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Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii
English: State Anthem of the Russian Federation
Государственный гимн Российской Федерации
Performance of the Hymn of the Russian Federation by the Presidential Orchestra and Kremlin Choir at the inauguration of President Dmitry Medvedev at The Kremlin on 7 May 2008.
National anthem of Russia
LyricsSergey Mikhalkov, 2000
MusicAlexander Alexandrov, 1939
Adopted25 December 2000 (music)[1]
30 December 2000 (lyrics)[2]
Audio sample
Hymn of the Russian Federation (Instrumental)

The National Anthem of the Russian Federation (Russian: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации, "Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii") is the national anthem of Russia. The song is an adaptation of the anthem of the Soviet Union that was used from 1944 until 1990, with music originally composed by Alexander Alexandrov. The lyrics were revised for the anthem of the Russian Federation by Sergey Mikhalkov, who also wrote lyrics for versions of the Soviet anthem in 1943 and 1977.

In 1990, Russia needed a new anthem to distance itself from the Soviet past. Although "God Save The Tsar!" was used before the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917, President of the Russian SFSR, Boris Yeltsin, decided to select the song "Patrioticheskaya pesnya" by Mikhail Glinka. Composed without words and discovered after Glinka's death, the anthem, without lyrics, was decreed official in 1993. Due to the lack of lyrics, the anthem was not popular. In addition, it did not inspire some Russian athletes during international competitions.[3] A few contests were then sponsored by the government to include lyrics in the anthem, however none were adopted. Because of this, President Vladimir Putin decided that Alexandrov's music was to be restored, and that new lyrics should be written for it. The anthem was created and adopted in late 2000, and became the second anthem used by Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The public perception of the anthem is mixed amongst Russians. To some, the anthem is a reminder of the best days of Russia and honors the past sacrifices. The Russian government contends that the anthem is a symbol of unity of the people and respects the past. To others, the anthem reminds them of the acts of violence that occurred under the rule of Joseph Stalin. In a 2009 poll, about half of the respondents felt proud when hearing the anthem, but many either did not like the anthem or could not recall the lyrics.

Historic anthems

Before "Molitva russkikh" (The Prayer of Russians) was chosen as the national anthem of Imperial Russia, various church hymns and military marches were used to honor the country and the Tsars. Some of the songs used included "Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!" and "Kol slaven". "Molitva russkikh" was adopted around 1815, and used lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky set to the music of the British anthem, "God Save the King".[4] Russia's anthem was also influenced by the anthems of France and the Netherlands, and by the British patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!".[5]

In 1833, Zhukovsky was again asked to set lyrics to a musical composition by Prince Alexei Lvov called "The Russian People's Prayer". Known more commonly as "God Save The Tsar!", it was well received by Nicholas I, who chose the song to be the next anthem. The song sounded very much like a religious hymn, and its musical style was similar to that of the other anthems used by European monarchs. "God Save the Tsar" was played for the first time on 8 December 1833 at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. It was later played at the Winter Palace on Christmas Day, on orders from Nicholas I. Public singing of the anthem began at opera houses in 1834, but took until 1837 for it to be widely known across the Russian Empire.[6] "God Save the Tsar" was used until the February Revolution, when the Russian monarchy was overthrown. The tune is in several English-language hymnals with words beginning "God the Omnipotent! King who ordainest/Thunder thy clarion, lightning thy throne!" (or variants).[7] Upon the removal of the Tsar and his family in March 1917, the "Worker's Marseillaise", a modification of the French anthem La Marseillaise by Pyotr Lavrov, was used as an unofficial anthem by the Russian Provisional Government. The modifications made to "La Marseillaise" in 1907 included a change in tempo from 2/2 to 4/4 and music harmonization to make it more Russian. It was used at government meetings, welcoming ceremonies for diplomats and state funerals.[8] After the provisional government had been overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the 1917 October Revolution, the anthem of international revolutionary socialism, "L'Internationale" (usually known as "The Internationale" in English), was adopted as the new anthem. The lyrics of the song were created by Eugène Pottier, and the music was furnished by Pierre Degeyter in 1871, to honor the creation of the Second Socialist International organization. The lyrics by Pottier were later translated into Russian by Arkadiy Yakovlevich Kots in 1902. Kots also changed the tense of the song to make it more decisive in nature.[9] Before Lenin's return to Russia from exile, "The Internationale" was not well known to the Russian people. The first major use of the song was at the funeral of victims of the February Revolution in Petrograd. Lenin also wanted "The Internationale" to be played more often because it was more of a socialist song, and was not to be confused with the French anthem.[8] Other forces in the new Soviet government felt that the Marseillaise was too much of a song for the bourgeoisie.[10] The Internationale was used as the anthem of Soviet Russia from 1918, and adopted by the newly-created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, to be used until 1944.[11]

The post-1944 Soviet anthem

Music

A postage stamp with head of a man facing to the left. To the left is musical notations; below the notations is Cyrillic text.
1983 Soviet stamp honoring the 100th anniversary since the birth of Alexander Alexandrov

The music of the national anthem, created by Alexander Alexandrov, had been incorporated in several hymns and compositions before it was used as the Russian anthem. The music was first used in the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party, created in 1939. When the Comintern was dissolved in 1943, it was felt that the Internationale, which was historically intimately associated with the Comintern, should be replaced as the National Anthem of the Soviet Union. Alexandrov's music was chosen for that purpose by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, after a contest in 1943. Stalin praised the song for fulfilling what a national anthem should be, even though he criticized the way the song was orchestrated.[12] In response, Alexandrov blamed Viktor Knushevitsky for the problems with the orchestration;[13] Knushevitsky was responsible for orchestrating the entries for the final contest rounds in 1943.[12] When writing the Bolshevik party anthem, Alexandrov incorporated pieces from the song "Zhit' stalo luchshe" ("Life Has Become Better"), a musical comedy that he composed.[14] This comedy was based on a slogan Stalin first used in 1935 after the Ukraine famine and Moscow purges.[15] Over 200 entries were submitted for the anthem contest, including some by famous Soviet composers Dmitri Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian and Iona Tuskiya.[13] Later, the rejected joint entry by Khachaturian and Shostakovich became Song of the Red Army;[13] and Khachaturian went on to compose the Anthem of the Armenian SSR.[16][17]

During the 2000 anthem debate, it was pointed out by Boris Gryzlov, the leader of the Unity faction in the Duma, that the music Alexandrov created for the Soviet anthem was similar to Vasily Kalinnikov's 1892 overture, "Bylina".[18] The supporters of the Soviet anthem used this fact in the various debates that took place in the Duma about the anthem change.[19] There is no evidence that Alexandrov deliberately borrowed or used parts of "Bylina" in his composition.

Lyrics

A man in the center, facing the left, is wearing medals on a jacket. He is shaking hands with another man, watched by three others.
Lyrics composer Sergey Mikhalkov in 2002 meeting President Putin

After selecting the music by Alexandrov for the anthem, Stalin needed new lyrics for it. He thought the anthem was short and, because of the Great Patriotic War, it needed a statement about the Red Army going on to defeat Fascist Germany. The poets Sergey Mikhalkov and Gabriel El-Registan were called by one of Stalin's staffers to come to Moscow. They were told to fix the lyrics to Alexandrov's music, keep the verses the same, but find a way to change the refrains to where the song sings about "a Country of Soviets". Because of issues with singing when talking about the Red Army beating Fascist Germany, it was dropped from the version, which El-Registan and Mikhalkov completed overnight. After a few minor changes to emphasize the Russian Motherland, Stalin approved of the anthem and had it unveiled to the public on 7 November 1943.[20][21] The anthem also included a line where Stalin "inspired us to keep the faith with the people".[22] The anthem was announced to all of the USSR on 1 January 1944 and became official on 15 March 1944.[23][24] Upon the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet government began to look over the legacy of Stalin, and uncovered a lot of the crimes he committed against the Soviet people. This started the De-Stalinization process, which included downplaying the role of Stalin, and moving his corpse from Lenin's Mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis behind it.[25] One of the other victims of the process was the anthem lyrics composed by Mikhalkov and El-Registan; they were officially scrapped by the Soviet government in 1956.[26] The anthem was still used by the Soviet government, but without any official lyrics. In private, this anthem became known the "Song Without Words".[27] Mikhalkov wrote a new set of lyrics in 1970, but they were not submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet until 27 May 1977. The new lyrics, which replaced any mentions of Stalin, were approved on 1 September, and were made official with the printing of the new Soviet Constitution in October 1977.[24] In giving credit to the 1977 lyrics, Mikhalkov was mentioned, but any references to El-Registan, who died in 1945, were dropped for unknown reasons.[27]

Patrioticheskaya Pesnya

A computer generated recording of "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya".
Main article: Patrioticheskaya Pesnya

With the fall of the Soviet Union approaching, a new national anthem was needed to redefine the reorganized nation, and to reject the Soviet past. The President of the RSFSR, Boris Yeltsin, was advised to go back to "God Save The Czar," with modifications to the lyrics. However, he opted to go with a piece composed by Mikhail Glinka. The piece, known as "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya", was a wordless piano composition that was discovered after his death. "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" was played in front of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on 23 November 1990, and was quickly picked as the Russian anthem.[28] Between 1990 and 1993, there were many votes called for in the State Duma to make "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" the official anthem of Russia. However, it faced stiff opposition from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, who wanted the Soviet anthem restored.[28] Constitutionally, the state symbols of Russia are an anthem, flag and coat of arms. According to Article 70 of the Constitution, each of the symbols required further definition by future legislation.[29] As it was a constitutional matter, it had to be passed by a two-thirds majority in the Duma.[30] Yeltsin, now President of the Russian Federation, eventually issued a decree on 11 December 1993, making "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" the official anthem for Russia.[24][31]

Call for lyrics

During the entire period that "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" was used as the national anthem, it never had any official lyrics.[32] The anthem struck a positive chord because it did not contain any element from the Soviet past, and the public view of Glinka was that he was a patriot and true Russian.[28] The song was also used during the Soviet era; it was called "Zdravstvuj, slavnaya stolitsa" (Hail, the Glorious Capital"), which was created in 1947 to honor the 800th anniversary of the founding of Moscow.[33] However, it was the lack of lyrics that caused doom for "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya".[34] Various attempts were made to compose lyrics for the anthem, including a contest that allowed any Russian citizen to participate. A committee set up by the government looked at over 6000 entries, allowing 20 to be recorded by an orchestra for a final vote.[35] The eventual winner was Viktor Radugin's "Be glorious, Russia" (Славься, Россия! ("Slavsya, Rossiya!).[36] However, none of the lyrics were officially adopted by Yeltsin or the Russian government. One of the reasons that was partly to blame for the lack of lyrics, was that Glinka's composition was mostly used for praise to the Tsar and to the Russian Orthodox Church.[37] Other complaints raised about the song was that it was hard to remember, uninspiring and musically complicated.[3] It was one of the few national anthems during this period that lacked official lyrics.[38] Between 1990 and 2000, the only other wordless national anthems were of Belarus[39] (until 2002),[40] "Marcha Real" of Spain,[41] and "Intermezzo" of Bosnia and Herzegovina[42] (until 2009).[43]

Modern adoption

A billboard placed outside with Cyrillic text.
The second stanza of the anthem on a Moscow billboard.

The anthem debate intensified in October 2000 when Yeltsin's successor, Vladimir Putin, was approached by Russian athletes who were concerned that they had no words to sing for the anthem during the medal ceremonies at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. Putin brought public attention to the issue and put it before the State Council.[3]

CNN also reported that members of the Spartak Moscow football club complained that the wordless anthem "affected their morale and performance".[44] Two years earlier, during the 1998 World Cup, members of the Russian team commented that the wordless anthem failed to inspire "great patriotic effort."[32]

In a November session of the Federation Council, Putin stated that a new national anthem was as important for Russia as a new flag and coat of arms and that the selection of a national anthem should be a top priority for the country.[45] Putin pressed for the former Soviet anthem to be selected as the new Russian anthem, but strongly suggested that new lyrics be written. He did not say how much of the old Soviet lyrics should be retained for the new anthem.[32] Putin submitted the bill "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation" to the Duma for their consideration on 4 December.[35] The Duma voted 381-51-1 on 8 December 2000 to adopt Alexandrov's music as the national anthem.[46] Following the vote, the committee formed to explore lyrics for the national anthem was tasked with finding lyrics for Alexandrov's music. After receiving over 6,000 manuscripts from all parts of Russian society,[47] the committee selected lyrics written by Mikhalkov to become the anthem of Russia.[35]

Before the official adoption of the lyrics, the Kremlin released a section of the anthem, which made a reference to the flag and coat of arms:

Its mighty wings spread above us
The Russian eagle is hovering high
The Motherland’s tricolor symbol
Is leading Russia’s peoples to victory

— Kremlin source, [48]

The above lines were omitted from the final version of the lyrics. After the bill was approved by the Federation Council on 20 December,[49] "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation" was signed into law by President Putin on 25 December, officially making Alexandrov's music the national anthem of Russia. The law was published two days later in the official government journal Rossiyskaya Gazeta.[50] The new anthem was first used officially on 30 December, during a ceremony at the Great Kremlin Palace in Moscow at which Mikhalkov's lyrics were officially made part of the national anthem.[51][52]

Not everyone agreed with the adoption of the new anthem. Yeltsin argued that Putin should not have changed the anthem merely to "follow blindly the mood of the people".[53] Yeltsin also felt that the restoration of the Soviet anthem was part of a move to reject post-communist reforms that had taken place since Russian independence and the fall of Soviet Union.[34] This was one of Yeltsin's few public criticisms of Putin.[54]

The liberal political party Yabloko stated that the re-adoption of the Soviet anthem "deepened the schism in [Russian] society".[53] The Soviet anthem was supported by the Communist Party and by Putin himself. The other national symbols that were used by Russia in 1900, the white/blue/red tricolor flag and double-headed eagle coat of arms, were also given legal approval by Putin in December, thus completing the debate over the national symbols.[55] After all of the symbols were adopted, Putin said on television that this move was needed to heal Russia's past and to fuse the short period of the Soviet Union with Russia's long history. He also stated that, while Russia's march towards democracy would not be stopped,[56] the rejection of the Soviet era would have left the lives of their mothers and fathers bereft of meaning.[57] It took some time for the Russian people to familiarize themselves with the anthem's lyrics; athletes were only able to hum along with the anthem during the medal ceremonies at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[34]

Public perception

A postage stamp showing Cyrillic characters.
A 2001 stamp released by Russian Post with the lyrics of the new anthem.

The Russian national anthem is set to the melody of the Soviet anthem (used since 1944). Because of this, there have been several controversies relating to its use. For instance, some—including cellist Mstislav Rostropovich—have vowed not to stand during the anthem.[58][59] Russian cultural figures and government officials were also troubled by Putin's restoration of the Soviet anthem. A former adviser to both Yeltsin and Gorbachev stated that, when "Stalin's hymn" was used as the national anthem of the Soviet Union, millions were executed and other horrific crimes took place.[59]

At the 2007 funeral of Boris Yeltsin, the Russian anthem was played as his coffin was laid to rest at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.[54] While it was common to hear the anthem during state funerals for Soviet civil and military officials,[60] honored citizens of the nation,[61] as well as for Soviet leaders, as was the case for Brezhnev,[62] Andropov[63] and Chernenko,[64] some felt that playing the anthem at Yeltsin's funeral "abused the man who brought freedom" to the Russian people.[65] The Russian government's stand is that the "solemn music and poetic work" of the anthem, despite its history, is a symbol of unity of the Russian people. The words by Mikhalkov show "feelings of patriotism, respect for the history of the country and its system of government."[50]

In a 2009 poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Study Center and publicized just two days before Russia's flag day (22 August), 56 percent of respondents stated that they felt proud when hearing the national anthem. However, only 39 percent could recall the words of the first line of the anthem. This was an increase from 33 percent in 2007. According to the survey, between 34 and 36 percent could not identify the anthem's first line. Overall, only 25 percent of respondents said they liked the anthem.[66]

In September 2009, a line from the lyrics used during Stalin's rule reappeared at the Moscow Metro station Kurskaya-Koltsevaya: "Stalin reared us on loyalty to the people. He inspired us to labor and heroism." While groups have threatened legal action to stop the addition of this phrase, the phrase was part of the original design of Kurskaya station and had been removed during de-Stalinization. Most of the commentary surrounding this event centered on the Kremlin's attempt to "rehabilitate the image" of Stalin by using symbolism sympathetic to him, or that was created by him.[67]

Despite being a main backer for the restoration of the Alexandrov's melody, members of the Communist Party has proposed other changes to the anthem. In March of 2010, Boris Kashin, a CPRF member of the Duma, has advocated for the removal of any reference to God in the anthem. Kashin's suggestion was also supported by Alexander Nikonov an journalist with SPID-INFO and also an avowed atheist. Nikonov's reason is that religion should be a private matter that should not be used by the state. Nikonov also asked the Constitutional Court of Russia in 2005 if the lyrics are compatible with Russian law.[68]

Regulations

A djvu file containing the Federal law of 25 December 2000 on the national anthem of Russia
Federal law of 25 December 2000 on the national anthem of Russia

Regulations the performance of the national anthem are set forth in the law signed by President Putin on 25 December 2000. While a performance of the anthem may include only music, only words, or a combination of both, the anthem must be performed using the official music and words prescribed by law. Once a performance has been recorded, it may be used for any purpose, such as a radio or television broadcast. The anthem may be played for solemn or celebratory occasions, such as the annual Victory Day parade in Moscow,[69] or the funerals of heads of state and other significant figures. When asked about playing the anthem during the Victory Day parades, Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov stated that due to the acoustics of the Red Square, only an orchestra would be used because voices would produce an echo.[70]

The anthem is mandatory at the swearing-in of the President of Russia, for opening and closing sessions of the Duma and the Federation Council, and for official state ceremonies.

The anthem is also played on television and radio at the beginning and end of the broadcast day. If programming is continuous, the anthem is played once at 06:00 hours and again at midnight. The anthem is also played on New Years Eve, after a speech by the President. The anthem is played at sporting events both in Russia and abroad, according to the protocol of the organization that is hosting the games. When the anthem is played, all headgear must be removed and all those in attendance must face the Russian flag, if it is present. Those who are in uniform must give a military salute when the anthem plays.[1]

The anthem is composed in 4/4 (common time) or in 2/4 (half time), in the key of C major and has a tempo of ♩= 76. Using either time signature, the anthem must be played in a festive and quick tempo (Торжественно and Распевно in Russian). The government has released different notations for orchestras, brass bands and wind bands.[71][72]

According to the Russian copyright law, state symbols and signs are not protected by copyright.[73] As such, the anthem's music and lyrics can be used and modified freely. Although the law calls for the anthem to be performed respectfully and for performers to avoid causing offense, the law defines no offensive acts or penalties.[1] Standing for the anthem is required by law but, again, the law gives no penalty for refusing to stand.[74]

On one occasion in the summer of 2004, President Putin chastised the national football team for their behavior during the playing of the anthem. During the opening ceremonies of the 2004 European Football Championship, the team was caught on camera chewing gum during the Russian anthem. Through Leonid Tyagachev, who was then head of the Russian Olympic Committee, Putin told the team to stop chewing gum and sing the anthem. Gennady Shvets, then the Russian Olympic Committee's press chief, denied any contact from the Kremlin but said he was aware of displeasure in relation to the players' behaviour.[75]

Official lyrics

Russian[2] Transliteration English translation[76]

Россия — священная наша держава,
Россия — любимая наша страна.
Могучая воля, великая слава —
Твоё достоянье на все времена!

Припев:

Славься, Отечество наше свободное,
Братских народов союз вековой,
Предками данная мудрость народная!
Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой!

От южных морей до полярного края
Раскинулись наши леса и поля.
Одна ты на свете! Одна ты такая —
Хранимая Богом родная земля!

Припев

Широкий простор для мечты и для жизни
Грядущие нам открывают года.
Нам силу даёт наша верность Отчизне.
Так было, так есть и так будет всегда!

Припев

Rossiya — svyashchennaya nasha derzhava,
Rossiya — lyubimaya nasha strana.
Moguchaya volya, velikaya slava —
Tvoyo dostoyanye na vse vremena!

Pripev:

Slav'sya, Otechestvo nashe svobodnoye,
Bratskikh narodov soyuz vekovoy,
Predkami dannaya mudrost narodnaya!
Slav'sya, strana! My gordimsya toboy!

Ot yuzhnykh morey do polyarnogo kraya
Raskinulis' nashi lesa i polya.
Odna ty na svete! Odna ty takaya —
Khranimaya Bogom rodnaya zemlya!

Pripev

Shirokiy prostor dlya mechty i dlya zhizni.
Gryadushchiye nam otkryvayut goda.
Nam silu dayot nasha vernost' Otchizne.
Tak bylo, tak yest' i tak budet vsegda!

Pripev

Russia — our holy nation,
Russia — our beloved country.
A mighty will, great glory —
These are yours for all time!

Refrain:

Be glorious, our free Fatherland,
Age-old union of fraternal peoples,
Popular wisdom given by our forebears!
Be glorious, our country! We are proud of you!

From the southern seas to the polar lands
Spread our forests and fields.
You are unique in the world, one of a kind —
Native land protected by God!

Refrain

Wide spaces for dreams and for living
Are opened for us by the coming years
Our loyalty to our Fatherland gives us strength.
Thus it was, thus it is and always will be!

Refrain

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b c Federal Constitutional Law on the National Anthem of the Russian Federation
  2. ^ a b Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 30.12.2000 N 2110
  3. ^ a b c Zolotov, Andrei (2000-12-01). "Russian Orthodox Church Approves as Putin Decides to Sing to a Soviet Tune". Christianity Today Magazine. Christianity Today International. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  4. ^ Bohlman 2004, pp. 157
  5. ^ Голованова 2003, pp. 127–130
  6. ^ Wortman 2006, pp. 158–160
  7. ^ Studwell 1996, pp. 75
  8. ^ a b Stites 1991, pp. 87
  9. ^ Gasparov 2005, pp. 209–210
  10. ^ Figes 1999, pp. 62–63
  11. ^ Volkov 2008, pp. 34
  12. ^ a b Fey 2005, pp. 139
  13. ^ a b c Shostakovich 2002, pp. 261–262
  14. ^ Haynes 2003, pp. 70
  15. ^ Kubik 1994, pp. 48
  16. ^ "List of Works". Virtual Museum of Aram Khachaturian. “Aram Khachaturian” International Enlightenment-Cultural Association. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  17. ^ Sandved 1963, pp. 690
  18. ^ "Гимн СССР написан в XIX веке Василием Калинниковым и Робертом Шуманом". Лента.Ру (in Russian). Rambler Media Group. 2000-12-08. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  19. ^ Резепов, Олег (2000-12-08). "Выступление Бориса Грызлова при обсуждении законопроекта о государственной символике Российской Федерации" (in Russian). Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  20. ^ Montefiore 2005, pp. 460–461
  21. ^ Volkov, Solomon (2000-12-16). "Stalin´s Best Tune". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  22. ^ Keep, 2004 & 41–42
  23. ^ "USSR Information Bulletin". Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 4: 13. 1944. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  24. ^ a b c Голованова 2003, pp. 150
  25. ^ Brackman 2000, pp. 412
  26. ^ Wesson 1978, pp. 265
  27. ^ a b Ioffe 1988, pp. 331
  28. ^ a b c Service 2006, pp. 198–199
  29. ^ "Constitution of the Russian Federation". Government of the Russian Federation. 1993-12-12. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  30. ^ "Russians to hail their 'holy country'". CNN.com. CNN. 2000-12-30. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  31. ^ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11.12.93 N 2127
  32. ^ a b c Franklin 2004, pp. 116
  33. ^ Соболева 2006, pp. 1949–1950
  34. ^ a b c Sakwa 2008, pp. 224
  35. ^ a b c "National Anthem". Russia's State Symbols. RIA Novosti. 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  36. ^ Владимирова, Бориса (2002-01-23). "Неудавшийся гимн: Имя страны – Россия!". Московской правде (in Russian). Retrieved 2009-12-20. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Graubard 1998, pp. 131
  38. ^ Waxman 1998, pp. 170
  39. ^ Korosteleva 2002, pp. 118
  40. ^ "Указ № 350 ад 2 лiпеня 2002 г. "Аб Дзяржаўным гімне Рэспублікі Беларусь"". Указу Прэзiдэнта Рэспублiкi Беларусь (in Belarusian). Пресс-служба Президента Республики Беларусь. 2002-07-02. Retrieved 2009-12-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Spain: National Symbols: National Anthem". Spain Today. Government of Spain. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  42. ^ "Himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (in Bosnian). Ministarstvo vanjskih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine. 2001. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  43. ^ "Prijedlog teksta himne BiH utvrdilo Vijeće ministara BiH" (in Croatian). Ministarstvo pravde Bosne i Hercegovine. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-12-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ "Duma approves old Soviet anthem". CNN.com. CNN. 2000-12-08. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  45. ^ Shevtsova 2005, pp. 123
  46. ^ "Russian Duma Approves National Anthem Bill". People's Daily Online. People's Daily. 2000-12-08. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  47. ^ "Guide to Russia – National Anthem of the Russian Federation". Russia Today. Strana.ru. 2002-09-18. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  48. ^ Shukshin, Andrei (2000-11-30). "Putin Sings Praises of Old-New Russian Anthem". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  49. ^ Голованова 2003, pp. 152
  50. ^ a b "Государственный гимн России" (in Russian). Администрация Приморского края. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  51. ^ "State Insignia -The National Anthem". President of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
  52. ^ "Russia Unveils New National Anthem Joining the Old Soviet Tune to the Older, Unsoviet God". The New York Times. 2000-12-31. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
  53. ^ a b "Duma approves Soviet anthem". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2000-12-08. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
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Bibliography
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