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*Kom nationalism or Komeseland independence movement<ref name="auto3"></ref><ref name="auto5"></ref><ref name="auto2"></ref><ref name="auto1"></ref>
*Kom nationalism or Komeseland independence movement<ref name="auto3"></ref><ref name="auto5"></ref><ref name="auto2"></ref><ref name="auto1"></ref>
*[[Rebel Pepper#Activism|Shanghainese nationalism]], Shanghai independence movement or Nguyuit Republic independence movement<ref name="auto3"></ref><ref name="auto5"></ref><ref name="auto2"></ref><ref name="auto4"></ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-lockdown-bolsters-a-fringe-independence-movement-11650706204 | title=Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=23 April 2022 | last1=Areddy | first1=James T. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://vocus.cc/article/5a9a1324fd8978000135d2f4 | title=The Chinese Colonisation of Shanghai 《中國對上海的殖民統治》英文版 &#124; 上海民主前線 - vocus | date=3 March 2018 }}</ref>
*[[Rebel Pepper#Activism|Shanghainese nationalism]], Shanghai independence movement or Nguyuit Republic independence movement<ref name="auto3"></ref><ref name="auto5"></ref><ref name="auto2"></ref><ref name="auto4"></ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-lockdown-bolsters-a-fringe-independence-movement-11650706204 | title=Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=23 April 2022 | last1=Areddy | first1=James T. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://vocus.cc/article/5a9a1324fd8978000135d2f4 | title=The Chinese Colonisation of Shanghai 《中國對上海的殖民統治》英文版 &#124; 上海民主前線 - vocus | date=3 March 2018 }}</ref>
*[[:zh:湖南省独立运动|Xiang nationalism]] or Hunan independence movement<ref>{{cite news |title=《实录毛泽东 1 早年奋斗史 1893-1927版》 |url=http://read.nongyekx.cn/gopreview?title=%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&ssid=14363834&dxid=000017008606&d=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 |publisher=李捷，于俊道主编 北京联合出版公司 2018 第144页}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://thestandnews.com/politics/練乙錚-毛澤東曾提倡湖南獨立建國-港獨非大逆不道/ |title= 練乙錚：毛澤東曾提倡湖南獨立建國 港獨非大逆不道 |publisher= 立場新聞 |date= 2015-05-07 |accessdate= 2020-09-13 |archive-date= 2019-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190817121940/https://thestandnews.com/politics/%E7%B7%B4%E4%B9%99%E9%8C%9A-%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%9B%BE%E6%8F%90%E5%80%A1%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B-%E6%B8%AF%E7%8D%A8%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%86%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%93/}}</ref>
*[[:zh:湖南省独立运动|Xiang nationalism]] or Hunan independence movement<ref>{{cite news |title=《实录毛泽东 1 早年奋斗史 1893-1927版》 |url=http://read.nongyekx.cn/gopreview?title=%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&ssid=14363834&dxid=000017008606&d=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 |publisher=李捷，于俊道主编 北京联合出版公司 2018 第144页}}</ref>

===Information===
===Information===
[[File:Pearl_River_Delta_Area.png|thumb|257x257px|The [[Pearl River Delta]] region including [[Macau]] (dark green) and [[Hong Kong]] (light green), both of which border [[Guangdong]]]]
[[File:Pearl_River_Delta_Area.png|thumb|257x257px|The [[Pearl River Delta]] region including [[Macau]] (dark green) and [[Hong Kong]] (light green), both of which border [[Guangdong]]]]

Revision as of 01:43, 24 May 2022

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country. What constitutes an autonomist or secessionist movement is often debatable; entries on this list must be recognized by credible sources as involved, separatist, and composed of citizens of the country from which independence is sought.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Militant organization(s) are also classified for movements that establish a de facto state or occupy areas of territory are listed as well.

Azerbaijan

Current military situation in the region
Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the former Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

China

Main article: Secession in China
See also: Political status of Taiwan; One country, two systems; and Ethnic minorities in China
See also: Languages of China and Demographics of China

Many current separatist movements in China arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the forces that have created these ethnic issues include history, nationalism, economic and political disparity, religion, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority Han and other ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically other ruling ethnicities, such as the Manchu of the early-Qing dynasty, experienced racial issues as well.[5] Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots.

Proposed state Current political status within the PRC Capital city of region Area (km2) of region Total population of region Main independence movement Main ethnic group seeking independence Map
East Turkestan (Xinjiang) Uyghur Autonomous Region of the PRC Ürümqi 1,664,897 24,870,000 East Turkestan independence movement Uyghur people
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the PRC Hong Kong 2,755 7,500,700 Hong Kong independence movement Han Chinese of Hong Kong
Macau Special Administrative Region of the PRC Macau 115 696,100 Macau independence movement Han Chinese of Macau
Manchukuo (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) Provinces of the PRC Changchun 791,826 109,674,521 Manchukuo Temporary Government Manchu people
South Mongolia (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region of the PRC Hohhot 1,183,000 25,050,000 Inner Mongolian independence movement Chinese Mongols or Mongols
Tibet Autonomous Region of the PRC; Provinces of the PRC Lhasa 1,948,400 8,806,722 Tibetan independence movement Tibetan people

[6][7][8][9][a][b]

Other

Information

The Pearl River Delta region including Macau (dark green) and Hong Kong (light green), both of which border Guangdong

Hong Kong

Main articles: Localism in Hong Kong, Hong Kong independence movement, and Hong Kong autonomy movement

Hong Kong independence movement:

Pro-democracy camp:

In 1997 the colony of Hong Kong was retroceded to China, leading to the creation of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Under the jointly agreed upon Hong Kong Basic Law, the Hong Kong SAR would maintain its autonomy for 50 years until 2047,[26] after which point the region would assume full control by China. Hong Kong's autonomy, and its end in 2047, has created contention between those who support the Chinese government, and those who do not.[27] A particular source of contention in recent years is with the structure of the Hong Kong government, where the Chief Executive is appointed by the Chinese government while local elections are held directly.[28]

In 2019 the Hong Kong extradition bill was proposed, which sparked protests throughout Hong Kong.[29] During the protests which followed, the pro-democracy camp gained general support alongside the Hong Kong independence movement to a small extent as well. Many of the anti-governmental groups supported localism and universal suffrage in all Hong Kong elections. In May 2020 the National People's Congress of China passed a decision concerning Hong Kong national security legislation, whereby "secession" and "subversion" were made illegal. This move has meant that pro-independence calls are now illegal by the new decision, although some still do call for independence despite the changes to the law.[23] In Hong Kong, the pro-democracy camp enjoys general support, though the passing of the decision by the NPC has made protesting and the organization of protests more difficult.[30]

Administrative divisions map of Macau.

Macau

Main articles: Macau independence and Pro-democracy camp (Macau)

During the Qing dynasty, European powers and Japan acquired treaty ports and concessions within cities in China through unequal treaties. Most of these were returned to China during the early-to-mid 20th century, although Hong Kong and Macau were both colonies of the United Kingdom and Portugal respectively until the 1990s. Following their return to China, both were organized as special administrative regions with a degree of autonomy in their administrations. However, according to present agreements both regions will be fully integrated into China in the late-2040s.[26] The future loss of autonomy has caused the growth of separatist movements particularly in Hong Kong, as could be seen during the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests.

Despite being a special administrative region, Macau has few substantial active independence or separatist movements unlike Hong Kong.[31] This is usually attributed to Macau's reliance on tourism from mainland China, extremely high per capita GDP, and a historical support of unification with China, such as that surrounding the 12-3 incident.[32][33]

Inner Mongolia within a Greater Mongolia.

Inner Mongolia (South Mongolia, Nei Menggu)

Main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement

Inner Mongolia (also known as Southern Mongolia or Nei Menggu from Chinese) is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization,[34] with pro-independence protests and separatism having been particularly prevalent in the early-2010s.[35] Despite Inner Mongolia being a member of the UNPO, the news agency Quartz describes Inner Mongolian separatism in 2020 as "non-existent".[36] The Chinese government asserts however that there is currently Inner Mongolian separatism resulting from the 2020 Inner Mongolia protests, although few specific examples have been noted.[37] In 2018, Chinese media reported that a man surnamed Jiang was the first in Inner Mongolia to be sentenced on charges of terrorism in the region, although it was not specified what cause he was supporting.[38]

The Tibetan Autonomous Region (yellow) and areas considered part of Greater Tibet (orange and red)

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement

Tibet was a protectorate controlled by the Qing dynasty from around 1720 until the latter's collapse.[40] In 1911-12 as the Xinhai revolution was occurring, Tibet gained its sovereignty once again.[41] In 1951, after the Chinese Communist Party won the Chinese civil war, Tibet was annexed by China after a military expedition, which was then affirmed by the Seventeen Point Agreement. With the Dalai Lama and other major figures, the Central Tibetan Administration was formed as a government in exile for Tibet in India in 1959. Within Tibet there have been various calls for autonomy and independence over the years, which the Chinese government has refused.[42] Calls for autonomy and/or independence have manifested through non-confrontational means such as self-immolation, although confrontation has occurred, like that of the Chushi Gangdruk from the 1950s to 1970s.[43]

An American map of China from a 1944 film, showing broader borders of Xinjiang (Sinkiang) that East Turkestan independence supporters generally claim

East Turkestan (Xinjiang)

Main article: East Turkestan independence movement
See also: Xinjiang conflict

East Turkestan independence movement:

Turkestan Islamic Party (East Turkestan Islamic Movement):

Xinjiang has been scene to multiple Uyghur movements and states throughout the years, particularly during the 20th-century with the First East Turkestan Republic and the Soviet-backed Second East Turkestan Republic. In Xinjiang today, some Uyghurs and other ethnicities support the region's independence due to alleged religious, cultural, and social restrictions. The East Turkestan independence movement supports the creation of a republic by non-violent means.[45] The World Uyghur Congress represents Xinjiang in the UNPO and is one of the largest groups supporting the region's independence.[46] The Chinese government alleges that all movements supporting independence for Xinjiang are terrorist or separatist groups.[47]

A smaller movement within the region is the Turkestan Islamic Party, whose goal is the creation of an Islamic state through violence and mostly active in China, Syria, and Afghanistan.[48][49] The Turkestan Islamic Party is not part of any international organizations, and is considered a terrorist group by China, the United Kingdom,[50] United Nations,[51] European Union,[49] among others. The United States recognized the TIP as a terrorist group from 2003 until 2020, when it was delisted.[48]

Manchukuo in World War II.

Manchukuo (Manchuria)

Main article: Manchukuo Government

Manchu independence movement:

  • Proposed goals: Independence of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and a small part of Inner Mongolia as Manchukuo from China
  • Supporting organizations and government-in-exile: Manchukuo Government
  • Leaders: Dokuritsu Aisingyoro (emperor), Fu Jun (president), Cheung Siu Bong (vice president)

The Manchukuo Government (formerly known as the Manchukuo Temporary Government until 2019) is an organisation established in 2004 in Hong Kong.[52] On its website, it claims to be the government in exile of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet state with limited recognition which controlled Manchuria from 1932 to 1945; it seeks to revive the state and to separate it from the People's Republic of China, which controls its claimed territory.[6] On its website, it claims to have merged with other Manchu independence organizations as of 2019.

Cyprus

The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
Main article: Cyprus dispute
See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

India

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, and Sikkim
Further information: South Asian ethnic groups, Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, and Insurgency in Northeast India
Political map of the Kashmir region districts, showing the Pir Panjal range and the Kashmir Valley or Vale of Kashmir.

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Jammu and Kashmir

Kamtapur[57][58][59]

Manipur

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism
    • Ethnic group: Naga
    • Militant organization: NSCN

Punjab

Indonesia

The map of native ethnic groups in Indonesia, foreign ethnic groups such as Chinese, Arab, and Indian are not shown, but usually inhabit urban areas.
Aceh
North Sumatra
Riau
Papua
West Papua
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia
See also: Great Timor, East Timor, West Timor, Free Papua Movement, Territory of Papua, West Papua (province), Papua (province), Republic of West Papua, and Papuan unification
See also: Languages of Indonesia and Ethnic groups in Indonesia
See also: Republic of the United States of Indonesia

Aceh

  • Ethnic groups: Acehnese
    • Proposed state: Aceh
    • Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)

Minahasa[60][61]

Riau

South Moluccas


Iran

Further information: Ethnicities in Iran, Ethnic minorities in Iran, Ethnic groups in the Middle East, and Demographics of Iran

Khūzestān Province

Iranian Kurdistan

Iranian Azerbaijan

Balochistan

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
Iraqi Kurdistan

Proposed state:  Republic of Central Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017
Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains

Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region

  • Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
    • Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Israel

Palestinian territories
Main article: Israeli-Palestinian conflict
See also: Arab-Israeli conflict

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

Japan

Map of the distribution of Ainu in Hokkaidō
Territory of the Ryukyu Kingdom before annexation by Japan
Significant Secessionist Movements in Japan
No. Claimed Territory Capital City Area (km2) Population (~) Ethnic Group Primary Independence Movement
1 Hokkaido (Yaun Mosir) Sapporo (Sat Poro Pet) 83,423 5,281,297 Ainu Ainu independence movement
2 Okinawa (Liu-kiu/Ruuchuu) Naha (Nāfa) 2,281 1,457,162 Ryukyuan Ryukyu independence movement
Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

Hokkaido[80][81]

Okinawa

Malaysia

Significant Secessionist Movements in Malaysia
No. Claimed Territory Capital City Area (km2) Population (~) Ethnic Group Primary Independence Movement
1 Johor Johor Bahru 19,006 3,764,300 Various Johor independence movement
2 Penang George Town 1,028 5,281,297 Penangite Chinese, various Penang independence movement
3 Sarawak Kuching 124,450 2,907,500 Dayak, Melanau, various Sarawak independence movement
Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia
4 Sabah Kota Kinabalu 73,631 3,900,000 Kadazan-Dusun, Sama-Bajau, various Sabah independence movement
Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia
Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak
See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia

Separatist movements in Malaysia have been attributed to the erosion of autonomy especially in places such as Sarawak and Sabah, which are ethnically and religiously distinct from the rest of Malaysia, as well as general neglect by the central government based out of Putrajaya resulting in differentiate political views, regionalism and secessionism in places such as Johor and Penang.

The Malaysia Agreement of 1963, under which Sabah and Sarawak agreed to unify with Malaya to become Malaysia, included strong provisions for autonomy of Sabah and Sarawak, which were agreed to in the 18-point and 20-point agreements. However, such autonomy has eroded in numerous aspects over the decades, such as a significant smaller share of oil revenue than previously agreed and a reduction in the territorial waters that belonged to each state.[83][84][85]

Such erosion began almost instantaneously after the expulsion of Singapore in 1965, which left Sarawak and Sabah without enough proportional seats (1/3) and decreased representation in the Dewan Rakyat (Parliament of Malaysia) as Singapore's seats were not redistributed to the two states. As a result, it could not prevent laws passed by the central government from eroding its autonomy, running contrary to previous agreements, leading to the present situation.[86][87][88]

Other causes of dispute between the central government as well as Sarawak and Sabah include freedom of religion,[89] distribution of profits from natural resources,[90][91] and deliberate demographic change enacted by the central government parallel to de facto colonisation (with a similar equivalent historical event being the Plantation of Ulster) particularly in Sabah to dilute pro-independence sentiments from the native ethnic groups.[92][93][94][95][96]

Johor

Penang

  • Ethnic groups: Penangites, Penangite Chinese
  • Proposed state: Penang
    • Advocacy group: Penangites for Independence (PFI), Penang Secession Movement[98][99]

North Borneo

A "Sarawak for Sarawakians" car sticker in Sibu incorporating elements of a Sarawak state with the pre-Malaysian flag

Sarawak[100][101][102][103]

Sabah[100][101]

Myanmar

Further information: Internal conflict in Myanmar
Ethnolinguistic Groups of Burma/Myanmar
Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. States and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.
Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including Shan State, Kachin State, Rakhine State and Karen State.

Arakan

Zo Asia

Kachin

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Wa State[111]

Zale'n-gam

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal
Nepal ethnic groups

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Terai

Pakistan

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Insurgency in Balochistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
Further information: Insurgency in Sindh


See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan
Balochistan
Districts of Sindh

Balochistan

File:Flag of Gilgit-Baltistan.svg Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir

Main article: Sindhi nationalism

Sindh[115][116]

Philippines

Cordillera

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

There are also Islamic militants operating in Mindanao which had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines such as the Abu Sayyaf,[124][125][126] and the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.[126][127][128]

Russia

Main article: Secession in Russia
See also: Russian conquest of Siberia, Khanate of Sibir, and Yeniseian languages
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Asian Russia, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Summary

This table shows only the list of movements. The source of each movement is cited in its own section. The population of each area is provided for information only.

Number Land Capital Area Population Ethnic Main Political Party
All of Asian Russia
1 Siberian Republic Novosibirsk 13,100,000 40,000,000 Sibiryak people Siberian regionalism
2 Buryatia Ulan-Ude 351,300 1,000,000 Buryats All-Buryat Association
3 Koryakia Palana 292,600 15,000 Koryaks
4 Taymyria Dudinka 879,929 40,000 Dolgans
Ural Federal District of Asian Russia
5 Khanty-Mansiysk (Yugra) Khanty-Mansiysk 534,800 1,500,000 Ob-Ugrians Association to Save Yurga
Growth of Russia

Autonomist movements

Koryak Okrug[129][130]

  • Ethnic group: Koryaks
    • Proposed federal subject: Koryak Autonomous Okrug

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District[131][132]

Asian Russia

Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[133][134]

Buryatia

 Buryatia[135]

  • Ethnic group: Buryats
    • Proposed state:  Buryatia
    • Political party:All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture
Regions commonly associated with Mongol irredentism.
Taymyria

Ural Federal District

 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug[136][137][138]

  • Ethnic group: Khanty people and Mansi people
    • Proposed state:  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
    • Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yugra, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yugra Restoration

South Korea

Jeju
See also: Jeju language, Tamna, and Jeju uprising

De facto autonomous region:

Jeju[139][140][141]

Sri Lanka

Tamil Eelam
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

 Tamil Eelam

Syria

Main article: Syrian Civil War
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Taiwan

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwan

Thailand

Patani
Main article: South Thailand insurgency
See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Turkey

Map showing Kurdish-speaking areas within Turkey, as per the 1965 census.
Ethnic groups of Turkey.
See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Treaty of Sèvres, and Treaty of Lausanne

Northern Kurdistan[153]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

 Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan
Main article: Uzbekification
See also: Languages of Uzbekistan and Demographics of Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan

Vietnam

Central Highlands
Mekong Delta
Further information: Partition of Vietnam, Vietnam War, and Reunification of Vietnam
See also: Languages of Vietnam and Demographics of Vietnam

Champa independence movement

Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation

Montagnard Foundation, Inc.

Yemen

Yemen prior to unification
Hadhramaut - Map of the Federation and the Protectorate of South Arabia
The Arabian Peninsula in 1914
Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, North Yemen Civil War, Federation of South Arabia, South Yemen, and Aden Protectorate

See also

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  1. ^ Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. As of 2022, Taiwan is recognized by 14 members of the United Nations with others maintaining unofficial relations.[10]
  2. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia&oldid=1089480195"