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| June 20–22 || The [[Detroit Race Riot (1943)|Detroit Race Riot]] occurred; resulting in the deaths of 34 Whites and African-Americans and leaving 670 injured. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MGCIDRR | title =Guide to the Michigan Governor's Committee to Investigate the Detroit Race Riot Records 1943 | author =''[[University of Chicago Library]]'' | publisher =uchicago.edu | year =2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/history/detroit-race-riots-1943-photos-from-a-city-in-turmoil-during-wwii/#1 | title =Hatred on the Home Front: The Detroit Race Riots, June 1943 | author =''[[Life Magazine]]'' | publisher =life.time.com | date=June 25, 2013}}</ref> |
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| September 8 || ''[[Armistice of Cassibile]]'': General [[Dwight Eisenhower]] publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]]; with Italy later declaring war on Germany one month later. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.academia.edu/1655826/Resisting_History_Italys_Post-WWII_Resistance_Movement_in_Contemporary_Comics | title =Constructing History: Italy's Post-War Resistance Movement in Contemporary Comics | author = Laura Perna | author2 =Academia.edu | publisher =academia.edu| authorlink2 =Academia.edu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italian-surrender-is-announced | title =Sep 8, 1943: Italian surrender is announced | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/oct-13-1943-italy-switches-sides-in-world-war-ii/ | title =Oct. 13, 1943: Italy Switches Sides in World War II | publisher =nytimes.com | date =October 13, 2011}}</ref> |
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| November 22–26 || The ''[[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]]'' was held. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/chapter16.htm | title =Cairo-Tehran a Goal is Reached: November – December 1943 | author =''[[United States Army]]'' | publisher =army.mil}}</ref> |
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| November 28 || The ''[[Tehran Conference]]'' was held between the "[[Allies of World War II|Big Three]]" Allied leaders of World War II. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/nov-28-1943-allied-leaders-meet-at-tehran-conference/ | title =Nov. 28, 1943: Allied Leaders Meet at Tehran Conference | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 28, 2011}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1944 || June 6 || ''[[Normandy Landings]] (D-Day)'': The [[Invasion of Normandy]], one of the largest [[Amphibious assault|amphibious military assaults]] in history, began in the Allied Powers broader [[Operation Overlord]]; leading to the [[Liberation of Paris]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-eur/normandy/normandy.htm | title =Normandy Invasion, June 1944 Overview and Special Image Selection | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/d-day | title =D-Day | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/d-day/d-day1.htm | title =D-Day, Normandy: Operation Overlord | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref> |
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| June 22 || The [[G.I. Bill]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gibill.va.gov/benefits/history_timeline/ | title =The GI BILL's History Born of Controversy: The GI Bill of Rights | author =''[[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]]'' | publisher =va.gov | date =February 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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| July 1–22 || ''[[United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference]]'': Delegates from 44 nations met to discuss a new post-WWII monetary policy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/BrettonWoods | title =Milestones: 1937–1945 The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 21 || The ''[[Dumbarton Oaks Conference]]'' began, starting the first talks between world leaders on the establishment of the [[United Nations]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/21/us/dumbarton-oaks-then-and-now.html | title =Dumbarton Oaks, Then and Now | author =Marjorie Hunter | publisher =nytimes.com | date =August 21, 1984}}</ref> |
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| November 7 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1944]]'': President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] was reelected to a fourth term, defeating New York Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]].|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1944 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1944 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =presidency.ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| December 16 || The [[Battle of the Bulge]], Germany's final major offensive of World War II, began; being the deadliest military battle for the United States during World War II. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/history/battle-of-the-bulge-life-photos-from-hitlers-last-gamble-1944-1945/#1 | title =LIFE at the Battle of the Bulge: Photos From Hitler’s Last Gamble | author =''[[Life Magazine]]'' | publisher =life.time.com | date=November 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.baylor.edu/livingstories/index.php?id=79211 | title =Living Stories Spot #24: Battle of the Bulge | author =''[[Baylor University]]'' | publisher =baylor.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="14" valign="top" | 1945 || February 4–11 || The [[Yalta Conference]] was held in the [[Soviet Union]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/YaltaConf | title =Milestones: 1937–1945 The Yalta Conference, 1945 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| February 19 || The ''[[Battle of Iwo Jima]]'' began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalww2museum.org/focus-on/iwo-jima.html | title =The Battle for Iwo Jima | author =''[[National World War II Museum]]'' | publisher =nationalww2museum.org}}</ref> |
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| March 19 || The [[Western Allied invasion of Germany]] began. || |
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| April 1 || The ''[[Battle of Okinawa]]'' began, being the deadliest battle of the [[Pacific War]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://nisei.hawaii.edu/object/io_1149316185200.html | title =Battle of Okinawa | author =Ted Tsukiyama | author2 =University of Hawaii | publisher =hawaii.edu | year =2006| authorlink2 =University of Hawaii }}</ref> |
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| April 12 || President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] died of a [[cerebral hemorrhage]] in [[Warm Springs, Georgia]]; with Vice President [[Harry S. Truman]] succeeding him, becoming the 33rd President. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/FDRfinal.htm | title =FDR Final Days in Georgia | author =''[[University of Georgia]]'' | publisher =usg.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/event/harry-s-truman-1945 | title =Swearing-In Ceremony for President Harry S. Truman | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 30 || German Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] [[Death of Adolf Hitler|committed suicide]] alongside wife [[Eva Braun]] in [[Berlin]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/HWB/hwb_u/hitler3.html | title =Adolf Hitler Foreign Policy | author =''[[University of South Dakota]]'' | publisher =usd.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 7 || Germany [[German Instrument of Surrender|surrenders]] to the Allied Powers, leading to the [[End of World War II in Europe]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/07/may-7-1945-nazi-germany-surrenders-in-world-war-ii/?_r=0 | title =May 7, 1945: Nazi Germany Surrenders in World War II | publisher =nytimes.com | date =May 7, 2012}}</ref> |
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| June 26 || ''[[United Nations Charter]]'': The [[United Nations]] was founded, replacing the [[League of Nations]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/unchart.htm | title =Charter of the United Nations; June 26, 1945 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | date =August 8, 2013}}</ref> |
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| July 17 -<br/>August 2|| The [[Potsdam Conference]] was held in [[Occupied Germany]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/PotsdamConf | title =Milestones: 1937–1945 The Potsdam Conference, 1945 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 6 & 9|| ''[[Operation Downfall]]'': The United States conducted the only two [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings]] during a war on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]; killing between an estimated 150,000-246,000 people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5234.htm | title =The Atomic Bomb (6 and 9 August 1945) | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | year =2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html | title =How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings? | author =''[[Radiation Effects Research Foundation]]'' | publisher =rerf.or.jp | year =2007}}</ref> |
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| August 15 || ''[[Surrender of Japan]]'': In a [[Gyokuon-hōsō|broadcast]] to the Japanese public, Emperor [[Hirohito]] announced that Japan had accepted the [[Potsdam Declaration]], surrendering to the Allied Powers. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/15/newsid_3581000/3581971.stm | title =1945: Allied nations celebrate VJ Day | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=August 15, 1945}}</ref> |
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| September 2 || The [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] was signed between the [[Empire of Japan]], the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Soviet Union]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], on the deck of the ''[[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS Missouri]]'' in [[Tokyo Bay]]; marking the end of [[World War II]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-1.htm | title =Tokyo Bay: The Formal Surrender of the Empire of Japan, USS Missouri, 2 September 1945 | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref> |
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| November 20 || ''[[Nuremberg Trials]]'': The [[military tribunals]] against [[Nazi Germany]] leadership began. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4356000/4356166.stm | title =1945: Nuremberg trial of Nazis begins | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=November 20, 1945}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Strike wave of 1946|Strike Wave of 1945–1946]]'': Nationwide labor strikes were held, with over 4.6 million workers striking. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uoCNcKLzM_sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=million&f=false | title =Strike! | author =Jeremy Brecher | author2 =South End Press | isbn =978-0-89608-569-5 | page =246 | publisher =books.google.com | year =1999| authorlink2 =South End Press }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1946 || || Automobile production in the United States for private consumers resumed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~mwaltos/lis506/project/1940s/cars.html | title =Cars 1940–1949 | author =''[[University at Buffalo]]'' | publisher =buffalo.edu}}</ref> |
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| February 20 || The [[Employment Act]] was signed into law; establishing the [[Council of Economic Advisers]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/scribd/?item_id=73069&filepath=/docs/historical/trumanlibrary/srf_014_002_0007.pdf | title =Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States Harry S. Truman Containing the Public Messages Speeches and Statements of the President | author =''[[Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis]]'' | publisher =stlouisfed.org}}</ref> |
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|July 4 || The [[Philippines]] regained independence from the United States. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://apanews.si.edu/2011/06/17/philippine-independence-day/ | title =This Month in History: Philippine Independence Day | author =''[[Smithsonian Institution]]'' ''[[Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center|Asian Pacific American Center]]'' | publisher =si.edu}}</ref> |
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| July 14 || [[Benjamin Spock]]'s ''[[The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care]]'' was published. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/08/30/all-time-100-best-nonfiction-books/slide/the-common-sense-book-of-baby-and-child-care-by-dr-benjamin-spock/ | title =The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care | author =Susanna Schrobsdorff | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com| authorlink2 =Time Magazine | date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> |
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| August 1 || The [[United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946]] was signed into law; establishing the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://energy.gov/management/august-1-1946-atomic-energy-act | title =August 1, 1946: Atomic Energy Act | author =''[[United States Department of Energy]]'' | publisher =energy.gov | date =}}</ref> |
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| December 5 || President Truman signed Executive Order 9808; establishing the [[President's Committee on Civil Rights]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/pccr.htm | title =Records of the President's Committee on Civil Rights Record Group 22 | author =''[[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =trumanlibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1947 || March 12 || The [[Truman Doctrine]] was declared, establishing "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/TrumanDoctrine | title =Milestones: 1945–1952 The Truman Doctrine, 1947 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| March 21 || President Truman signed executive order 9835; establishing the [[Federal Employee Loyalty Program]] to search out the "infiltration of disloyal persons" in the U.S. Government. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/zinn-chap16.html | title =Excerpt from Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States | author =[[Howard Zinn]] | author2 =Harper & Row | isbn =978-0-06-083865-2 | publisher =upenn.edu | year =1980| authorlink2 =Harper & Row }}</ref> |
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| April 15 || [[Jackie Robinson]] of the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] broke the [[Baseball color line|color line]] in [[Major League Baseball]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr15.html | title =Jackie Robinson Breaks the Color Line | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =November 30, 2010}}</ref> |
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| June 5 || The [[Marshall Plan]] was announced by [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[George Marshall]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/events/06_05 | title =American President a Reference Resource Marshall Plan Announced–June 5, 1947 | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| June 23 || The [[Taft Hartley Act]] was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/23/june-23-1947-the-taft-hartley-act/?_r=0 | title =June 23, 1947: The Taft-Hartley Act | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> |
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| July 7 || The ''[[Roswell UFO incident]]'' occurred near [[Roswell, New Mexico]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/3477148/The-greatest-conspiracy-theories-in-history.html?image=27 | title =History's greatest conspiracy theories | author =''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' | publisher =telegraph.co.uk | location=London | date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> |
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| July 18 || The [[Presidential Succession Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Presidential_Succession_Act.htm | title =1941–1963 July 18, 1947 Presidential Succession Act | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| July 26 || The [[National Security Act of 1947]] was signed into law, establishing the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2008-featured-story-archive/national-security-act-of-1947.html | title =A Look Back … The National Security Act of 1947 | author =''[[Central Intelligence Agency]]'' | publisher =cia.gov | date =April 30, 2013}}</ref> |
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| October 30 || The [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] was signed in [[Geneva]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/HTML/legal_review/Annexes/Annexes%20II/Annex%20II-02.pdf | title =Annex II-2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Geneva 1947) | author =''[[World Bank]]'' | publisher =worldbank.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1948 || April 30 || The Charter of the [[Organization of American States]] was adopted. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20119/volume-119-I-1609-English.pdf | title =Charter of the Organization of American States. Signed at Bogota, on 30 April 1948 | author =''[[United Nations]]'' | publisher =un.org |
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}}</ref> |
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| June 8 || ''[[Texaco Star Theater]]'', the first top-rated United States network television show, debuted on television. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0121/rmilton.html/(page)/2 | title =Milton Berle: three generations of laughs. A hard-pressed stage mother's push launched his durable career | author =Alan Bunce | publisher =csmonitor.com | date =January 21, 1988}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | June 24 || The ''[[Berlin Blockade]]'', the first major crisis of the [[Cold War]], took place. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX49.html | title =Berlin Blockade | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =}}</ref> |
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| The [[Selective Service Act of 1948]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/act_1948.html | title =Selective Service Act of 1948 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =July 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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| July 26 || President Truman signed [[Executive Order 9981]], leading to the desegregating the [[United States Armed Forces]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/anniversaries/desegblurb.htm | title =This Day in Truman History July 26, 1948 President Truman issues Executive Order No. 9981 Desegregating the Military | author =''[[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =trumanlibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| November 2 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1948]]'': President [[Harry S. Truman]] was reelected to a second term, defeating New York Governor and 1944 Presidential nominee [[Thomas E. Dewey]], and South Carolina Governor [[Strom Thurmond]], in what is regarded as one of the biggest upsets in American political history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1948 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1948 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/truman-politics/ | title =General Article: Presidential Politics | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/history/dewey-defeats-truman-the-story-behind-a-classic-political-photo/#1 | title =Behind the Picture: ‘Dewey Defeats Truman’ | author =Ben Cosgrove | publisher =''[[Time Magazine]]'' | date=October 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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| November 26 || The [[Polaroid camera]] was first offered for sale. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/land.html | title =Edwin Herbert Land (1909–1991) Instant Photography | author =''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]'' | publisher =mit.edu | date =May 2007}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1949 || January 5 || In the 1949 State of the Union Address, President Truman proposed the unsuccessful [[Fair Deal]]; his administration's agenda for economic and domestic policy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan05.html | title =Today in History: January 5 Harry S. Truman | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =October 13, 2010}}</ref> |
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| || [[Allied-occupied Germany]] was divided into [[East Germany|East]] and [[West Germany]]. || |
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| April 4 || ''[[North Atlantic Treaty]]'': The [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/nato.asp | title =NATO Treaty; April 4, 1949 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 13 || The ''Nuremberg Trials'' ended, with the convictions of 24 major Nazi political and military leaders, among others. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/NurembergChronology.html | title =The Nuremberg Trials: Chronology | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu | year =2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Nuremberg_trials.html | title =Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg, Germany 1945–1949 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =July 16, 2010}}</ref> |
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| August 10 || The National Security Amendments of 1949 was signed into law by President Truman, renaming the [[United States Department of War|Department of War]] the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub299.pdf | title =Organizing for National Security | author =Douglas T. Stuart | author2 =United States Army | publisher =army.mil | date =November 2000| authorlink2 =United States Army }}</ref> |
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| August 29 || ''[[First Lightning]]'': The Soviet Union tested its first [[RDS-1|atomic bomb]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX53.html | title =First Soviet Test | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1950 || || ''[[Second Red Scare]]'': [[McCarthyism]], the term to describe "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially of pro-Communist activity" of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mccarthyism?s=t | title =McCarthyism | author =Douglas Harper | publisher =dictionary.reference.com | year =2010 | accessdate=August 20, 2013}}</ref> began after heightened fears of Communist influence in America. || |
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| January 21 || A grand jury found former State Department official and President of the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] [[Alger Hiss]] guilty on two counts of perjury in connection with charges that he was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hisschronology.html | title =The Trials of Alger Hiss: A Chronology | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://files.nyu.edu/th15/public/who.html | title =Who Was Alger Hiss? | author =''[[New York University]]'' | publisher =nyu.edu}}</ref> |
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| February 9 || Senator McCarthy came to national prominence after claiming to have a list of 205 State Department employees who were members of the Communist Party and "helping to shape [the U.S.'s] foreign policy." || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6456/ | title ="Enemies from Within": Senator Joseph R. McCarthy’s Accusations of Disloyalty | author =''[[George Mason University]]'' | publisher =gmu.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 25 || ''[[Korean War]]'': The [[North Korea]]n [[Korean People's Army|military]] began the Communist lead invasion of [[South Korea]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/kowar/kowar.htm | title =The Korean War, June 1950 – July 1953 Introductory Overview and Special Image Selection | author =''[[United States Navy]]'' | publisher =navy.mil}}</ref> |
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| June 27 || President Truman ordered U.S. air and naval support to aid South Korea against the Northern lead invasion; prompting the beginning of the U.S. involvement in the [[Korean War]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0627.html | title =Truman Orders U.S. Air, Navy Units to Fight in Aid of Korea; U.N. Council Supports Him; Our Fliers in Action; Fleet Guards Formosa | author =Anthony Leviero | publisher =nytimes.com | date =June 27, 1950}}</ref> |
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| September 22 || The [[McCarran Internal Security Act]] was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=tYME6Z35nyAC&pg=PA844&lpg=PA844&dq=McCarran+Internal+Security+Act+veto+overridden+September+22,+1950#v=onepage&q=McCarran%20Internal%20Security%20Act%20veto%20overridden%20September%2022%2C%201950&f=false | title =The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia | author =Wilbur Miller | author2 =Sage Publications | publisher =books.google.com | page =844 | isbn =978-1-4129-8876-6 | year =2012| authorlink2 =Sage Publications }}</ref> |
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| October 2 || The comic strip ''[[Peanuts]]'', by [[Charles M. Schulz]], was first published. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,2022745,00.html | title =A Brief History of Peanuts | author =Megan Friedman | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com | date =October 1, 2010| authorlink2 =Time Magazine }}</ref> |
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| November 1 || ''[[Truman assassination attempt]]'': Two [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] nationals attempted to assassinate President [[Harry S. Truman]] while he stayed at [[Blair House]].|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/trivia/assassin.htm | title =Assassination Attempt on President Truman's Life | author =''[[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =trumanlibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1951 || February 27 || The [[Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing term limits for President, was ratified.|| <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=bJjxj5gLRaEC&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=Twenty-second+Amendment+February+27,+1951#v=onepage&q=Twenty-second%20Amendment%20February%2027%2C%201951&f=false | title =The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002 | author = Johnny H. Killian, George Costello, Kenneth R. Thomas | author2 =United States Government Printing Office | publisher =books.google.com | isbn =978-0-16-072379-7 | page =39 | year =2002| authorlink2 =United States Government Printing Office }}</ref> |
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| April 11 || President Truman [[President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur|relieved]] General [[Douglas MacArthur]] of his commands after criticizing the limited war efforts of the Truman administration, and starting unauthorized talks with China in the Korean war. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/events/04_11 | title =Truman Dismisses General MacArthur–April 11, 1951 | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| September 1 || The [[ANZUS Treaty]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=KJ0_b8T378EC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=ANZUS+Treaty+1+September+1951#v=onepage&q=ANZUS%20Treaty%201%20September%201951&f=false | title =Australian and US Military Cooperation: Fighting Common Enemies | author =Christopher Hubbard | author2 =Ashgate Publishing | publisher =books.google.com | isbn =978-0-7546-4242-8 | page =20 | year =2005| authorlink2 =Ashgate Publishing }}</ref> |
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| September 8 || The [[Japanese Peace Treaty Conference]] was held San Francisco. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/bilateral_treaty.pdf | title =Bilater Security Treaty Between the United States of America and Japan (September 8, 1951) | author =''[[Columbia University]]'' | publisher =columbia.edu}}</ref> |
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| October 10 || The [[Mutual Security Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=466&st=250&st1= | title =250. Statement by the President Upon Signing the Mutual Security Act | author =''[[Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =trumanlibrary.org | date =October 10, 1951}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1952 || June 27 || The [[McCarran–Walter Act]] was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/047211204X-ch5.pdf | title =Whom to Exclude: The McCarran-Walter Act | author =''[[University of Michigan Press]]'' | publisher =umich.edu}}</ref> |
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| November 4 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1952]]'': [[General of the Army (United States)|Five-Star General]] and former [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was elected President, defeating Illinois Governor [[Adlai Stevenson II]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1952 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1952 | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | author2 = Gerhard Peters | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1953 || April 25 || [[Molecular biologists]] [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] [[Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid|published]] their paper on the discovery of the [[Nucleic acid double helix|molecular structure]] of [[DNA]]. || <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf | title =Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid | author2 =Journal Nature |volume =171 | author3 =Crick | author4 =Francis |issue =4356 |pages =737–738 | publisher =nature.com | date =April 25, 1953 | authorlink2=Journal Nature| authorlink3 =Francis Crick | author-separator =, | author1 =Watson | authorlink1 =James Watson }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.html | title =The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA – The Double Helix: A Scientific Breakthrough | author =Lotta Fredholm | publisher =nobelprize.org | date =September 30, 2003}}</ref> |
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| June 19 || [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] were executed on conspiracy to commit espionage after they were found guilty of giving U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/rosenb/ros_time.htm | title =Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0405.html | title =Atom Spy Couple Sentenced to Die; Aide Gets 30 Years | author =William R. Conklin | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| July 19 || The [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] was signed, ending the Korean War. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2774931.stm | title =The Korean War armistice | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =July 22, 2003}}</ref> |
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| August 15 || ''[[Operation Ajax]]'': [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] returned to power after the [[CIA]] conducted a ''[[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup d'état]]'' in [[Iran]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-chapter3.html | title =Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran First Few Days Look Disastrous | author =James Risen | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2000}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1954 || January 1 || ''[[Tournament of Roses Parade]]'': The parade was the first national [[color television]] broadcast. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://people.lis.illinois.edu/~chip/projects/timeline/1951moses.html | title =Timeline Events in the History of Broadcasting | author =''[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]'' | publisher =illinois.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 26 –<br/>July 20 || ''[[Geneva Conference (1954)]]'': A conference was held where the United States attempted to find a way to unify [[Korea]] and restore peace in [[Indochina]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=SCNXJkZirLUC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=Geneva+Conference+April+26+July+20,+1954#v=onepage&q=Geneva%20Conference%20April%2026%20July%2020%2C%201954&f=false | title =Vietnam War: The Essential Reference Guide | author =James H. Willbanks | author2 =ABC-CLIO | isbn =978-1-61069-103-1 | page =62 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2013| authorlink2 =ABC-CLIO }}</ref> |
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| May 17 || ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'': The [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for [[African American|black]] and [[White American|white]] students, and denying black children equal educational opportunities, were unconstitutional. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/brownvboard/brownaccount.html | title =The Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka Trial: An Account | author =Douglas O. Linder | author2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law | publisher =umkc.edu | year =2011| authorlink2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law }}</ref> |
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| June 9 || ''[[Army-McCarthy hearings]]'': Senator McCarthy was nationally discredited after failing to provide credible evidence supporting accusations of communist activity in the U.S. government amid the two months of televised hearings. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lillsie/McCarthyism/downfall.html | title =McCarthy's Downfall | publisher =mtholyoke.edu | author =''[[Mount Holyoke College]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0609.html | title =Welch Assails M'Carthy's 'Cruelty' And 'Recklessness' In Attack on Aide; Senator, on Stand, Tells of Red Hunt | work=The New York Times | author =W.H. Lawrence|date =June 9, 1954}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Have_you_no_sense_of_decency.htm | title =1941–1963 June 9, 1954 "Have You No Sense of Decency?" | publisher =senate.gov | author =''[[United States Senate]]''}}</ref> |
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| June 18–27 || ''[[Operation PBSUCCESS]]'': The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] organized the overthrow of [[Guatemala]]'s democratically elected President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://imerrill.umd.edu/johnkirch/files/2010/03/Covering-a-Coup-John-Kirch.pdf | title =Covering a Coup: The American Press and Guatemala in 1954 | publisher =umd.edu | author =John Kirch | author2 =University of Maryland| authorlink2 =University of Maryland }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.academia.edu/1895058/Dont_Go_Bananas_Operation_PBSUCCESS-The_CIA-Sponsored_Counterrevolution_to_the_Guatemalan_Revolution_of_1944 | title =Don’t Go Bananas: Operation PBSUCCESS — The CIA-Sponsored Counterrevolution to the Guatemalan Revolution of 1944 | publisher =academia.edu | author =Sigan Chen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol44no5/html/v44i5a03p.htm | title =Congress, the CIA, and Guatemala, 1954 | publisher =cia.gov | author =''[[Central Intelligence Agency]]'' | date =May 8, 2007}}</ref> |
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| September 8 || The United States became a member of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] (SEATO). || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/china/timeline/timeline2nf.html | title =Timeline of U.S. - China Relations | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | year =1999}}</ref> |
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| November 23 || The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closed at an all-time high of 382.74, the first time it closed above its peak set before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://graphicsweb.wsj.com/documents/NYSE1220/?standalone=1&slug=NYSE2012 | title =NYSE: A History Depression and World War II 1930–1954 | author =''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' | publisher =wsj.com}}</ref> |
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| December 2 || The United States and the [[Republic of China]] signed the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]], amid the [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp | title =Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
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| December 23 || The first successful [[kidney transplant]] on a human was performed in [[Boston]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm54ki.html | title =First successful kidney transplant performed 1954 | publisher =pbs.org | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | year =1998}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="10" valign="top" | 1955 || || The [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)]] began. || |
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| April 12 || The announcement that the [[polio vaccine]] developed by [[Jonas Salk]] was found to be "safe, effective and potent" was made by the [[University of Michigan]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sph.umich.edu/about/polioannouncement.html | title =1955 Polio Vaccine Trial Announcement | author =''[[University of Michigan School of Public Health]]'' | publisher =umich.edu | date =July 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| April 15 || [[Ray Kroc]] opened the first [[McDonald's]] fast food restaurant in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-mcdonalds-story,0,4558175.story | title =The first McDonald's | author =Eric Zorn | publisher =chicagotribune.com | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| May 14 || The [[Warsaw Pact]] was signed, establishing a mutual defense arrangement subscribed to by eight Communist states in Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/warsaw.asp | title =The Warsaw Security Pact: May 14, 1955 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
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| July 17 || [[Disneyland]] opened at [[Anaheim, California]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/disneyland/ | title =Disneyland Beginnings | author =Eileen Flick O'Shea | author2 =University of Southern California | publisher =usc.edu | date =November 18, 2003| authorlink2 =University of Southern California }}</ref> |
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| August 28 || [[Emmett Till]] was kidnapped, beaten and murdered in [[Money, Mississippi]] after reportedly flirting with a white woman; with the pictures of his open casket funeral, and the acquittal of his captors, the public reaction of Till's death helped spark the Civil Rights Movement. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/till/tillaccount.html | title =The Emmett Till Murder Trial: An Account | author =Douglas O. Linder | author2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law | publisher =umkc.edu| authorlink2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law }}</ref> |
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| September 30 || Actor [[James Dean]] was killed in a highway collision in [[Salinas, California]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3722000/3722463.stm | title =1955: James Dean killed in car smash | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=September 30, 1955}}</ref> |
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| November 1 || ''[[Vietnam War]]'': President Eisenhower deploys the first American personnel from the [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]] to [[South Vietnam]] after the [[First Indochina War]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/Comm-Control/ch01.htm | title =The Formative Years: 1950–1962 | author =''[[United States Army]]'' | publisher =army.mil | date =December 8, 2003}}</ref> |
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| December 1 || [[Rosa Parks]] was arrested in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, inciting the 386-day [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]] led by [[Reverend]] [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html | title =Today in History: December 1 Rosa Parks Arrested | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =October 8, 2010}}</ref> |
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| December 5 || The [[American Federation of Labor]] and [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] merged into the [[AFL-CIO]], becoming the largest labor union in the United States. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3209&context=californialawreview | title =The Constitution and Government of the AFLCIO | author =John Hutchinson | author2 =University of California, Berkeley, School of Law | publisher =berkeley.edu | date =December 31, 1958| authorlink2 =University of California, Berkeley, School of Law }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1956 || June 29 || The [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]], authorizing the construction of 41,000 miles of the [[Interstate Highway System]] over a 20-year period, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/interstate-highway-system | title =The Interstate Highway System | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]'': The United States refused to support the revolution. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/index2.htm | title =The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents | author =Malcolm Byrne | author2 =George Washington University | publisher =gwu.edu | date =November 4, 2002| authorlink2 =George Washington University }}</ref> |
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| November 6 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1956]]'': President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] was reelected to a second term, defeating 1952 Democratic presidential nominee [[Adlai Stevenson II]] in the rematch election. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1956 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1956 | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | author2 = Gerhard Peters | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1957 || January 5 || The [[Eisenhower Doctrine]], wherein a country could request American economic assistance or military aid if threatened by outside armed aggression, was proclaimed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/EisenhowerDoctrine | title =The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| January 10 || Dr. King, [[Bayard Rustin|Rustin]], [[Joseph Lowery|Lowrey]], [[Fred Shuttlesworth|Shuttlesworth]] and [[Ralph Abernathy|Abernathy]] founded the [[Southern Christian Leadership Council]] (SCLC). || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/sclc.html | title =The Southern Christian Leadership Conference | author =Cynthia P. Lewis | author2 =University of Houston | publisher =uh.edu | year =1995| authorlink2 =University of Houston }}</ref> |
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| September 4 || ''[[Little Rock Integration Crisis]]'': Arkansas Governor [[Orval Faubus]] deployed members of the [[Arkansas National Guard]] to prevent African-American students from integrating in the [[Little Rock Central High School]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14080752 | title =Recalling Little Rock's Segregation Battle | author =Alex Chadwick | publisher =npr.org | date =August 31, 2007}}</ref> |
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| September 9 || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]], primarily a voting rights bill, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://crdl.usg.edu/events/civil_rights_act_1957/?Welcome | title =Civil Rights Act of 1957 | author =''[[University System of Georgia]]''; ''[[Digital Library of Georgia]]'' | publisher =usg.edu | year =2011}}</ref> |
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| September 23 || President Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent members of the [[101st Airborne Division]] to escort the [[Little Rock Nine]] to their classrooms in response to Governor Faubus' efforts preventing school desegregation. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_little_rock_school_desegregation_1957/ | title =Little Rock School Desegregation (1957) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| October 4 || ''[[Space race]]'': The Soviet Union launched ''[[Sputnik]]''. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/ | title =Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age | author =Steve Garber | author2 =National Aeronautics and Space Administration | publisher =nasa.gov | date =October 10, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041118091015/http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/|archivedate=November 18, 2004| authorlink2 =National Aeronautics and Space Administration }}</ref> |
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| December 2 || ''[[Atoms for Peace]]'': The [[Shippingport Atomic Power Station]], the first commercial nuclear power plant, went into service. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Shippingport.html | title =America’s First Civilian Nuclear Plant | author =Katherine Nicol | author2 =Penn State University | publisher =psu.edu | year =2010| authorlink2 =Penn State University }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1958 || January 31 || ''[[Explorer 1]]'': The first U.S. satellite was launched into space. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/explorer/history/ | title =Explorer 1: Launched January 31, 1958 The Beginning of U.S. Space Exploration | author =''[[National Aeronautic and Space Administration]]'' | publisher =nasa.gov}}</ref> |
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| July 29 || The [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]] was signed into law; establishing the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-eisenhower-authorizes-creation-of-nasa | title =Jul 29, 1958: President Eisenhower authorizes creation of NASA | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| || [[Jack Kilby]] invented the [[integrated circuit]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/integrated_circuit/history/ | title =The History of the Integrated Circuit | publisher =nobelprize.org | date =May 5, 2003}}</ref> |
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| September 2 || The [[National Defense Education Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=11211 | title =243 – Statement by the President Upon Signing the National Defense Education Act. | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1959 || January 3 || [[Alaska]] was admitted to the Union, becoming the 49th state. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/jan-3-1959-alaska-becomes-a-state/ | title =Jan. 3, 1959: Alaska Becomes a State | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 3, 2012}}</ref> |
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| February 4 || ''[[The Day the Music Died]]'': Musicians [[Buddy Holly]], [[Ritchie Valens]], [[The Big Bopper|J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson]], and pilot, [[Roger Peterson (pilot)|Roger Peterson]], were killed in a plane accident. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2009/02/rock-stars-die.html | title =Rock Stars Die in Plane Crash, February 3, 1959 | author =Larry Harnisch | publisher =latimes.com | date =February 3, 2009}}</ref> |
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| May 4 || The [[1959 Grammy Awards|First Grammy Awards]] was held. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2009/05/today-in-1959-first-grammy-awards-handed-out-.html | title =Today in 1959: First Grammy Awards handed out | publisher =latimes.com | date =May 4, 2009}}</ref> |
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| July 8 || U.S. Army Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand and Major Dale M. Buis were killed in South Vietnam, being the first two official American casualties of the [[Vietnam War]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/honor/timeline/ | title =Return With Honor Timeline | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=55051 | title =Ceremony Commemorates Vietnam War’s First Combat Casualties | author =Samantha L. Quigley | author2 =United States Department of Defense | publisher =defense.gov | date =July 8, 2009| authorlink2 =United States Department of Defense }}</ref> |
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| August 21 || [[Hawaii]] was admitted to the Union, becoming the 50th state. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0821.html | title =Hawaii Becomes the 50th State; New Flag Shown | author =W.H. Lawrence | publisher =nytimes.com | date =August 21, 1959 | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1960 || February 1 || The ''[[Greensboro sit-ins]]'', sparked by the refusal of four African American college students to move from a segregated lunch counter, began similar widespread acts of [[civil disobedience]] to protest [[Jim Crow laws]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18615556 | title =The Woolworth Sit-In That Launched a Movement | author =[[Michele Norris|Norris, Michele]] | publisher =npr.org | date =February 1, 2008}}</ref> |
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| || The [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_student_nonviolent_coordinating_committee_sncc/ | title =Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 1 || ''[[U-2 incident]]'': A [[CIA]] U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] airspace. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/u2.htm | title =May – July 1960: The U – 2 Airplane Incident | author =''[[Mount Holyoke College]]'' | publisher =mtholyoke.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 6 || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1960]], establishing federal inspection of local voter registration polls and penalties for those attempting to obstruct the right to vote, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/05/06/on-this-day-the-civil-rights-act-of-1960/ | title =On This Day: The Civil Rights Act of 1960 | author =Allison Shay | author2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | publisher =unc.edu | date =May 6, 2012| authorlink2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill }}</ref> |
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| September 26 || The first ever general election debate between presidential candidates was held between Democratic nominee [[John F. Kennedy]] and Republican nominee [[Richard M. Nixon]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/septe-26-1960-first-televised-presidential-debate/?_r=0 | title =Sept. 26, 1960: First Televised Presidential Debate | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =September 26, 2011}}</ref> |
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| November 8 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1960]]'': Massachusetts Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] was elected President, defeating Vice President [[Richard M. Nixon]] and becoming the youngest person to be elected to the office of the Presidency. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1960 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1960 | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | author2 = Gerhard Peters | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/icons/john-f-kennedy-on-the-campaign-trail-classic-photos-from-1960/#1 | title =JFK on the Campaign Trail, 1960: Photos of a President in the Making | author =''[[Life Magazine]]'' | publisher =life.time.com | date=October 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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| December 5 || ''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]'': In a 7-2 ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that African-Americans were protected from racial segregation on buses by the Interstate Commerce Act. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/s25.cfm | title =The Road to Civil Rights Boynton v. Virginia (1960) | author =''[[United States Department of Transportation]]'' ''[[Federal Highway Administration]]'' | publisher =dot.gov | date =October 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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| December 20 || The [[National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam]] was formed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/national-liberation-front-formed | title =Dec 20, 1960: National Liberation Front formed | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="10" valign="top" | 1961 || January 3 || The United States broke [[Cuba–United States relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Cuba]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~fcf/diplobrk1101.html | title =Diplomat Recalls Cuba Break in 1961 | author =George Gedda,''[[Associated Press]]'' | author2 =Florida International University | publisher =fiu.edu | date =January 1, 2001| authorlink2 =Florida International University }}</ref> |
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| January 17 || President Eisenhower gave his [[Eisenhower's farewell address|farewell address]] which warned of the "[[military–industrial complex]]". || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/2011/01/17/132942244/ikes-warning-of-military-expansion-50-years-later | title =Ike's Warning of Military Expansion, 50 Years Later | author =''[[National Public Radio]]'' | publisher =npr.org | date =January 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/eisenhower-farewell/ | title =Primary Resources: Farewell Address, 1961 | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| February 7 || The [[United States embargo against Cuba]] came into force. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58824 | title =Proclamation 3447 – Embargo on All Trade with Cuba | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 1 || President Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924, establishing the [[Peace Corps]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3366 | title =Establishment of the Peace Corps (March 1, 1961) | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| March 29 || The [[Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution]], which granted [[Electoral College (United States)|electors]] to the [[District of Columbia]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www1.cuny.edu/portal_ur/content/voting_curriculum/milestones.html | title =Milestones in Voting History | author =''[[City University of New York]]'' | publisher =cuny.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 17 –<br/>19 || ''[[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]'': The failed U.S. led invasion and attempted coup d'état of [[Prime Minister of Cuba|Cuban Prime Minister]] [[Fidel Castro]] took place. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-Pigs.aspx | title =The Bay of Pigs | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =jfklibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html | title =Bay of Pigs 40 Years After | author =''[[George Washington University]]'' | publisher =gwu.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 4 || The ''[[Freedom Rides]]'' began in [[Washington D.C.]] after the failure to enforce the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[Boynton v. Virginia]]''. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/society/freedom_rides/freedom_ride_dbf.htm | title =Freedom Rides| author =David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D. | author2 =University of Cincinnati | publisher =uc.edu | date =February 7, 2002| authorlink2 =University of Cincinnati}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stetson.edu/law/faculty/bickel/civilrights/media/document/boynton-v-virginia-and-the-freedom-rides.pdf | title =Boynton v. Virginia & The 1961 Freedom Rides | author =''[[Stetson University]]'' | publisher =stetson.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 5 || [[Alan Shepard]] piloted the [[Freedom 7]] capsule to become the first American in space. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/aroundthemall/2011/05/on-may-5-1961-alan-shepard-went-to-outer-space-and-came-home/ | title =On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard Went to Outer Space and Came Home | author =''[[Smithsonian Magazine]]'' | publisher =smithsonianmag.com | date =May 5, 2011}}</ref> |
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| May 25 || President Kennedy proposed the [[Apollo program]], with the goal of "landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Space-Program.aspx | title =Space Program | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =jfklibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| June 16 || ''[[Vietnam War]]'': President Kennedy deployed an additional 400 U.S. military advisors (900 total) to South Vietnam; totaling 3,200 American troops by 1963, and more than 11,000 by mid-1964. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kennedy-agrees-to-send-instructors-to-train-troops | title =Jun 16, 1961: Kennedy agrees to send instructors to train troops | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/ | title =Battlefield: Vietnam Timeline | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref><ref name ="VietnamTimeline">{{cite web | url=http://vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu/chronology.html | title =Major Events of the Vietnam War | author =''[[University of Massachusetts Boston]]'' | publisher =umb.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1962 || February 20 || [[John Glenn]] orbited the Earth. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm | title =1962: US spaceman orbits Earth | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=February 20, 1962}}</ref> |
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| March 26 || A decision was reached in ''[[Baker v. Carr]]'' which enabled federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.utm.edu/staff/rchestee/Baker_Carr/Bakerv.CarrSummary.html | title =Baker v. Carr (1962) | author =''[[University of Tennessee at Martin]]'' | publisher =utm.edu | date =}}</ref> |
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| June 25 || A decision in ''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'' determined that it was unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/engel.html | title =Engel et al. v. Vitale et al. Supreme Court of the United States | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu}}</ref> |
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| August 5 || [[Marilyn Monroe]] died of an apparent overdose from acute [[Barbiturate overdose|barbiturate poisoning]] at age thirty-six. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://entertainment.time.com/2012/08/03/marilyn-monroe-50-years-later-in-time-and-out-of-time/ | title =Marilyn Monroe 50 Years Later: In TIME and Out of Time | author =Richard Corliss | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com | date =August 3, 2012| authorlink2 =Time Magazine }}</ref> |
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| October 14–27 || ''[[Cuban missile crisis]]'': A nuclear confrontation took place between the United States and the Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/audio.htm | title =The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 | author =Ernest R. May, Philip D. Zelikow | author2 =Harvard University Press | author3 =George Washington University | publisher =gwu.edu | year =1997| authorlink2 =Harvard University Press | authorlink3 =George Washington University }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="14" valign="top" | 1963 || February 19 || [[Betty Friedan]]'s ''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'', attributed to sparking [[Second-wave feminism]], was published. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dasgupta/Thompson.pdf | title =Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism | author =Becky Thompson | author2 =University of Hawai'i | publisher =hawaii.edu| authorlink2 =University of Hawai'i }}</ref> |
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| March 18 || ''[[Gideon v. Wainwright]]'': In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the [[right to counsel]] is protected under the [[Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Sixth Amendment]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/get-involved/constitution-activities/sixth-amendment/right-counsel/facts-case-summary-gideon.aspx | title =Facts and Case Summary: Gideon V. Wainwright | author =''[[Administrative Office of the United States Courts]]'' | publisher =uscourts.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 3 || ''[[Birmingham campaign]]'': The [[Nonviolent resistance|nonviolent]] led protests against racial segregation in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] was launched by the SCLC. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_birmingham_campaign/ | title =Birmingham Campaign (1963) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 16 || ''[[Letter from a Birmingham Jail]]'': Dr. King was arrested amid the Birmingham campaign, writing an open letter defending the strategy nonviolent protest. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_letter_from_birmingham_jail_1963/ | title ="Letter from Birmingham Jail" (1963) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 10 || The [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=9267 | title =John F. Kennedy Remarks Upon Signing the Equal Pay Act. | author =Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley, | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| June 12 || [[NAACP]] field secretary [[Medgar Evers]] was assassinated at his home in [[Mississippi]] by white supremacists, hours after President Kennedy gave his [[Civil Rights Address]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/FreedomNow/themes/evers/ | title =Freedom's Martyr: Medgar Evers | author =Ashley DeFlanders | author2 =Brown University | publisher =brown.edu | year =2002| authorlink2 =Brown University }}</ref> |
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| August 28 || ''[[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]]'': [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]], among other notable civil rights leaders, spoke on the [[Lincoln Memorial]], giving his historic "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the march that drew over 200,000 demonstrators. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_march_on_washington_for_jobs_and_freedom/ | title =March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0828.html | title =200,000 March for Civil Rights in Orderly Washington Rally; President Sees Gain for Negro | author =E.W. Kensworthy | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf | title ='(I Have a Dream … | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov | year =1963}}</ref> |
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| September 15 || The ''[[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]]'', carried out by a [[KKK]] splinter group, killed four African-Americans girls in what was seen as a turning point for the Civil Rights Movement. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/m_r/randall/birmingham.htm | title =Birmingham, Alabama, and the Civil Rights Movement in 1963: The 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing | author =''[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]'' | publisher =illinois.edu}}</ref> |
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| October 7 || The [[Atomic Test Ban Treaty]] was signed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty.aspx | title =Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =jfklibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | November 22 || President [[John F. Kennedy]] was [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]] by a sniper in [[Dallas, Texas]] while traveling in an open presidential motorcade with Texas Governor [[John Connally]], who was injured in the incident. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx | title =November 22, 1963: Death of the President | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =jfklibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] was [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|sworn in as President]], hours after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/event/lyndon-baines-johnson-1963 | title =Swearing-In Ceremony for President Lyndon Baines Johnson | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| November 24 || [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], the sniper who assassinated President Kennedy, was killed after being fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner [[Jack Ruby]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1124.html | title =President's Assassin Shot to Death in Jail Corridor by a Dallas Citizen; Grieving Throngs View Kennedy Bier | author =Gladwin Hill | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| November 29 || The [[Warren Commission]] was established by President Johnson to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/oswald/commission/ | title =Oswald's Ghost | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| December 17 || The [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://abacus.bates.edu/muskie-archives/ajcr/1965/Air%20Act%20Intro.shtml | title =Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1963 | author =Katherine Stefko | author2 =Bates College | publisher =bates.edu | date =June 1, 2011| authorlink2 =Bates College }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="11" valign="top" | 1964 || January 23 || The [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], prohibiting both [[United States Congress|Congress]] and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a [[Poll tax (United States)|poll tax]] or other types of tax, was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan23.html | title =The Poll Tax: Twenty-Fourth Amendment Ratified | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =November 24, 2010}}</ref> |
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| February 7 || ''[[British Invasion]]'': [[The Beatles]] arrived in the United States. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sknyg | title =The British Invasion | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =May 31, 2010}}</ref> |
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| May 22 || President Johnson proposed the [[Great Society]], a set of social reforms aimed at the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/04/jan-4-1965-lyndon-johnson-outlines-great-society-plans/?_r=0 | title =Jan. 4, 1965: Lyndon Johnson Outlines ‘Great Society’ Plans | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/lbjforkids/gsociety_read.shtm | title =The Great Society University of Michigan, Ann Arbor May 22, 1964 | author =''[[University of Texas at Austin]]'' | publisher =utexas.edu}}</ref> |
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| || The ''[[Freedom Summer]]'' began, aimed to increase voter registration for African Americans. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://courses.education.illinois.edu/ci407ss/freedomsummer.html | title =Freedom Summer | author =''[[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]]'' | publisher =illinois.edu}}</ref> |
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| July 2 || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], outlawing both segregation and major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_civil_rights_act_of_1964/ | title =Civil Rights Act of 1964 | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| August 2 || ''[[Tonkin Gulf incident]]'', a [[false flag]] operation with 'deliberately skewed' intelligence to expand U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, occurred. || <ref name="NSA2005">Robert J. Hanyok, [http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/gulf_of_tonkin/articles/rel1_skunks_bogies.pdf "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964"], ''Cryptologic Quarterly'', Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition, Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/02/politics/02tonkin.html | title =Vietnam War Intelligence 'Deliberately Skewed,' Secret Study Says | author =Shane, Scott | publisher =nytimes.com | date =December 2, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/press20051201.htm | title =Tonkin Gulf Intelligence "Skewed" According to Official History and Intercepts | author =''[[George Washington University]]'' | publisher =gwu.edu | year =2005}}</ref> |
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| August 4 || ''[[Mississippi civil rights workers' murders]]'': The bodies of three missing civil rights activists, working to register voters as a part of the Freedom Summer, were found near [[Philadelphia, Mississippi]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/4/newsid_2962000/2962638.stm | title =1964: Three civil rights activists found dead | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=August 4, 1964}}</ref> |
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| August 10 || The [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], not a formal declaration of war in Vietnam, was signed by President Johnson || <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1477&context=faculty_scholarship | title =Congress, the President, and the Power to Declare War | author =''[[William Van Alstyne|Van Alstyne, William]]'' | journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]] |volume =121 |pages =1–27 | publisher =duke.edu | date =November 1972 | doi=10.2307/3311146| jstor =3311146 }}</ref> |
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| August 20 || The [[Economic Opportunity Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/08/20/on-this-day-the-economic-opportunity-act/ | title =On This Day: The Economic Opportunity Act | author =Alison Shay | author2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | publisher =unc.edu | date =August 20, 2012| authorlink2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill }}</ref> |
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| November 3 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1964]]'': President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] defeated Arizona Senator [[Barry Goldwater]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1964 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1964 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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|December 10 || Dr. King became the youngest person ever to be awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], for his 'nonviolent campaign against racism'. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-facts.html | title =The Nobel Peace Prize 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. | publisher =nobelprize.org | date =August 30, 2013}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="12" valign="top" | 1965 || || ''Vietnam War'': [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] escalates United States military involvement in the war, with the number of U.S. troops totaling more than 184,000. || <ref name ="VietnamTimeline" /> |
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| February 21 || African American Muslim minister and human rights activist [[Malcolm X]] was assassinated at the [[Audubon Ballroom]] in [[Harlem, New York]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.colostate.edu/orgs/MSA/find_more/m_x.html | title =Malcolm X – An Islamic Perspective | author =''[[Colorado State University]]'' | publisher =colostate.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 2 || ''[[Operation Rolling Thunder]]'' began in the Vietnam War. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/readings/drew2.htm | title =Rolling Thunder 1965: Anatomy of a Failure | author =Dennis M. Drew | author2 =Air University Press | publisher =af.mil | date =October 1986| authorlink2 =Air University Press }}</ref> |
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| March 7 || The ''[[Selma to Montgomery marches]]'', known as "Bloody Sunday", drew national outrage after Alabama State Troopers severely beat and used tear gas against the nonviolent demonstrators. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_selma_to_montgomery_march/ | title =Selma to Montgomery March (1965) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 25 || In a third attempt to march from [[Selma, Alabama|Selma]] to [[Montgomery, Alabama|Montgomery]], 3,200 civil rights demonstrators reached the [[Alabama State Capitol]], where they were joined with a crowd of 25,000, after four days of marching. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wesleyan.edu/mlk/posters/pdfs/selma1.pdf | title =Voting Rights: Selma to Montgomery Marches | author =''[[Wesleyan University]]'' | publisher =wesleyan.edu | date =}}</ref> |
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| April 17 || ''[[March Against the Vietnam War]]'': The [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) and the SNCC led the first major [[Protests against the Vietnam War|anti-war demonstration against the Vietnam War]] in Washington, D.C., with over 25,000 protesters. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/local/2000/vietnam092799.htm | title =The Vietnam Protests: When Worlds Collided | author =Jeff Leen | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =September 27, 1999}}</ref> |
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| July 30 || The [[Social Security Amendments of 1965]] was signed into law, establishing [[Medicaid]] and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] in the United States. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=99 | title =Social Security Act Amendments (1965) | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =ourdocuments.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 6 || The [[Voting Rights Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/4034 | title =Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act (August 6, 1965) | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| August 11 -<br/>17|| The ''[[Watts Riot]]'' began in the [[Watts, Los Angeles|Watts]] neighborhood of Los Angeles, resulting in the deaths of 34 people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_watts_rebellion_los_angeles_1965/ | title =Watts Rebellion (Los Angeles, 1965) | author =''[[Stanford University]]'' | publisher =stanford.edu}}</ref> |
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| September 9 || The [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] (HUD) was established, after the [[Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965]] was signed into law by President Johnson. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/35893/Ruffing_Financing%20&%20Rehab%20Option%20for%20Aging%20HUD%20Section%208%20Multifamily_2006_Mueller.pdf | title =A Case Study Evaluating Financing and Rehabilitation Options for Aging HUD Section 8 Affordable Multifamily Properties | author =James Ruffing | author2 =Johns Hopkins University | publisher =jhu.edu | date =June 19, 2006| authorlink2 =Johns Hopkins University }}</ref> |
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| October 3 || The [[Immigration Act of 1965]] was signed into law, abolishing the [[National Origins Formula]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 | title =1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America | author =Jennifer Ludden | publisher =npr.org | date =May 9, 2006}}</ref> |
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| November 8 || The [[Higher Education Act of 1965]] was passed. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/02/education/milestones-memories-creative-thinkers-innovative-ideas-movements-that-changed.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title =Milestones and Memories; Creative thinkers, innovative ideas and movements that changed education in this century. | author =Jack Begg | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 2, 1997}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1966 || January 18 || [[Robert C. Weaver]] was sworn in as the first [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], becoming the first African American to hold a cabinet-level position. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/K-12/Today_B_History.html | title =Today in Black History | author =Ali B. Ali-Dinar | author2 =University of Pennsylvania | publisher =upenn.edu| authorlink2 =University of Pennsylvania }}</ref> |
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| June 13 || ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'': The Supreme Court ruled that not informing suspects held in custody on their [[right to counsel]] and [[Right to silence|silence]] violated protection against [[self incrimination]], establishing what later became known as "[[Miranda Rights]]". || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uscourts.gov/multimedia/podcasts/Landmarks/MirandavArizona.aspx | title =Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | author =''[[Administrative Office of the United States Courts]]'' | publisher =uscourts.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 30 || The feminist group the [[National Organization for Women]] (NOW) was formed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://wax.lib.harvard.edu/collections/seed.do?seed=1498&primColl=261&lang=eng | title =National Organization for Women (NOW) | author =''[[Harvard University Library]]'' | publisher =harvard.edu | year =2008}}</ref> |
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| July 4 || The [[Freedom of Information Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://congress.indiana.edu/freedom-information-act-foia | title =Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) | author =''[[Indiana University]]'' | publisher =indiana.edu | year =2011}}</ref> |
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| September 9 || The [[National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act]] was passed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3211&context=lcp | title =Motor Vehicle Safety Regulation: Genesis | author =Crawford Morris | publisher =duke.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="10" valign="top" | 1967 || January 3 || [[Jack Ruby]] died of a pulmonary embolism at [[Parkland Hospital]], where Oswald had died and where President Kennedy had been pronounced dead after his assassination. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/14/newsid_4221000/4221937.stm | title =1964: Jack Ruby sentenced to death | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=March 14, 1964}}</ref> |
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| January 8 || ''[[Operation Cedar Falls]]'', the largest ground operation of the Vietnam War, began; with over 500,000 with the number of U.S. troops totaling more than 500,000 by the end of 1967. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/coldwarfiles/index-22999.html | title =Operation Cedar Falls Uncovers Tunnel Network | author =''[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]'' | publisher =wilsoncenter.org | year =2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://comptalk.fiu.edu/nambkgd.htm | title =Background information for the Vietnam War | author =''[[Florida International University]]'' | publisher =fiu.edu}}</ref> |
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| January 15 || ''[[Super Bowl I]]'': In the first Super Bowl took place between the [[Green Bay Packers]] and the [[Kansas City Chiefs]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/culture/super-bowl-rare-photos-from-the-first-championship-game-in-1967/ | title =Life at the First Super Bowl: Rare Photos | author =''[[Life Magazine]]'' | publisher =time.com | date=January 1, 2014}}</ref> |
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| February 23 || The [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing succession to the [[President of the United States|Presidency]] and procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4693&context=flr | title =Extensions On the Twenty-Fifth Amendment: The Influence of Biological Factors On Assessments of Impairment | author =Rose McDermott | author2 =Fordham University | publisher =fordham.edu | year =2011| authorlink2 =Fordham University }}</ref> |
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| April 1 || The [[United States Department of Transportation]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/transportation-department | title =Transportation Department | author =''[[Office of the Federal Register]]'' | publisher =federalregister.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 15 || ''[[National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]]'': 400,000 demonstrators march in New York City from [[Central Park]] to the [[United Nations Headquarters]] against the Vietnam War; with 100,000 protesting the war in [[City of San Francisco|San Fransciso]], being one of the largest demonstrations against the Vietnam War. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/pacificaviet.html#1967 | title =The Pacifica Radio/UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests in the San Francisco Bay Area & Beyond | author =''[[University of California, Berkeley School of Law]] | publisher =berkeley.edu | year =1996}}</ref> |
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| || The ''[[Summer of Love]]'' took place, marking a defining period for the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] in the U.S. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Summer-of-Love-40-Years-Later-1967-The-stuff-2593252.php | title =Summer of Love: 40 Years Later / 1967: The stuff that myths are made of | author =Joel Selvin | publisher =sfgate.com | date =July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/07/lsd-drugs-summer-of-love-sixties | title =Suddenly That Summer | author =Shelia Weller | publisher =vanityfair.com | date =May 20, 2007}}</ref> |
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| June 12 || ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'': The Supreme Court overruled the prohibition of [[interracial marriage]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10889047 | title =Loving Decision: 40 Years of Legal Interracial Unions | author =''[[National Public Radio]]'' | publisher =npr.org | date =June 11, 2007}}</ref> |
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| July 1 || [[American Samoa]] became self-governing under a new Constitution. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1828&context=californialawreview | title =Territorial Governments and the Limits of Formalism | author =Gary Lawson | author2 =University of California, Berkeley, School of Law |volume =79 |issue =3 |pages =881–896 | publisher =berkeley.edu | date =July 31, 1990| authorlink2 =University of California, Berkeley, School of Law }}</ref> |
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| October 2 || [[Thurgood Marshall]] was sworn in as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]]; becoming the first African-American Justice to serve on the court. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/oct02.html | title =Today in History: October 2 Thurgood Marshall | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =October 3, 2007}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="11" valign="top" | 1968 || January 30 || The ''[[Tet Offensive]]'', a campaign of surprise attacks by the Viet Cong, began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/TET | title =U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968 | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 4 || Civil rights leader [[Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.]] was [[Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|assassinated]] by a sniper at the [[Lorraine Motel]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://crdl.usg.edu/events/mlk_assassination/?Welcome | title =Dr. King's Assassination | author =''[[University System of Georgia]]''; ''[[Digital Library of Georgia]]'' | publisher =usg.edu | year =2011 | date =August 22, 2013}}</ref> |
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| April 4 -<br/>May 29 || ''[[King assassination riots]]'': The assassination of Dr. King prompted mass riots in [[1968 Chicago riots|Chicago]], [[1968 Washington, D.C. riots|Washington D.C.]], [[Baltimore riot of 1968|Baltimore]], [[1968 Kansas City riot|Kansas City]] and [[Louisville riots of 1968|Louisville]]; leaving 36 people dead. || <ref name ="KingRiots" /> |
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| April 11 || The [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], providing equal housing protection, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lcrm.lib.unc.edu/blog/index.php/2012/04/11/on-this-day-the-civil-rights-act-of-1968/ | title =On This Day: The Civil Rights Act of 1968 | author =Alison Shay | author2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | publisher =unc.edu | date =April 11, 1968| authorlink2 =University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill }}</ref> |
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| June 5 || [[Robert F. Kennedy]] was [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|assassinated]] at the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Ambassador Hotel]] in [[Los Angeles]] by [[Sirhan Sirhan]], after winning the California primary while [[Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign, 1968|campaigning for President]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0605.html | title =Kennedy is Dead, Victim of Assassin; Suspect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned; Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence | author =Gladwin Hill | publisher =nytimes.com | year =2010}}</ref> |
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| July 1 || The United States signed the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb253/ | title ="The Impulse towards a Safer World" 40th Anniversary of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty | author =''[[George Washington University]]'' | publisher =gwu.edu | date =July 1, 2008}}</ref> |
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| August 25–29|| Chicago City Police clashed with anti-war [[1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity|protesters]] at the [[1968 Democratic National Convention]] in [[Chicago]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/chicago68/index.shtml | title =Brief History of Chicago's 1968 Democratic Convention | publisher =cnn.com | year =1997}}</ref> |
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| October 22 || The [[Gun Control Act of 1968]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29197 | title =Remarks Upon Signing the Gun Control Act of 1968. | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | November 5 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1968]]'': Former Vice President [[Richard Nixon]] was elected President, defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1968 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1968 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| [[Shirley Chisholm]] of [[New York]] became the first African-American woman elected to [[United States Congress|Congress]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/timeline/shirley-chisholm-elected-congress | title =Shirley Chisholm Elected To Congress | author =''[[University of California, Los Angeles]]'' | publisher =ucla.edu | year =2011}}</ref> |
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| December 21 || ''[[Apollo 8]]'': The first manned spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit occurred. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/as08/a08sum.htm | title =Apollo 8 Mission Summary | author =''[[Smithsonian Institution]]'' ''[[National Air and Space Museum]]'' | publisher =si.eduf}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1969 || March 18 || ''[[Operation Menu]]'': The United States began its covert bombings of [[North Vietnam]]ese positions in [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] and [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf | title =Bombs Over Cambodia | author =Taylor Owen, Ben Kiernan | author2 =Yale University | publisher = yale.edu| authorlink2 =Yale University }}</ref> |
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| June 29 || The ''[[Stonewall riots]]'' took place, beginning after police raided the [[Stonewall Inn]] in New York City, which would mark the start of the modern [[gay liberation movement]] in the United States. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/case1.html | title =Stonewall and Beyond: Lesbian and Gay Culture | author =''[[Columbia University]]'' | publisher =columbia.edu | date =August 24, 2011}}</ref> |
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| July 18 || ''[[Chappaquiddick incident]]'': [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Edward M. Kennedy]] drove off a bridge on his way home from a party on [[Chappaquiddick Island]], killing his passenger, [[Mary Jo Kopechne]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/07/revering_ted_kennedy_and_remem.html | title =Revering Ted Kennedy … And Remembering the Stain of 40 Years Ago | author =Ken Ruudin | publisher =npr.org | date =July 17, 2009}}</ref> |
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| July 20 || ''[[Apollo 11]]'': Americans astronauts [[Neil Armstrong]], [[Buzz Aldrin]] and [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] became the first men to land on the [[moon]], with Armstrong becoming the first man to walk on the moon's surface. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html | title =Apollo 11 | author =''[[National Aeronautic and Space Administration]]'' | publisher =nasa.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 15–19 || The ''[[Woodstock Festival]]'' took place in [[White Lake, New York]], proclaimed as "three days of peace and music", it became one of the defining events representing counterculture movement. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://life.time.com/culture/woodstock-photos-from-the-legendary-1969-rock-festival/#1 | title =Peace, Love, Music and Mud: LIFE at Woodstock | author =''[[Life Magazine]]'' | publisher =time.com | date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> |
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| November 3 || ''[[Vietnamization]]'': President Nixon outlaid his administration's Vietnam policy in response to the Tet Offensive. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/silent.html | title =Nixon's "Silent Majority" Speech | author =''[[George Mason University]]'' | publisher =gmu.edu}}</ref> |
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| November 10 || ''[[Sesame Street]]'' premiered on [[National Educational Television]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2008-12-30-sesame-street_N.htm | title ='Sesame Street' is 40 but young at heart | author =Craig Wilson | publisher =usatoday.com | date =November 10, 2009}}</ref> |
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| November 15 || ''[[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam]]'': Over 500,000 peaceful demonstrators protested the Vietnam War in Washington D.C., being the largest anti-war protest in U.S. history. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/nov-15-1969-anti-vietnam-war-demonstration-held/ | title =Nov. 15, 1969: Anti-Vietnam War Demonstration Held | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 15, 2011}}</ref> |
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| December 15 || President Nixon announces the withdrawal of 50,000 U.S. troops from Vietnam; reaching the peak level of U.S. troops in Vietnam at 541,000. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2370 | title =486 – Address to the Nation on Progress Toward Peace in Vietnam. | author =Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ehistory.osu.edu/vietnam/books/dustoff/0095.cfm | title =(Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam) | author =''[[Ohio State University]]'' | publisher =osu.edu | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1970 || January 1 || The [[National Environmental Policy Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epa.gov/compliance/basics/nepa.html | title =National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) | author =''[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'' | publisher =epa.gov | date =May 25, 2012}}</ref> |
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| May 4 || ''[[Kent State shootings]]'': Shootings occurred during anti-war, student protests that grew violent, resulting in the deaths of four demonstrators by the [[Ohio National Guard]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/behold/2013/05/04/may_4_1970_the_kent_state_university_shootings_told_through_pictures_photos.html | title =Personal Remembrances of the Kent State Shootings, 43 Years Later | author =David Rosenberg | author2 =Slate Magazine | publisher =slate.com | date =May 4, 2013| authorlink2 =Slate Magazine }}</ref> |
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| April 20 || President Nixon announces the further withdrawal of 150,000 troops in Vietnam. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=2476 | title =Address to the Nation on Progress Toward Peace in Vietnam. | author =Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| April 30 || President Nixon announces the beginning of the [[Cambodian Campaign]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a491124.pdf | title =The Cambodian Incursion: Tactical and Operational Success and its Effects on Vietnamization | author =Major Jeff Hackett | author2 =United States Department of Defense | publisher =gmu.edu | date =March 27, 2008| authorlink2 =United States Department of Defense }}</ref> |
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| April 22 || The first [[Earth Day]] was observed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/An-Earth-Day-Icon-Unmasked.html | title =An Earth Day Icon, Unmasked | author =Timothy Duman | author2 =Smithsonian Magazine | publisher =smithsonianmag.com | date =July 2010| authorlink2 =Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref> |
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| July 4 || ''[[American Top 40]]'', hosted by radio personality [[Casey Kasem]], which featured a weekly countdown, premiered. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12marsh.html?_r=0 | title =Casey Kasem’s Velvet-Voiced Countdowns of Summers Past | author =Bill Marsh | publisher =nytimes.com | date =July 11, 2009}}</ref> |
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| October 5 || The [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) began operations, succeeding [[National Educational Television]] (NET). || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thetimes/timeline/ | title =Nixon Library Timeline | author =''[[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =nixonlibrary.gov}}</ref> |
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| December 2 || The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/environmental-protection-agency | title =Environmental Protection Agency | author =''[[Office of the Federal Register]]'' | publisher =federalregister.gov}}</ref> |
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| December 29 || The [[Occupational Safety and Health Act]] was signed into law, establishing [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.du.edu/thomson/AdminWiki/Labor_OSHA/EC77011AD85ABB5F713115C2C60D9CE9.html | title =History and Mission of OSHA | author =''[[University of Denver]]'' | publisher =du.edu | date =}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1971 || January 25 || [[Charles Manson]] is sentenced to death (with his sentence later commuted to life in prison) for his involvement in the [[Tate-LaBianca murders]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/manson/mansonchrono.html | title =The Charles Manson Trial: A Chronology | author =''[[University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law]]'' | publisher =umkc.edu}}</ref> |
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| April 1 || The [[Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act]] was signed into law, banning cigarette advertisements on radio and television and issuing a [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]]'s warning on tobacco products. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://theweek.com/article/index/242096/today-in-history-april-1 | title =Today in history: April 1 In 1970, President Nixon signed a bill limiting cigarette advertisements on TV and radio | publisher =theweek.com | date =April 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| June 13 || ''[[Pentagon Papers]]'': The [[New York Times]] publishes its first story on the classified 7,000 page Department of Defense study, leaked by study participant [[Daniel Ellsberg]], on the U.S.'s political-military involvement in Vietnam since 1945. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB348/ | title =National Archives (NARA) Releases Pentagon Papers! | author =John Pardos | author2 =George Washington University | publisher =gwu.edu | date = June 10, 2011| authorlink2 =George Washington University }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/13/reviews/papers-overview.html | title =Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement | author =''[[Niel Sheehan|Sheehan, Neil]] | publisher =nytimes.com | date =June 13, 1971}}</ref> |
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| June 17 || President Nixon declares a "''[[War on Drugs]]''", stating that drug use in the U.S. is "public enemy number one." || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3047 | title =Remarks About an Intensified Program for Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. | author =Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| June 30 || ''[[New York Times Co. v. United States]]'': The [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] ruled that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/pov/mostdangerousman/photo_gallery_background.php?photo=1#gallery-top | title =The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =October 5, 2010}}</ref> |
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| July 1 || The [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], lowering the voting age from 21 to 18, was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?dod-date=323 | title =26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| August 15 || ''[[Nixon Shock]]'': [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] ended the [[gold standard]] in the United States. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/briandomitrovic/2011/08/14/august-15-1971-a-date-which-has-lived-in-infamy/ | title =August 15, 1971: A Date Which Has Lived in Infamy | author =Brian Domitrovic | publisher =forbes.com | date =August 14, 2011}}</ref> |
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| September 13 || ''[[Attica Prison riot]]'': After four days of holding 39 prison staff members hostage, a raid that led to a riot at the [[Attica Correctional Facility]] was launched by New York State Police; leaving 43 staff and prisoners dead and being the deadliest prison riot in U.S. history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/riot-at-attica-prison | title =Riot at Attica prison | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="10" valign="top" | 1972 || February 21–28 || ''[[1972 Nixon visit to China]]'': President Nixon became the first U.S. President to visit the [[People's Republic of China]], marking the end of 25 years of isolation between the U.S. and China. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/17/feb-17-1972-president-nixon-departs-for-diplomatic-trip-to-china/?_r=0 | title =Feb. 17, 1972: Nixon Departs for Diplomatic Trip to China | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =February 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/chinatapes.php | title =Nixon's Trip to China | author =''[[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =nixonlibrary.gov}}</ref> |
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| May 26 || ''[[SALT I Treaty]]'': The [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] was signed between the Soviet Union and United States at the [[Moscow Summit (1972)|Moscow Summit]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.state.gov/t/avc/trty/101888.htm | title =Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABM Treaty) | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance]]'' | publisher =state.gov | date =}}</ref> |
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| June 9–10 || ''[[Black Hills flood]]'': Flooding in the [[Black Hills]] region of Western South Dakota killed 238 people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rapidcitypubliclibrary.org/lib_info/1972flood/index.asp| title =Rapid City Flood of 1972 | author =''[[Rapid City Public Library]]'' | publisher =rapidcitypubliclibrary.org}}</ref> |
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| June 17 || ''[[Watergate scandal|Watergate burglaries]]'': Five men were arrested for the burglary of the [[Democratic National Committee]] headquarters at the [[Watergate complex]] in Washington, D.C. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/timeline.html | title =The Watergate Story | publisher =washingtonpost.com | accessdate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> |
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| June 23 || The ''[[Education Amendments of 1972]]'', enacting [[Title IX]] and prohibiting gender based discrimination of educational institutions, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/coord/titleix.php | title =Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 | author =''[[United States Department of Justice]]'' ''[[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Civil Rights Division]]'' | publisher =justice.gov}}</ref> |
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| June 29 || ''[[Furman v. Georgia]]'': The Supreme Court ruled that application of the death penalty outside of cases of homicide violated protection against [[cruel and unusual punishment]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0408_0238_ZO.html | title =Furman v. Georgia (No. 69-5003) | author =''[[Cornell University Law School]]'' | publisher =cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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| October 17 || The [[Clean Water Act]] is enacted, was overridden by the Senate. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://greenlaw.blogs.law.pace.edu/2011/04/01/cwa101/ | title =Clean Water Act 101—A bit of legislative history | author =Daniel E. Estrin | author2 =Pace University School of Law | publisher =pace.edu | date =April 1, 2011| authorlink2 =Pace University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| November 7 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1972]]'': President Nixon was reelected to a second term, defeating South Dakota Senator [[George McGovern]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1972 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1972 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| December 14 || ''[[Apollo 17]]'' became the final mission of the Apollo program and last human spaceflight to the moon. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_17/overview/ | title =Apollo 17 Mission | author =''[[Universities Space Research Association]]'' ''[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]'' | publisher =usra.edu | year =2012}}</ref> |
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| December 18 || ''[[Operation Linebacker II]]'': The final major U.S. bombing campaign in North Vietnam began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.afgsc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123328558 | title =B-52s in Operation Linebacker II helped bring North Vietnam to the peace table | author =Yancy Mailes | author2 =Global Strike Command | publisher = | date =December 4, 2012| authorlink2 =United States Air Force]]'' ''[[Air Force Global Strike Command }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 1973 || January 22 || ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'': The Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning abortion before 24 weeks as unconstitutional. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/backissues/2013/01/roe-v-wade-in-the-archive.html | title =Roe V. Wade in the Archive | author =Joshua Rothman | publisher =newyorker.com | date =January 18, 2013}}</ref> |
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| January 23 || The [[Paris Peace Accords]] was signed, ending the United States' direct involvement in the Vietnam War. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/jan-23-1973-nixon-announces-end-of-u-s-involvement-in-vietnam/ | title =Jan. 23, 1973: Nixon Announces End of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 23, 2012}}</ref> |
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| May 3 || The [[Sears Towers]] opened in [[Chicago]], becoming the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|World's tallest building]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-searstower-story,0,5053776.story | title =Sears Tower opens the world's largest retailer constructs the world's tallest building | author =John Schmeltzer | publisher =chicagotribune.com}}</ref> |
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| May 14 || The space station [[Skylab]] was launched by NASA. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/skylab.html | title =Skylab (1973) | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| May 17 || The [[United States Senate Watergate Committee]] held its first hearing. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Feature_Homepage_WatergateHearingBegins.htm | title =Watergate Hearings Begin | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| October 10 || Vice President [[Spiro T. Agnew]] resigned in disgrace as part of a plea bargain after being charged with tax evasion, extortion and conspiracy. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Spiro_Agnew.htm | title =Spiro T. Agnew, 39th Vice President (1969–1973) | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| October 20 || ''[[Saturday Night Massacre]]'': President Nixon fired three top legal advisers over the disposition of secret tapes and the actions of the Special Prosecutor in regard to the Watergate scandal. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/102173-2.htm/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/102173-2.htm | title =Nixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit | author =Carroll Kilpatrick | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =October 21, 1973}}</ref> |
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| October || ''[[1973 oil crisis]]'': Gasoline prices in the U.S. quadrupled over a three-month period in response to reduced supply of gasoline and heating oil. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/oilcrisis.html | title =1973-74 Oil Crisis | author =''[[University of California, Berkeley]]'' | publisher =berkeley.edu | year =2011}}</ref> |
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| December 6 || [[House Minority Leader]] [[Gerald Ford]] of [[Michigan]] was sworn in as Vice President after the resignation of Spiro Agnew; becoming the first Vice President to be appointed under the [[Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twenty-fifth Amendment]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/amendment25/25thamendment.asp | title =The Establishment and First Uses of the 25th Amendment | author =''[[University of Texas at Austin]]'' | publisher =utexas.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1974 || April 3–4 || ''[[Super Outbreak]]'': An outbreak of 148 tornadoes hit thirteen states, killing 330 people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/storms/ | title =The Worst in History: 1974 Tornado Outbreak | author =''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'' | publisher =noaa.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 8 || [[Hank Aaron]] of the [[Atlanta Braves]] broke [[Babe Ruth]]'s home run record by hitting his 715th career home run. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://amhistory.si.edu/sports/exhibit/gamemakers/aaron/index.cfm | title =Hank Aaron Home Run Record Setter-755 | author =''[[Smithsonian Institution]]'' | publisher =si.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 30 || The [[House Judiciary Committee]] voted to impeach President Nixon over his actions in the Watergate Scandal. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/thisday/2006/05/house-judiciary-committee-opened.php | title =House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against Richard Nixon | author =''[[University of Pittsburgh School of Law]]'' ''[[JURIST]]'' | publisher =pitt.edu | year =2004}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | August 9 || President [[Richard Nixon]] becomes the first and only President to resign from office. After submitting his resignation in an address to the nation the evening before, Nixon stated that "the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations." || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0808.html | title =Nixon Resigns: He Urges a Time of 'Healing'; Ford Will Take Office Today | author =John Herbers | publisher =nytimes.com | date =August 8, 1974}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals/nixon.html | title ="I hereby resign the Office of President of the United States." --Richard M. Nixon, August 9, 1974 | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov | date =March 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/character/links/nixon_speech.html| title =President Nixon's Resignation Speech | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =August 8, 1974}}</ref> |
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| Vice President [[Gerald Ford]] is [[Inauguration of Gerald Ford|sworn in as President]] after the resignation of President Nixon. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/gfinau.html| title =Inauguration of Gerald Ford | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =nara.gov}}</ref> |
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| September 8 || President Ford pardoned former President Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President during the Watergate Scandal. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=4696 | title =Proclamation 4311 – Granting Pardon to Richard Nixon | author =Gerhard Peters, John T. Woolley | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| December 31 || [[Executive Order 6102]], restricting the private holding of gold within the United States, was lifted. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gold/300798.pdf | title =Au Gold | author =Earle B. Amey | author2 =United States Geological Survey | publisher =usgs.gov| authorlink2 =United States Geological Survey }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1975 || January 27 || The ''[[Church Committee]]'', Chaired by Idaho Senator [[Frank Church]], was established in the aftermath of the Watergate Scandal; investigating the illegal activities of the [[CIA]], [[NSA]] and [[FBI]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Church_Committee_Created.htm | title =January 27, 1975 Church Committee Created | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =senate.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 4 || [[Bill Gates]] founded [[Microsoft Corporation]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/microsoft | title =Microsoft | publisher =businessinsider.com | date =September 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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| April 30 || ''[[Fall of Saigon]]'': [[Saigon]], the capitol of [[South Vietnam]], was captured by the [[People's Army of Vietnam]] and the [[Viet Cong]], causing the South to surrender and officially ending the Vietnam War. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/30/april-30-1975-saigon-falls/?_r=0 | title =April 30, 1975: Saigon Falls | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =April 30, 2012}}</ref> |
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| July 15 || ''[[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]]'': The first joint U.S.–Soviet space mission began in [[Kazakhstan]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo-soyuz/astp_mission.html | title =The Apollo-Soyuz Mission | author =Jeane Ryba | author2 =National Aeronautic and Space Administration | publisher =nasa.gov | date =March 18, 2010 | authorlink2 =National Aeronautic and Space Administration }}</ref> |
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| September 5 || President Ford was uninjured after a failed [[Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento|assassination attempt]] by [[Manson Family]] cult member [[Lynette Fromme]] in [[Sacramento, California]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/08/26/5681800/videotape-of-president-ford-testifying.html | title =President Ford video testimony released on 'Squeaky' Fromme assassination attempt | author =Dean Walsh, Stan Stanton | author2 =Sacramento Bee | publisher =sacbee.com | date =August 26, 2013| authorlink2 =Sacramento Bee }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1976 || April 1 || [[Steve Jobs]] founded [[Apple Inc.]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/blackboard/apple | title =Apple | publisher =businessinsider.com | date =September 4, 2013}}</ref> |
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| July 2 || ''[[Gregg v. Georgia]]'': The Supreme Court affirmed that the death penalty did not violate the [[Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Eighth Amendment]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0428_0153_ZS.html | title =Syllabus Supreme Court of the United States 428 U.S. 153 Gregg v. Georgia | author =''[[Cornell University Law School]]'' | publisher =cornell.edu}}</ref> |
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| July 4 || ''[[United States Bicentennial]]'': Americans celebrated the United States bicentennial. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0704.html#article | title =Nation and Millions in City Joyously Hail Bicentennial | author =Richard F. Shepard | publisher =nytimes.com | date =July 5, 1976}}</ref> |
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| October 19 || The [[Copyright Act of 1976]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2054&context=sulr | title =Copyright "Band-Aids" and the Future of Reform | author =Kurt E. Kruckeberg | author2 =Seattle University School of Law | publisher =seattleu.edu| authorlink2 =Seattle University School of Law }}</ref> |
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| November 2 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1976]]'': [[Governor of Georgia|Georgia Governor]] [[Jimmy Carter]] was elected President, defeating incumbent [[Gerald Ford]]. || <ref name="Gerhard Peters" /> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1977 || January 23 || The television miniseries ''[[Roots (TV miniseries)|Roots]]'' aired on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/arts-days/january/23.aspx | title =1977: Rooted in Front of the TV | author =''[[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]]'' | publisher =kennedy-center.org}}</ref> |
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| July 13–14 || ''[[New York City blackout of 1977]]'': A twenty-five hour blackout, resulting in looting and other disorder, took place. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/07/09/remembering-the-77-blackout/?_r=0 | title =Remembering the ’77 Blackout | author =Sewell Chan | publisher =nytimes.com | date =July 9, 2007}}</ref> |
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| August 4 || The [[United States Department of Energy]] is established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/carter/2/ | title =Timeline: Jimmy Carter | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[American Experience]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| August 16 || [[Elvis Presley]], the "King of Rock and Roll", died at his home in [[Graceland]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/This+history+August+1977/8796278/story.html | title =This day in history: August 16, 1977 | author =John Mackie | publisher =''[[The Vancouver Sun]]'' | date =August 16, 2013}}</ref> |
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| September 7 || The ''[[Torrijos–Carter Treaties]]'' between the U.S. and [[Panama]], relinquishing U.S. control of the [[Panama Canal]], were ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep07.html | title =Today in History: September 7 The Panama Canal | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =January 1, 2011}}</ref> |
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| || The ''[[Commodore PET]]'', the first [[personal computer]] for retail sale, was released. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://zephir.seattlecentral.edu/~dwhite19/sp13/demo/demo_view_pager.php?id=11 | title =Presenting the... Commodore PET 2001 | author =Dan White | author2 =Seattle Central Community College | publisher =seattlecentral.edu | year =2013| authorlink2 =Seattle Central Community College }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1978 || September 17 || The [[Camp David Accords (1978)|Camp David Accords]] were signed by [[Menachem Begin]] of [[Israel]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] of [[Egypt]] at [[Camp David]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/campdav.asp | title =Camp David Accords; September 17, 1978 | author =''[[Yale University Law School]]'' | publisher =yale.edu}}</ref> |
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| October 25 || The [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=30048#axzz2iyMId8Ne | title =Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Statement on Signing S. 1566 Into Law. | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| October 27 || The [[Humphrey Hawkins Full Employment Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/es/11/ES1101.pdf | title =What Does the Change in the FOMC’s Statement of Objectives Mean? | author =Daniel L. Thornton | author2 =Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis | publisher =stlouisfed.org | date =January 3, 2011| authorlink2 =Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis }}</ref> |
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| November 18 || ''[[Jonestown Massacre]]'': The mass-suicide of 909 American citizens who were members of the religious cult the [[Peoples Temple]], led by [[Jim Jones]], occurred in [[Guyana]]. With the addition murders of nine others, including Congressman [[Leo Ryan]], the 918 deaths were the largest loss of American life in a single incident and in a non-natural disaster at the time. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://jonestown.sdsu.edu/AboutJonestown/WhoDied/whodied_list.php | title =Jonestown Memorial List | author =''[[South Dakota State University]]'' | publisher =sdsu.edu | date =September 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/in-the-valley-of-the-shadow-of-death-guyana-after-the-jonestown-massacre-19790125 | title =In the Valley of the Shadow of Death: Guyana After the Jonestown Massacre | author =Tim Cahill | publisher =rollingstone.com | date =January 25, 1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/jonestown | title =Jonestown | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com | date =September 5, 2013}}</ref> |
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| November 27 || ''[[Moscone–Milk assassinations]]'': [[Harvey Milk]], the first openly gay person elected to public office, and [[Mayor of San Francisco|San Francisco Mayor]] [[George Moscone]], were assassinated by [[Dan White]] in San Francisco. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/milk/danwhitelinks.html | title =The Dan White (Harvey Milk Murder) Trial (1979): Selected Links & Bibliography | author =Cindi Ernst | author2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law | publisher =umkc.edu| authorlink2 =University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1979 || March 28 || ''[[Three Mile Island accident]]'': The partial nuclear meltdown and release of small amounts of radioactive gases and [[Iodine-131|iodine]] of a [[Three Mile Island|nuclear power plant]] in [[Dauphin County, Pennsylvania]] began; considered to be the worst commercial nuclear power accident in U.S. history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html | title =Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident | author =''[[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]]'' | publisher =nrc.gov | date =February 11, 2013}}</ref> |
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| May 21 || ''[[White Night Riots]]'': After the lenient sentence of Moscone-Milk assassin Dan White, over 5,000 demonstrators in [[San Francisco]]'s gay community staged what turned into a violent protest. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Dan-White-verdict-sparks-riot-2775708.php | title =Dan White verdict sparks riot | author =Laura Perkins | publisher =sfgate.com | date =May 21, 2004}}</ref> |
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| May 25 || ''[[American Airlines Flight 191]]'' flight crashed shortly after takeoff from [[O'Hare International Airport]], killing all 271 aboard and two on the ground; being the deadliest aviation accident on U.S. soil. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-flight191-story,0,4407421.story | title =The crash of American Airlines Flight 191 near O'Hare | author =David Young | author2 =Chicago Tribune | publisher =chicagotribune.com| authorlink2 =Chicago Tribune }}</ref> |
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| October 17 || The [[United States Department of Education]] is established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/education-department | title =Education Department | author =''[[Office of the Federal Register]]'' | publisher =federalregister.gov | date =September 5, 2013}}</ref> |
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| November 4 || ''[[Iran hostage crisis]]'': The [[Embassy of the United States, Tehran|U.S. embassy in Tehran]] was raided by student activists of the [[Iranian Revolution]] after overthrown CIA instated Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] was allowed into the U.S.; beginning the 444-day capture of the embassy and the holding of fifty-two American embassy personnel. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/hostages.phtml | title =The Hostage Crisis in Iran | author =''[[Jimmy Carter Library and Museum]]'' | publisher =jimmycarterlibrary.gov | date =November 6, 2012}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1980 || March 18 || The [[Refugee Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33154 | title =Refugee Act of 1980 Statement on Signing S. 643 Into Law. | author =Gerhard Peters, John T Woolley | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| March 21 || ''[[1980 Summer Olympics boycott]]'': Protesting the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], President Cater announces the U.S. would boycott the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Moscow]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://theweek.com/article/index/241689/today-in-history-march-21 | title =Today in history: March 21 In 1980 President Carter ordered a boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow | author =''[[The Week]]'' | publisher =theweek.com | date =March 21, 2013}}</ref> |
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| April 4 || The [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html | title =U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Historical Highlights | author =''[[United States Department of Education]]'' | publisher =hhs.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 24 || ''[[Operation Eagle Claw]]'': Eight U.S. military personnel were killed after the failed attempt to rescue the fifty-two American hostages held at the U.S. embassy in [[Tehran]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/apjinternational/apj-s/2006/3tri06/kampseng.html | title =Operation Eagle Claw: The Iran Hostage Rescue Mission | author =''[[United States Air Force]]'' ''[[Air and Space Power Journal]]'' | publisher =af.mil | date =September 21, 2006}}</ref> |
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| May 18 || ''[[Eruption of Mount St. Helens]]'': The eruption of [[Mount St. Helens]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] killed fifty-seven people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/what-happened-when-mount-st-helens-erupted-may-18-1980 | title =What happened when Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980? | author =''[[Oregon State University]]'' | publisher =oregonstate.edu | date =September 5, 2013}}</ref> |
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| June 1 || [[CNN]], the first 24-hour cable news channel, was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cnn-launches | title =Jun 1, 1980: CNN launches | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| November 4 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1980]]'': [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Ronald Reagan]] was elected President, defeating incumbent [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Illinois's 16th congressional district|Illinois Representative]] [[John B. Anderson]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1980 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1980 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| December 8 || Musician [[John Lennon]] was [[Death of John Lennon|assassinated]] outside of [[The Dakota]] in [[New York City]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/07/AR2010120702440.html | title =30 years later, it's still hard to fathom Lennon's killing | author =Matt Hurwitz | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =December 7, 2010}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1981 || January 20 || Iran releases the 52 U.S. hostages held in Tehran after 444 days (the day of the swearing in of President [[Ronald Reagan]]); signing the [[Algiers Accords]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/jan-20-1981-iran-releases-american-hostages-as-reagan-takes-office/ | title =Jan. 20, 1981: Iran Releases American Hostages as Reagan Takes Office | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 20, 2012}}</ref> |
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| March 30 || ''[[Reagan assassination attempt]]'': President Reagan and three others were injured after an assassination attempt of the President by [[John Hinckley]], outside of the [[Hilton Washington]] in [[Washington D.C.]] || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/oralhistory/news/reagan-assassination-attempt | title =Reagan Officials on the March 30, 1981 Assassination Attempt | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| April 12 || ''[[STS-1]]'': The [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] was launched, being the first flight of NASA's [[Space Shuttle program]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-1.html | title =Space Shuttle Mission Archives: STS-1 | author =Jeanne Ryba | author2 =National Aeronautics and Space Administration | publisher =nasa.gov | date =November 23, 2007| authorlink2 =National Aeronautics and Space Administration }}</ref> |
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| July 17 || ''[[Hyatt Regency walkway collapse]]'': A hotel walkway collapsed in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], killing 114 and injuring over two hundred. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nist.gov/el/disasterstudies/construction/walkway_kansascity_1981.cfm | title =Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkway Collapse, Missouri, 1981 | author =''[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]]'' | publisher =nist.gov | date =June 2, 2011}}</ref> |
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| August 1 || [[MTV]], the first 24-hour cable network dedicated to airing music videos, was launched. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mtv-turns-30-20110728 | title =MTV Turns 30 Original VJ Mark Goodman recalls network's first days: 'I think we only had 300 videos' | author =Andy Greene | author2 =Rolling Stone | publisher =rollingstone.com | date =July 28, 2011| authorlink2 =Rolling Stone }}</ref> |
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| August 4 || ''[[Reaganomics]]'': The [[Kemp-Roth Tax Cut]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/viksning/papers/Reaganomics.html | title =Reaganomics after Twenty Years | author =George J. Viksnins | author2 =Georgetown University | publisher =georgetown.edu| authorlink2 =Georgetown University }}</ref> |
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| September 21 || [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] was sworn in as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]], becoming the first woman to serve on the court. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oconnor.html | title =Reagan's Nomination of O'Connor | author =''[[National Archives and Records Administration]]'' | publisher =archives.gov}}</ref> |
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| November 16 || President Reagan signed NDSS 17, authorizing the beginning of CIA support for [[Nicaraguan Democratic Force|contra rebels]] in [[Nicaragua]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/Scanned%20NSDDS/NSDD17.pdf | title =National Security Decision Directive on Cuba and Central America | author =' | publisher =utexas.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1982 || June 12 || [[Anti-nuclear protests in the United States|Anti-nuclear protests]] were held at [[Central Park]] in [[New York City]], with nearly one million peaceful demonstrators protesting the [[arms race]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/world/throngs-fill-manhattan-to-protest-nuclear-weapons.html | title =Throngs Fill Manhattan to Protest Nuclear Weapons | author =Paul L. Montgomery | publisher =nytimes.com | date =June 13, 1982}}</ref> |
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| August 25 || [[Multinational Force in Lebanon|Multinational forces]], including 800 Marines, were deployed to [[Lebanon]] to oversee the withdrawal of [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] after [[Lebanese Civil War]]. || <ref>{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=877DR3un9rIC&pg=PA190&lpg=PA190&dq=August+25,+1982+marines+lebanon#v=onepage&q=August%2025%2C%201982%20marines%20lebanon&f=false | title =From Beirut to Jerusalem: Revised Edition | author =''[[Thomas Friedman|Friedman, Thomas]]'' | author2 =Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn =0-374-15895-9 | page =190 | publisher =books.google.com | year =1989| authorlink2 =Farrar, Straus and Giroux }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1983 || March 23 || President Reagan proposes the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]].|| <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/23/march-23-1983-reagan-proposes-star-wars-missile-defense-system/?_r=0 | title =March 23, 1983: Reagan Proposes ‘Star Wars’ Missile Defense System | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =March 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/32383d.htm | title =Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security: March 23, 1983 | author =''[[University of Texas at Austin]]'' | publisher =utexas.edu | date =}}</ref> |
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| April 18 || ''[[1983 United States embassy bombing]]'': The U.S. embassy in [[Beirut]] was bombed by members of the [[Islamic Jihad Organization]] (IJO), killing 63 people, including 17 U.S. government personnel. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/etc/cron.html | title =Terrorist Attacks on Americans, 1979–1988 | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| October 23 || ''[[Beirut barracks bombing]]'': 241 [[United States Marine Corps]] personnel were killed in a suicide bombing by members of the IJO in [[Lebanon]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/tl03.html | title =1983–1991: Target America | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref> |
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| October 25 || ''[[Operation Urgent Fury]]'': Under executive action from President Reagan, the U.S. deployed 1,900 military personnel in the Invasion of [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|Grenada]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_3207000/3207509.stm | title =1983: US troops invade Grenada | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date=October 25, 1983}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1984 || April 23 || [[U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services]] [[Margaret Heckler]] announces [[Robert Gallo|Dr. Robert Gallo]] and fellow [[National Cancer Institute|NCI]] researcher's discovery of [[Human immunodeficiency virus|HTLV-III]] as the virus that causes [[Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome|AIDS]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/aids-timeline/ | title =A Timeline of AIDS | author =''[[United States Department of Health and Human Services]]'' | author2 =AIDS.gov| authorlink2 =AIDS.gov }}</ref> |
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| May 8 || ''[[1984 Summer Olympics boycott]]'': The Soviet Union, later joined by most of the [[Eastern Bloc]], announced the boycott of the [[1984 Summer Olympics]] held in Los Angeles. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122084/ | title =Doleful Days for the Games: A boycott—this time by the U.S.S.R.—delivered a stunning blow to this summer's L.A. Olympics | author =Kenneth Reich | author2 =Sports Illustrated | publisher =cnn.com | date =May 21, 1984| authorlink2 =Sports Illustrated }}</ref> |
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| July 18 || ''[[San Ysidro McDonald's massacre]]'': A mass shooting in [[San Ysidro, California]] left 22 (including the perpetrator) dead and injured 19 others; being the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history at the time. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.utsandiego.com/san-ysidro-massacre/ | title =San Ysidro Massacre: July 18, 1984 | author =''[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]'' | publisher =utsandiego.com}}</ref> |
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| November 6 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1984]]'': President Reagan was reelected to a second term, defeating former [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Walter Mondale]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1984 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1984 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1985 || July 13 || ''[[Live Aid]]'', a concert attended by 100,000 people and watched by 1.9 billion viewers in 150 countries at the [[John F. Kennedy Stadium]] in [[Philadelphia]], was held, raising global awareness of [[1983–85 famine in Ethiopia|famine in Ethiopia]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/liveaid.memories/ | title =Live Aid 1985: A day of magic | author =Graham Jones | publisher =cnn.com | date =July 6, 2005}}</ref> |
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| December 12 | || ''[[Arrow Air Flight 1285]]'', carrying U.S. Army personnel to Egypt, crashed in [[Newfoundland, Canada]], killing all 256 passengers on board and being the deadliest single aviation accident in the history of the U.S. military. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thetelegram.com/News/Local/Arrow-Air-%26mdash%3B-25-years-later-182/content/1 | title =Arrow Air — 25 Years Later | author =''[[The Telegram]]'' | publisher =thetelegram.com}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="13" valign="top" | 1986 || January 20 || The first [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]] is observed. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thekingcenter.org/making-king-holiday | title =Making of the King Holiday | author =''[[King Center for Nonviolent Social Change]]'' | publisher =thekingcenter.org}}</ref> |
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| January 28 || ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster]]'': The [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] exploded due to a leak in the shuttle's [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket booster]] 73 seconds after departing from the [[Kennedy Space Center]], killing all seven crew members aboard, including school teacher [[Christa McAuliffe]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.nasa.gov/Biographies/challenger.html | title =The Crew of the Challenger Shuttle Mission in 1986 | author =''[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]'' | publisher =nasa.gov | date =October 22, 2004|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041027173838/http://history.nasa.gov/Biographies/challenger.html|archivedate=October 27, 2004}}</ref> |
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| April 15 || ''[[Operation El Dorado Canyon]]'': The U.S. began air strikes against [[Libya]] after the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing|Berlin discotheque bombing]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/us-bombs-libya | title =U.S. bombs Libya | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| May 19 || The ''[[Firearm Owners Protection Act]]'' was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d099:SN00049:@@@L&summ2=m& | title =Bill Summary & Status 99th Congress (1985–1986) S.49 All Information | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov}}</ref> |
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| May 25 || ''[[Hands Across America]]'': Over five million Americans formed a human chain across the [[Continental United States]], holding hands for 15 minutes to raise awareness of hunger and homelessness. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-11-02/entertainment/ca-15476_1_expenses | title =Hands Across America, May 25, 1986 : Hands' Bills Paid in Full, But Homeless Still Waiting | author =Dennis McDougal | publisher =latimes.com | date =November 2, 1986}}</ref> |
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| October 1 || The ''[[Goldwater–Nichols Act]]'' was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a442953.pdf | title =The Battle Over Change: The Goldwater-Nichols Act Of 1986 | author =Jeffrey G. Lofgren, Dr. David P. Auerswald, Colonel John Zielinski | author2 =United States Department of Defense | publisher =dtic.mil| authorlink2 =United States Department of Defense }}</ref> |
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| October 9 || The [[Fox Broadcasting Company]] was founded. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/fox-network-evolution-over-25-years-2012-5?op=1 | title =These Were the Milestones That Made Fox a Powerhouse Fourth Network | author =Kirsten Acuna | publisher =businessinsider.com | date =May 19, 2012}}</ref> |
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| October 21 || The ''[[Compact of Free Association]]'' was signed by the U.S., giving Independence to the [[Marshall Islands]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://history.state.gov/countries/marshall-islands | title =A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Republic of the Marshall Islands | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Office of the Historian]]'', ''[[Bureau of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| October 22 || The [[Tax Reform Act of 1986]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/5678 | title =Remarks on Signing the Tax Reform Act (October 22, 1986) | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org}}</ref> |
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| November 3 || ''[[Iran–Contra affair]]'': The Lebanese magazine ''[[Ash-Shiraa]]'' first revealed that the United States had secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for American hostages, amid a U.S. [[arms embargo]]. || <ref name="BrownUniversityIranContra">{{cite web | url=http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/overview-case.php | title =Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs | author =''[[Brown University]]'' | publisher =brown.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/iran-arms-sales-revealed | title =Nov 3, 1986: Iran arms sales revealed | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| November 6 || The ''[[Immigration Reform and Control Act]]'' was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1986_immigration_reform_and_control_act.html | title =1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, a.k.a. The Simpson-Mazzoli Act | author =''[[University of Washington Bothell]]'' | publisher =uwb.edu}}</ref> |
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| November 25 || After the resignation of [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] [[John Poindexter]], [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]] [[Edwin Meese]] revealed that the profits from the U.S. arms trade with Iran were illegally diverted to support contra groups in [[Nicaragua]]. || <ref name="BrownUniversityIranContra" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/news/specials/obits/reagan/timeline.html | title =The Life of Ronald Reagan: A Timeline | author =''[[National Public Radio]]'' | publisher =npr.org | year =2013}}</ref> |
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| November 26 || The [[Tower Commission]] is established by President Reagan to investigate the ''Iran-Contra affair''. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/timeline-legal.php | title =Iran-Contra Legal Aftermath Timeline | author =''[[Brown University]]'' | publisher =brown.edu}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1987 || May 5 || Joint special House and Senate hearings on the ''Iran-Contra affair'' began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/thehearings.php | title =Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs the Hearings | author =''[[Brown University]]'' | publisher =brown.edu}}</ref> |
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| June 12 || During a visit to [[Berlin]], President Reagan challenged [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to "[[Tear down this wall!|tear down this wall]]", referring to the [[Berlin Wall]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1631828,00.html | title =20 Years After "Tear Down This Wall" | author =Romesh Ratnesar | author2 =Time Magazine | publisher =time.com | date =June 11, 2007| authorlink2 =Time Magazine }}</ref> |
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| October 19 || ''[[Black Monday (1987)|Black Monday]]'': The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] fell 508 points in a single session, losing 22.6% of its value. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/businesshistory/October/blackmonday.html | title =Black Monday Stock Market Crash | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' | publisher =loc.gov | date =December 3, 2012}}</ref> |
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| October 23 || The U.S. Senate rejects President Reagan's Supreme Court [[Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination|nomination]] of [[Robert Bork]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1989/1102/dbork.html | title =Bork Takes the Stand for Judicial Principles | author =James H. Andrews | publisher =csmonitor.com | date =November 2, 1989}}</ref> |
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| November 18 || A joint congressional report investigating the ''Iran-Contra affair'' found that the "ultimate responsibility for the events in the Iran-contra affair must rest with the President." || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.philly.com/1987-11-18/news/26175608_1_iran-contra-secret-iran-arms-deal-contra-aid-operation | title ='Ultimate Responsibility' Put on Reagan Congressional Report Cites Broken Laws | author =''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' | publisher =philly.com | date =November 18, 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/PS157/assignment%20files%20public/congressional%20report%20key%20sections.htm | title =The Iran-Contra Report | author =''[[University of California, Santa Barbara]]'' | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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| December 8 || The [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] was signed in Washington, D.C. between the U.S. and Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.state.gov/t/avc/trty/102360.htm | title =Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty) | author =''[[United States Department of State]]'' ''[[Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance]]'' | publisher =state.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 1988 || May 14 || ''[[Carrollton bus collision]]'': A drunk driver crashed into a church bus near [[Carrollton, Kentucky]], killing twenty-seven people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20130512/NEWS01/107090005/-1/EXTRAS35/Carrollton-bus-crash-Survivors-deal-with-loss-at-25th-anniversary-memorial | title =Carrollton bus crash: Survivors deal with loss at 25th anniversary memorial | author =Chris Kenning | author2 =Louisville Courier-Journal | publisher =courier-journal.com | date =May 14, 2013| authorlink2 =Louisville Courier-Journal }}</ref> |
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| || The ''[[Yellowstone fires of 1988]]'' burned 793,880 acres of [[Yellowstone National Park]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://wrdc.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/pub__6055694.pdf | title =Yellowstone National Park and the Summer of fire | author =Diane Smith | author2 =Utah State University | publisher =usu.edu| authorlink2 =Utah State University }}</ref> |
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| August 8 || [[Wrigley Field]] in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] added lights for night games, being the last major league park that didn't have lights. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-chicagodays-wrigleylights-story,0,866410.story | title =The Cubs get lights at Wrigley Field: The last stronghold of daytime baseball finally glows in the dark. | author =Phil Vettel | publisher =chicagotribune.com | date =August 9, 1988}}</ref> |
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| August 10 || The [[Civil Liberties Act]], compensating [[Japanese American]]s who "lost liberty or property because of discriminatory action by the Federal government during World War II", was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/S06%20-%20Civil%20Liberties%20Act%20of%201988.htm | title =The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 | author =Steven Wright | author2 =Dartmouth College | publisher =dartmouth.edu| authorlink2 =Dartmouth College }}</ref> |
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| August 30 || ''[[STS-41-D]]'': The [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] was launched. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/shuttleoperations/orbiters/discovery-info.html | title =Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103) | author =''[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]'' | publisher =nasa.gov | date =April 12, 2013}}</ref> |
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| November 2 || ''[[Morris worm]]'', the first [[computer worm]] distributed via the [[Internet]], was launched. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/morris-worm.html | title =The Robert Morris Internet Worm | author =''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]'' | publisher =mit.edu}}</ref> |
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| November 8 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1988]]'': [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] was elected President, defeating [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Michael Dukakis]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1988 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1988 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1989 || March 15 || The [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/status/mission/mva.htm | title =Department of Veterans Affairs | author =''[[University of North Texas]]'' | publisher =unt.edu}}</ref> |
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| March 24 || ''[[Exxon Valdez oil spill]]'': An [[Exxon Valdez|oil tanker]] struck a reef in [[Prince William Sound]], spilling over 11 million gallons of crude oil in the [[Gulf of Alaska]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/learning/exxon.htm | title =Emergency Management: Exxon Valdez | author =''[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'' | publisher =epa.gov | date =March 28, 2013}}</ref> |
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| May 31 || [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Jim Wright]] becomes the first House Speaker to resign amid scandal; he was succeeded by [[Tom Foley]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/wright.htm | title =Speaker Jim Wright's Downfall – 1989 | author =Larry J. Sabato | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date=July 21, 1998}}</ref> |
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| September<br/>10-22|| ''[[Hurricane Hugo]]'' struck the East Coast, killing 49 people and causing $7 billion in damage. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/hugo/ | title =Pounding winds reshaped lives | author =''[[Charlotte Observer]] | publisher =charlotteobserver.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/04/forcesofnature/forces/h_5.html | title =Forces of Nature: Hurricane Hugo | author =''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' | publisher =nationalgeographic.com | year =1996}}</ref> |
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| October 17 || The ''[[Loma Prieta earthquake]]'', striking the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and interrupting the [[1989 World Series]], killed sixty-three people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/04/forcesofnature/forces/e_4.html | title =Forces of Nature: Loma Prieta | author =''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' | publisher =nationalgeographic.com | year =1996}}</ref> |
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| December 3 || ''[[Malta Summit]]'': President Bush and Soviet Premier Gorbachev met in [[Malta]] weeks after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], releasing statements indicating that the war may be coming to an end. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB298/ | title =Bush and Gorbachev at Malta Previously Secret Documents from Soviet and U.S. Files on the 1989 Meeting, 20 Years Later | author =Svetlana Savranskaya, Thomas Blanton | author2 =George Washington University | publisher =gwu.edu | date =December 3, 2009| authorlink2 =George Washington University }}</ref> |
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| December 20 || ''[[Operation Just Cause]]'': 26,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed in the U.S. invasion of [[Panama]], removing Military Governor [[Manuel Noriega]] from power and restoring Panama's democratically elected government. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.army.mil/article/14302/ | title =Operation Just Cause: the Invasion of Panama, December 1989 | author =Shannon Schwaller | author2= United States Army | publisher =army.mil | date =November 17, 2008| authorlink2 =United States Army }}</ref> |
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| || The ''[[Office of National Drug Control Policy]]'' was established. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9252490 | title =Timeline: America's War on Drugs | author =''[[National Public Radio]]'' | publisher =npr.org | date =April 2, 2007}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1990 || January 13 || [[Douglas Wilder]] was elected [[Governor of Virginia]], becoming the first African American to become governor of a U.S. State. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/jan-13-1990-douglas-wilder-becomes-first-elected-african-american-governor-in-u-s/?_r=0 | title =Jan. 13, 1990: L. Douglas Wilder Becomes First Elected Black Governor in U.S. | author =''[[New York Times]]'' | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 13, 2012}}</ref> |
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| April 24 || The [[Hubble Space Telescope]] was launched during a mission of the [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://science1.nasa.gov/missions/hst/ | title =Hubble Space Telescope (HST) | author =''[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]'' | publisher =nasa.gov | date =October 26, 2012}}</ref> |
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| June 1 || The [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord]] was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/superpowers-to-destroy-chemical-weapons | title =Superpowers to destroy chemical weapons | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}}</ref> |
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| July 26 || The [[Americans with Disabilities Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/07/happy-birthday-ada.html | title =Happy Birthday ADA | author =''[[PBS NewsHour]]'' | publisher =pbs.org | date =July 26, 2013}}</ref> |
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| August 2 || ''[[Gulf War]]'': [[President of Iraq|Iraqi President]] [[Saddam Hussein]] leads the deployment of 140,000 [[Iraq]]i troops in the ''[[invasion of Kuwait]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_kuwait.html | title =The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: 1990 The Invasion of Kuwait | author =Dave Johns | author2 =Frontline | publisher =pbs.org | year =2002| authorlink2 =Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series) }}</ref> |
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| November 15 || The [[Clean Air Act of 1990]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-administrator-rseilly-hails-signing-new-clean-air-act | title =EPA Administrator Reilly Hails Signing of New Clean Air Act | author =''[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]'' | publisher =epa.gov | date =November 15, 1990}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1991 || January 17 || ''[[Operation Desert Storm]]'': The United States leads 34 [[Coalition of the Gulf War|coalition nations]] in the invasion of [[Ba'athist Iraq]]; deploying over 500,000 U.S. military personnel in response to Iraq's annexation of Kuwait. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://millercenter.org/president/events/01_17 | title =Persian Gulf War Begins–January 17, 1991 | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' ''[[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]'' | publisher =millercenter.org | year =2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://armylive.dodlive.mil/index.php/2013/02/operation-desert-storm/ | title =A Timeline of Operation Desert Storm | publisher =''[[United States Army]]'' | date =February 26, 2013}}</ref> |
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| February 28 || President George H.W. Bush announces that a cease fire was reached between in the Gulf War, stating that "Kuwait is liberated. Iraq's army is defeated." || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/28/newsid_2515000/2515289.stm | title =1991: Jubilation follows Gulf War ceasefire | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.com | date =February 21, 1991}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| July 31 || ''[[START I]]'' was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/31/newsid_4582000/4582773.stm | title =1991: Superpowers to cut nuclear warheads | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.com | date =July 31, 1991}}</ref> |
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| December 26 || The [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], recognizing the independence of twelve Soviets states after the resignation of [[President of the Soviet Union|Soviet President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who declared his office extinct, formally ended the [[Cold War]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title =END OF THE SOVIET UNION; The Soviet State, Born of a Dream, Dies | author =Serge Schmemann | author2 =New York Times | publisher =nytimes.com | date =December 26, 1991| authorlink2 =New York Times }}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/soviet_end_01.shtml | title =Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State | author =Archie Brown | author2 =British Broadcasting Company | publisher =bbc.com | date =February 17, 2011| authorlink2 =British Broadcasting Company }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| || [[Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination|Confirmation hearings]] of Supreme Court nominee [[Clarence Thomas]] were held by the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]], after allegations regarding sexual harassment charges were pressed by former aide [[Anita Hill]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/hilloutline2.htm | title =An Outline of the Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas Controversy | author =''[[George Mason University]]'' | publisher =gmu.edu}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1992 || April 29–<br/>May 4 || ''[[1992 Los Angeles riots]]'': Riots in Los Angeles, spurred by the acquittal of four [[Los Angeles Police Department]] officers accused in the beating of [[Rodney King]], took place, which resulted in over fifty deaths and $1 billion in damage. |
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|| <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://scholar.oxy.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1283&context=uep_faculty | title =America's Urban Crisis a Decade After the Los Angeles Riots | author =Peter Dreier | author2 =Occidental College | journal =National Civil Review |volume =92 |issue =1 |pages =35–55 | publisher =oxy.edu | year =2003 | doi=10.1002/ncr.4 | authorlink2=Occidental College}}</ref> |
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| May 7 || The [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution]], prohibiting changes to [[United States Congress|Congressmen's]] salaries from taking effect until after an election of [[United States House of Representatives|Representatives]], was ratified. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Strickland_Ruth_Ann_1993_The_Twenty_Seventh.pdf | title =The Twenty-Seventh Amendment and Constitutional Change by Stealth | author =Ruth Ann Strickland | author2 =Cambridge University Press | issn =0030-8269 | publisher =[[University of North Carolina at Greensboro]] | year =1993| authorlink2 =Cambridge University Press }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| August 16–28 || ''[[Hurricane Andrew]]'': A Category 5 hurricane killed sixty-five people and caused $26 billion in damage to Florida and other areas of the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]]. |
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|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/?n=andrew | title =Hurricane Andrew August 16-28, 1992 | author =''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'' ''[[National Weather Service]]'' | publisher =noaa.gov | date =August 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/satellite/satelliteseye/hurricanes/andrew92/andrew.html | title =Hurricane Andrew 1992 | author =''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'' ''[[National Climatic Data Center]]'' | publisher =noaa.gov | date =October 31, 2013}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| November 3 || ''[[United States presidential election, 1992]]'': [[Governor of Arkansas|Arkansas Governor]] [[Bill Clinton]] was elected President, defeating incumbent [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Texas]] businessman [[Ross Perot]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1992 | title =The American Presidency Project Election of 1992 | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu| authorlink2 =University of California, Santa Barbara }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="8" valign="top" | 1993 || January 3 || [[START II]] was signed between the United States and the [[Russian Federation]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/acda/factshee/wmd/nuclear/start2/strt-chr.htm | title =Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II Chronology | author =''[[University of Illinois at Chicago]]'' | publisher =uic.edu | date =December 13, 1995}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| February 13–<br/>April 19 || ''[[Waco siege]]'': After the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]] failed to raid the compound of members of the religious sect the [[Branch Davidians]], the [[FBI]] prompted a 51-day standoff; resulting in the deaths of 72 Branch Davidians after a fire broke out in the compound. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/waco/timeline.html | title =Chronology of the Siege | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' | publisher =pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/30/us/officials-lower-death-toll-in-waco-fire-to-around-72.html | title =Officials Lower Death Toll in Waco Fire to Around 72 | publisher =nytimes.com | author =Michael deCourcy Hinds | date =April 30, 1993}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| February 26 || ''[[1993 World Trade Center bombing]]'': A truck bomb exploded in the parking garage under the [[World Trade Center]] in [[Manhattan]], killing six people and injuring 1,042 others. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2008/february/tradebom_022608 | title =FBI 100 First Strike: Global Terror in America | author =''[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'' | publisher =fbi.gov | date =February 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-28/news/mn-404_1_world-trade-center-explosion/2 | title =Clues in N.Y. Blast Point to a Bomb; Injury Toll Rises : Disaster: Police call World Trade Center explosion a 'callous criminal act.' Unsafe conditions hamper investigation. Two people are missing; 1,042 are hurt | author =William C. Rempel | author2 =Los Angeles Times | publisher =latimes.com | date =February 28, 1993| authorlink2 =Los Angeles Times }}</ref> |
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| October 3–4 || ''[[Battle of Mogadishu (1993)|Battle of Mogadishu]]'': 18 U.S. military personnel, as a part of [[Operation Gothic Serpent]], were killed and 84 wounded after a seventeen hour assault was prompted by Somali militiamen. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Events/Somalia93/Somalia93.html | title =Operation Restore Hope/Battle of Mogadishu | author =''[[Northern Virginia Community College]]'' | author2 =C.T. Evans, R. Snyder | publisher =nvcc.edu | date =August 2001}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | November 30 || The [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy, prohibiting openly gay and bisexual people from serving in the military, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/journals/conlaw/articles/volume9/issue2/Kostoulas9U.Pa.J.Const.L.565(2007).pdf | title =Ask, Tell, and Be Merry: The Constitutionality of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Following Lawrence v. Texas and United States v. Marcum | author =Evangelos Kostoulas | author2 =University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law | volume =9 | issue =2 | publisher =upenn.edu | date =| authorlink2 =University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| The [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act]] was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19931130&slug=1734469 | title =Clinton Signs Brady Bill | author =Carolyn Skorneck | author2 =Associated Press | publisher =seattletimes.com | date =November 30, 1993| authorlink2 =Associated Press }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| December 8 || The [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] was signed by the United States.|| <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1250181.stm | title =The struggle for Nafta | author =''[[British Broadcasting Company]]'' | publisher =bbc.com | date =April 6, 2001}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Great Flood of 1993]]'': Massive flooding along the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and [[Missouri River]]s killed 48 people and caused $30.2 billion in damage; being the costliest flood in U.S. history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/05/the-10-costliest-floods-in-american-history/239309/#slide10 | title =The 10 Costliest Floods in American History | author =Douglas A. McIntyre, Michael B. Sauter | author2 =The Atlantic | publisher =theatlantic.com | date =May 23, 2011| authorlink2 =The Atlantic }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1994 || January 17 || The [[1994 Northridge earthquake]], striking the [[Northridge, Los Angeles]] area, killed fifty-seven people and leaving 20,000 others homeless; causing $20 billion in damage and being the costliest earthquake in U.S. history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs110-99/ | title =Understanding Earthquake Hazards In Southern California | author =Carolyn Donlin | author2 =United States Geological Survey | publisher =usgs.gov | date =August 8, 2002| authorlink2 =United States Geological Survey }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| September 19 || The [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]], authorizing the [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]] and the [[Violence Against Women Act]], was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PPP-1994-book2/pdf/PPP-1994-book2-doc-pg1539.pdf | title =Remarks on Signing the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 | author =[[United States Government Printing Office]] | publisher =gpo.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/july-dec04/assaultban_9-13.html | title =Assault Weapons Ban Expires | author =[[PBS NewsHour]] | publisher =pbs.org | date =September 13, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/policy/vawa.shtml | title =The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 | author =[[Medical University of South Carolina]] | author2 =David M. Heger | publisher =musc.edu | date =December 7, 2004}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| November 8 || ''[[Republican Revolution]]'': The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] picked up [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1994|54 seats in the House]] and [[United States Senate elections, 1994|8 seats in the Senate]], being one of the largest shifts in party balance in U.S. congressional history. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/1994midtermelection.html | title =1994 Midterm Elections | author =[[University of California, Berkeley]] | publisher =berkeley.edu | date =March 7, 2011}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1995 || April 19 || ''[[Oklahoma City bombing]]'': A bombing killed 168 and wounded eight hundred. |
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|- |
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| July 14–20 || The ''[[1995 Chicago heat wave]]'' killed 739 people in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-312/July-2011/Why-People-Die-During-Heat-Waves/ | title =Why People Die During Heat Waves | author =Whet Moser | author2 =Chicago Magazine | publisher =chicagomag.com | date =July 20, 2011| authorlink2 =Chicago Magazine }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/443213in.html | title =Dying Alone | author =[[University of Chicago Press]] | publisher =uchicago.edu | year =2002}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| October 3 || Retired professional football player [[O. J. Simpson]] was acquitted of two charges of first-degree murder in the 1994 slayings of his ex-wife, [[Nicole Brown Simpson]], and [[Ronald Goldman]]. |
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|- |
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| || ''[[United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996]]'': A budget crisis caused the federal government to partially shut down. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1996 || || ''[[TWA Flight 800]]'': A flight exploded off [[Long Island]], killing all 230 aboard. |
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|- |
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| || ''[[Khobar Towers bombing]]'': A bombing left nineteen American servicemen dead in [[Saudi Arabia]]. |
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|- |
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| || ''[[Centennial Olympic Park bombing]]'': A bombing in [[Atlanta]] killed one and injured 111. |
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|- |
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| August 22 || The [[Welfare Reform Act of 1996]], replacing the [[Aid to Families with Dependent Children|AFDC]] with [[TANF]], was signed into law. |
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|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2002/04/welfare-weaver | title =The Structure of the TANF Block Grant | author =R. Kent Weaver | author2 =Brookings Institution | publisher =brookings.edu | date =April 2002| authorlink2 =Brookings Institution }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/news/9608/22/welfare.sign/ | title =Clinton Signs Welfare Reform Bill, Angers Liberals | publisher =cnn.com | date =August 22, 1996}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 1996]]'': [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] was reelected. |
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|- |
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| || ''United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996'': The shutdown ended. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1997 || || [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] allowed student funding for any research on human cloning. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || Sparked by a global economic crisis scare, the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] followed world markets and plummeted 554.26, or 7.18%, to 7,161.15. |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1998 || || Former [[Arkansas]] state employee [[Paula Jones]] accused [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] of sexual harassment. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || ''[[Lewinsky scandal]]'': [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] was accused of having a sexual relationship with 22-year-old [[White House]] intern, [[Monica Lewinsky]]. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || ''[[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]]'': 224 were killed in bombings in [[Tanzania]] and [[Kenya]]. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || Gay college student [[Matthew Shepard]] was brutally murdered near the [[University of Wyoming]]. |
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| |
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|- |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 1999 || || [[Dennis Hastert]] of [[Illinois]] becomes [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] closed at 10,006.78. |
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| |
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| April 20 || Two teenage students murdered 13 other students and teachers at [[Columbine High School]]. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || ''[[1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak]]'': A violent tornado outbreak in [[Oklahoma]] killed fifty people and produced a tornado which caused $1 billion in damage. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || ''[[EgyptAir Flight 990]]'': The first officer deliberately crashed a plane south of [[Nantucket, Massachusetts]], killing 217. |
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| |
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|- |
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| || Along with the rest of the world, the United States prepared for the possible effects of [[Year 2000 problem|the Y2K bug]] in computers, which was feared destined to cause computers to become inoperable and wreak havoc. |
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| |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2000 || || ''[[USS Cole bombing]]'': The {{USS|Cole|DDG-67|6}} was bombed in [[Yemen]]i waters, killing seventeen United States Navy sailors. |
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|} |
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{{clear}} |
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== 21st century == |
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[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|The [[World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 terrorist attacks]]]] |
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[[File:Powell-anthrax-vial.jpg|thumb|[[Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] holding a vial of anthrax at the [[UN Security Council]] just before the [[Iraq War]]]] |
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[[File:Virginia Tech massacre candlelight vigil Burruss.jpg|thumb|Mourners of the [[Virginia Tech massacre]]]] |
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[[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]], the 44th [[President of the United States]]]] |
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[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - SWAT Teams at Fort Hood.jpg|thumb|[[SWAT]] responding to the [[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood shooting]]]] |
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[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 100506-N-6070S-346.jpg|thumb|Oil burning after the [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill|''Deepwater Horizon'' oil spill]]]] |
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[[File:Gabrielle Giffords shooting scene.jpg|thumb|First responders at the [[2011 Tucson shooting]]]] |
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[[File:Obama and Biden await updates on bin Laden.jpg|thumb|[[Barack Obama]] and his advisers await word on the [[death of Osama bin Laden|death]] of [[Osama bin Laden]]]] |
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[[File:1st Boston Marathon blast seen from 2nd floor and a half block away.jpg|thumb|The aftermath of the [[Boston Marathon bombings]]]] |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event ||Reference |
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|- |
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| rowspan="7" valign="top" | 2001 || January 20 || ''[[First inauguration of George W. Bush]]'': [[George W. Bush]] was inaugurated the forty-third President of the United States. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1127937.stm | title =President Bush sworn in | author =[[British Broadcasting Company]] | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =January 20, 2001}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| June 7 || The [[Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001]] was signed into law by President [[George W. Bush]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR01836:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001–2002) H.R.1836 Major Congressional Actions Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 | author =[[United States Library of Congress]] ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| September 11 || ''[[September 11 terrorist attacks]]'': Nineteen terrorists hijacked four planes and crashed them into the [[World Trade Center]], [[The Pentagon]], and a field in [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] killing nearly three thousand people and injuring over six thousand. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0911.html | title =Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon in Day of Terror | author =[[Serge Schmemann]] | publisher =nytimes.com | date =September 12, 2001}}</ref> |
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| September 18 || ''[[2001 Anthrax attacks]]'': Anthrax attacks killed five and infected seventeen more through the mail system. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npr.org/2011/02/15/93170200/timeline-how-the-anthrax-terror-unfolded | title =Timeline: How the Anthrax Terror Unfolded | author =[[NPR]] | author2 =CNN | publisher =npr.org | date =February 15, 2011| authorlink2 =CNN }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| October 7 || ''[[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)]]'': The United States launched an [[Operation Enduring Freedom|invasion]] of [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Afghanistan/Operation%20Enduring%20Freedom.htm | title =The United States Army in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom | author =Elzie R. Golden | author2 =United States Army | publisher =army.mil | date =March 17, 2006 | year =2003| authorlink2 =United States Army }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| October 26 || The [[USA PATRIOT Act]], increasing law enforcement agencies' ability to conduct searches in cases of suspected terrorism, was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR03162:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001–2002) H.R.3162 Major Congressional ActionsUniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT ACT) Act | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| November 12 || ''[[American Airlines Flight 587]]'': A flight crashed in [[Queens]], New York, killing 265. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/THE-CRASH-OF-FLIGHT-587-Accident-is-focus-in-2858198.php | title =The Crash of Flight 587 / Accident is focus in probe of crash / 265 killed in New York -- officials find no evidence of terrorism / Dominican-bound jet hits residential area | author =Zachary Coile, Stacy Finz | publisher =''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' | date =November 13, 2001}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 2002 || June 13 || The United States officially withdraws from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-06-14/news/0206140258_1_abm-treaty-anti-ballistic-missile-treaty-senate-ratification | title =Bush officially withdraws U.S. from 1972 ABM Treaty | author =Frank James | publisher =chicagotribune.com | date =June 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| January 8 || The [[No Child Left Behind Act]] education reform bill was signed into law. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR00001:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001–2002) H.R.1 Major Congressional Actions No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| October 2–22|| ''[[Beltway sniper attacks]]'': Ten people were killed and three were injured in attacks around the Washington, D.C. area. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2007/october/snipers_102207 | title =A Byte Out of History the Beltway Snipers, Part 1 | author =''[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]'' | publisher =fbi.gov | date =October 27, 2007}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| November 25 || The [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] was created. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dhs.gov/creation-department-homeland-security | title =Creation of the Department of Homeland Security | author =''[[United States Department of Homeland Security]]'' | publisher = dhs.gov}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 2003 || February 1 || ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]]'': The [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] disintegrated on reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/aviation/space_program/columbia_disaster/ | title =The Columbia shuttle disaster All 7 astronauts died when shuttle broke apart in re-entry | publisher =indystar.com | date =February 2, 2003}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| February 17 || ''[[2003 E2 nightclub stampede]]'': A nightclub stampede in [[Chicago, Illinois]] killed twenty-one. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Midwest/02/18/btsc.flock/ | title =Chicago overwhelmed by nightclub deaths | author =Jeff Flock | publisher =cnn.com | date =February 25, 2003}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| February 20 || ''[[The Station nightclub fire]]'': A fire caused by [[pyrotechnics]] at a nightclub in [[West Warwick, Rhode Island]] killed 100 people and injured over 230. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ri-marks-10th-anniversary-deadly-nightclub-fire | title =RI Marks 10th Anniversary of Deadly Nightclub Fire | author =David Klepper | author2 =Associated Press | publisher =ap.org | date =February 20, 2013| authorlink2 =Associated Press }}</ref> |
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| March 19 || ''[[2003 invasion of Iraq|Invasion of Iraq]]'': The United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded [[History of Iraq (1968–2003)|Iraq]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/03/19/sprj.irq.int.bush.transcript/ | title =Bush declares war | publisher =cnn.com | date =March 19, 2003}}</ref> |
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| December 13 || ''[[Capture of Saddam Hussein]]'': In [[Coalition Provisional Authority|Iraq]], deposed Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] was captured by United States special forces. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/world/newsid_3318000/3318111.stm | title =Operation Red Dawn: Saddam captured | publisher =bbc.co.uk | date =December 14, 2003}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2004 || February 4 || The social networking website [[Facebook]] was launched. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2010/02/facebook-six-years-later-from-a-dorm-room-to-a-household-name.html | title =Facebook six years later: from a dorm room experiment to a household name | author =Don Reisinger | publisher =latimes.com | date =February 4, 2010}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| || ''[[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]]'': Four deadly and damaging hurricanes impacted Florida, killing a combined one hundred people in the United States and producing over $50 billion in damage. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/pdfs/noaa.html | title =Floods can happen anywhere. Are you prepared? | author =''[[National Flood Insurance Program]]'' | publisher =floodsmart.gov}}</ref> |
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| November 2 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 2004]]''; President [[George W. Bush]] was reelected. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19510-2004Nov2.html | title =Bush Wins Second Term Kerry Concedes Defeat; Both Speak of Need for Unity | author =Dan Balz | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =November 4, 2004}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2005 || January 20 || ''[[Second inauguration of George W. Bush]]'': [[George W. Bush]] was inaugurated to his second term. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/event/george-w-bush-2005 | title =Swearing-In Ceremony for President George W. Bush Fifty-Fifth Inaugural Ceremonies, January 20, 2005 | author =''[[United States Senate]]'' | publisher =inaugural.senate.gov | date =January 20, 2005}}</ref> |
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| August 23–30|| ''[[Hurricane Katrina]]'': A hurricane devastated the [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Alabama]] coastlines killing at least 1,836 people and causing $81 billion in damage. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.weather.com/newscenter/topstories/060829katrinastats.html | title =Katrina's statistics tell story of its wrath | author =''[[The Weather Channel]]'' | publisher =weather.com | date =August 21, 2009}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="1" valign="top" | 2006 || November 7 || The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] regained control of both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] and gained control of a majority of state governorships. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/house/ | title =America Votes 2006 U.S. House of Representatives | publisher =cnn.com | year =2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/senate/ | title =America Votes 2006 U.S. Senate | publisher =cnn.com | year =2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/governor/ | title =America Votes 2006 Governor | publisher =cnn.com | year =2007}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 2007 || January 3 || [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Nancy Pelosi]] became the first woman to become [[Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Nancy-Pelosi-in-the-seat-of-power-The-speaker-2625595.php | title =Nancy Pelosi in the seat of power / The speaker runs the House, guides its members -- a realm that influences the nation, the world | author =Edward Epstein | publisher =''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' | date =January 3, 2007}}</ref> |
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| January 10 || ''[[Iraq War troop surge of 2007]]'': [[George W. Bush]] ordered the substantial increase of the number of United States troops in [[Iraq]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/middle_east/jan-june07/bush_01-10.html | title =President Bush Outlines New Strategy for Iraq | author =Kristina Nwazota | author2 =PBS NewsHour | publisher =pbs.org | date =January 10, 2007| authorlink2 =PBS NewsHour }}</ref> |
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| April 16 || ''[[Virginia Tech massacre]]'': A South Korean student shot and killed thirty-two other students and professors before killing himself. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/16/us/16cnd-shooting.html?pagewanted=all | title =Virginia Tech Shooting Leaves 33 Dead | author =Christine Hauser, Anahad O'Connor | publisher =nytimes.com | date =April 16, 2007}}</ref> |
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| August 1 || The [[I-35W Mississippi River bridge]] in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota collapsed, killing thirteen people. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/2007/bridge_collapse/victims/ | title =Minneapolis Bridge Collapse: Remembering the Dead | author =''[[Minnesota Public Radio]]'' | publisher =minnesota.publicradio.org}}</ref> |
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| December || ''[[Late-2000s recession]]'': A recession began. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nber.org/cycles/dec2008.html | title =Business Cycle Dating Committee, National Bureau of Economic Research | author =''[[National Bureau of Economic Research]]'' | publisher =nber.org | date =December 1, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/12/01/us-usa-economy-recession-idUSTRE4B05YX20081201 | title =Recession started in December 2007: panel | author =Emily Kaiser | publisher =reuters.com | date =December 1, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/recession/pdf/recession_bls_spotlight.pdf | title =The Recession of 2007–2009 | author =''[[United States Department of Labor]]'' ''[[Bureau of Labor Statistics]]'' | publisher =bls.gov | date =February 2012}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 2008 || February 5–6 || ''[[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak]]'': An outbreak of tornadoes killed over sixty people and produced $1 billion in damage across [[Arkansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Tennessee]], and [[Alabama]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/super_tuesday.pdf | title =Service Assessment Super Tuesday Tornado Outbreak of February 5-6, 2008 | author =''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'' ''[[National Weather Service]]'' | publisher =nws.noaa.gov}}</ref> |
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| September 1–14|| ''[[Hurricane Ike]]'': A hurricane killed 100 people along the Texas coast, producing $31 billion in damage and contributing to rising oil prices. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL092008_Ike_3May10.pdf | title =Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Ike | author =Robbie Berg | author2 =National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | publisher =nhc.noaa.gov | date =January 23, 2009| authorlink2 =National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration }}</ref> |
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| July 11 || Oil prices in the United States hit a record $147 per barrel. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-07-11-3815204975_x.htm?csp=34 | title =Oil sets new trading record above $147 a barrel | author =Madlen Read | author2 =Associated Press | publisher =usatoday.com | date =July 11, 2008| authorlink2 =Associated Press }}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Global financial crisis in September 2008]]'': The stock market crashed. || <ref name="econtimeline">{{cite web | url=http://lauder.wharton.upenn.edu/pages/pdf/class_info/Chronology_Economic_Financial_Crisis.pdf | title=The Global Economic & Financial Crisis: A Timeline | publisher=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] | author=Mauro F. Guillén | author-link=Mauro F. Guillén|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122169431617549947.html | title =Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight | author =Jon Hilsenrath, Serena Ng, Damian Paletta | publisher =online.wsj.com | date =September 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/18/business/18markets.html?pagewanted=all | title =Financial Crisis Enters New Phase | author =Vikas Bajaj | publisher =nytimes.com | date =September 17, 2008}}</ref> |
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| September 14 || ''[[Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers]]'': Investment bank [[Lehman Brothers]] files for bankruptcy, the largest in U.S. history. || <ref name="econtimeline" /> |
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| November 4 || ''[[U.S. presidential election, 2008]]'': [[Barack Obama]] was elected the forty-fourth President of the United States. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05campaign.html?pagewanted=all | title =Obama Wins Election; McCain Loses as Bush Legacy is Rejected | author =Adam Nagourney | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 4, 2008}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="6" valign="top" | 2009 || January 20 || ''[[First inauguration of Barack Obama|Inauguration of Barack Obama]]'': [[Barack Obama|Obama]] was inaugurated the forty-fourth President of the United States. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/us/politics/20web-inaug2.html?pagewanted=all&gwh=3DAB1F6AF78664EA0486EE4835B7DDBB&_r=0 | title =Obama is Sworn in as the 44th President | author =Carl Hulse | publisher =nytimes.com | date =January 20, 2009}}</ref> |
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| February 17 || President [[Barack Obama]] signed the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]], a $787 billion economic stimulus package. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR00001:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 111th Congress (2009–2010) H.R.1 Major Congressional Actions | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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| || ''[[Tea Party protests]]'': The first of a series of protests, focusing on smaller government, fiscal responsibility, individual freedoms and conservative views of the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], were conducted across the country. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://theweek.com/article/index/201903/the-tea-partys-road-to-legitimacy-a-timeline | title =The Tea Party's road to legitimacy: A timeline | author =''[[The Week]]'' | publisher =theweek.com | date =April 15, 2010}}</ref> |
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| June 25 || ''[[Death of Michael Jackson]]'': Pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] died. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/pop-star-michael-jackson-was-rushed-to-a-hospital-this-afternoon-by-los-angeles-fire-department-paramedics--capt-steve-ruda.html | title =Michael Jackson is dead | publisher =latimes.com | date =June 25, 2009}}</ref> |
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| August 8 || [[Sonia Sotomayor]] was sworn in as an [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]]; becoming the first Latino Justice. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aZBIOxvjiJd4 | title =Sonia Sotomayor Sworn in as Supreme Court Justice | author =Greg Stohr | publisher =bloomberg.com | date =August 8, 2009}}</ref> |
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| November 5 || ''[[2009 Fort Hood shooting|Fort Hood shooting]]'': [[Nidal Malik Hasan]] killed twelve servicemen and injured thirty-one. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125750297355533413.html | title =Hash Browns, Then 4 Minutes of Chaos Role of Texas Shooter's Muslim Faith is Examined; Policewoman Hailed as Hero | author =Ana Campoy, Peter Sanders, and Russell Gold | publisher =online.wsj.com | date =November 9, 2009}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 2010 || February 23 || The [[United States Navy]] lifted its ban on women in submarines. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Military/2010/0223/Navy-to-allow-women-to-serve-aboard-submarines | title =Navy to allow women to serve aboard submarines | author =Gordon Lubold | publisher =csmonitor.com | date =February 23, 2010}}</ref> |
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| March 23 || The [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)]] was signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR03590:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 111th Congress (2009–2010) H.R.3590 Major Congressional Actions Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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| April 20 || ''[[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]]'': The [[BP]] oil rig ''[[Deepwater Horizon]]'' [[Deepwater Horizon explosion|exploded]] in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], killing 11 workers and spilling 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf over an 87-day period; being the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.education.noaa.gov/Ocean_and_Coasts/Oil_Spill.html | title =Gulf Oil Spill | author =''[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'' | publisher =noaa.gov | date =March 19, 2013}}</ref> |
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| July 21 || The [[Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]] was signed into law; establishing the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]]. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:HR04173:@@@R | title =Bill Summary & Status 111th Congress (2009–2010) H.R.4173 Major Congressional Actions Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act | author =''[[United States Library of Congress]]'' ''[[THOMAS]]'' | publisher =thomas.loc.gov}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="2" valign="top" | November 2 || ''[[United States Senate elections, 2010]]'': The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] gained five seats, to forty-seven, reducing the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presence in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] to fifty-one. Two seats remained in the hands of independents. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/senate | title =Election 2010 Results Senate Map | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 2, 2010}}</ref> |
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| ''[[United States House of Representatives elections, 2010]]'': The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] gained sixty-two seats, giving them an absolute majority of 242 in the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and reducing the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] presence to 193. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/house | title =Election 2010 Results House Map | publisher =nytimes.com | date =November 2, 2010}}</ref> |
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| November 28 || ''[[United States diplomatic cables leak]]'': [[WikiLeaks]] began to release classified diplomatic documents to the international press. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cable-leak-diplomacy-crisis | title =US embassy cables leak sparks global diplomatic crisis | author =David Leigh | publisher =guardian.co.uk | date =November 28, 2010 | location=London}}</ref> |
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| December 22 || The [[United States Senate|Senate]] ratified the [[New START]] treaty. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/12/22/105692/historic-start-treaty-wins-overwhelming.html#.UeNoJY2TgV0 | title =Historic START treaty wins overwhelming Senate vote, 71-26 | author =David Lightman | author2 =McClatchy News Service | publisher =mcclatchydc.com | date =December 22, 2010| authorlink2 =McClatchy News Service }}</ref> |
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| December 22 || The [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010]] was signed into law, ending the [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy regarding homosexuals in the [[United States Armed Forces]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/22/news/la-pn-dont-ask-20101223 | title ='Don't ask, don't tell' repeal signed by Obama | author =Peter Nichols | publisher =latimes.com | date =December 22, 2010}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="9" valign="top" | 2011 || January 8 || ''[[2011 Tucson shooting]]'': A gunman targeting [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Gabrielle Giffords]] critically injured Giffords and killed six others, including federal judge [[John Roll]], in [[Tucson, Arizona]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/giffords-shooting-timeline/ | title =Giffords shooting: The attack and aftermath | author =''[[Washington Post]]'' | publisher =washingtonpost.com}}</ref> |
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| March 19 || ''[[Operation Odyssey Dawn]]'': The United States began air and cruise missile attacks against [[Libya]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://nation.time.com/2011/03/19/the-balloon-goes-up-in-libya-with-u-s-in-the-back-seat/ | title =Target Libya: Operation 'Odyssey Dawn' Begins | author =Mark Thompson | publisher =nation.time.com | date =March 19, 2011}}</ref> |
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| April 25–28 || ''[[April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]'': The largest tornado outbreak ever in United States history occurs in the American Midwest and Southern United States killing 348 People and causing 11 Billion Dollars in Damage. |
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| May 2 || ''[[Death of Osama bin Laden]]'': [[Al-Qaeda]] head [[Osama bin Laden]] was killed by United States forces in [[Abbottabad|Abbottabad, Pakistan]]. || <ref>{{cite news|author=Cooper, Helene|title=Obama Announces Killing of Osama bin Laden|date=May 1, 2011|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/bin-laden-dead-u-s-official-says/|work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> |
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| August 2 || ''[[United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011|United States debt-ceiling crisis]]'': The [[Budget Control Act of 2011]] was signed into law, increasing the legal limit on federal government debt in order to prevent default and establishing the [[United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/03/us/politics/03fiscal.html | title =Debt Bill is Signed, Ending a Fractious Battle | author =Jennifer Steinhauer | publisher =nytimes.com | date =August 2, 2011}}</ref> |
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| August 5 || ''[[United States federal government credit-rating downgrade, 2011]]'': The credit-rating arm of [[Standard & Poor's]] reduced the rating of United States federal government debt from AAA to AA+. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/08/05/news/economy/downgrade_rumors/index.htm | title =S&P downgrades U.S. credit rating | author =Charles Riley | publisher =money.cnn.com | date =August 6, 2011}}</ref> |
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| August 8 || ''[[August 2011 stock markets fall]]'': Major United States stock market indices dropped in value by some two and a half trillion dollars.|| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-08-09/global-bonds-gain-132-billion-as-stock-rout-cuts-7-8-trillion.html | title =Global Bonds Gain $132 Billion as Stock Rout Cuts $7.8 Trillion | author =Sarah McDonald | publisher =businessweek.com | date =August 9, 2011}}</ref> |
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| September 17 || The populist [[Occupy Wall Street]] protest movement made camp in [[Zuccotti Park]] in New York City. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2011/09/protesters-begin-effort-to-occupy-wall-street/ | title =Protesters Begin Effort to 'Occupy Wall Street' | publisher =abcnews.go.com | date =September 17, 2011}}</ref> |
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| December 18 || ''[[Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq]]'': The last United States troops withdrew from [[Iraq]] under the terms of the [[U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/18/us-iraq-withdrawal-idUSTRE7BH03320111218 | title =Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war | author =Joseph Logan | publisher =reuters.com | date =December 18, 2011}}</ref> |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2012 || October 25–30 || ''[[Hurricane Sandy]]'': A devastating hurricane wreaks havoc for the Eastern United States coast. There were many states severely impacted by the hurricane, especially ''[[New York]]'' and ''[[New Jersey]]'', which took a direct hit from the storm. |
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| November 6 || ''[[United States presidential election, 2012]]'': [[Barack Obama]] is reelected as president. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/us/politics/obama-romney-presidential-election-2012.html?pagewanted=all | title =Divided U.S. Gives Obama More Time | work =The New York Times | date =November 6, 2012 | accessdate =August 31, 2013 | author1 =Zeleny, Jeff | author2 =Rutenberg, Jim | page =A1 | author2-link =Jim Rutenberg}}</ref> |
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| December 14 || ''[[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]]'': Occurs in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] killing 20 Children and 6 Staff Members in Sandy Hook Elementary School, perpetrated by a 20 Year Old, Adam Lanza. |
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| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2013 || January 20 || ''[[Barack Obama]]'' is [[Second inauguration of Barack Obama|inaugurated]] for his second term as president. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2013/01/barack-obamas-second-inauguration | title =Barack Obama is from the government, and he is here to help | author =''[[The Economist]]'' | publisher =economist.com | date =January 21, 2013}}</ref> |
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| April 15 || ''[[Boston Marathon bombings]]'': Two pressure cooker bombs explode during the [[Boston Marathon]]. || <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/us/explosions-reported-at-site-of-boston-marathon.html | title =Blasts at Boston Marathon Kill 3 and Injure 100 | work =The New York Times | date =April 15, 2013 | author =John Eligon and Michael Cooper}}</ref> |
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| June || ''[[Global surveillance disclosures]]'': The revelations of the [[NSA]]'s [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]], [[Boundless Informant]] and [[XKeyscore]] domestic surveillance programs were first published by [[The Guardian]] and [[Washington Post]] newspapers. || <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html | title =U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program | author =Barton Gelman, Laura Poitras | author2 =Washington Post | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =June 6, 2013| authorlink2 =Washington Post }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-boundless-informant-global-datamining | title =Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data | author =Glenn Greenwald, Ewen MacAskill | author2 =The Guardian | publisher =theguardian.com | date =June 11, 2013| authorlink2 =The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/27/nsa-online-metadata-collection | title =How the NSA is still harvesting your online data | author =Glenn Greenwald, Spencer Ackerman | author2 =The Guardian | publisher =theguardian.com | date =June 27, 2013| authorlink2 =The Guardian }}</ref> |
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| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 2014 || June || President Obama orders the ''[[2014 American intervention in Iraq|return of a small number of troops to Iraq]]'' to help bolster Iraqi and Kurdish military forces in their war with the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]. || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/17/letter-president-war-powers-resolution-regarding-iraq|title=Letter from the President -- War Powers Resolution Regarding Iraq|publisher=|accessdate=October 5, 2014}}</ref> |
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|August 9 || Teenager ''[[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown was shot and killed]]'' by police officer Darren Wilson in [[Ferguson, Missouri]], igniting protests and riots in the following months. || <ref>{{cite web|title=Missouri Governor Asks For National Guard Reinforcements After Riots|url=http://www.newsweek.com/missouri-governor-asks-national-guard-reinforcements-after-riots-287057|website=Newsweek.org|publisher=Newsweek|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> |
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|November 3 || New building, ''[[One World Trade Center|1 World Trade Center]]'', opens in New York City. || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Barron|first1=James|title=1 World Trade Center, a Pillar of Resilience, Is Open for Business|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/04/nyregion/first-tenant-of-1-world-trade-center-arrives-highlighting-lower-manhattans-renewal.html|accessdate=8 December 2014|work=New York Times|date=3 November 2014}}</ref> |
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|November 4 || In national elections, ''[[United States Senate elections, 2014|Republicans take control of the U.S. Senate]]'' and maintaining a majority in the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2014|House of Representatives]]. || <ref>{{cite web|last1=Hirschhorn|first1=Dan|last2=Miller|first2=Zeke J.|title=Republicans Win the Senate in Midterm Elections|url=http://time.com/3556003/election-day-midterm-2014-republicans-senate-democrats-obama-mcconnell/|website=Time.com|publisher=Time, Inc.|accessdate=8 December 2014}}</ref> |
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|December 17 || President Obama announces a ''[[Cuba–United States relations|restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba]]'' for the first time since 1961. || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/world/americas/us-cuba-relations.html?_r=0|last=Baker|first=Peter|title=U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility|website=[[NYTimes.com]]|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[:Category:Timelines of cities in the United States]] |
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* [[List of states and territories of the United States]] |
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* [[List of Presidents of the United States]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|3|refs= |
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<ref name ="1919RedSummer">* [[Bisbee Riot]] (July 3, 1919); {{cite web | url=http://www1.assumption.edu/users/mcclymer/gilded%20age/Final_Projects.html | title =Final Projects: Contextualizing Narratives | author =''[[Assumption College]]'' | publisher =assumption.edu}} |
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* [[Longview Race Riot]] (July 10–12, 1919); {{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=oLoXHHc_uUkC&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=Longview+Race+Riot+july+10+1919#v=onepage&q=Longview%20Race%20Riot%20july%2010%201919&f=false | title =Encyclopedia of American Race Riots | author =Walter C. Rucker Jr., James N. Upton | author2 =Greenwood Publishing Group | page =550 | isbn =978-0-313-33300-2 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2006| authorlink2 =Greenwood Publishing Group }} |
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* Washington D.C. Race Riot (July 19–23, 1919) {{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=aOkTLfJhaR0C&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=washington+d.c.+1919+race+riot+July+19,+1919#v=onepage&q=washington%20d.c.%201919%20race%20riot%20July%2019%2C%201919&f=false | title =Prohibition in Washington, D.C.: How Dry We Weren't | author =Garrett Peck | author2 =The History Press | pages =64–67 | isbn =978-1-60949-236-6 | publisher =books.google.com | year =2011| authorlink2 =The History Press }} |
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* [[Chicago Race Riot of 1919]] (July 27 – August 3, 1919); {{cite web | url=http://www.history.com/topics/chicago-race-riot-of-1919 | title =The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 | author =''[[History Channel]]'' | publisher =history.com}} |
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* [[Knoxville Riot of 1919]] (August 30–31, 1919); {{cite web | url=http://diaspora.northwestern.edu/mbin/WebObjects/DiasporaX.woa/wa/displayArticle?atomid=604 | title =Knoxville, TN, Race Riot of 1919 The red summer and racism in Knoxville, Tennessee | author =Becky Givan | author2 =Northwestern University | publisher =northwestern.edu| authorlink2 =Northwestern University }} |
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* [[Omaha Race Riot of 1919]] (September 28–29, 1919); {{cite web | url=http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.afam.032.xml | title =Omaha Race Riot | author =David J. Wishart | author2 =University of Nebraska-Lincoln | publisher =unl.edu | year =2011| authorlink2 =University of Nebraska-Lincoln }} |
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* [[Elaine Race Riot]] (September 30 – October 2, 1919); {{cite web | url=http://diaspora.northwestern.edu/mbin/WebObjects/DiasporaX.woa/wa/displayArticle?atomid=603 | title =Elaine, Arkansas Race Riot of 1919 Racism and the share-cropping system | author =Becky Givan | author2 =Northwestern University | publisher =northeastern.edu| authorlink2 =Northwestern University }}</ref> |
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<ref name="1933NewDeal">* [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] established March 31, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/16409/2YearsEmergencyConservWork.pdf?sequence=1 | title = Two Years of Emergency Conservation Work (Civilian Conservation Corps) | author =''[[Oregon State University]]'' | publisher =oregonstate.edu}} |
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* [[Farm Credit Administration]] established March 27, 1933; {{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/farm-credit-administration | title =Farm Credit Administration | author =Office of the Federal Register | publisher =federalregister.gov}} |
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* [[Agriculture Adjustment Act]] signed into law May 12, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/hofr/upload/May%2012.pdf | title =May 12, 13, and 18, 1933 | author =''[[United States Department of the Interior]]'' ''[[National Park Service]]'' | publisher =nps.gov}} |
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* [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] established May 18, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/odtva.html | title =Our Documents: The Tennessee Valley Authority | author =''[[Marist College]]'' | publisher =marist.edu}} |
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* [[Home Owners Loan Corporation]] established June 13, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/hofr/upload/On%20this%20day%20in%201933.pdf | title =June 13 and June 16, 1933 | author =''[[United States Department of the Interior]]'' ''[[National Park Service]]'' | publisher =nps.gov}} |
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* [[National Industrial Recovery Act]] signed into law, establishing the [[Public Works Administration]], June 16, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma02/volpe/newdeal/nira.html | title =Industrial Recovery Reviving the heart of America | author =''[[University of Virginia]]'' | publisher =virginia.edu}} |
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* [[Civil Works Administration]] established November 8, 1933; {{cite web | url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14547 | title =Remarks on Signing Executive Order Creating Civil Works Administration | author =Gerhard Peters | author2 =University of California, Santa Barbara | publisher =ucsb.edu}}</ref> |
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<ref name ="KingRiots">* ''[[1968 Washington, D.C. riots]]''; Twelve deaths (April 4–8) {{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A27044-2004Aug23.html | title =The Wreckage of a Dream | author =Neely Tucker | publisher =washingtonpost.com | date =August 24, 2004}} |
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* ''[[1968 Chicago riots]]''; Eleven deaths (April 5–6) {{cite web | url=http://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=76,4,5,10 | title =Power, Politics, & Pride: 1968 Riots | author =''[[Public Broadcasting Service]]'' | publisher =wttw.com | year =2013}} |
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* ''[[Baltimore riot of 1968]]''; Six deaths (April 6–14) {{cite web | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-04-03/news/1998093147_1_baltimore-riot-gay-street-east-baltimore | title =Recalling Baltimore's 1968 riots | author =''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' | publisher =baltimoresun.com | date =April 3, 1998}} |
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* ''[[1968 Kansas City riot]]''; Five deaths (April 9, 1968) {{cite web | url=http://blogs.kansascity.com/crime_scene/2006/01/mlk_assassinati.html | title =Kansas City riots, April 1968 | author =''[[Kansas City Star]]'' | publisher =kansascity.com | date =January 16, 2006}} |
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* ''[[Louisville riots of 1968]]''; Two deaths (May 27–29) {{cite web | url=http://www.courier-journal.com/article/20100225/NEWS01/2250320/Black-History-Month-May-27-1968-Parkland-riots-begin | title =Black History Month: May 27, 1968 Parkland riots begin | author =Paula Burba | publisher =''[[Louisville Courier-Journal]]'' | date =May 25, 2010}}</ref> |
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}} |
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* {{cite book | title=Making Thirteen Colonies | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Hakim, Joy | authorlink=Joy Hakim | year=2003 | location=New York | isbn=0-19-515322-7 | ref={{harvid|Hakim (vol. 2)|2003}} | series=[[A History of US]]}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* [http://www.theamericanrevolution.org/tline.asp Timeline of the American Revolution] |
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* [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aap/timeline.html Library of Congress]. Time Line of African American History, 1852–1880 |
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* {{Citation |publisher = From the press of J. Hoff |publication-place = Charlestown, S.C |author = [[David Ramsay (historian)|David Ramsay]] |title = A chronological table of the principal events which have taken place in the English colonies, now United States, from |lccn=87695663 }} |
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* {{Cite book|publisher = Frederick Warne & Co. |publication-place = London |author = [[George Henry Townsend]] |title = A Manual of Dates |publication-date = 1867 |edition=2nd |chapter= United States |chapterurl= http://www.archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/998/mode/1up |ref = harv}} |
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* {{Cite book|publisher = Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd. |publication-place = London |title = Haydn's dictionary of dates and universal information relating to all ages and nations |author = Benjamin Vincent |edition = 25th |publication-date = 1910 |chapter=United States of America |chapterurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/1439/mode/1up}} |
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* {{Cite journal|publisher = Globe Book Co. |publication-place = Morristown, Tennessee |author = Charles Ripley Damon |title = American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920 |publication-date = 1921 |ref = harv}} + [https://archive.org/stream/americandictiona02damouoft#page/n3/mode/2up v.2], [https://archive.org/stream/americandictiona03damouoft#page/n5/mode/2up v.3] |
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* {{Cite book|publisher = Crowell |publication-place = New York |title = Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates |url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL5297973M/The_encyclopedia_of_American_facts_and_dates. |editor = Gorton Carruth |edition = 7th |publication-date = 1972 |ol=5297973M |ref = harv}} |
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* Schlesinger, Jr., Arther M. ''The Almanac of American History'' (1983) |
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* {{cite book|author=Ernie Gross|title=This Day in American History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tQ9eEattl4MC|year=1990|publisher=Neal-Schuman |isbn=978-1-55570-046-1}} |
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* Kutler, Stanley L., ed. ''Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century'' (4 vol, 1996) |
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* Morris, Richard, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American History'' (7th ed. 1996) |
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* {{cite book|author=[[Richard Kurin]]|title=Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects|year= 2013|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-101-63877-4 |chapter=Time Line |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=R8z5-QyVvKsC&pg=PT660 }} |
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==External links== |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16759233 |title=United States Profile: Timeline |publisher=BBC News }} |
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{{Timeline of United States history}} |
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{{US history}} |
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[[Category:History of the United States| ]] |
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[[Category:United States history timelines| ]] |
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[[Category:World Digital Library related]] |
Revision as of 03:35, 4 February 2015
This is a timeline of United States history, comprising most legal and territorial changes and political and economic events in the United States and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the United States. See also timeline of United States diplomatic history, the list of U.S. states by date of statehood, the list of Presidents of the United States and years in the United States.
16th century
Year | Date | Event | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1513 | March 27 | Juan Ponce de León sights Florida for the first time. | [1] |
1520 | Spanish conquest of Yucatán: Spanish conquest of the Maya civilization began. | ||
1521 | August 8 | Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés destroyed the Aztec Empire. | [2] |
1524 | April 17 | Giovanni da Verrazzano explored the Atlantic coast of North America under French employ. | [3] |
1542 | Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto discovered the Mississippi River, strengthening Spanish claims to the interior of North America. | [4] | |
1565 | August 28 | Spanish Admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded St. Augustine. | [5] |
1570 | The Iroquois Confederacy was founded. | [6][7] | |
1587 | April | English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh founded Roanoke Colony. | [8] |
1590 | August 15 | The Roanoke Colony was found deserted. | [8] |
17th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg/220px-Mayflower_in_Plymouth_Harbor%2C_by_William_Halsall.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/220px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_fall_of_New_Amsterdam_cph.3g12217.jpg/220px-The_fall_of_New_Amsterdam_cph.3g12217.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Matteson-witch.jpg/220px-Matteson-witch.jpg)
Year | Date | Event | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1607 | May 14 | John Smith founded the Jamestown settlement | [9] |
1614 | October 11 | The Dutch laid claim to the territories of New Netherland. | |
1619 | Slavery was introduced to the Colony of Virginia. | [10] | |
1620 | November 11 | The Mayflower Compact was signed. | [11] |
1626 | New Amsterdam was founded. | [12] | |
1629 | March 4 | The Massachusetts Bay Colony founded. | [13] |
1630 | July 6 | The Winthrop Fleet arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. | [14] |
1632 | June 20 | The Province of Maryland was founded. | [15] |
1634 | Theologian Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. | ||
1636 | The Connecticut Colony was founded by Thomas Hooker. | [16] | |
January | Williams founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. | [17] | |
Harvard College was founded. | [18] | ||
1637 | Pequot War: The war, in New England, ended. | [19] | |
1638 | The Delaware Colony was founded. | ||
The New Haven Colony was founded. | [20] | ||
New Sweden was created. | [21] | ||
1639 | January 14 | The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were adopted. | [20][22] |
June 4 | The Fundamental Agreement of the New Haven Colony was signed. | [23] | |
1640 | French and Iroquois Wars: The wars escalated to full warfare. | [24] | |
1642 | February 25 | Kieft's War: The war, in New Netherland, began. | [25] |
1643 | May | The New England Confederation was created. | [26] |
1644 | Third Anglo–Powhatan War: The war began. | [27] | |
1645 | August 9 | Kieft's War: The war ended. | [25] |
1646 | Third Anglo-Powhatan War: The war ended. | [27] | |
1649 | The Maryland Toleration Act was passed. | [28] | |
January 30 | The execution of the English King Charles I of England caused the establishment of the Commonwealth of England. | [29] | |
1655 | Peach Tree War: The war took place. | [30] | |
1659 | Esopus Wars: The first war took place. | [31] | |
1660 | The Commonwealth of England came to an end with the restoration of King Charles II of England. | [32] | |
1662 | The Halfway Covenant was adopted. | [33] | |
1663 | March 24 | Charles granted a charter for a new colony, the Province of Carolina. | [34] |
Esopus Wars: The second war took place. | [35] | ||
1664 | Second Anglo-Dutch War: The war began with the English conquest of New Amsterdam. | [32] | |
1667 | July 31 | New Netherland was ceded to England under the Treaty of Breda (1667). | [36] |
1669 | John Lederer of Virginia began to explore the Appalachian Mountains. | [37] | |
1670 | Charles Town was founded. | [32] | |
Lederer's expedition ended. | [37] | ||
1671 | September | The Batts-Fallam expedition sponsored by Abraham Wood reached the New River. | [38] |
1672 | The Blue Laws were enacted in Connecticut. | ||
1673 | May | Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began to explore the Illinois Country. | [39] |
1674 | Jolliet and Marquette's expedition ended. | [39] | |
New Netherland was permanently relinquished to England under the Treaty of Westminster. | [40] | ||
1675 | June 24 | King Philip's War: The war, in New England, began. | [19] |
1676 | Bacon's Rebellion: The rebellion, in Virginia, took place. | [41] | |
King Philip's War: The war took place. | [19] | ||
1677 | The Province of Maine was absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. | ||
1679 | War between Carolina and the Westo resulted in the destruction of the Westo. | [42] | |
1680 | September | Pueblo Revolt: A revolt took place in Spanish New Mexico. | [43] |
1681 | The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. | [44] | |
1682 | April 7 | René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle travelled down the Mississippi River to its mouth. | [45] |
1685 | February 6 | Charles died. He was succeeded as King of Kingdom of England by James II of England. | [46] |
1686 | The Dominion of New England was established. | [32] | |
1687 | Yamasee Indians from Spanish Florida moved to Carolina. | ||
1688 | December 11 | Glorious Revolution: James was deposed in favor of William and Mary. | [32] |
1689 | April 18 | The Governor of the Dominion of New England was deposed, ending the rule of the Dominion. | [47] |
May | King William's War: The war began. | [48] | |
1690 | February 9 | Schenectady Massacre: A massacre took place. | [49] |
1692 | Salem witch trials: Witch trials took place in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. | [50] | |
1697 | July | War of the Grand Alliance: The war was ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. | [51] |
1698 | Pensacola, Florida was established by the Spanish. | ||
1699 | Biloxi was founded by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. | [52] |
18th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West%2C_English_%28born_America%29_-_Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Benjamin_West_005.jpg/220px-Benjamin_West_005.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg/220px-Boston_Massacre_high-res.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg/220px-Boston_Tea_Party_Currier_colored.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Battle_of_Lexington%2C_1775.png/220px-Battle_of_Lexington%2C_1775.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg/220px-The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/220px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg)
Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1702 | March 8 | William III died and was succeeded by Anne, Queen of Great Britain. |
Queen Anne's War: The war began. | ||
East Jersey and West Jersey became Crown colonies. | ||
1714 | August 1 | Anne, Queen of Great Britain died and was succeeded by George I of Great Britain. |
1715 | Yamasee War: The war, in Carolina, took place. | |
1727 | June 11 | George I of Great Britain died and was succeeded by George II of Great Britain. |
1729 | July 25 | The proprietors of the Province of Carolina sold out to the British crown. |
1732 | First Great Awakening: The First Great Awakening took place. | |
1749 | The Province of Georgia overturned its ban on slavery | |
1752 | June 15 | Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment took place. |
1754 | May 28 | French and Indian War: The war began. |
June 19 | Albany Congress: A "Union of Colonies" was proposed. | |
1758 | October | The Treaty of Easton was signed. |
1760 | September 8 | French and Indian War: Pierre de Rigaud, Governor of New France, signed the Articles of Capitulation of Montreal, ceding the Ohio Country and Illinois Country, and the territory of modern-day Canada, to British Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, ending major hostilities. |
October 25 | George II of Great Britain died and was succeeded by his grandson George III of the United Kingdom. | |
1763 | Pontiac's Rebellion: The rebellion began. | |
February 10 | French and Indian War: The Treaty of Paris, under which France ceded much of its North American territory to Great Britain but surrendered Louisiana to Spain, formally ended the war. | |
October 7 | George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, establishing royal administration over the British colonies won under the Treaty of Paris and demarcating their western boundary. | |
1764 | April 5 | The Sugar Act, intended to raise revenues, was passed by the British Parliament. |
September 1 | The British Parliament passed the Currency Act, which prohibited the colonies from issuing paper money. | |
1765 | March 22 | To help defray the cost of keeping troops in America, the British Parliament enacted the Stamp Act 1765, imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies. |
March 24 | The British Parliament enacted the Quartering Act, requiring the Thirteen Colonies to provide housing, food, and other provisions to British troops. | |
May 29 | Virginia's House of Burgesses adopted the Virginia Resolves, which claimed that under British law Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives. | |
October 19 | Stamp Act Congress: A congress of delegated from nine colonies adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which petitioned Parliament and the King to repeal the Stamp Act. | |
1766 | Pontiac's Rebellion: The rebellion ended. | |
March 18 | The British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and issued the Declaratory Act, which asserted its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes... to bind the colonies and people of America... in all cases whatsoever." | |
May 21 | The Liberty Pole was erected in New York City in celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act. | |
1767 | June 29 | The Townshend Acts, named for Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, were passed by the British Parliament, placing duties on many items imported into America. |
1769 | The British Parliament suspended the Governor and assembly of the Province of New York for failure to enforce the Quartering Act. | |
December | The broadside To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York was published by the local Sons of Liberty. | |
1770 | January 19 | Battle of Golden Hill: British troops wounded several civilians and killed one. |
January 28 | Frederick North, Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain. | |
March 5 | Boston Massacre: The massacre took place. | |
1771 | May 16 | Battle of Alamance: A battle took place in North Carolina ending the Regulator Movement. |
1772 | May | The Watauga Association, in modern-day Tennessee, declared itself independent. |
June 9 | Gaspée Affair: The affair took place. | |
November 2 | Samuel Adams organized the Committees of Correspondence. | |
1773 | May 10 | The British Parliament passed the Tea Act. |
December 15 | The local Sons of Liberty published Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York. | |
December 16 | Boston Tea Party: The Boston Tea Party took place. | |
1774 | Franklin, then Massachusetts's agent in London, was questioned before the British Parliament. | |
Dunmore's War: The war took place. | ||
Britain passed the Quebec Act, one of the so-called Intolerable Acts. | ||
March 31 | Britain passed the Boston Port Act, one of the so-called Intolerable Acts. | |
May 20 | Britain passed the Administration of Justice Act 1774, one of the so-called Intolerable Acts. | |
Britain passed the Massachusetts Government Act, one of the so-called Intolerable Acts. | ||
June 2 | Britain passed a second Quartering Act, one of the so-called Intolerable Acts. | |
September 1 | Powder Alarm: British General Thomas Gage secretly raided a powder magazine in Cambridge. | |
September 5 | First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, PA. 12 colonies attended. | |
October 19 | The HMS Peggy Stewart was burned. | |
December 22 | Greenwich Tea Party: The Greenwich Tea Party took place. | |
1775 | Second Continental Congress: The Congress met. | |
April 19 | Battles of Lexington and Concord: The battles took place, beginning the American Revolutionary War. | |
May 9 | Skenesboro, New York was captured by Lieutenant Samuel Herrick. | |
May 10 | Fort Ticonderoga was captured by Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys. | |
June 17 | Battle of Bunker Hill: The battle took place. | |
July | The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III. | |
December 5 | Henry Knox began the transport of fifty-nine captured cannon from upstate New York to Boston. | |
1776 | New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution. | |
Prisoners began to be taken in Wallabout Bay. see Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War. | ||
January 10 | Thomas Paine published Common Sense. | |
January 24 | Knox reached Boston. | |
March 3 | Battle of Nassau: The battle began. | |
March 4 | Battle of Nassau: The battle ended. | |
July 2 | Second Continental Congress: The Congress enacted the Lee Resolution declaring independence from the British Empire. | |
July 4 | Second Continental Congress: The Congress approved the written United States Declaration of Independence. | |
August 27 | Battle of Long Island: The battle took place. | |
September 11 | Staten Island Peace Conference: The peace conference took place. | |
September 15 | Landing at Kip's Bay: The landing took place. | |
September 16 | Battle of Harlem Heights: The battle took place. | |
September 21 | Great Fire of New York (1776): The fire began. | |
September 22 | Nathan Hale was captured and executed for espionage. | |
Great Fire of New York (1776): The fire ended. | ||
October 11 | Battle of Valcour Island: The battle took place. | |
October 29 | Battle of White Plains: The battle took place. | |
November 16 | Battle of Fort Washington: The battle took place. | |
November 20 | Battle of Fort Lee: The battle took place. | |
December 23 | Battle of Iron Works Hill: The battle began. | |
December 26 | Battle of Trenton: The battle took place. | |
Battle of Iron Works Hill: The battle ended. | ||
1777 | Forage War: The war took place. | |
January 2 | Second Battle of Trenton: The battle took place. | |
January 3 | Battle of Princeton: The battle took place. | |
April 13 | Battle of Bound Brook: The battle took place. | |
May 28 | The Continental Army made camp at the Middlebrook encampment. | |
July 2 | The Continental Army left the Middlebrook encampment. | |
July 5 | Fort Ticonderoga was abandoned by the Continental Army due to advancing British troops placing cannon on Mount Defiance. | |
July 6 | The British retook Fort Ticonderoga. | |
July 7 | Battle of Hubbardton: The battle took place. | |
July 8 | Delegates in Vermont established the Vermont Republic and adopted the Constitution of Vermont (Vermont Republic), which abolished slavery. | |
July 26 | Battle of Short Hills: The battle took place. | |
August 6 | Battle of Oriskany: The battle took place. | |
August 16 | Battle of Bennington: The battle took place. | |
September 11 | Battle of Brandywine: The battle took place. | |
September 19 | Battles of Saratoga: The first Battle of Saratoga took place. | |
September 20 | Battle of Paoli: The battle took place. | |
September 26 | The British occupied Philadelphia. | |
October 4 | Battle of Germantown: The battle took place. | |
October 7 | Battles of Saratoga: The second battle concluded with the surrender of the British army under General John Burgoyne. | |
October 22 | Battle of Red Bank: The battle took place. | |
November 15 | Second Continental Congress: The Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation. | |
December 5 | Battle of White Marsh: The battle began. | |
December 8 | Battle of White Marsh: The battle ended. | |
December 11 | Battle of Matson's Ford: The battle took place. | |
December 19 | The Continental Army entered its winter quarters at Valley Forge | |
1778 | February 6 | The Treaty of Alliance was signed with France. |
May 20 | Battle of Barren Hill: The battle took place. | |
June | British occupation of Philadelphia ended. | |
June 19 | The Continental Army left its winter quarters at Valley Forge. | |
June 28 | Battle of Monmouth: The battle took place. | |
November 30 | The Continental Army entered winter quarters at the Middlebrook encampment. | |
1779 | June 3 | The Continental Army left the Middlebrook encampment. |
July 16 | Battle of Stony Point: The battle took place. | |
August 19 | Battle of Paulus Hook: The battle took place. | |
December | The Continental Army entered winter quarters at Morristown. | |
1780 | January 28 | A stockade known as Fort Nashborough was founded on the banks of the Cumberland River. |
February 1 | Some eight thousand British forces under General Henry Clinton arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, from New York. | |
Second Continental Congress: New York ceded its western claims, including territory west of Lake Ontario, to the Congress. | ||
March 14 | Bombardment of Fort Charlotte: After a two-week siege, Spanish General Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez captured Fort Charlotte, in Mobile, from the British. | |
April 8 | Siege of Charleston: British troops under General Clinton and naval forces under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot besiege Charleston, South Carolina. | |
May | The Continental Army left Morristown. | |
May 6 | Siege of Charleston: Fort Moultrie fell to the British. | |
May 12 | Siege of Charleston: American General Benjamin Lincoln surrendered Charleston to the British. The British lost two hundred and fifty-five men while capturing a large American garrison. | |
May 29 | Battle of Waxhaws: A clash between Continental Army forces under Abraham Buford and a mainly Loyalist force led by Banastre Tarleton near Lancaster, South Carolina resulted in the destruction of the American forces. | |
June 6 | Battle of Connecticut Farms: The battle took place. | |
June 23 | Battle of Springfield (1780): An attempted British invasion of New Jersey was stopped at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, ending major fighting in the North. | |
September 23 | John André was captured, exposing the treason of Arnold. | |
October 7 | Battle of Kings Mountain: The battle took place. | |
1781 | January 17 | Battle of Cowpens: The battle took place. |
March 1 | The Articles of Confederation were ratified. | |
March 15 | Battle of Guilford Court House: The battle took place. | |
October 19 | Siege of Yorktown: The British surrendered at Yorktown. | |
December 31 | The Bank of North America was chartered. | |
1782 | The British government officially, yet informally, recognized American independence. | |
1783 | September 3 | American Revolutionary War: The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war. |
November 25 | The British withdraw from ports in New York and the Carolinas. | |
1784 | The State of Frankland, later Franklin, seceded from North Carolina. | |
1785 | Congress refused Franklin admission to the Union. | |
November 28 | The Treaty of Hopewell was signed. | |
1786 | August 29 | Shays' Rebellion: The rebellion took place. |
September 11–14 | Annapolis Convention (1786): The convention failed. | |
1787 | July 13 | The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was passed. |
May 25-September 17 | Philadelphia Convention: A Constitutional convention took place in Philadelphia. | |
December 7–18 | Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ratified the Constitution. | |
1788 | North Carolina reconquered and dissolved the State of Franklin. | |
1789 | United States presidential election, 1789: The election took place. | |
March 4 | The United States Constitution came into effect. | |
April 30 | First inauguration of George Washington: George Washington was inaugurated as President in New York City. | |
1st United States Congress: The Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 and the Hamilton tariff. | ||
The Jay-Gardoqui Treaty was signed. | ||
November 21 | North Carolina, by a margin of 43%, became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. | |
1790 | May 26 | The Southwest Territory (a/k/a Territory South of the River Ohio) is created from North Carolina's Western frontier lands. |
May 29 | Rhode Island, by a margin of 3%, became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution. | |
1791 | The United States Bill of Rights was ratified. | |
The First Bank of the United States was chartered. | ||
The independent Vermont Republic was admitted to the Union as Vermont, becoming the fourteenth state. | ||
1792 | Kentucky County, Virginia became the fifteenth state of Kentucky. | |
November 2 – December 5 | U.S. presidential election, 1792: Washington was reelected President. John Adams was chosen as Vice President. | |
1793 | Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. | |
A yellow fever outbreak occurred in Philadelphia. | ||
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 was passed. | ||
February 18 | Chisholm v. Georgia was decided. | |
1794 | Whiskey Rebellion: The rebellion took place. | |
August–November | The Nickajack Expedition brings a close to the Chickamauga Wars. | |
August 20 | Battle of Fallen Timbers: The battle took place ending the Northwest Indian War with the Western Confederacy. | |
The first of the "Civilized" Indian Nations, the Cherokee Nation, is founded. | ||
1795 | The Treaty of Greenville was signed. | |
The Jay Treaty was signed. | ||
The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified | ||
1796 | June 1 | Tennessee, formerly Southwest Territory, was admitted as the sixteenth state. |
Pinckney's Treaty was signed. | ||
The Treaty of Tripoli was signed. | ||
November 4 – December 7 | U.S. presidential election, 1796: Adams was elected President. Thomas Jefferson was elected Vice President. | |
1797 | Adams was inaugurated. | |
XYZ Affair: The affair took place. | ||
1798 | The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed. | |
The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were issued. | ||
1799 | The Charles Brockden Brown novel Edgar Huntly was published. | |
Fries's Rebellion: The rebellion took place. | ||
The Logan Act was passed. | ||
December 14 | Washington died. | |
1800 | The Library of Congress was founded. | |
October 31 – December 3 | U.S. presidential election, 1800: Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in votes in the Electoral College. |
19th century
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Year | Date | Event |
---|---|---|
1801 | Jefferson was elected President by the House of Representatives. Burr became Vice President. | |
Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice. | ||
1803 | The Supreme Court issued a decision in Marbury v. Madison which overturned the Judiciary Act of 1789. | |
Louisiana Purchase: The purchase was made. | ||
Mar 1 | Ohio, formerly the Northwest Territory, became the 17th state. | |
1804 | The Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. | |
New Jersey abolished slavery. | ||
July 11 | Burr–Hamilton duel: Alexander Hamilton was fatally wounded. | |
Lewis and Clark set out. | ||
November 2 – December 5 | U.S. presidential election, 1804: Jefferson was reelected President; George Clinton was elected Vice President. | |
1807 | The Embargo Act of 1807 was passed. | |
Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. | ||
1808 | The slave trade was ended. | |
November 4 – December 7 | U.S. presidential election, 1808: James Madison was elected president. Clinton was reelected as Vice President. | |
1809 | Madison was inaugurated. | |
March 1 | The Non-Intercourse Act was passed. | |
1810 | The Supreme Court issued a decision in Fletcher v. Peck which overturned a state law. | |
1811 | The charter of the First Bank of the United States expired. | |
1812 | War of 1812: The war began. | |
Daniel Webster was elected to the United States Congress. | ||
April 30 | Louisiana became the 18th state | |
U.S. presidential election, 1812: Madison was reelected President; Elbridge Gerry was elected United States Vice President. | ||
1814 | August 24 | Burning of Washington: British troops burned Washington, D.C. but were forced back at Baltimore. |
Dec 14 | War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent ended the war. | |
1815 | Jan 8 | War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans: The battle took place before notification of the Treaty of Ghent made it to the frontier. |
1816 | U.S. presidential election, 1816: James Monroe was elected President. Daniel D. Tompkins was elected Vice President. | |
The Second Bank of the United States was chartered. | ||
Dec 11 | Indiana became the 19th state. | |
1817 | Monroe was inaugurated. | |
The Rush–Bagot Treaty was signed. | ||
Harvard Law School was founded. | ||
Dec 10 | Mississippi became the 20th state. | |
1818 | Cumberland Road opened. | |
Dec 3 | Illinois became the 21st state. | |
The Jackson Purchase in Kentucky was obtained. | ||
1819 | Panic of 1819: The panic took place. | |
The Adams–Onís Treaty, which provided for the acquisition of Florida, was signed. | ||
The decision in McCulloch v. Maryland prohibited state laws from infringing upon federal Constitutional authority. | ||
The decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward protected the principle of honoring contracts and charters. | ||
Dec 14 | Alabama became the 22nd state. | |
1820 | The Missouri Compromise was passed. | |
March 15 | Maine became the 23rd state. | |
U.S. presidential election, 1820: Monroe was reelected President, Tompkins Vice President. | ||
1821 | Aug 10 | Missouri became the 24th state. |
1823 | The Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed. | |
1824 | The decision in Gibbons v. Ogden affirmed federal over state authority in interstate commerce. | |
U.S. presidential election, 1824: An election was held with inconclusive results. | ||
1825 | John Quincy Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives; John C. Calhoun was elected Vice President. | |
The Erie Canal was completed | ||
1826 | July 4 | Former Presidents Jefferson and John Adams died within hours of each other on Independence Day |
1828 | Nullification Crisis: The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was published. | |
Construction began on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. | ||
U.S. presidential election, 1828: Andrew Jackson was elected President. Calhoun continued as Vice President. | ||
1829 | Jackson was inaugurated. | |
1830 | Second Great Awakening: A religious revival movement took place. | |
The Oregon Trail came into use by settlers migrating to the Pacific Northwest. | ||
May 28 | The Indian Removal Act was passed. | |
1831 | A revolt led by Nat Turner occurred. | |
Publication of The Liberator began. | ||
Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper. | ||
Petticoat affair: The affair took place. | ||
1832 | The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee Nation in Worcester v. State of Georgia. | |
Black Hawk War: The war took place. | ||
The Tariff of 1832 was passed. | ||
The Ordinance of Nullification was passed by South Carolina. | ||
The Department of Indian Affairs was established. | ||
United States presidential election, 1832: Jackson was reelected President; Martin Van Buren was elected Vice President of the United States. | ||
Bank War: Jackson vetoed the charter renewal of the Second Bank of the United States. | ||
Calhoun resigned the Vice Presidency. | ||
1833 | The Force Bill, expanding Presidential powers, was passed. | |
Jackson's second inauguration was held. | ||
1834 | Slavery debates took place at Lane Theological Seminary. | |
1835 | Texas Revolution: The revolution began. | |
Alexis De Tocqueville's Democracy in America was published. | ||
Second Seminole War: A war began in Florida with Seminole resistance to relocation. | ||
1836 | Battle of the Alamo: The battle took place. | |
Battle of San Jacinto: The battle took place. | ||
Creek War of 1836: The war took place. | ||
Samuel Colt invented the revolver. | ||
The original "Gag Rule", a bar on discussion of antislavery petitions passed by the House, was imposed. | ||
The Specie Circular was issued. | ||
Jun 15 | Arkansas became the 25th state. | |
U.S. presidential election, 1836: Van Buren was elected President, Richard Mentor Johnson Vice President. | ||
1837 | Van Buren was inaugurated. | |
The United States recognized the Republic of Texas. | ||
Caroline Affair: The affair took place. | ||
Jan 26 | Michigan became the 26th state. | |
Oberlin College began enrolling female students. | ||
Panic of 1837: The panic took place. | ||
A decision in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge reversed a decision in Dartmouth College v. Woodward and affirmed that property rights can be overridden by public need. | ||
1838 | The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from the Southeastern United States along the Trail of Tears led to over four thousand Native American deaths. | |
Aroostook War: The war took place. | ||
1840 | United States presidential election, 1840: An election was held. | |
1841 | William Henry Harrison became President. | |
John Quincy Adams argued the case United States v. The Amistad before the Supreme Court. | ||
United States v. The Amistad was decided. | ||
President Harrison died after only a month in office. | ||
John Tyler became President. | ||
1842 | August 9 | The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was signed. |
Dorr Rebellion: A civil war took place in Rhode Island. | ||
1843 | An attempt to impeach Tyler failed. | |
1844 | U.S. presidential election, 1844: An election was held. | |
1845 | Texas Annexation: The annexation took place. | |
James K. Polk became President of the United States. | ||
Mar 3 | Florida became the 27th state. | |
Dec 28 | Texas became the 28th state. | |
1846 | Mexican–American War: The war began. | |
Dec 28 | Iowa became the 29th state. | |
The Wilmot Proviso was introduced. | ||
1848 | U.S. presidential election, 1848: An election was held. | |
May 29 | Wisconsin became the 30th state. | |
Feb 2 | Mexican–American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war. | |
1849 | Zachary Taylor became President. | |
California Gold Rush: The gold rush began. | ||
1850 | Taylor threatened to veto the Compromise of 1850 even at the risk of civil war. | |
Taylor died. Millard Fillmore became President. | ||
The Clayton–Bulwer Treaty was signed. | ||
The Compromise of 1850 was passed. | ||
Sep 9 | California became the 31st state. | |
1852 | U.S. presidential election, 1852: An election was held. | |
1853 | Franklin Pierce became President. | |
Commodore Matthew Perry opened Japan. | ||
1854 | The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, nullifying the Missouri Compromise. | |
Jun 8 | The Gadsden Purchase was finalized. | |
The Ostend Manifesto was issued. | ||
The Convention of Kanagawa was signed. | ||
William Walker led an expedition. | ||
1855 | The Farmers' High School, later Penn State University, was founded. | |
1856 | Sacking of Lawrence: The sacking of Lawrence took place. | |
May 24–25 | Pottawatomie Massacre: The massacre, led by John Brown, took place. | |
Preston Brooks beat Charles Sumner with his walking stick in the Senate chamber. | ||
U.S. presidential election, 1856: An election was held. | ||
1857 | James Buchanan became President. | |
A decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford declared that blacks were not citizens of the United States and could not sue. | ||
May | Utah War: The war started. | |
The LeCompton Constitution was rejected in the Kansas Territory. | ||
Panic of 1857: The panic took place. | ||
1858 | The first transatlantic cable was laid. | |
May 11 | Minnesota became the 32nd state. | |
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The debates were held. | ||
The United States became party to the Treaty of Tientsin. | ||
1859 | John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. | |
Feb 14 | Oregon became the 33rd state. | |
The Comstock Lode was discovered. | ||
1860 | The Pony Express was founded. | |
The Crittenden Compromise was reached. | ||
Nov 6 | United States presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. | |
Dec 20 | South Carolina seceded from the Union. | |
1861 | Ten more states seceded from the Union and established the Confederate States of America. | |
Jan 29 | Kansas became the 34th state. | |
Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Confederacy. | ||
American Civil War: The war began at Fort Sumter. | ||
First Battle of Bull Run: The battle took place. | ||
1862 | Battle of Hampton Roads: A naval battle between the Monitor and Merrimack took place. | |
The Homestead Act was passed. | ||
The Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act was passed. | ||
General Robert E. Lee was placed in command of the Army of Northern Virginia. | ||
Second Battle of Bull Run: The battle took place. | ||
Battle of Antietam: The battle took place. | ||
Aug–Dec | Dakota War of 1862: The war was fought. | |
1863 | Battle of Gettysburg: The battle took place. | |
Jan 1 | Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in the rebel states. | |
Siege of Vicksburg: The siege took place. | ||
New York Draft Riots: Draft riots took place. | ||
Jun 20 | Pro-Union counties which had seceded from Virginia became the 35th state, West Virginia. | |
1864 | General Ulysses S. Grant was put in command of all Union forces. | |
The Wade–Davis Bill was passed. | ||
Sand Creek Massacre: The massacre took place. | ||
Oct 31 | Nevada became the 36th state. | |
U.S. presidential election, 1864: An election was held. | ||
Sherman's March to the Sea: The march took place. | ||
1865 | Lee was made commander-in-chief of all Confederate forces. | |
Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, was captured by a corps of black Union troops. | ||
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House. | ||
April 15 | Abraham Lincoln assassination: Lincoln was assassinated; Andrew Johnson became President. | |
American Civil War: The war ended with the surrender of the last elements of the Confederacy. | ||
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, permanently outlawing slavery. | ||
The Freedmen's Bureau was established. | ||
1866 | The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed. | |
The Ku Klux Klan was founded. | ||
1867 | The Tenure of Office Act (1867) was enacted. | |
Mar 1 | Nebraska became the 37th state. | |
The Alaska Purchase (also known as "Seward's Folly"): The Alaskan territory was purchased from Russia. | ||
1868 | Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: The attempted impeachment ended in an acquittal by the Senate. | |
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, second of the Reconstruction Amendments, was ratified. | ||
Grant was elected President. | ||
1869 | The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory.[53] | |
May 15 | Women's suffrage leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the National Woman Suffrage Association. | |
1870 | The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed. | |
The first graduate programs, at Yale University and Harvard, began. | ||
The Force Acts were passed. | ||
1871 | Great Chicago Fire: The fire occurred. | |
The Treaty of Washington, 1871 was signed with the British Empire regarding the Dominion of Canada. | ||
1872 | Yellowstone National Park was created. | |
Crédit Mobilier scandal: The scandal took place. | ||
The Amnesty Act was passed. | ||
The Alabama Claims were settled. | ||
U.S. presidential election, 1872: An election was held. | ||
1873 | Panic of 1873: The panic took place. | |
Virginius Affair: The affair took place. | ||
1874 | Red River Indian War | |
1875 | Kentucky Derby: Aristides (horse) won the first Kentucky Derby. | |
The Resumption Act was passed. | ||
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed. | ||
The Art Students League of New York was founded. | ||
1876 | The National League of baseball was founded. | |
Centennial Exposition: The Exposition, in Philadelphia, was held. | ||
A decision in Munn v. Illinois established the public regulation of utilities. | ||
Colorado became the 38th state. | ||
Battle of Little Bighorn: The battle took place. | ||
Wild Bill Hickok was killed by a shot to the back of the head by Jack McCall while playing poker in Deadwood, South Dakota. | ||
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. | ||
U.S. presidential election, 1876: The election produced an unclear, result with twenty Electoral College votes disputed. | ||
1877 | The Electoral Commission awarded Rutherford B. Hayes the Presidency. | |
Reconstruction era of the United States: The era ended. | ||
Nez Perce War: The war took place. | ||
1878 | The Bland-Allison Act was passed. | |
The first Morgan silver dollars were minted. | ||
1879 | Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. | |
The Knights of Labor went public. | ||
1880 | The University of Southern California was founded. | |
The Population of the United States passed fifty million. | ||
1881 | Gunfight at the O.K. Corral: A gunfight took place in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. | |
James Garfield was inaugurated President of the United States. | ||
Garfield was assassinated. | ||
Chester A. Arthur was inaugurated President of the United States. | ||
Clara Barton created the Red Cross. | ||
The Tuskegee Institute was founded | ||
Billy the Kid was shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett. | ||
A Century of Dishonor was written by Helen Hunt Jackson. | ||
1882 | The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed. | |
Jesse James was shot and killed by Robert Ford and Charlie Ford. | ||
1883 | Buffalo Bill Cody debuted his Wild West Show. | |
A decision in the Civil Rights Cases legalized the doctrine of racial segregation. | ||
The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed. | ||
The Brooklyn Bridge opened. | ||
1885 | Grover Cleveland was inaugurated as President. | |
The Washington monument was completed. | ||
1886 | Haymarket Riot: The riot took place. | |
The American Federation of Labor was founded in Columbus, Ohio. | ||
1887 | The United States Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission. | |
The Dawes Act was passed. | ||
The Hatch Act was passed. | ||
1888 | Looking Backward, by Edward Bellamy, was published. | |
The National Geographic Society was founded. | ||
1889 | Benjamin Harrison becomes President | |
Nov 2 | North Dakota, South Dakota became the 39th and 40th states. | |
Nov 8 | Montana became the 41st state | |
Nov 11 | Washington became the 42nd state. | |
Johnstown flood: A flood occurred in Pennsylvania. | ||
Jane Addams founded Hull House. | ||
April 22 | Land Run of 1889: The land run began. | |
1890 | The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed. | |
Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives. | ||
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed. | ||
The McKinley tariff was passed. | ||
Yosemite National Park was created. | ||
Jul 3 | Idaho became the 43rd state. | |
Jul 10 | Wyoming became the 44th state. | |
Wounded Knee Massacre: The massacre took place. | ||
The National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded. | ||
1891 | Baltimore Crisis: The crisis took place. | |
James Naismith invented basketball. | ||
1892 | Homestead Strike: The strike took place. | |
General Electric was founded. | ||
The Sierra Club was founded | ||
1893 | Cleveland was inaugurated President for a second term. | |
Panic of 1893: The panic took place. | ||
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed. | ||
1894 | Coxey's Army marched on Washington, D.C. | |
Pullman strike: The strike took place. | ||
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act, including an income tax, was passed. | ||
1895 | Stagger Lee Shelton shot Billy Lyons. | |
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Company was decided, striking down part of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. | ||
1896 | A decision in Plessy v. Ferguson affirmed the legality of "separate but equal" facilities. | |
William Jennings Bryan delivered his Cross of Gold speech. | ||
Gold was discovered in the Yukon's Klondike region. | ||
Jan 4 | Utah became the 45th state. | |
1897 | William McKinley became President. | |
The Boston subway was completed. | ||
The Dingley Act was passed. | ||
1898 | The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor. | |
The De Lôme Letter was published. | ||
Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris (1898) ended the war. | ||
Jul 7 | Republic of Hawaii was annexed. | |
The Newlands Resolution was passed. | ||
The American Anti-Imperialist League was organized. | ||
1899 | The Teller Amendment was passed. | |
American Samoa was occupied. | ||
The Open Door Policy was announced. | ||
1900 | The United States population exceeded seventy-five million. see Demographics of the United States. | |
The Foraker Act was passed. | ||
The Gold Standard Act was passed. | ||
Boxer Rebellion: The United States helped put down the rebellion. | ||
1900 Galveston hurricane: The hurricane took place. |
20th century
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Year | Date | Event | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1901 | September 14 | President William McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, New York. | [54] |
September 14 | Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as president, after the assassination of President McKinley. | [55] | |
November 18 | The Hay–Pauncefote Treaty was signed. | [56] | |
1902 | January 1 | The first Rose Bowl Game was played between the University of Michigan and Stanford University. | [57] |
February 19 | The Elkins Act was signed into law. | [58] | |
The Drago Doctrine was announced. | [59] | ||
June 17 | The Newlands Reclamation Act was signed into law. | [60] | |
1903 | January 22 | The Hay–Herrán Treaty was passed. | [61] |
June 16 | The Ford Motor Company was formed. | [62] | |
February 14 | The Department of Commerce and Labor was created. | [63] | |
October 1 | The first World Series was played between the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates. | [64] | |
November 18 | The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed. | [65] | |
December 1 | The movie The Great Train Robbery opened. | [66] | |
December 17 | The Wright brothers made their first powered flight in the Wright Flyer. | [67] | |
1904 | The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was issued. | [68] | |
May 4 | The Panama Canal Zone was acquired by the United States from France for $40 million. | [69] | |
November 8 | United States presidential election, 1904: President Theodore Roosevelt was reelected to a second term, defeating New York Appeals Court Judge Alton B. Parker. | [70] | |
1905 | July 11–14 | The Niagara Falls conference was held. | [71] |
September 5 | The Treaty of Portsmouth, negotiated by President Theodore Roosevelt, was signed, ending the Russo-Japanese War . | [72] | |
1906 | March 13 | Women's suffrage and civil rights activist Susan B. Anthony died. | [73] |
April 18 | The 1906 San Francisco earthquake killed over 3,400 people and destroyed over 80% of San Francisco; being the deadliest earthquake in American history. | [74][75][76] | |
June 29 | The Hepburn Act was signed into law. | [77] | |
June 30 | The Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act were signed; establishing the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). | [78][79] | |
December 10 | President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiating the end of the Russo-Japanese war; becoming the first statesman to win a Nobel Prize. | [80] | |
1907 | January 26 | The Tillman Act was signed into law. | [81] |
February 26 | The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was signed. | [82] | |
November 17 | Oklahoma was admitted to the Union, becoming the 46th state. | [83] | |
December 6 | Monongah Mining Disaster: A coal mine exploded in Monongah, West Virginia, killing at least 361. | [84] | |
1908 | May 30 | The Aldrich–Vreeland Act was signed into law. | [85] |
July 26 | The Bureau of Investigation (later the FBI) was established. | [86] | |
October 1 | The Ford Model T appeared on the market. | [62] | |
November 3 | United States presidential election, 1908: U.S. Secretary of War William Howard Taft was elected President, defeating former Nebraska Representative William Jennings Bryan. | [87] | |
November 30 | The Root–Takahira Agreement was reached. | [88] | |
1909 | William Howard Taft implemented Dollar Diplomacy. | [89] | |
February 12 | The NAACP was founded by W. E. B. Du Bois. | [90] | |
April 7 | Robert Peary became the first person to reach the North Pole. | [91] | |
August 2 | The first redesigned Lincoln Penny was released to the public. | [92] | |
1910 | February 8 | The Boy Scouts of America was created. | [93] |
June 18 | The Mann–Elkins Act was signed into law. | [94] | |
The Mann Act was signed into law. | [95] | ||
August 6 | The Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act was signed into law. | [96] | |
1911 | May 15 | Standard Oil Company v. United States: The Supreme Court found Standard Oil guilty of monopolizing the petroleum industry; subsequently dividing Standard Oil into several geographically separate firms. | [97] |
May 30 | The first Indianapolis 500 was held; being won by Ray Harroun. | [98] | |
1912 | January 6 | New Mexico was admitted to the Union, becoming the 47th. | [99] |
February 14 | Arizona was admitted to the Union, becoming the 48th state. | [99] | |
March 12 | Girl Scouts of the USA was created by Juliette Gordon Low. | [100] | |
April 14–15 | The RMS Titanic crashed into an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean, sinking the ship entirely less than three hours the initial collision, killing over 1,500 of the 2,224 passengers aboard. | [101][102][103] | |
October 14 | Former President Theodore Roosevelt was shot, but not killed, while campaigning for President as the candidate for the progressive Bull Moose Party. | [104] | |
November 5 | United States presidential election, 1912: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson defeated incumbent President William Howard Taft, former President Theodore Roosevelt and union leader Eugene V. Debs. | [105] | |
1913 | February 3 | The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing an income tax, was ratified. | [106] |
February 17 | The Armory Show opened in New York City, introducing American and European modern art to the American public. | [107] | |
May 31 | The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing direct election of Senators, was ratified. | [108] | |
June 15 | After mass civilian casualties in the Battle of Bud Bagsak, the Moro's surrendered their rebellion, ending the Philippine–American War. | [109] | |
October 4 | The Underwood Tariff was signed into law. | [110] | |
December 1 | Henry Ford developed the modern assembly line. | [111] | |
December 23 | The Federal Reserve Act was signed into law; establishing the Federal Reserve System. | [112] | |
1914 | April 20 | Ludlow Massacre: The camps of striking coal miners were attacked by the Colorado National Guard; killing 25, including 11 children. | [113] |
July 28 | World War I: Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; triggering the start of World War I. | [114] | |
May 9 | The first Mother's Day was observed. | [115] | |
September 26 | The Federal Trade Commission was established. | [116] | |
October 15 | The Clayton Antitrust Act was signed into law. | [117] | |
1915 | February 8 | The controversial movie The Birth of a Nation opened in Los Angeles, becoming the largest-grossing movie at the time. | [118] |
May 7 | The RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German torpedo, killing 1,198 passengers; partially contributing to the U.S.'s later involvement in World War I. | [119] | |
1916 | November 7 | Jeannette Rankin of Montana became the first woman elected to the United States Congress. | [120] |
The Adamson Railway Labor Act was signed into law. | |||
July 17 | The Federal Farm Loan Act was signed into law. | [121] | |
August 29 | The Jones Act was signed into law. | [122] | |
November 7 | United States presidential election, 1916: President Woodrow Wilson was reelected to a second term, defeating Associate Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes of New York. | [123] | |
1917 | March 31 | The United States acquired the Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25,000,000. | [124] |
March 1 | The Zimmermann telegram was published, helping shift public opinion in favor of U.S. involvement in World War I. | [125] | |
April 6 | The United States declared war on Germany, beginning the U.S.'s involvement in World War I. | [126] | |
June 15 | The Espionage Act was signed into law. | [127] | |
November 2 | The Lansing–Ishii Agreement was signed. | [128] | |
First Red Scare: The scare, marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, began. | [129][130][131] | ||
1918 | January 8 | World War I: President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which assured citizens that the war was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe, was issued. | [132] |
May 16 | The Sedition Act of 1918 was signed into law; forbidding the "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" against the United States government during a time of war. | [127][133] | |
1919 | Red Summer: Heightened racial scrutinization of African-Americans during the Red Scare prompted mass racial riots among Whites in Bisbee, Arizona, Longview, Texas, Washington D.C., Chicago, Knoxville, Omaha, and Elaine, Arkansas. | [134] | |
Inflation from the Post–World War I recession lead to the strike of 4 million workers; prompting the Boston Police Strike, Seattle General Strike, Steel Strike of 1919 and Coal Strike of 1919. | [129] | ||
June 28 | World War I: The Treaty of Versailles ended the war. | [135] | |
October 2 | The Black Sox Scandal, involving the fixing of the 1919 World Series, occurred. | [136] | |
October 28 | President Woodrow Wilson's veto of the Volstead Act was overridden by the Senate, establishing the Eighteenth Amendment. | [137] | |
November 19 | The United States Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, becoming the first time in U.S. history the Senate rejected a peace treaty. | [138] | |
1920 | January 17 | The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing prohibition in the United States, was ratified. | [139] |
The first radio broadcasts were made, in Pittsburgh and Detroit. | [140] | ||
August 18 | The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote, was ratified. | [141] | |
September 16 | Wall Street Bombing: Wall Street, the financial district of the United States, was bombed, killing 38 people. | [142] | |
November 2 | United States presidential election, 1920: Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding was elected President, defeating Ohio Governor James M. Cox. | [143] | |
1921 | May 19 | The Emergency Quota Act was signed into law. | [144] |
May 31 – June 1 | The Tulsa Race Riot occurred; resulting in the deaths of up to 300 African-Americans and leaving more than 8,000 homeless. | [145] | |
November 12 | The first meeting of the Washington Disarmament Conference of 1921 was held. | [146] | |
1922 | September 21 | The Fordney–McCumber Tariff was signed into law. | [147] |
1923 | August 2 | President Warren G. Harding died of a heart attack at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco. | [148] |
August 3 | Vice President Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as President, the day following the death of President Harding. | [149] | |
November 22 | Teapot Dome scandal: Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall resigned as a result of the scandal. | [150] | |
December 10 | The Equal Rights Amendment, written by women's suffragist leader Alice Paul, was first introduced in the Senate. | [151] | |
1924 | May 10 | J. Edgar Hoover was appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation. | [152] |
May 26 | The Immigration Act Basic Law was signed into law. | [153] | |
November 4 | United States presidential election, 1924: President Calvin Coolidge defeated former Solicitor General John W. Davis and Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette. | [154] | |
1925 | July 21 | Scopes Trial: High school teacher John T. Scopes was found guilty of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, for teaching human evolution in the classroom. | [155] |
November 4 | Nellie Tayloe Ross was elected Governor of Wyoming, becoming the first woman elected governor of a U.S. State. | [156] | |
November 28 | WSM first broadcast the Grand Ole Opry. | [157] | |
1926 | November 15 | The broadcast network NBC was founded. | [158] |
1927 | January 27 | The radio network Columbia Broadcasting System (later CBS) was founded. | [159] |
May 18 | Bath School disaster: Andrew Kehoe detonated over 500 pounds of dynamite and incendiary pyrotol which he planted in an elementary school in Bath Township, Michigan, where he later detonated the first ever car bomb in the U.S. in a suicide attack at the scene of the bombing; killing a total of 44 people and being the deadliest mass murder at a school in U.S. History. | [160][161] | |
May 21 | Charles Lindbergh made the first trans-Atlantic flight. | [162] | |
August 23 | Sacco and Vanzetti were executed. | [163] | |
October 6 | The Jazz Singer, the first motion picture with sound, was released. | [164] | |
1928 | August 27 | The Kellogg–Briand Pact was signed. | [165] |
November 6 | United States presidential election, 1928: U.S. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was elected President, defeating New York Governor Al Smith. | [166] | |
November 18 | Disney's animated feature Steamboat Willie, featuring Mickey Mouse, opened. | [167] | |
1929 | February 14 | The St. Valentine's Day Massacre became one of the most infamous slaying between rival gangs of the Prohibition era; resulting in the deaths of 7. | [168] |
October 29 | Wall Street Crash of 1929: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted a record 68 points. | [169] | |
November 7 | The Museum of Modern Art opened to the public in New York City. | [170] | |
February 20 | American Samoa officially became a United States territory. | [171] | |
1930 | June 17 | The Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act was signed into law. | [172] |
1931 | May 1 | The Empire State Building opened in New York City. | [173] |
1932 | January 7 | The Stimson Doctrine was published. | [174] |
January 22 | The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established. | [175] | |
March 23 | The Norris–La Guardia Act was signed into law. | [176] | |
May | The Bonus Army protests began in Washington, D.C. | [177] | |
May 20 | Amelia Earhart flew solo across the Atlantic Ocean. | [178] | |
November 8 | United States presidential election, 1932: New York Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected President, defeating incumbent Herbert Hoover. | [179] | |
1933 | January 23 | The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution, moving the beginning and end of the terms of elected federal officials to January 20, was ratified. | [180] |
February 15 | Giuseppe Zangara assassinated Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak in an attempt on President-elect Franklin Delano Roosevelt's life. | [181] | |
March 4 | President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed Frances Perkins United States Secretary of Labor, becoming the first woman to hold a cabinet level position. | [182] | |
New Deal: The Agricultural Adjustment Act, Civil Works Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Farm Credit Administration, Home Owners Loan Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority, Public Works Administration, National Industrial Recovery Act were all established or brought into force. | [183] | ||
December 5 | The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, ending prohibition, was ratified. | [184] | |
1934 | Dust Bowl: The Dust Bowl, characterized by severe drought and heat waves in the Great Plains, began. | [185] | |
March 24 | The Tydings–McDuffie Act was signed into law, establishing the Philippine Commonwealth. | [186] | |
June 6 | The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established. | [187] | |
June 12 | The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was signed into law. | [188] | |
June 16 | The Glass–Steagall Act was signed into law. | [189] | |
June 18 | The Indian Reorganization Act was signed into law. | [190] | |
June 22 | John Dillinger was killed. | [191] | |
June 28 | The Federal Housing Administration was established. | [192] | |
1935 | March 22 | The FBI was established, with J. Edgar Hoover as its first director. | [193] |
April 8 | The Works Progress Administration was established. | [194] | |
May 14 | The Social Security Act was signed into law; establishing the Social Security Administration. | [195] | |
August 9 | The Motor Carrier Act was signed into law. | [196] | |
May 27 | Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States: The Supreme Court ruled that the National Industrial Recovery Act, a central piece of President Roosevelt's New Deal program, was unconstitutional. | [197] | |
July 5 | The National Labor Relations Act was signed into law. | [198] | |
August 9 | The Motor Carrier Act was signed into law. | [196] | |
August 30 | The Revenue Act of 1935 was signed into law. | [199] | |
August 31 | The Neutrality Act of 1935 was signed into law. | [200] | |
September 10 | Louisiana Senator Huey Long was assassinated. | [201] | |
November 9 | The Congress of Industrial Organizations was founded. | [202] | |
1936 | January 6 | United States v. Butler: The Supreme Court ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional. | [203] |
March 25 | The Second London Naval Treaty was signed. | [204] | |
June 19 | The Robinson-Patman Act was signed into law. | [205] | |
November 3 | United States presidential election, 1936: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was reelected to a second term, defeating Kansas Governor Alf Landon. | [206] | |
December 30 | The Flint Sit-Down Strike began. | [207] | |
1937 | May 1 | The Neutrality Act of 1937 was signed into law. | [208] |
May 6 | Hindenburg disaster: The LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire, crashing at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station in Lakehurst, New Jersey after departing from Frankfurt, Germany; killing thirty-five passengers and one ground crewman. | [209] | |
May 27 | The Golden Gate Bridge opened in San Francisco. | [210] | |
December 12 | Panay incident: A Japanese attack was made on the United States Navy gunboat USS Panay while it was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing; killing three Americans. | [211] | |
1938 | June 25 | The Fair Labor Standards Act was signed into law; establishing a federal minimum wage. | [212] |
October 30 | Orson Welles performed a broadcast of The War of the Worlds. | [213] | |
1939 | February 4 | Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first full-length animated film. | [214] |
August 2 | The Hatch Act, aimed at corrupt political practices, was signed into law, preventing federal civil servants from campaigning. | [215] | |
September 1 | Invasion of Poland (1939): Nazi Germany invaded Poland. | [216] | |
September 21 | In response to the Poland Campaign, President Roosevelt requested a cash and carry policy to replace the Neutrality Acts. | [217] | |
1940 | June 29 | The Smith Act was signed into law. | [218] |
The cartoon characters Bugs Bunny and Tom and Jerry debuted. | [219][220] | ||
July 20 | Billboard publishes its first music popularity chart. | [221] | |
September 16 | The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, reinstating the U.S. military draft, was signed into law. | [222] | |
November 5 | U.S. presidential election, 1940: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was reelected to a third term, defeating corporate lawyer Wendell Willkie of Indiana. | [223] | |
1941 | February 23 | American Nuclear chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, with fellow U.C. Berkeley researchers, discovered the chemical element plutonium. | [224][225][226] |
March 11 | World War II: Lend-Lease, which supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material, began. | [227] | |
June 25 | President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802, prohibiting racial discrimination in the defense industry. | [228] | |
August 14 | World War II: The Atlantic Charter was drafted by Britain and the United States to serve as a blueprint for the postwar world. | [229] | |
December 7 | Attack on Pearl Harbor: The Empire of Japan declares war on the United States and Britain, attacking the U.S. Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Sinking six U.S. ships, including the USS Arizona, and destroying 188 aircraft, the attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in the deaths of 2,402 Americans, leaving 1,247 wounded. | [230] | |
December 8 | The United States declares war on the Empire of Japan, beginning the U.S. entry into World War II. | [231] | |
December 11 | The United States declares war on Germany and Italy, after both nations declared war with United States. | [232] | |
1942 | The Congress of Racial Equality was established. | [233] | |
January 20 | The Office of Price Administration was established. | [234] | |
February 9 | Automobile production in the United States for private consumers is halted by the War Production Board. | [235] | |
February 19 | Japanese American internment: Internment and seizure of property began, per Executive Order 9066 issued by President Roosevelt. | [236] | |
April 9 | The U.S. surrenders to Japan in the Battle of Bataan, beginning the three year occupation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines by Japanese forces. | [237] | |
April 11 | President Roosevelt signed Executive order 8734; establishing the Office of Price Administration. | [238] | |
April 18 | Pacific Theater of Operations: The Doolittle Raid begins the first U.S. bombing of Japanese archipelago. | [239] | |
June 3 | The Aleutian Islands Campaign begins the Japanese occupation of Alaska Territory. | [240] | |
June 4–7 | The Battle of Midway was fought. | [241] | |
August 7 | The Guadalcanal Campaign begins in the Solomon Islands. | [242] | |
August 13 | The Manhattan Project, leading to the development of the first atomic bomb, began. | [243] | |
October 21 | The Revenue Act of 1942 was signed into law. | [244] | |
November 28 | The Cocoanut Grove fire, the deadliest nightclub fire in U.S. History, killed 492 people in Boston. | [245] | |
1943 | January 14–24 | The Casablanca Conference was held. | [246] |
March 31 | The Broadway musical Oklahoma! opened. | [247] | |
June 20–22 | The Detroit Race Riot occurred; resulting in the deaths of 34 Whites and African-Americans and leaving 670 injured. | [248][249] | |
September 8 | Armistice of Cassibile: General Dwight Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allied Powers; with Italy later declaring war on Germany one month later. | [250][251][252] | |
November 22–26 | The Cairo Conference was held. | [253] | |
November 28 | The Tehran Conference was held between the "Big Three" Allied leaders of World War II. | [254] | |
1944 | June 6 | Normandy Landings (D-Day): The Invasion of Normandy, one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history, began in the Allied Powers broader Operation Overlord; leading to the Liberation of Paris. | [255][256][257] |
June 22 | The G.I. Bill was signed into law. | [258] | |
July 1–22 | United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference: Delegates from 44 nations met to discuss a new post-WWII monetary policy. | [259] | |
August 21 | The Dumbarton Oaks Conference began, starting the first talks between world leaders on the establishment of the United Nations. | [260] | |
November 7 | U.S. presidential election, 1944: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was reelected to a fourth term, defeating New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey. | [261] | |
December 16 | The Battle of the Bulge, Germany's final major offensive of World War II, began; being the deadliest military battle for the United States during World War II. | [262][263] | |
1945 | February 4–11 | The Yalta Conference was held in the Soviet Union. | [264] |
February 19 | The Battle of Iwo Jima began. | [265] | |
March 19 | The Western Allied invasion of Germany began. | ||
April 1 | The Battle of Okinawa began, being the deadliest battle of the Pacific War. | [266] | |
April 12 | President Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, Georgia; with Vice President Harry S. Truman succeeding him, becoming the 33rd President. | [267][268] | |
April 30 | German Chancellor Adolf Hitler committed suicide alongside wife Eva Braun in Berlin. | [269] | |
May 7 | Germany surrenders to the Allied Powers, leading to the End of World War II in Europe. | [270] | |
June 26 | United Nations Charter: The United Nations was founded, replacing the League of Nations. | [271] | |
July 17 - August 2 |
The Potsdam Conference was held in Occupied Germany. | [272] | |
August 6 & 9 | Operation Downfall: The United States conducted the only two atomic bombings during a war on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; killing between an estimated 150,000-246,000 people. | [273][274] | |
August 15 | Surrender of Japan: In a broadcast to the Japanese public, Emperor Hirohito announced that Japan had accepted the Potsdam Declaration, surrendering to the Allied Powers. | [275] | |
September 2 | The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed between the Empire of Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, Republic of China, France, Netherlands, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, on the deck of the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay; marking the end of World War II. | [276] | |
November 20 | Nuremberg Trials: The military tribunals against Nazi Germany leadership began. | [277] | |
Strike Wave of 1945–1946: Nationwide labor strikes were held, with over 4.6 million workers striking. | [278] | ||
1946 | Automobile production in the United States for private consumers resumed. | [279] | |
February 20 | The Employment Act was signed into law; establishing the Council of Economic Advisers. | [280] | |
July 4 | The Philippines regained independence from the United States. | [281] | |
July 14 | Benjamin Spock's The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care was published. | [282] | |
August 1 | The United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946 was signed into law; establishing the United States Atomic Energy Commission. | [283] | |
December 5 | President Truman signed Executive Order 9808; establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights. | [284] | |
1947 | March 12 | The Truman Doctrine was declared, establishing "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." | [285] |
March 21 | President Truman signed executive order 9835; establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program to search out the "infiltration of disloyal persons" in the U.S. Government. | [286] | |
April 15 | Jackie Robinson of the Brooklyn Dodgers broke the color line in Major League Baseball. | [287] | |
June 5 | The Marshall Plan was announced by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall. | [288] | |
June 23 | The Taft Hartley Act was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. | [289] | |
July 7 | The Roswell UFO incident occurred near Roswell, New Mexico. | [290] | |
July 18 | The Presidential Succession Act was signed into law. | [291] | |
July 26 | The National Security Act of 1947 was signed into law, establishing the Central Intelligence Agency. | [292] | |
October 30 | The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed in Geneva. | [293] | |
1948 | April 30 | The Charter of the Organization of American States was adopted. | [294] |
June 8 | Texaco Star Theater, the first top-rated United States network television show, debuted on television. | [295] | |
June 24 | The Berlin Blockade, the first major crisis of the Cold War, took place. | [296] | |
The Selective Service Act of 1948 was signed into law. | [297] | ||
July 26 | President Truman signed Executive Order 9981, leading to the desegregating the United States Armed Forces. | [298] | |
November 2 | U.S. presidential election, 1948: President Harry S. Truman was reelected to a second term, defeating New York Governor and 1944 Presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey, and South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond, in what is regarded as one of the biggest upsets in American political history. | [299][300][301] | |
November 26 | The Polaroid camera was first offered for sale. | [302] | |
1949 | January 5 | In the 1949 State of the Union Address, President Truman proposed the unsuccessful Fair Deal; his administration's agenda for economic and domestic policy. | [303] |
Allied-occupied Germany was divided into East and West Germany. | |||
April 4 | North Atlantic Treaty: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was founded. | [304] | |
April 13 | The Nuremberg Trials ended, with the convictions of 24 major Nazi political and military leaders, among others. | [305][306] | |
August 10 | The National Security Amendments of 1949 was signed into law by President Truman, renaming the Department of War the Department of Defense. | [307] | |
August 29 | First Lightning: The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. | [308] | |
1950 | Second Red Scare: McCarthyism, the term to describe "the practice of making unfair allegations or using unfair investigative techniques, especially of pro-Communist activity" of Senator Joseph McCarthy,[309] began after heightened fears of Communist influence in America. | ||
January 21 | A grand jury found former State Department official and President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Alger Hiss guilty on two counts of perjury in connection with charges that he was a Soviet spy. | [310][311] | |
February 9 | Senator McCarthy came to national prominence after claiming to have a list of 205 State Department employees who were members of the Communist Party and "helping to shape [the U.S.'s] foreign policy." | [312] | |
June 25 | Korean War: The North Korean military began the Communist lead invasion of South Korea. | [313] | |
June 27 | President Truman ordered U.S. air and naval support to aid South Korea against the Northern lead invasion; prompting the beginning of the U.S. involvement in the Korean War. | [314] | |
September 22 | The McCarran Internal Security Act was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. | [315] | |
October 2 | The comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz, was first published. | [316] | |
November 1 | Truman assassination attempt: Two Puerto Rican nationals attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman while he stayed at Blair House. | [317] | |
1951 | February 27 | The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing term limits for President, was ratified. | [318] |
April 11 | President Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his commands after criticizing the limited war efforts of the Truman administration, and starting unauthorized talks with China in the Korean war. | [319] | |
September 1 | The ANZUS Treaty was signed. | [320] | |
September 8 | The Japanese Peace Treaty Conference was held San Francisco. | [321] | |
October 10 | The Mutual Security Act was signed into law. | [322] | |
1952 | June 27 | The McCarran–Walter Act was enacted, with the House and Senate overriding President Truman's veto of the bill. | [323] |
November 4 | United States presidential election, 1952: Five-Star General and former Chief of Staff of the United States Army Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President, defeating Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson II. | [324] | |
1953 | April 25 | Molecular biologists James Watson and Francis Crick published their paper on the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. | [325][326] |
June 19 | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed on conspiracy to commit espionage after they were found guilty of giving U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. | [327][328] | |
July 19 | The Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, ending the Korean War. | [329] | |
August 15 | Operation Ajax: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power after the CIA conducted a coup d'état in Iran. | [330] | |
1954 | January 1 | Tournament of Roses Parade: The parade was the first national color television broadcast. | [331] |
April 26 – July 20 |
Geneva Conference (1954): A conference was held where the United States attempted to find a way to unify Korea and restore peace in Indochina. | [332] | |
May 17 | Brown v. Board of Education: The Supreme Court declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students, and denying black children equal educational opportunities, were unconstitutional. | [333] | |
June 9 | Army-McCarthy hearings: Senator McCarthy was nationally discredited after failing to provide credible evidence supporting accusations of communist activity in the U.S. government amid the two months of televised hearings. | [334][335][336] | |
June 18–27 | Operation PBSUCCESS: The CIA organized the overthrow of Guatemala's democratically elected President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. | [337][338][339] | |
September 8 | The United States became a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). | [340] | |
November 23 | The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at an all-time high of 382.74, the first time it closed above its peak set before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. | [341] | |
December 2 | The United States and the Republic of China signed the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, amid the First Taiwan Strait Crisis. | [342] | |
December 23 | The first successful kidney transplant on a human was performed in Boston. | [343] | |
1955 | The African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) began. | ||
April 12 | The announcement that the polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was found to be "safe, effective and potent" was made by the University of Michigan. | [344] | |
April 15 | Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's fast food restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. | [345] | |
May 14 | The Warsaw Pact was signed, establishing a mutual defense arrangement subscribed to by eight Communist states in Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union. | [346] | |
July 17 | Disneyland opened at Anaheim, California. | [347] | |
August 28 | Emmett Till was kidnapped, beaten and murdered in Money, Mississippi after reportedly flirting with a white woman; with the pictures of his open casket funeral, and the acquittal of his captors, the public reaction of Till's death helped spark the Civil Rights Movement. | [348] | |
September 30 | Actor James Dean was killed in a highway collision in Salinas, California. | [349] | |
November 1 | Vietnam War: President Eisenhower deploys the first American personnel from the Military Assistance Advisory Group to South Vietnam after the First Indochina War. | [350] | |
December 1 | Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, inciting the 386-day Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. | [351] | |
December 5 | The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations merged into the AFL-CIO, becoming the largest labor union in the United States. | [352] | |
1956 | June 29 | The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, authorizing the construction of 41,000 miles of the Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period, was signed into law. | [353] |
Hungarian Revolution of 1956: The United States refused to support the revolution. | [354] | ||
November 6 | United States presidential election, 1956: President Dwight D. Eisenhower was reelected to a second term, defeating 1952 Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II in the rematch election. | [355] | |
1957 | January 5 | The Eisenhower Doctrine, wherein a country could request American economic assistance or military aid if threatened by outside armed aggression, was proclaimed. | [356] |
January 10 | Dr. King, Rustin, Lowrey, Shuttlesworth and Abernathy founded the Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC). | [357] | |
September 4 | Little Rock Integration Crisis: Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus deployed members of the Arkansas National Guard to prevent African-American students from integrating in the Little Rock Central High School. | [358] | |
September 9 | The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was signed into law. | [359] | |
September 23 | President Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent members of the 101st Airborne Division to escort the Little Rock Nine to their classrooms in response to Governor Faubus' efforts preventing school desegregation. | [360] | |
October 4 | Space race: The Soviet Union launched Sputnik. | [361] | |
December 2 | Atoms for Peace: The Shippingport Atomic Power Station, the first commercial nuclear power plant, went into service. | [362] | |
1958 | January 31 | Explorer 1: The first U.S. satellite was launched into space. | [363] |
July 29 | The National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed into law; establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. | [364] | |
Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit. | [365] | ||
September 2 | The National Defense Education Act was signed into law. | [366] | |
1959 | January 3 | Alaska was admitted to the Union, becoming the 49th state. | [367] |
February 4 | The Day the Music Died: Musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, and pilot, Roger Peterson, were killed in a plane accident. | [368] | |
May 4 | The First Grammy Awards was held. | [369] | |
July 8 | U.S. Army Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand and Major Dale M. Buis were killed in South Vietnam, being the first two official American casualties of the Vietnam War. | [370][371] | |
August 21 | Hawaii was admitted to the Union, becoming the 50th state. | [372] | |
1960 | February 1 | The Greensboro sit-ins, sparked by the refusal of four African American college students to move from a segregated lunch counter, began similar widespread acts of civil disobedience to protest Jim Crow laws. | [373] |
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was founded. | [374] | ||
May 1 | U-2 incident: A CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet airspace. | [375] | |
May 6 | The Civil Rights Act of 1960, establishing federal inspection of local voter registration polls and penalties for those attempting to obstruct the right to vote, was signed into law. | [376] | |
September 26 | The first ever general election debate between presidential candidates was held between Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy and Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon. | [377] | |
November 8 | United States presidential election, 1960: Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy was elected President, defeating Vice President Richard M. Nixon and becoming the youngest person to be elected to the office of the Presidency. | [378][379] | |
December 5 | Boynton v. Virginia: In a 7-2 ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that African-Americans were protected from racial segregation on buses by the Interstate Commerce Act. | [380] | |
December 20 | The National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam was formed. | [381] | |
1961 | January 3 | The United States broke diplomatic relations with Cuba. | [382] |
January 17 | President Eisenhower gave his farewell address which warned of the "military–industrial complex". | [383][384] | |
February 7 | The United States embargo against Cuba came into force. | [385] | |
March 1 | President Kennedy signed Executive Order 10924, establishing the Peace Corps. | [386] | |
March 29 | The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, which granted electors to the District of Columbia, was ratified. | [387] | |
April 17 – 19 |
Bay of Pigs Invasion: The failed U.S. led invasion and attempted coup d'état of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro took place. | [388][389] | |
May 4 | The Freedom Rides began in Washington D.C. after the failure to enforce the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia. | [390][391] | |
May 5 | Alan Shepard piloted the Freedom 7 capsule to become the first American in space. | [392] | |
May 25 | President Kennedy proposed the Apollo program, with the goal of "landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." | [393] | |
June 16 | Vietnam War: President Kennedy deployed an additional 400 U.S. military advisors (900 total) to South Vietnam; totaling 3,200 American troops by 1963, and more than 11,000 by mid-1964. | [394][395][396] | |
1962 | February 20 | John Glenn orbited the Earth. | [397] |
March 26 | A decision was reached in Baker v. Carr which enabled federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases. | [398] | |
June 25 | A decision in Engel v. Vitale determined that it was unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools. | [399] | |
August 5 | Marilyn Monroe died of an apparent overdose from acute barbiturate poisoning at age thirty-six. | [400] | |
October 14–27 | Cuban missile crisis: A nuclear confrontation took place between the United States and the Soviet Union. | [401] | |
1963 | February 19 | Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, attributed to sparking Second-wave feminism, was published. | [402] |
March 18 | Gideon v. Wainwright: In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the right to counsel is protected under the Sixth Amendment. | [403] | |
April 3 | Birmingham campaign: The nonviolent led protests against racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama was launched by the SCLC. | [404] | |
April 16 | Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. King was arrested amid the Birmingham campaign, writing an open letter defending the strategy nonviolent protest. | [405] | |
June 10 | The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was signed into law. | [406] | |
June 12 | NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers was assassinated at his home in Mississippi by white supremacists, hours after President Kennedy gave his Civil Rights Address. | [407] | |
August 28 | March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., among other notable civil rights leaders, spoke on the Lincoln Memorial, giving his historic "I Have a Dream" speech at the march that drew over 200,000 demonstrators. | [408][409][410] | |
September 15 | The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, carried out by a KKK splinter group, killed four African-Americans girls in what was seen as a turning point for the Civil Rights Movement. | [411] | |
October 7 | The Atomic Test Ban Treaty was signed. | [412] | |
November 22 | President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by a sniper in Dallas, Texas while traveling in an open presidential motorcade with Texas Governor John Connally, who was injured in the incident. | [413] | |
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as President, hours after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. | [414] | ||
November 24 | Lee Harvey Oswald, the sniper who assassinated President Kennedy, was killed after being fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby. | [415] | |
November 29 | The Warren Commission was established by President Johnson to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy. | [416] | |
December 17 | The Clean Air Act was signed into law. | [417] | |
1964 | January 23 | The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax, was ratified. | [418] |
February 7 | British Invasion: The Beatles arrived in the United States. | [419] | |
May 22 | President Johnson proposed the Great Society, a set of social reforms aimed at the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. | [420][421] | |
The Freedom Summer began, aimed to increase voter registration for African Americans. | [422] | ||
July 2 | The Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawing both segregation and major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, was signed into law. | [423] | |
August 2 | Tonkin Gulf incident, a false flag operation with 'deliberately skewed' intelligence to expand U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, occurred. | [424][425][426] | |
August 4 | Mississippi civil rights workers' murders: The bodies of three missing civil rights activists, working to register voters as a part of the Freedom Summer, were found near Philadelphia, Mississippi. | [427] | |
August 10 | The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, not a formal declaration of war in Vietnam, was signed by President Johnson | [428] | |
August 20 | The Economic Opportunity Act was signed into law. | [429] | |
November 3 | United States presidential election, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson defeated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. | [430] | |
December 10 | Dr. King became the youngest person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, for his 'nonviolent campaign against racism'. | [431] | |
1965 | Vietnam War: Johnson escalates United States military involvement in the war, with the number of U.S. troops totaling more than 184,000. | [396] | |
February 21 | African American Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York. | [432] | |
March 2 | Operation Rolling Thunder began in the Vietnam War. | [433] | |
March 7 | The Selma to Montgomery marches, known as "Bloody Sunday", drew national outrage after Alabama State Troopers severely beat and used tear gas against the nonviolent demonstrators. | [434] | |
March 25 | In a third attempt to march from Selma to Montgomery, 3,200 civil rights demonstrators reached the Alabama State Capitol, where they were joined with a crowd of 25,000, after four days of marching. | [435] | |
April 17 | March Against the Vietnam War: The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the SNCC led the first major anti-war demonstration against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C., with over 25,000 protesters. | [436] | |
July 30 | The Social Security Amendments of 1965 was signed into law, establishing Medicaid and Medicare in the United States. | [437] | |
August 6 | The Voting Rights Act was signed into law. | [438] | |
August 11 - 17 |
The Watts Riot began in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, resulting in the deaths of 34 people. | [439] | |
September 9 | The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was established, after the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 was signed into law by President Johnson. | [440] | |
October 3 | The Immigration Act of 1965 was signed into law, abolishing the National Origins Formula. | [441] | |
November 8 | The Higher Education Act of 1965 was passed. | [442] | |
1966 | January 18 | Robert C. Weaver was sworn in as the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, becoming the first African American to hold a cabinet-level position. | [443] |
June 13 | Miranda v. Arizona: The Supreme Court ruled that not informing suspects held in custody on their right to counsel and silence violated protection against self incrimination, establishing what later became known as "Miranda Rights". | [444] | |
June 30 | The feminist group the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed. | [445] | |
July 4 | The Freedom of Information Act was signed into law. | [446] | |
September 9 | The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was passed. | [447] | |
1967 | January 3 | Jack Ruby died of a pulmonary embolism at Parkland Hospital, where Oswald had died and where President Kennedy had been pronounced dead after his assassination. | [448] |
January 8 | Operation Cedar Falls, the largest ground operation of the Vietnam War, began; with over 500,000 with the number of U.S. troops totaling more than 500,000 by the end of 1967. | [449][450] | |
January 15 | Super Bowl I: In the first Super Bowl took place between the Green Bay Packers and the Kansas City Chiefs. | [451] | |
February 23 | The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing succession to the Presidency and procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, was ratified. | [452] | |
April 1 | The United States Department of Transportation was established. | [453] | |
April 15 | National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam: 400,000 demonstrators march in New York City from Central Park to the United Nations Headquarters against the Vietnam War; with 100,000 protesting the war in San Fransciso, being one of the largest demonstrations against the Vietnam War. | [454] | |
The Summer of Love took place, marking a defining period for the counterculture movement in the U.S. | [455][456] | ||
June 12 | Loving v. Virginia: The Supreme Court overruled the prohibition of interracial marriage. | [457] | |
July 1 | American Samoa became self-governing under a new Constitution. | [458] | |
October 2 | Thurgood Marshall was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; becoming the first African-American Justice to serve on the court. | [459] | |
1968 | January 30 | The Tet Offensive, a campaign of surprise attacks by the Viet Cong, began. | [460] |
April 4 | Civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated by a sniper at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. | [461] | |
April 4 - May 29 |
King assassination riots: The assassination of Dr. King prompted mass riots in Chicago, Washington D.C., Baltimore, Kansas City and Louisville; leaving 36 people dead. | [462] | |
April 11 | The Civil Rights Act of 1968, providing equal housing protection, was signed into law. | [463] | |
June 5 | Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles by Sirhan Sirhan, after winning the California primary while campaigning for President. | [464] | |
July 1 | The United States signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. | [465] | |
August 25–29 | Chicago City Police clashed with anti-war protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. | [466] | |
October 22 | The Gun Control Act of 1968 was signed into law. | [467] | |
November 5 | United States presidential election, 1968: Former Vice President Richard Nixon was elected President, defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Alabama Governor George Wallace. | [468] | |
Shirley Chisholm of New York became the first African-American woman elected to Congress. | [469] | ||
December 21 | Apollo 8: The first manned spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit occurred. | [470] | |
1969 | March 18 | Operation Menu: The United States began its covert bombings of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. | [471] |
June 29 | The Stonewall riots took place, beginning after police raided the Stonewall Inn in New York City, which would mark the start of the modern gay liberation movement in the United States. | [472] | |
July 18 | Chappaquiddick incident: Senator Edward M. Kennedy drove off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, killing his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne. | [473] | |
July 20 | Apollo 11: Americans astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins became the first men to land on the moon, with Armstrong becoming the first man to walk on the moon's surface. | [474] | |
August 15–19 | The Woodstock Festival took place in White Lake, New York, proclaimed as "three days of peace and music", it became one of the defining events representing counterculture movement. | [475] | |
November 3 | Vietnamization: President Nixon outlaid his administration's Vietnam policy in response to the Tet Offensive. | [476] | |
November 10 | Sesame Street premiered on National Educational Television. | [477] | |
November 15 | Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam: Over 500,000 peaceful demonstrators protested the Vietnam War in Washington D.C., being the largest anti-war protest in U.S. history. | [478] | |
December 15 | President Nixon announces the withdrawal of 50,000 U.S. troops from Vietnam; reaching the peak level of U.S. troops in Vietnam at 541,000. | [479][480] | |
1970 | January 1 | The National Environmental Policy Act was signed into law. | [481] |
May 4 | Kent State shootings: Shootings occurred during anti-war, student protests that grew violent, resulting in the deaths of four demonstrators by the Ohio National Guard. | [482] | |
April 20 | President Nixon announces the further withdrawal of 150,000 troops in Vietnam. | [483] | |
April 30 | President Nixon announces the beginning of the Cambodian Campaign. | [484] | |
April 22 | The first Earth Day was observed. | [485] | |
July 4 | American Top 40, hosted by radio personality Casey Kasem, which featured a weekly countdown, premiered. | [486] | |
October 5 | The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) began operations, succeeding National Educational Television (NET). | [487] | |
December 2 | The United States Environmental Protection Agency was established. | [488] | |
December 29 | The Occupational Safety and Health Act was signed into law, establishing OSHA. | [489] | |
1971 | January 25 | Charles Manson is sentenced to death (with his sentence later commuted to life in prison) for his involvement in the Tate-LaBianca murders. | [490] |
April 1 | The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act was signed into law, banning cigarette advertisements on radio and television and issuing a Surgeon General's warning on tobacco products. | [491] | |
June 13 | Pentagon Papers: The New York Times publishes its first story on the classified 7,000 page Department of Defense study, leaked by study participant Daniel Ellsberg, on the U.S.'s political-military involvement in Vietnam since 1945. | [492][493] | |
June 17 | President Nixon declares a "War on Drugs", stating that drug use in the U.S. is "public enemy number one." | [494] | |
June 30 | New York Times Co. v. United States: The Supreme Court ruled that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint. | [495] | |
July 1 | The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18, was ratified. | [496] | |
August 15 | Nixon Shock: Nixon ended the gold standard in the United States. | [497] | |
September 13 | Attica Prison riot: After four days of holding 39 prison staff members hostage, a raid that led to a riot at the Attica Correctional Facility was launched by New York State Police; leaving 43 staff and prisoners dead and being the deadliest prison riot in U.S. history. | [498] | |
1972 | February 21–28 | 1972 Nixon visit to China: President Nixon became the first U.S. President to visit the People's Republic of China, marking the end of 25 years of isolation between the U.S. and China. | [499][500] |
May 26 | SALT I Treaty: The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty was signed between the Soviet Union and United States at the Moscow Summit. | [501] | |
June 9–10 | Black Hills flood: Flooding in the Black Hills region of Western South Dakota killed 238 people. | [502] | |
June 17 | Watergate burglaries: Five men were arrested for the burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. | [503] | |
June 23 | The Education Amendments of 1972, enacting Title IX and prohibiting gender based discrimination of educational institutions, was signed into law. | [504] | |
June 29 | Furman v. Georgia: The Supreme Court ruled that application of the death penalty outside of cases of homicide violated protection against cruel and unusual punishment. | [505] | |
October 17 | The Clean Water Act is enacted, was overridden by the Senate. | [506] | |
November 7 | U.S. presidential election, 1972: President Nixon was reelected to a second term, defeating South Dakota Senator George McGovern. | [507] | |
December 14 | Apollo 17 became the final mission of the Apollo program and last human spaceflight to the moon. | [508] | |
December 18 | Operation Linebacker II: The final major U.S. bombing campaign in North Vietnam began. | [509] | |
1973 | January 22 | Roe v. Wade: The Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning abortion before 24 weeks as unconstitutional. | [510] |
January 23 | The Paris Peace Accords was signed, ending the United States' direct involvement in the Vietnam War. | [511] | |
May 3 | The Sears Towers opened in Chicago, becoming the World's tallest building. | [512] | |
May 14 | The space station Skylab was launched by NASA. | [513] | |
May 17 | The United States Senate Watergate Committee held its first hearing. | [514] | |
October 10 | Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in disgrace as part of a plea bargain after being charged with tax evasion, extortion and conspiracy. | [515] | |
October 20 | Saturday Night Massacre: President Nixon fired three top legal advisers over the disposition of secret tapes and the actions of the Special Prosecutor in regard to the Watergate scandal. | [516] | |
October | 1973 oil crisis: Gasoline prices in the U.S. quadrupled over a three-month period in response to reduced supply of gasoline and heating oil. | [517] | |
December 6 | House Minority Leader Gerald Ford of Michigan was sworn in as Vice President after the resignation of Spiro Agnew; becoming the first Vice President to be appointed under the Twenty-fifth Amendment. | [518] | |
1974 | April 3–4 | Super Outbreak: An outbreak of 148 tornadoes hit thirteen states, killing 330 people. | [519] |
April 8 | Hank Aaron of the Atlanta Braves broke Babe Ruth's home run record by hitting his 715th career home run. | [520] | |
June 30 | The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon over his actions in the Watergate Scandal. | [521] | |
August 9 | President Richard Nixon becomes the first and only President to resign from office. After submitting his resignation in an address to the nation the evening before, Nixon stated that "the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations." | [522][523][524] | |
Vice President Gerald Ford is sworn in as President after the resignation of President Nixon. | [525] | ||
September 8 | President Ford pardoned former President Richard Nixon for any crimes he may have committed as President during the Watergate Scandal. | [526] | |
December 31 | Executive Order 6102, restricting the private holding of gold within the United States, was lifted. | [527] | |
1975 | January 27 | The Church Committee, Chaired by Idaho Senator Frank Church, was established in the aftermath of the Watergate Scandal; investigating the illegal activities of the CIA, NSA and FBI. | [528] |
April 4 | Bill Gates founded Microsoft Corporation. | [529] | |
April 30 | Fall of Saigon: Saigon, the capitol of South Vietnam, was captured by the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong, causing the South to surrender and officially ending the Vietnam War. | [530] | |
July 15 | Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: The first joint U.S.–Soviet space mission began in Kazakhstan. | [531] | |
September 5 | President Ford was uninjured after a failed assassination attempt by Manson Family cult member Lynette Fromme in Sacramento, California. | [532] | |
1976 | April 1 | Steve Jobs founded Apple Inc. | [533] |
July 2 | Gregg v. Georgia: The Supreme Court affirmed that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment. | [534] | |
July 4 | United States Bicentennial: Americans celebrated the United States bicentennial. | [535] | |
October 19 | The Copyright Act of 1976 was signed into law. | [536] | |
November 2 | U.S. presidential election, 1976: Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter was elected President, defeating incumbent Gerald Ford. | [70] | |
1977 | January 23 | The television miniseries Roots aired on ABC. | [537] |
July 13–14 | New York City blackout of 1977: A twenty-five hour blackout, resulting in looting and other disorder, took place. | [538] | |
August 4 | The United States Department of Energy is established. | [539] | |
August 16 | Elvis Presley, the "King of Rock and Roll", died at his home in Graceland. | [540] | |
September 7 | The Torrijos–Carter Treaties between the U.S. and Panama, relinquishing U.S. control of the Panama Canal, were ratified. | [541] | |
The Commodore PET, the first personal computer for retail sale, was released. | [542] | ||
1978 | September 17 | The Camp David Accords were signed by Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt at Camp David. | [543] |
October 25 | The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act was signed into law. | [544] | |
October 27 | The Humphrey Hawkins Full Employment Act was signed into law. | [545] | |
November 18 | Jonestown Massacre: The mass-suicide of 909 American citizens who were members of the religious cult the Peoples Temple, led by Jim Jones, occurred in Guyana. With the addition murders of nine others, including Congressman Leo Ryan, the 918 deaths were the largest loss of American life in a single incident and in a non-natural disaster at the time. | [546][547][548] | |
November 27 | Moscone–Milk assassinations: Harvey Milk, the first openly gay person elected to public office, and San Francisco Mayor George Moscone, were assassinated by Dan White in San Francisco. | [549] | |
1979 | March 28 | Three Mile Island accident: The partial nuclear meltdown and release of small amounts of radioactive gases and iodine of a nuclear power plant in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania began; considered to be the worst commercial nuclear power accident in U.S. history. | [550] |
May 21 | White Night Riots: After the lenient sentence of Moscone-Milk assassin Dan White, over 5,000 demonstrators in San Francisco's gay community staged what turned into a violent protest. | [551] | |
May 25 | American Airlines Flight 191 flight crashed shortly after takeoff from O'Hare International Airport, killing all 271 aboard and two on the ground; being the deadliest aviation accident on U.S. soil. | [552] | |
October 17 | The United States Department of Education is established. | [553] | |
November 4 | Iran hostage crisis: The U.S. embassy in Tehran was raided by student activists of the Iranian Revolution after overthrown CIA instated Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was allowed into the U.S.; beginning the 444-day capture of the embassy and the holding of fifty-two American embassy personnel. | [554] | |
1980 | March 18 | The Refugee Act was signed into law. | [555] |
March 21 | 1980 Summer Olympics boycott: Protesting the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Cater announces the U.S. would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow. | [556] | |
April 4 | The United States Department of Health and Human Services was established. | [557] | |
April 24 | Operation Eagle Claw: Eight U.S. military personnel were killed after the failed attempt to rescue the fifty-two American hostages held at the U.S. embassy in Tehran. | [558] | |
May 18 | Eruption of Mount St. Helens: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington killed fifty-seven people. | [559] | |
June 1 | CNN, the first 24-hour cable news channel, was founded. | [560] | |
November 4 | U.S. presidential election, 1980: California Governor Ronald Reagan was elected President, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter and Illinois Representative John B. Anderson. | [561] | |
December 8 | Musician John Lennon was assassinated outside of The Dakota in New York City. | [562] | |
1981 | January 20 | Iran releases the 52 U.S. hostages held in Tehran after 444 days (the day of the swearing in of President Ronald Reagan); signing the Algiers Accords. | [563] |
March 30 | Reagan assassination attempt: President Reagan and three others were injured after an assassination attempt of the President by John Hinckley, outside of the Hilton Washington in Washington D.C. | [564] | |
April 12 | STS-1: The Space Shuttle Columbia was launched, being the first flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program. | [565] | |
July 17 | Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: A hotel walkway collapsed in Kansas City, Missouri, killing 114 and injuring over two hundred. | [566] | |
August 1 | MTV, the first 24-hour cable network dedicated to airing music videos, was launched. | [567] | |
August 4 | Reaganomics: The Kemp-Roth Tax Cut was signed into law. | [568] | |
September 21 | Sandra Day O'Connor was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, becoming the first woman to serve on the court. | [569] | |
November 16 | President Reagan signed NDSS 17, authorizing the beginning of CIA support for contra rebels in Nicaragua. | [570] | |
1982 | June 12 | Anti-nuclear protests were held at Central Park in New York City, with nearly one million peaceful demonstrators protesting the arms race. | [571] |
August 25 | Multinational forces, including 800 Marines, were deployed to Lebanon to oversee the withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization after Lebanese Civil War. | [572] | |
1983 | March 23 | President Reagan proposes the Strategic Defense Initiative. | [573][574] |
April 18 | 1983 United States embassy bombing: The U.S. embassy in Beirut was bombed by members of the Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO), killing 63 people, including 17 U.S. government personnel. | [575] | |
October 23 | Beirut barracks bombing: 241 United States Marine Corps personnel were killed in a suicide bombing by members of the IJO in Lebanon. | [576] | |
October 25 | Operation Urgent Fury: Under executive action from President Reagan, the U.S. deployed 1,900 military personnel in the Invasion of Grenada. | [577] | |
1984 | April 23 | U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret Heckler announces Dr. Robert Gallo and fellow NCI researcher's discovery of HTLV-III as the virus that causes AIDS. | [578] |
May 8 | 1984 Summer Olympics boycott: The Soviet Union, later joined by most of the Eastern Bloc, announced the boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles. | [579] | |
July 18 | San Ysidro McDonald's massacre: A mass shooting in San Ysidro, California left 22 (including the perpetrator) dead and injured 19 others; being the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history at the time. | [580] | |
November 6 | U.S. presidential election, 1984: President Reagan was reelected to a second term, defeating former Vice President Walter Mondale. | [581] | |
1985 | July 13 | Live Aid, a concert attended by 100,000 people and watched by 1.9 billion viewers in 150 countries at the John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia, was held, raising global awareness of famine in Ethiopia. | [582] |
Arrow Air Flight 1285, carrying U.S. Army personnel to Egypt, crashed in Newfoundland, Canada, killing all 256 passengers on board and being the deadliest single aviation accident in the history of the U.S. military. | [583] | ||
1986 | January 20 | The first Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is observed. | [584] |
January 28 | Space Shuttle Challenger disaster: The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded due to a leak in the shuttle's solid rocket booster 73 seconds after departing from the Kennedy Space Center, killing all seven crew members aboard, including school teacher Christa McAuliffe. | [585] | |
April 15 | Operation El Dorado Canyon: The U.S. began air strikes against Libya after the Berlin discotheque bombing. | [586] | |
May 19 | The Firearm Owners Protection Act was signed into law. | [587] | |
May 25 | Hands Across America: Over five million Americans formed a human chain across the Continental United States, holding hands for 15 minutes to raise awareness of hunger and homelessness. | [588] | |
October 1 | The Goldwater–Nichols Act was signed into law. | [589] | |
October 9 | The Fox Broadcasting Company was founded. | [590] | |
October 21 | The Compact of Free Association was signed by the U.S., giving Independence to the Marshall Islands. | [591] | |
October 22 | The Tax Reform Act of 1986 was signed into law. | [592] | |
November 3 | Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa first revealed that the United States had secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for American hostages, amid a U.S. arms embargo. | [593][594] | |
November 6 | The Immigration Reform and Control Act was signed into law. | [595] | |
November 25 | After the resignation of National Security Advisor John Poindexter, Attorney General Edwin Meese revealed that the profits from the U.S. arms trade with Iran were illegally diverted to support contra groups in Nicaragua. | [593][596] | |
November 26 | The Tower Commission is established by President Reagan to investigate the Iran-Contra affair. | [597] | |
1987 | May 5 | Joint special House and Senate hearings on the Iran-Contra affair began. | [598] |
June 12 | During a visit to Berlin, President Reagan challenged Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall", referring to the Berlin Wall. | [599] | |
October 19 | Black Monday: The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 508 points in a single session, losing 22.6% of its value. | [600] | |
October 23 | The U.S. Senate rejects President Reagan's Supreme Court nomination of Robert Bork. | [601] | |
November 18 | A joint congressional report investigating the Iran-Contra affair found that the "ultimate responsibility for the events in the Iran-contra affair must rest with the President." | [602][603] | |
December 8 | The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. between the U.S. and Soviet Union. | [604] | |
1988 | May 14 | Carrollton bus collision: A drunk driver crashed into a church bus near Carrollton, Kentucky, killing twenty-seven people. | [605] |
The Yellowstone fires of 1988 burned 793,880 acres of Yellowstone National Park. | [606] | ||
August 8 | Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois added lights for night games, being the last major league park that didn't have lights. | [607] | |
August 10 | The Civil Liberties Act, compensating Japanese Americans who "lost liberty or property because of discriminatory action by the Federal government during World War II", was signed into law. | [608] | |
August 30 | STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery was launched. | [609] | |
November 2 | Morris worm, the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, was launched. | [610] | |
November 8 | U.S. presidential election, 1988: Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected President, defeating Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. | [611] | |
1989 | March 15 | The United States Department of Veterans Affairs was established. | [612] |
March 24 | Exxon Valdez oil spill: An oil tanker struck a reef in Prince William Sound, spilling over 11 million gallons of crude oil in the Gulf of Alaska. | [613] | |
May 31 | Speaker of the House Jim Wright becomes the first House Speaker to resign amid scandal; he was succeeded by Tom Foley. | [614] | |
September 10-22 |
Hurricane Hugo struck the East Coast, killing 49 people and causing $7 billion in damage. | [615][616] | |
October 17 | The Loma Prieta earthquake, striking the San Francisco Bay Area and interrupting the 1989 World Series, killed sixty-three people. | [617] | |
December 3 | Malta Summit: President Bush and Soviet Premier Gorbachev met in Malta weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, releasing statements indicating that the war may be coming to an end. | [618] | |
December 20 | Operation Just Cause: 26,000 U.S. military personnel were deployed in the U.S. invasion of Panama, removing Military Governor Manuel Noriega from power and restoring Panama's democratically elected government. | [619] | |
The Office of National Drug Control Policy was established. | [620] | ||
1990 | January 13 | Douglas Wilder was elected Governor of Virginia, becoming the first African American to become governor of a U.S. State. | [621] |
April 24 | The Hubble Space Telescope was launched during a mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery. | [622] | |
June 1 | The 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. | [623] | |
July 26 | The Americans with Disabilities Act was signed into law. | [624] | |
August 2 | Gulf War: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leads the deployment of 140,000 Iraqi troops in the invasion of Kuwait. | [625] | |
November 15 | The Clean Air Act of 1990 was signed into law. | [626] | |
1991 | January 17 | Operation Desert Storm: The United States leads 34 coalition nations in the invasion of Ba'athist Iraq; deploying over 500,000 U.S. military personnel in response to Iraq's annexation of Kuwait. | [627][628] |
February 28 | President George H.W. Bush announces that a cease fire was reached between in the Gulf War, stating that "Kuwait is liberated. Iraq's army is defeated." | [629] | |
July 31 | START I was signed between the United States and the Soviet Union. | [630] | |
December 26 | The dissolution of the Soviet Union, recognizing the independence of twelve Soviets states after the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who declared his office extinct, formally ended the Cold War. | [631] | |
Confirmation hearings of Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas were held by the Senate Judiciary Committee, after allegations regarding sexual harassment charges were pressed by former aide Anita Hill. | [633] | ||
1992 | April 29– May 4 |
1992 Los Angeles riots: Riots in Los Angeles, spurred by the acquittal of four Los Angeles Police Department officers accused in the beating of Rodney King, took place, which resulted in over fifty deaths and $1 billion in damage. | [634] |
May 7 | The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting changes to Congressmen's salaries from taking effect until after an election of Representatives, was ratified. | [635] | |
August 16–28 | Hurricane Andrew: A Category 5 hurricane killed sixty-five people and caused $26 billion in damage to Florida and other areas of the Gulf Coast. | [636][637] | |
November 3 | United States presidential election, 1992: Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton was elected President, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush and Texas businessman Ross Perot. | [638] | |
1993 | January 3 | START II was signed between the United States and the Russian Federation. | [639] |
February 13– April 19 |
Waco siege: After the ATF failed to raid the compound of members of the religious sect the Branch Davidians, the FBI prompted a 51-day standoff; resulting in the deaths of 72 Branch Davidians after a fire broke out in the compound. | [640][641] | |
February 26 | 1993 World Trade Center bombing: A truck bomb exploded in the parking garage under the World Trade Center in Manhattan, killing six people and injuring 1,042 others. | [642][643] | |
October 3–4 | Battle of Mogadishu: 18 U.S. military personnel, as a part of Operation Gothic Serpent, were killed and 84 wounded after a seventeen hour assault was prompted by Somali militiamen. | [644] | |
November 30 | The Don't ask, don't tell policy, prohibiting openly gay and bisexual people from serving in the military, was signed into law. | [645] | |
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act was signed into law. | [646] | ||
December 8 | The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed by the United States. | [647] | |
Great Flood of 1993: Massive flooding along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers killed 48 people and caused $30.2 billion in damage; being the costliest flood in U.S. history. | [648] | ||
1994 | January 17 | The 1994 Northridge earthquake, striking the Northridge, Los Angeles area, killed fifty-seven people and leaving 20,000 others homeless; causing $20 billion in damage and being the costliest earthquake in U.S. history. | [649] |
September 19 | The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, authorizing the Federal Assault Weapons Ban and the Violence Against Women Act, was signed into law. | [650][651][652] | |
November 8 | Republican Revolution: The Republican Party picked up 54 seats in the House and 8 seats in the Senate, being one of the largest shifts in party balance in U.S. congressional history. | [653] | |
1995 | April 19 | Oklahoma City bombing: A bombing killed 168 and wounded eight hundred. | |
July 14–20 | The 1995 Chicago heat wave killed 739 people in Chicago, Illinois. | [654][655] | |
October 3 | Retired professional football player O. J. Simpson was acquitted of two charges of first-degree murder in the 1994 slayings of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ronald Goldman. | ||
United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996: A budget crisis caused the federal government to partially shut down. | |||
1996 | TWA Flight 800: A flight exploded off Long Island, killing all 230 aboard. | ||
Khobar Towers bombing: A bombing left nineteen American servicemen dead in Saudi Arabia. | |||
Centennial Olympic Park bombing: A bombing in Atlanta killed one and injured 111. | |||
August 22 | The Welfare Reform Act of 1996, replacing the AFDC with TANF, was signed into law. | [656][657] | |
U.S. presidential election, 1996: Clinton was reelected. | |||
United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996: The shutdown ended. | |||
1997 | Clinton allowed student funding for any research on human cloning. | ||
Sparked by a global economic crisis scare, the Dow Jones Industrial Average followed world markets and plummeted 554.26, or 7.18%, to 7,161.15. | |||
1998 | Former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones accused Clinton of sexual harassment. | ||
Lewinsky scandal: Clinton was accused of having a sexual relationship with 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. | |||
1998 U.S. embassy bombings: 224 were killed in bombings in Tanzania and Kenya. | |||
Gay college student Matthew Shepard was brutally murdered near the University of Wyoming. | |||
1999 | Dennis Hastert of Illinois becomes Speaker of the House of Representatives. | ||
The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 10,006.78. | |||
April 20 | Two teenage students murdered 13 other students and teachers at Columbine High School. | ||
1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: A violent tornado outbreak in Oklahoma killed fifty people and produced a tornado which caused $1 billion in damage. | |||
EgyptAir Flight 990: The first officer deliberately crashed a plane south of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing 217. | |||
Along with the rest of the world, the United States prepared for the possible effects of the Y2K bug in computers, which was feared destined to cause computers to become inoperable and wreak havoc. | |||
2000 | USS Cole bombing: The USS Cole was bombed in Yemeni waters, killing seventeen United States Navy sailors. |
21st century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/220px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil_Burruss.jpg/220px-Virginia_Tech_massacre_candlelight_vigil_Burruss.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_SWAT_Teams_at_Fort_Hood.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6070S-346.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100506-N-6070S-346.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gabrielle_Giffords_shooting_scene.jpg/220px-Gabrielle_Giffords_shooting_scene.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg/220px-Obama_and_Biden_await_updates_on_bin_Laden.jpg)
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Year | Date | Event | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | January 20 | First inauguration of George W. Bush: George W. Bush was inaugurated the forty-third President of the United States. | [658] |
June 7 | The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 was signed into law by President George W. Bush. | [659] | |
September 11 | September 11 terrorist attacks: Nineteen terrorists hijacked four planes and crashed them into the World Trade Center, The Pentagon, and a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania killing nearly three thousand people and injuring over six thousand. | [660] | |
September 18 | 2001 Anthrax attacks: Anthrax attacks killed five and infected seventeen more through the mail system. | [661] | |
October 7 | War in Afghanistan (2001–present): The United States launched an invasion of Afghanistan. | [662] | |
October 26 | The USA PATRIOT Act, increasing law enforcement agencies' ability to conduct searches in cases of suspected terrorism, was signed into law. | [663] | |
November 12 | American Airlines Flight 587: A flight crashed in Queens, New York, killing 265. | [664] | |
2002 | June 13 | The United States officially withdraws from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. | [665] |
January 8 | The No Child Left Behind Act education reform bill was signed into law. | [666] | |
October 2–22 | Beltway sniper attacks: Ten people were killed and three were injured in attacks around the Washington, D.C. area. | [667] | |
November 25 | The United States Department of Homeland Security was created. | [668] | |
2003 | February 1 | Space Shuttle Columbia disaster: The Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated on reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. | [669] |
February 17 | 2003 E2 nightclub stampede: A nightclub stampede in Chicago, Illinois killed twenty-one. | [670] | |
February 20 | The Station nightclub fire: A fire caused by pyrotechnics at a nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island killed 100 people and injured over 230. | [671] | |
March 19 | Invasion of Iraq: The United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. | [672] | |
December 13 | Capture of Saddam Hussein: In Iraq, deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was captured by United States special forces. | [673] | |
2004 | February 4 | The social networking website Facebook was launched. | [674] |
2004 Atlantic hurricane season: Four deadly and damaging hurricanes impacted Florida, killing a combined one hundred people in the United States and producing over $50 billion in damage. | [675] | ||
November 2 | U.S. presidential election, 2004; President George W. Bush was reelected. | [676] | |
2005 | January 20 | Second inauguration of George W. Bush: George W. Bush was inaugurated to his second term. | [677] |
August 23–30 | Hurricane Katrina: A hurricane devastated the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama coastlines killing at least 1,836 people and causing $81 billion in damage. | [678] | |
2006 | November 7 | The Democratic Party regained control of both houses of Congress and gained control of a majority of state governorships. | [679][680][681] |
2007 | January 3 | Democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman to become Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. | [682] |
January 10 | Iraq War troop surge of 2007: George W. Bush ordered the substantial increase of the number of United States troops in Iraq. | [683] | |
April 16 | Virginia Tech massacre: A South Korean student shot and killed thirty-two other students and professors before killing himself. | [684] | |
August 1 | The I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota collapsed, killing thirteen people. | [685] | |
December | Late-2000s recession: A recession began. | [686][687][688] | |
2008 | February 5–6 | 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak: An outbreak of tornadoes killed over sixty people and produced $1 billion in damage across Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. | [689] |
September 1–14 | Hurricane Ike: A hurricane killed 100 people along the Texas coast, producing $31 billion in damage and contributing to rising oil prices. | [690] | |
July 11 | Oil prices in the United States hit a record $147 per barrel. | [691] | |
Global financial crisis in September 2008: The stock market crashed. | [692][693][694] | ||
September 14 | Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Investment bank Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy, the largest in U.S. history. | [692] | |
November 4 | U.S. presidential election, 2008: Barack Obama was elected the forty-fourth President of the United States. | [695] | |
2009 | January 20 | Inauguration of Barack Obama: Obama was inaugurated the forty-fourth President of the United States. | [696] |
February 17 | President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package. | [697] | |
Tea Party protests: The first of a series of protests, focusing on smaller government, fiscal responsibility, individual freedoms and conservative views of the Constitution, were conducted across the country. | [698] | ||
June 25 | Death of Michael Jackson: Pop icon Michael Jackson died. | [699] | |
August 8 | Sonia Sotomayor was sworn in as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court; becoming the first Latino Justice. | [700] | |
November 5 | Fort Hood shooting: Nidal Malik Hasan killed twelve servicemen and injured thirty-one. | [701] | |
2010 | February 23 | The United States Navy lifted its ban on women in submarines. | [702] |
March 23 | The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama. | [703] | |
April 20 | Deepwater Horizon oil spill: The BP oil rig Deepwater Horizon exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 workers and spilling 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf over an 87-day period; being the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. | [704] | |
July 21 | The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law; establishing the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. | [705] | |
November 2 | United States Senate elections, 2010: The Republican Party gained five seats, to forty-seven, reducing the Democratic presence in the Senate to fifty-one. Two seats remained in the hands of independents. | [706] | |
United States House of Representatives elections, 2010: The Republican Party gained sixty-two seats, giving them an absolute majority of 242 in the House and reducing the Democratic presence to 193. | [707] | ||
November 28 | United States diplomatic cables leak: WikiLeaks began to release classified diplomatic documents to the international press. | [708] | |
December 22 | The Senate ratified the New START treaty. | [709] | |
December 22 | The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 was signed into law, ending the Don't ask, don't tell policy regarding homosexuals in the United States Armed Forces. | [710] | |
2011 | January 8 | 2011 Tucson shooting: A gunman targeting Democratic Representative Gabrielle Giffords critically injured Giffords and killed six others, including federal judge John Roll, in Tucson, Arizona. | [711] |
March 19 | Operation Odyssey Dawn: The United States began air and cruise missile attacks against Libya. | [712] | |
April 25–28 | April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak: The largest tornado outbreak ever in United States history occurs in the American Midwest and Southern United States killing 348 People and causing 11 Billion Dollars in Damage. | ||
May 2 | Death of Osama bin Laden: Al-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden was killed by United States forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan. | [713] | |
August 2 | United States debt-ceiling crisis: The Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law, increasing the legal limit on federal government debt in order to prevent default and establishing the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction. | [714] | |
August 5 | United States federal government credit-rating downgrade, 2011: The credit-rating arm of Standard & Poor's reduced the rating of United States federal government debt from AAA to AA+. | [715] | |
August 8 | August 2011 stock markets fall: Major United States stock market indices dropped in value by some two and a half trillion dollars. | [716] | |
September 17 | The populist Occupy Wall Street protest movement made camp in Zuccotti Park in New York City. | [717] | |
December 18 | Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq: The last United States troops withdrew from Iraq under the terms of the U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement. | [718] | |
2012 | October 25–30 | Hurricane Sandy: A devastating hurricane wreaks havoc for the Eastern United States coast. There were many states severely impacted by the hurricane, especially New York and New Jersey, which took a direct hit from the storm. | |
November 6 | United States presidential election, 2012: Barack Obama is reelected as president. | [719] | |
December 14 | Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting: Occurs in Newtown, Connecticut killing 20 Children and 6 Staff Members in Sandy Hook Elementary School, perpetrated by a 20 Year Old, Adam Lanza. | ||
2013 | January 20 | Barack Obama is inaugurated for his second term as president. | [720] |
April 15 | Boston Marathon bombings: Two pressure cooker bombs explode during the Boston Marathon. | [721] | |
June | Global surveillance disclosures: The revelations of the NSA's PRISM, Boundless Informant and XKeyscore domestic surveillance programs were first published by The Guardian and Washington Post newspapers. | [722][723][724] | |
2014 | June | President Obama orders the return of a small number of troops to Iraq to help bolster Iraqi and Kurdish military forces in their war with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. | [725] |
August 9 | Teenager Michael Brown was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, igniting protests and riots in the following months. | [726] | |
November 3 | New building, 1 World Trade Center, opens in New York City. | [727] | |
November 4 | In national elections, Republicans take control of the U.S. Senate and maintaining a majority in the House of Representatives. | [728] | |
December 17 | President Obama announces a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961. | [729] |
See also
- Category:Timelines of cities in the United States
- List of states and territories of the United States
- List of Presidents of the United States
References
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ Claire Suddath; Time Magazine (November 18, 2008). "A Brief History of Mickey Mouse". time.com.
- ^ John O'Brien (2013). "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre With one ruthless stroke, Al Capone assumes undisputed leadership of Chicago crime". chicagotribune.com.
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- Home Owners Loan Corporation established June 13, 1933; United States Department of the Interior National Park Service. "June 13 and June 16, 1933" (PDF). nps.gov.
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{{cite journal}}
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- ^ Douglas A. McIntyre, Michael B. Sauter; The Atlantic (May 23, 2011). "The 10 Costliest Floods in American History". theatlantic.com.
- ^ Carolyn Donlin; United States Geological Survey (August 8, 2002). "Understanding Earthquake Hazards In Southern California". usgs.gov.
- ^ United States Government Printing Office. "Remarks on Signing the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994" (PDF). gpo.gov.
- ^ PBS NewsHour (September 13, 2004). "Assault Weapons Ban Expires". pbs.org.
- ^ Medical University of South Carolina; David M. Heger (December 7, 2004). "The Violence Against Women Act of 1994". musc.edu.
- ^ University of California, Berkeley (March 7, 2011). "1994 Midterm Elections". berkeley.edu.
- ^ Whet Moser; Chicago Magazine (July 20, 2011). "Why People Die During Heat Waves". chicagomag.com.
- ^ University of Chicago Press (2002). "Dying Alone". uchicago.edu.
- ^ R. Kent Weaver; Brookings Institution (April 2002). "The Structure of the TANF Block Grant". brookings.edu.
- ^ "Clinton Signs Welfare Reform Bill, Angers Liberals". cnn.com. August 22, 1996.
- ^ British Broadcasting Company (January 20, 2001). "President Bush sworn in". bbc.co.uk.
- ^ United States Library of Congress THOMAS. "Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001–2002) H.R.1836 Major Congressional Actions Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001". thomas.loc.gov.
- ^ Serge Schmemann (September 12, 2001). "Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon in Day of Terror". nytimes.com.
- ^ NPR; CNN (February 15, 2011). "Timeline: How the Anthrax Terror Unfolded". npr.org.
{{cite web}}
:|author2=
has generic name (help) - ^ Elzie R. Golden; United States Army (March 17, 2006). "The United States Army in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom". army.mil.
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/|date=
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- ^ Zachary Coile, Stacy Finz (November 13, 2001). "The Crash of Flight 587 / Accident is focus in probe of crash / 265 killed in New York -- officials find no evidence of terrorism / Dominican-bound jet hits residential area". San Francisco Chronicle.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Frank James (June 14, 2013). "Bush officially withdraws U.S. from 1972 ABM Treaty". chicagotribune.com.
- ^ United States Library of Congress THOMAS. "Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001–2002) H.R.1 Major Congressional Actions No Child Left Behind Act of 2001". thomas.loc.gov.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (October 27, 2007). "A Byte Out of History the Beltway Snipers, Part 1". fbi.gov.
- ^ United States Department of Homeland Security. "Creation of the Department of Homeland Security". dhs.gov.
- ^ "The Columbia shuttle disaster All 7 astronauts died when shuttle broke apart in re-entry". indystar.com. February 2, 2003.
- ^ Jeff Flock (February 25, 2003). "Chicago overwhelmed by nightclub deaths". cnn.com.
- ^ David Klepper; Associated Press (February 20, 2013). "RI Marks 10th Anniversary of Deadly Nightclub Fire". ap.org.
- ^ "Bush declares war". cnn.com. March 19, 2003.
- ^ "Operation Red Dawn: Saddam captured". bbc.co.uk. December 14, 2003.
- ^ Don Reisinger (February 4, 2010). "Facebook six years later: from a dorm room experiment to a household name". latimes.com.
- ^ National Flood Insurance Program. "Floods can happen anywhere. Are you prepared?". floodsmart.gov.
- ^ Dan Balz (November 4, 2004). "Bush Wins Second Term Kerry Concedes Defeat; Both Speak of Need for Unity". washingtonpost.com.
- ^ United States Senate (January 20, 2005). "Swearing-In Ceremony for President George W. Bush Fifty-Fifth Inaugural Ceremonies, January 20, 2005". inaugural.senate.gov.
- ^ The Weather Channel (August 21, 2009). "Katrina's statistics tell story of its wrath". weather.com.
- ^ "America Votes 2006 U.S. House of Representatives". cnn.com. 2007.
- ^ "America Votes 2006 U.S. Senate". cnn.com. 2007.
- ^ "America Votes 2006 Governor". cnn.com. 2007.
- ^ Edward Epstein (January 3, 2007). "Nancy Pelosi in the seat of power / The speaker runs the House, guides its members -- a realm that influences the nation, the world". San Francisco Chronicle.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Kristina Nwazota; PBS NewsHour (January 10, 2007). "President Bush Outlines New Strategy for Iraq". pbs.org.
- ^ Christine Hauser, Anahad O'Connor (April 16, 2007). "Virginia Tech Shooting Leaves 33 Dead". nytimes.com.
- ^ Minnesota Public Radio. "Minneapolis Bridge Collapse: Remembering the Dead". minnesota.publicradio.org.
- ^ National Bureau of Economic Research (December 1, 2008). "Business Cycle Dating Committee, National Bureau of Economic Research". nber.org.
- ^ Emily Kaiser (December 1, 2008). "Recession started in December 2007: panel". reuters.com.
- ^ United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics (February 2012). "The Recession of 2007–2009" (PDF). bls.gov.
- ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service. "Service Assessment Super Tuesday Tornado Outbreak of February 5-6, 2008" (PDF). nws.noaa.gov.
- ^ Robbie Berg; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (January 23, 2009). "Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Ike" (PDF). nhc.noaa.gov.
- ^ Madlen Read; Associated Press (July 11, 2008). "Oil sets new trading record above $147 a barrel". usatoday.com.
- ^ a b Mauro F. Guillén. "The Global Economic & Financial Crisis: A Timeline" (PDF). Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Jon Hilsenrath, Serena Ng, Damian Paletta (September 18, 2008). "Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight". online.wsj.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vikas Bajaj (September 17, 2008). "Financial Crisis Enters New Phase". nytimes.com.
- ^ Adam Nagourney (November 4, 2008). "Obama Wins Election; McCain Loses as Bush Legacy is Rejected". nytimes.com.
- ^ Carl Hulse (January 20, 2009). "Obama is Sworn in as the 44th President". nytimes.com.
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- ^ The Week (April 15, 2010). "The Tea Party's road to legitimacy: A timeline". theweek.com.
- ^ "Michael Jackson is dead". latimes.com. June 25, 2009.
- ^ Greg Stohr (August 8, 2009). "Sonia Sotomayor Sworn in as Supreme Court Justice". bloomberg.com.
- ^ Ana Campoy, Peter Sanders, and Russell Gold (November 9, 2009). "Hash Browns, Then 4 Minutes of Chaos Role of Texas Shooter's Muslim Faith is Examined; Policewoman Hailed as Hero". online.wsj.com.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gordon Lubold (February 23, 2010). "Navy to allow women to serve aboard submarines". csmonitor.com.
- ^ United States Library of Congress THOMAS. "Bill Summary & Status 111th Congress (2009–2010) H.R.3590 Major Congressional Actions Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act". thomas.loc.gov.
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- ^ "Election 2010 Results House Map". nytimes.com. November 2, 2010.
- ^ David Leigh (November 28, 2010). "US embassy cables leak sparks global diplomatic crisis". London: guardian.co.uk.
- ^ David Lightman; McClatchy News Service (December 22, 2010). "Historic START treaty wins overwhelming Senate vote, 71-26". mcclatchydc.com.
- ^ Peter Nichols (December 22, 2010). "'Don't ask, don't tell' repeal signed by Obama". latimes.com.
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- ^ Mark Thompson (March 19, 2011). "Target Libya: Operation 'Odyssey Dawn' Begins". nation.time.com.
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- ^ Sarah McDonald (August 9, 2011). "Global Bonds Gain $132 Billion as Stock Rout Cuts $7.8 Trillion". businessweek.com.
- ^ "Protesters Begin Effort to 'Occupy Wall Street'". abcnews.go.com. September 17, 2011.
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- ^ The Economist (January 21, 2013). "Barack Obama is from the government, and he is here to help". economist.com.
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- Hakim, Joy (2003). Making Thirteen Colonies. A History of US. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515322-7.
Further reading
- Timeline of the American Revolution
- Library of Congress. Time Line of African American History, 1852–1880
- David Ramsay, A chronological table of the principal events which have taken place in the English colonies, now United States, from, Charlestown, S.C: From the press of J. Hoff, LCCN 87695663
- George Henry Townsend (1867). "United States". A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.). London: Frederick Warne & Co.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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suggested) (help) - Benjamin Vincent (1910). "United States of America". Haydn's dictionary of dates and universal information relating to all ages and nations (25th ed.). London: Ward, Lock & Co., Ltd.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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|chapterurl=
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suggested) (help) - Charles Ripley Damon (1921). "American Dictionary of Dates, 458-1920". Morristown, Tennessee: Globe Book Co.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) + v.2, v.3 - Gorton Carruth, ed. (1972). Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates (7th ed.). New York: Crowell. OL 5297973M.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Schlesinger, Jr., Arther M. The Almanac of American History (1983)
- Ernie Gross (1990). This Day in American History. Neal-Schuman. ISBN 978-1-55570-046-1.
- Kutler, Stanley L., ed. Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century (4 vol, 1996)
- Morris, Richard, ed. Encyclopedia of American History (7th ed. 1996)
- Richard Kurin (2013). "Time Line". Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-63877-4.
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External links
- "United States Profile: Timeline". BBC News.