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Voiced postalveolar fricative

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This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, see Voiced retroflex fricative. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, see Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative.

The voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound [ʒ],[1] but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative [ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is a sibilant and one is not.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

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Voiced postalveolar fricative
ʒ
IPA Number135
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʒ
Unicode (hex)U+0292
X-SAMPAZ
Braille⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)

The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.

Transcription

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The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh ⟨Ʒ ʒ⟩ (/ɛʒ/), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is ⟨ž⟩, a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph ⟨zh⟩.

palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ, ʒ]

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with ⟨g⟩ and ⟨j⟩).

The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

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Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Occurrence

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Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe жакӀэ/žač'a [ʒaːtʃʼa]ⓘ 'beard'
Albanian zhurmë [ʒuɾm] 'noise'
Arabic Maghrebi[2] زوج/zūj [zuːʒ] 'husband'
Hejazi جاهِز/jāhiz [ʒaːhɪz] 'ready' an allophone of /d͡ʒ/ used by a number of speakers.
Armenian Eastern[3] ժամ/žam [ʒɑm]ⓘ 'hour'
Assyrian ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ Urmižnaiya [urmɪʒnaɪja] 'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avar жакъа/žaq'a [ˈʒaqʼːa] 'today'
Azerbaijani jalüz [ʒalyz] 'blinds' Only occurs in loanwords.
Berta [ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ] 'honey'
Bulgarian мъжът/myžyt [mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪] 'the man' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan Eastern Catalan gel [ˈʒel] 'ice'
Chechen жий / žiy [ʒiː] 'sheep'
Chinese Quzhou dialect 床 [ʒɑ̃] 'bed'
Fuzhou dialect 只隻 [tsi˥˥ ʒieʔ˨˦] 'this one'
Corsican ghjesgia [ˈɟeːʒa] 'church' Also in Gallurese
Czech muži [ˈmuʒɪ] 'men' See Czech phonology
Dutch garage [ɣäˈräːʒə] 'garage' Only occurs in loanwords. See Dutch phonology.
Emilian Bolognese chèṡ [ˈkɛːð̠] 'case' Apical; not labialized; may be [z̺ʲ] or [ʐ] instead.
English vision [ˈvɪʒən]ⓘ 'vision' Only occurs in loanwords. See English phonology.
Esperanto manĝaĵo [mänˈd͡ʒäʒo̞] 'food' See Esperanto phonology
French[4] jour [ʒuʁ]ⓘ 'day' See French phonology
German Standard[5] Garage [ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə] 'garage' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5] Some speakers may merge it with /ʃ/. Only occurs in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Georgian[6] ჟურნალი/žurnali [ʒuɾnali] 'magazine'
Goemai zhiem [ʒiem] 'sickle'
Greek Cypriot γαλάζ̌ο/galažo [ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞] 'sky blue'
Gwich’in zhòh [ʒôh] 'wolf'
Hän zhùr [ʒûr] 'wolf'
Hebrew ז׳אנר/žaner [ʒaneʁ] 'genre' Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindi अझ़दहा/aždahá [əʒd̪əhaː] 'dragon' Only occurs in loanwrods. See Hindi–Urdu phonology.
Hungarian rózsa [ˈr̪oːʒɒ] 'rose' See Hungarian phonology
Ingush жий/žiy [ʒiː] 'sheep'
Italian Tuscan pigiare [piˈʒäːre] 'press' See Italian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish mujer [muˈʒɛr] 'woman'
Juǀʼhoan ju [ʒu] 'person'
Kabardian жыг/žëğ [ʒəɣʲ] 'tree'
Kabyle jeddi [ʒəddi] 'my grandfather'
Kashubian[7] kòżdi rôz [kʷʒdi rɞz] 'constantly'
Kazakh жеті/jeti [ʒeti] 'seven'
Latvian žāvēt [ˈʒäːveːt̪] 'to dry' See Latvian phonology
Ligurian lüxe ['ly:ʒe] 'light'
Limburgish Maastrichtian[8] zjuweleer [ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊] 'jeweller' Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[9]
Lithuanian žmona [ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ] 'wife' See Lithuanian phonology
Livonian kūž [kuːʒ] 'six'
Lombard Western resgiôra [reˈʒu(ː)ra] 'matriarch'
Macedonian жaбa/žaba [ˈʒaba] 'toad' See Macedonian phonology
Megrelian ჟირი/žiri [ʒiɾi] 'two'
Navajo łizh [ɬiʒ] 'urine'
Neapolitan sbattere [ˈʒbɑttərə] 'to slam'
Ngas zhaam [ʒaːm] 'chin'
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [ʒíá] 'to split'
Occitan Auvergnat argent [aʀʒẽ] 'money' Southern dialects
Gascon [arʒen]
Pashto ژوول/žowul [ʒowul] 'chew'
Persian مژه/može [moʒe] 'eyelash' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna zielony [ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ] 'green' /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ merge into [ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant.
Lubawa dialect[10]
Malbork dialect[10]
Ostróda dialect[10]
Warmia dialect[10]
Portuguese[11][12] loja [ˈlɔʒɐ] 'shop' Also described as alveolo-palatal [ʑ].[13][14][15] See Portuguese phonology
Romani [ʒanel] 'to know'
Romanian jar [ʒär] 'embers' See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Barra[16] uair [uəʒ] 'hour' Dialectal allophone of /ɾʲ/, now primarily heard among older speakers in the south of the island and Vatersay.
Serbo-Croatian жут / žut [ʒûːt̪] 'yellow' May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian Gmina Istebna[17] [example needed] These dialects merge /ʐ/ and /ʑ/ into [ʒ].
Jablunkov[17] [example needed]
Sioux Lakota waŋži [wãˈʒi] 'one'
Slovak žena [ʒena] 'woman' See Slovak phonology
Slovene žito [ˈʒìːt̪ɔ́] 'cereal' See Slovene phonology
Spanish Rioplatense[18] yo [ʒo̞] 'I' Most dialects.[18] See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Ecuadorian Andean Spanish[19] ellos [eʒos] 'they' See Spanish phonology and yeísmo
Tadaksahak [ˈʒɐwɐb] 'to answer'
Tagish [ʒé] 'what'
Turkish jale [ʒɑːˈʎ̟ɛ] 'dew' Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology
Turkmen žiraf [ʒiraf] 'giraffe' Only occurs in loanwords.
Tutchone Northern zhi [ʒi] 'what'
Southern zhǜr [ʒɨ̂r] 'berry'
Ukrainian жaбa/žaba [ˈʒɑbɐ] 'frog' See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu اژدہا/aždahá [əʒd̪əhaː] 'dragon' Only occurs in loanwords. See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Veps vīž [viːʒ] 'five'
Welayta [aʒa] 'bush'
West Frisian bagaazje [bɑˈɡaʒə] 'luggage' See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish אָראַנזש/oranž [ɔʀanʒ] 'orange' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[20] llan [ʒaŋ] 'anger'

The sound in Russian denoted by ⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit]
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠˔
ɹ̝˗
IPA Number151 414 429
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAr\_-_r

The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠˔⟩ (retracted constricted [ɹ]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.

Features

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  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dutch[21] meer [meːɹ̠˔] 'lake' A rare post-vocalic allophone of /r/.[22] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Manx mooar [muːɹ̠˔] 'lake' In free variation with other coda allophones of /r/.[23]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "IPA i-charts (2018)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  2. ^ Watson (2002:16)
  3. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
  4. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  5. ^ a b Mangold (2005:51)
  6. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
  7. ^ "Projekt Rastko Kaszuby - Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
  8. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  9. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
  10. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
  11. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  12. ^ Medina (2010)
  13. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
  14. ^ Silva (2003:32)
  15. ^ Guimarães (2004)
  16. ^ Borgstrom (1937:118)
  17. ^ a b Dąbrowska (2004:?)
  18. ^ a b Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
  19. ^ Argüello, Fanny M. (1980-03-10). "El rehilamiento en el español hablado en la región andina del Ecuador". Lexis (in Spanish). 4 (2): 151–155. doi:10.18800/lexis.198002.003. ISSN 0254-9239. S2CID 170724900.
  20. ^ Merrill (2008:108)
  21. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98, 101–102)
  22. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97, 102)
  23. ^ Broderick (1986:17–18)

References

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