Shiv Sena
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Shiv Sena | |
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President | Uddhav Thackeray |
Lok Sabha Leader | Vinayak Raut |
Rajya Sabha Leader | Sanjay Raut |
Founder | Balasaheb Thackeray |
Founded | 19 June 1966 |
Succeeded by | |
Headquarters | Shivsena Bhavan, Dadar, Mumbai, Maharashtra |
Newspaper | Saamana |
Student wing | Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena (BVS) |
Youth wing | Yuva Sena |
Women's wing | Shiv Sena Mahila Aghadi |
Ideology | Marathi regionalism[1][2] Conservatism[3] Social conservatism[4] Hindutva[5] Hindu nationalism[6] Economic nationalism[7] Ultranationalism[8] Right-wing populism[9] |
Political position | Right-wing[10] to far-right[11] |
ECI Status | Frozen[12] |
Alliance | NDA (1988–2019) MVA (2019–2022) (Maharashtra) |
Election symbol | |
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Party flag | |
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Website | |
shivsena | |
Part of a series on |
Conservatism |
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Part of a series on |
Nationalism |
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Shiv Sena (IAST: Śiva Sēnā) (lit. 'Army of Shivaji') was a right-wing Marathi regionalist and Hindu ultranationalist political party in India founded in 1966 by cartoonist Bal Thackeray.[13] Originally emerging from nativist movements in Bombay (present-day Mumbai), the party agitates for preferential treatment for the Marathi people over migrants from other parts of India.[14] Its election symbol for Maharashtra is Bow and Arrow.[15] Uddhav Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's son, is party leader and served as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra between 2019 To 29 June 2022.
Although the party's primary base is still in Maharashtra, it has tried to expand to a pan-Indian base. In the 1970s, it gradually moved from advocating a pro-Marathi ideology to one supporting a broader Hindu nationalist agenda,[16] and aligned itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The party started taking part in Mumbai (BMC) Municipal elections since its inception. In 1989, it entered into an alliance with the BJP for Lok Sabha as well as Maharashtra assembly elections, the latter of which was temporarily broken in October 2014 Assembly elections. The alliance was quickly reformed and Shiv Sena became part of the BJP government in Maharashtra in December 2014. It was a coalition partner in the National Democratic Alliance during 1998–2019, including the Vajpayee Government during 1998–2004 and the Narendra Modi Government during 2014–2019. After the Maharashtra elections in October 2019, Shiv Sena claimed that promises were not kept by their alliance partner BJP and broke ties. The party later joined hands with the Indian National Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party in a bid to form the government in Maharashtra. Later this alliance lost power after Eknath Shinde, a rebel Shiv Sena leader gathered the support of 2/3rd of the Sena MLAs along with BJP and became the Chief Minister on June 30, 2022.[17][18]
The party has a powerful hold over the Hindi film industry.[19] It has been referred to as an "extremist",[20][21] "chauvinist",[22][23] as well as a "fascist party".[24][25] Shiv Sena has been blamed for the 1970 communal violence in Bhiwandi, the 1984 Bhiwandi riot, and violence in the 1992–1993 Bombay riots.[26][27]
The party draws its strength from the support of the Maratha and Kunbi communities of Maharashtra which the Sena drew away from the Congress party.[28]
History
Origins
After the Independence of India in 1947, regional administrative divisions from the colonial era were gradually changed and states following linguistic borders were created. Within the Bombay Presidency, a massive popular struggle was launched for the creation of a state for the Marathi-speaking people. In 1960, the presidency was divided into two linguistic states - Gujarat and Maharashtra. Moreover, Marathi-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad state were joined with Maharashtra. Bombay, in many ways the economic capital of India, became the state capital of Maharashtra. On one hand, people belonging to the Gujarati community owned the majority of the industry and trade enterprises in the city.[29] On the other hand, there was a steady flow of South Indian migrants to the city who came to take many white-collar jobs.
In 1960 Bal Thackeray, a Bombay-based cartoonist, began publishing the satirical cartoon weekly Marmik. Through this publication, he started disseminating anti-migrant sentiments. On 19 June 1966, Thackeray founded the Shiv Sena as a political organisation.
The Shiv Sena attracted many unemployed Marathi youth, who were attracted by Thackeray's charged anti-migrant oratory. Shiv Sena cadres became involved in various attacks against the South Indian communities, vandalizing South Indian restaurants and pressuring employers to hire Marathis.[16]
Alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party
The Sena started placing more weight on the Hindutva ideology in the 1970s as the 'sons of the soil' cause was weakening.[16]
The party began a coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) for seats in the Lok Sabha and the Maharashtra Assembly from 1989. The two formed a government in Maharashtra between 1995 and 1999.[30] The Sena was the opposition party in the state along with the BJP from 1999 to 2014. However, the 25 year alliance with the BJP was threatened in 2014 Maharashtra Assembly elections over seat sharing and both contested the election independently.[30] With the BJP becoming the largest party following the 2014 election, Sena declared opposition. However, after negotiations, Sena agreed to join the government in Maharashtra.[31] The Shiv Sena-BJP combine governs the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. Traditionally the main strongholds of Shiv Sena have been Mumbai and the Konkan coastal areas. However, in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections the result was reversed. The Shiv Sena made inroads in the interior parts of the state, while suffering losses in Mumbai.[32]
In January 2018, Shiv Sena officially cut ties with the BJP and their NDA coalition ahead of the 2019 Indian general election after nearly 30 years of campaigning alongside the BJP.[33] But in February 2019, BJP and Shiv Sena again announced alliance for the general elections as well as the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election.[34] The election saw Shiv Sena lose votes and subsequently declined to support the BJP in forming a government over the BJP's refusal to engage in power-sharing. Shiv Sena withdrew from National Democratic Alliance, precipitating a political crisis in late October-early November 2019, which ultimately led to party leader Uddhav Thackeray becoming Chief Minister through support from the Indian National Congress, and the Nationalist Congress Party.[35]
In 2019, Shiv Sena broke away with NDA and joined UPA.[36][37] It formed a sub alliance called Maha Vikas Aghadi to form the government in Maharashtra with Uddhav Thackeray of Shiv Sena leading the ministry.[38]
In 2022, during a party meeting, Uddhav Thackeray explained his move to pull out of NDA to join UPA. "We supported the BJP wholeheartedly to enable them to fulfill their national ambitions. The understanding was they will go national while we will lead in Maharashtra. But we were betrayed and attempts were made to destroy us in our home. So we had to hit back". Thackeray accused BJP of dumping its allies according to its political convenience. He said, "BJP doesn't mean Hindutva. I stand by my comment that Shiv Sena had wasted 25 years in alliance with BJP"[38]
However, Eknath Shinde, a senior Shiv Sena leader, wanted to reestablish the previous BJP-Shiv Sena alliance and rebelled afterwards while gaining majority support of the Sena MLAs.[39]
On 29 June 2022, Uddhav Thackeray resigned from the post of Chief Minister as well as MLC member after the Supreme Court ruled that he must prove his majority. Eknath Shinde took oath as the new Chief Minister with Devendra Fadnavis as Deputy CM on June 30.[18]
The party's Lok Sabha group split on July 19 after 12 of 19 MPs went to the rebel faction led by Shinde.[40]
Formation of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
In July 2005, Former Maharashtra Chief Minister and Sena leader Narayan Rane was expelled from the party, which sparked internal conflict in the party. In December the same year Raj Thackeray, Bal Thackeray's nephew, left the party.[41] Raj Thackeray later founded a new party, Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS). After the split, clashes have occurred between followers of the two Senas.[citation needed]
Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based in Bhumiputra ideology. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva and, "I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Hindutva, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the 19 March public meeting."[42]
Leadership change
Bal Thackeray's son Uddhav Thackeray became the party's leader in 2004, although Bal Thackeray continued to be an important figurehead. After the death of Bal Thackeray on 17 November 2012, Uddhav became the leader of the party but refused to take the title "Shiv Sena Pramukh" (Shiv Sena Supremo).[43]
Party structure and caste composition
Structure
The ShivsenaPramukh (Chief) of the party is the post equivalent to the president of an organisation. This post is an hereditary post.The current ShivsenaPramukh is Uddhav Thackeray while his son Aditya Thackeray being the crowned ShivsenaPramukh.As the Pramukh (Chief) of the party, Bal Thackeray took all major decisions while the activists and members of the Shiv Sena Shiv Sainiks carried out most of the party's grassroots work. During his last days, the day-to-day activities of the party were handled by his youngest son Uddhav Thackeray. Aditya Thackeray, son of Uddhav Thackeray, became the leader of the Yuva Sena, the Youth Wing of the party. After Bal Thackerey's death in 2012, the party was de facto led by Uddhav Thackeray.[citation needed]
The Sena Bhavan located in the Dadar locality in Mumbai has served as the Headquarters of the Sena since 1976.[44] The Sena's shakhas (Branches) spread throughout the state of Maharashtra as well as in selected locations in other states, which decide on most of the local issues in their localities.[16]
The Sthaniya Lokadhikar Samiti[clarification needed] is affiliated with the Shiv Sena. It advocates the preservation of rights of employment for Maharashtrians in Maharashtra.[45]
Caste composition
People of various Maharashtrian castes worked together in the Sena. The party's leaders mostly came from the so-called "high castes" i.e. Brahmins, CKPs and Pathare Prabhus - Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar.[46] One of the above-mentioned leaders, Dr.Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor of Bombay in the early 70s and the former family physician and confidante of Thackeray, quit Shivsena in "disgust" citing importance given to money, violence committed by the Shivsainiks and Thackeray's support for Mrs.Gandhi during the 1975 emergency.[47]
There were also leaders from other castes such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalawade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so-called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.[46]
Over the years, other than the Sena Chief, there have been twelve senior leaders in the party, called 'Netas'. Out of these, eight have been upper caste (four Brahmins, two CKPs and two Pathare Prabhus). Others have been either Maratha (Dattaji Salvi), Shimpi (Wamanrao Mahadik), Agri (Leeladhar Dake) or Mali (Chaggan Bhujbal). In fact, Bhujbal quit the party accusing the Sena of upper-caste bias in the leadership.[46]
The number of dalits were also not insignificant. And even after the Sena opposed the reservations proposed by the Mandal commission, there was no dent in the percentage of OBCs in the Sena. In this way, the Sena was successful in uniting all Maharashtrians irrespective of caste under the common "Marathi umbrella". The agenda of preferential treatment for the "sons of the soil" i.e. Maharashtrians brought them all together.[46]
Voter base
Shiv Sena's strength in the late 1980s and early '90s mainly came from the support of the Maratha caste - which it drew away from the Congress.[28] Citing the large percentage of MLAs elected from Shiv Sena belonging to the Maratha caste, Vora from the University of Pune concludes that the Shiv Sena has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".[48]
Office
Shivsena Bhavan is a building which houses the central office of the Shiv Sena in Mumbai, India.[49] It is located on Ram Ganesh Gadkari Chowk and Shivaji Park in Dadar. It was inaugurated on 19 June 1977. The refurbished Sena Bhavan was inaugurated on 27 July 2006. It has a Copper Statue of Shivaji Maharaj and a Large Poster of Balasaheb Thackeray.
In the 1993 Bombay bombings, a group of terrorists attacked the building as well as a number of other major buildings in the city.[50]
List of Chief Ministers
Following is the list of the Chief Ministers of Maharashtra from Shiv Sena
# | Portrait | Name | Constituency | Tenure | Assembly | ||
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1 | ![]() |
Manohar Joshi | Dadar | 14 March 1995 | 1 February 1999 | 3 years, 324 days | 9th (1995) |
2 | ![]() |
Narayan Rane | Malvan | 1 February 1999 | 18 October 1999 | 259 days | |
3 | ![]() |
Uddhav Thackeray | MLC | 28 November 2019 | 30 June 2022 | 2 years, 214 days | 14th (2019) |
Shiv Sena ministers in central Government
- Manohar Joshi: Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, 13th Speaker of the Lok Sabha
- Anandrao Vithoba Adsul: Ministry of State, Finance and Company Affairs
- Suresh Prabhu :Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Ministry of Power, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
- Anant Geete: Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Minister of Power
- Arvind Sawant: Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Electoral performance
Lok Sabha elections
Year | Seats won | +/- |
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1989 | 1 / 48
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1991 | 4 / 48
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1996 | 15 / 48
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1998 | 6 / 48
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1999 | 15 / 48
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2004 | 12 / 48
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2009 | 11 / 48
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2014 | 18 / 48
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2019 | 18 / 48
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Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections
Year | Seats contested | Seats won | +/- | Voteshare (%) | +/- (%) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 183 | 52 / 288
|
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15.94% | ![]() |
Opposition |
1995 | 169 | 73 / 288
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16.39% | ![]() |
Government |
1999 | 169 | 69 / 288
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![]() |
Opposition | |
2004 | 163 | 62 / 288
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19.97% | ![]() | |
2009 | 160 | 45 / 288
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16.26% | ![]() | |
2014 | 286 | 63 / 288
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19.35% | ![]() |
Government |
2019 | 124 | 56 / 288
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16.41% | ![]() |
Election | Candidates | Elected | Votes | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
1971 Lok Sabha | 5 | 227,468 | [51] | |
1980 Lok Sabha | 2 | 129,351 | [52] | |
1989 Lok Sabha | 3 | 1 | 339,426 | [53] |
1989 Goa Assembly | 6 | 4,960 | [54] | |
1991 Uttar Pradesh Assembly | 14 | 1 | 45,426 | [55] |
1991 Lok Sabha | 22 | 4 | 2,208,712 | [56] |
1993 Madhya Pradesh Assembly | 88 | 75,783 | [57] | |
1996 Lok Sabha | 132 | 15 | 4,989,994 | [58] |
1996 Haryana Assembly | 17 | 6,700 | [59] | |
1997 Punjab Assembly | 3 | 719 | [60] | |
1998 Lok Sabha | 79 | 6 | 6,528,566 | [61] |
1998 Delhi Assembly | 32 | 9,395 | [62] | |
1998 Himachal Pradesh Assembly | 6 | 2,827 | [63] | |
1999 Lok Sabha | 63 | 15 | 5,672,412 | [64] |
1999 Goa Assembly | 14 | 5,987 | [65] | |
2000 Odisha Assembly | 16 | 18,794 | [66] | |
2001 Kerala Assembly | 1 | 279 | [67] | |
2002 Goa Assembly | 15 | |||
2004 Lok Sabha | 56 | 12 | 7,056,255 | [68] |
2009 Lok Sabha | 22 | 11 | 6,828,382 | [69] |
2014 Lok Sabha | 20 | 18 | 10,262,981 | [68] |
1990 Maharashtra Assembly | 183 | 52 | 47,33,834(16.39%) | |
1995 Maharashtra Assembly | 169 | 73 | 6315493(16.39%) | |
1999 Maharashtra Assembly | 169 | 69 | (17.33%) | |
2004 Maharashtra Assembly | 163 | 62 | 8351654 (19,97%) | |
2009 Maharashtra Assembly | 160 | 45 | ||
2014 Maharashtra Assembly | 286 | 63 | 10,235,972 | |
2015 Bihar Assembly | 80 | 0 | 2,11,131 | [70][71] |
2017 Goa Assembly | 3 | 0 | 792 | [72][73] |
2019 Lok Sabha | 23 | 18 | 12,589,064 | |
2019 Maharashtra Assembly | 124 | 56 | 9,049,789 (16.41) | [74] |
Activities and criticism
The Sena says it has played a central role in the emancipation of 500,000 slum dwellers in the Dharavi area of Mumbai, the largest slum in Asia. However, the policy of giving free houses to slum dwellers has been controversial since it was introduced by the then Shiv Sena-BJP government.[75][76][77][further explanation needed]
In the 1970s, Shiv Sena was opposed to the Namantar Andolan, a Dalit-led movement to change the name of Marathwada University in Aurangabad to "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University", and supported views of conservative Marathas.[78]
In 1996, Shiv Sena organised the first and only live concert of American pop icon Michael Jackson in India to raise the funds for its business wing and to help create over two-hundred seventy thousand jobs for people of Maharashtra.[79][80]
In December 2003, Shiv Sena activists damaged the cricket pitch of the Agra Sport Stadium which was supposed to host the cricket match between Pakistan and India.[81] In April 2005, Bharatiya Vidyarthi Sena, the student wing of Shiv Sena, attempted to prevent the India-Pakistan One-day international match being held in New Delhi. The protester's spokesman demanded:
India should not play cricket with Pakistan till it hands over to India 20 terrorists, including Dawood Ibrahim, and closes down militant training camps running there.[82]
The Sena acted as a "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.[53] On 14 February 2006, Bal Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks by its Shiv Sainiks on a private celebration in Mumbai. "It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really happened, then it is a symbol of cowardice. I have always instructed Shiv Sainiks that in any situation women should not be humiliated and harassed."[83] Thackeray and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an "Indian alternative".[84][85]
On 20 November 2009, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the offices of Hindi and Marathi TV news channels IBN7 and IBN-Lokmat, located in Mumbai and Pune respectively. The Shivsainik slapped IBN7's senior editor Ravindra Ambekar and then attacked IBN-Lokmat's editor Nikhil Wagle. Shiv Sena attributed the attacks to the criticisms of Bal Thackeray by the news channel over his remarks on Sachin Tendulkar. Shiv Sena's Rajya Sabha MP Sanjay Raut described the attacks as "spontaneous". Shiv Sena spokespersons tried to justify the attacks and refused to apologize for their acts of violence.[86][87][88]
Shiv Sena got an entry in Guinness Book of World Records in 2010 for "collecting maximum blood in a day". Shiv Sena organized a blood donation camp which collected over 24,000 bottles of blood in a single day.[89][90] Later this world record was broken by a blood donation camp of HDFC Bank in 2014.[91]
On 2 November 2014, during the Kiss of Love protest against moral policing, members of Shiv Sena, Bajrang Dal, Vishwa Hindu Parishad and many other right wing groups opposed and attacked protestors and threatened to strip protestors for kissing on the streets. These opposing groups claimed that public display of affection is against both Indian culture and the law of the land (under section 294 of the Indian Penal Code), though according to the Supreme Court and the Delhi High Court, kissing in public is not a criminal offence.[92][93] Police took many of the Kiss of Love protestors into custody to save their lives, but were blamed for giving a free hand to counter protestors of the right wing groups.[94]
In October 2015, Shiv Sena issued threats which enforced a ban on a scheduled concert by Pakistani classic singer Ghulam Ali. The move was adopted to appease anti-Pakistan constituents to vote for Sena in coming elections.[95] However, in 2015 Pakistan urged the international community to take note of the activities of Shiv Sena,[96] while Shiv Sena claimed that criticism of Shiv Sena by Pakistan vindicates "our patriotism".[97]
On 19 October 2015, Shiv Sena activists attacked and vandalised the office of BCCI to stop a meeting between PCB and BCCI officials. The activists shouted anti-Pakistan slogans and held posters that read 'Shahryar Khan go back', determined to stop Manohar from meeting his Pakistani counterpart. Shiv Sena has also threatened to stop Pakistan's Aleem Dar from officiating in the fifth and final ODI between India and South Africa.[98]
In 2015 Shiv Sena announced 10,000 rupees help to each drought-affected farmer of Marathwada region,[99] while they also announced 2 lakh rupees "reward" to Hindus family who had 5 children between 2010 and 2015 in Uttar Pradesh. As per Shiv Sena, the reason behind the "reward" was "decline in growth rate of Hindu population compared to Muslim population as per recent census".[100][101]
In January 2016, the Shiv Sena demanded that the words “secular” and “socialist” be “permanently removed” from the Constitution's Preamble which were added in the 42nd amendment during the emergency.[102] In April 2019, party member Sanjay Raut called for the burka to be banned.[103][104]
During the 2018 Maharashtra Council election and the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, many candidates fielded by Shiv Sena had criminal records or had criminal charges pending against them.[105][106]
See also
References
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...the usually-conservative Shiv Sena has now moved to give itself a branding twist with events like 'Aaditya Samvad','Friends of Aaditya' and 'Mauli Samvad' — with a bit of advice from poll strategist Prashant Kishor.
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—Siddharthya Roy (9 December 2019). "Understanding Maharashtra's Political Game of Thrones". the Diplomat. Retrieved 4 January 2020.The ball now was in the court of the BJP's oldest ally in the state as well as at the central level: the Shiv Sena, a regionalist right-wing force, which won 56 seats.
—Malladi Rama Rao (4 January 2020). "Indian Citizenship Row Did Modi, Shah lose the plot?". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020."Rather than uniting Hindus against Muslims, what the duo have succeeded in doing is to alienate their own hard-core allies, namely the right-wing Shiv Sena and those erring Hindutva fans that had elected the Bharatiya Janata Party government in Assam.
—Soutik Biswas (18 July 2019). "Maharashtra: The unravelling of India's BJP and Shiv Sena alliance". Asian Tribune. Retrieved 4 January 2020.Consider this. The 53-year-old Shiv Sena is a stridently right-wing Hindu party. It began as an ethnic, nativist outfit to support the interests of Mumbai's Marathi-speaking people.
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Its (Sena's) thrust on the economic upliftment of Maharashtrians and demand for preferential treatment of the sons of soil in employment drew the working class towards it. They wanted someone to focus on the issue that mattered to them most:Jobs. Besides, people of various castes worked together in the Sena. Though, from among the party's leaders, Thackerey, Manohar Joshi, Sudhir Joshi, Balwant Mantri, Dr Hemchandra Gupte, Shyam Deshmukh, Madhav Deshpande, Datta Pradhan, Vijay Parvatkar, Madhukar Sarpotdar and Pramod Navalkar came from the so called high castes (they were either Brahmins, Pathare Prabhus or Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus) and middle class localities like Dadar and Girgaum, rubbing shoulders with them were leaders from the working class areas of Lalbaug-Parel such as Dattaji Salvi, Dattaji Nalavade and Wamanrao Mahadik, and those from the so called lower castes such as Chaggan Bhujbal, Leeladhar Dake, Bhai Shingre and Vijay Gaonkar.... In fact, 70 per cent of Sainiks have belonged to the OBC category, and even after the party opposed the Mandal Commission recommendations, the percentage of OBCs in the Sena did not go down.
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18: According to Hemchandra Gupte, a former confidante of Thackeray, his major reason for leaving the party for his growing disgust with the prominence of money and the "goonda'ization" of the party(interview, 5th October 1992). 21.Interview, 3 October 1992, with Hemchandra Gupte, physician, formerly Bal Thackeray's family doctor, and Shiv Sena's mayor of Bombay from 1971 to 1972. Dr. Gupte left Shiv Sena in 1976 because of Thackerey's support for Mrs.Gandhi and the emergency.
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The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha.
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Further reading
- Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay, MF Katzenstein – 1979 – Cornell University Press
- Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence, and the Shiv Sena in India, S Banerjee – 2000 – Westview Press
- The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena, JM Eckert – 2003 – Oxford University Press
- Shiv Sena: An Assessment, Palshikar, Suhas, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Pune, Pune (1999)
- Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found, 'Power', chapter 3, Mumbai, Mehta, Suketu, Penguin Books (2005)
External links
- Shiv Sena
- Far-right political parties in India
- Far-right politics in India
- Political parties established in 1966
- 1966 establishments in Maharashtra
- Indian nationalist political parties
- Hindu nationalism
- Conservative parties in India
- Regionalist parties in India
- Anti-Islam sentiment in Asia
- Anti-Pakistan sentiment
- Right-wing populism in India
- Right-wing populist parties