Heraclea Pontica
Ἡράκλεια Ποντική | |
 Map indicating Heraclea Pontica (underlined in red) during the Roman expansion in 264 BC | |
  Shown within Turkey | |
| Location | Karadeniz Ereğli, Zonguldak Province, Turkey |
|---|---|
| Region | Bithynia |
| Coordinates | 41°17′5″N 31°24′53″E / 41.28472°N 31.41472°E |
| History | |
| Builder | Colonists from Megara |
| Founded | Between 560–558 BC |
| Periods | Archaic Greece |
Heraclea Pontica (/ˌhɛrəˈkliːə ˈpɒntɪkə/; Greek: Ἡράκλεια Ποντική, romanized: Hērakleia Pontikē), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea (Greek: Ποντοηράκλεια, romanized: Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river Lycus. It was founded by the Greek city-state of Megara[1] in approximately 560–558 and was named after Heracles whom the Greeks believed entered the underworld at a cave on the adjoining Archerusian promontory (Cape Baba). The site is now the location of the modern city Karadeniz Ereğli, in the Zonguldak Province of Turkey.
The colonists soon subjugated the native Mariandynians but agreed to terms that none of the latter, now helot-like serfs, be sold into slavery outside their homeland. Prospering from the rich, fertile adjacent lands and the sea-fisheries of its natural harbor, Heraclea soon extended its control along the coast as far east as Cytorus (Gideros, near Cide), eventually establishing Black Sea colonies of its own (Cytorus, Callatis and Chersonesus).
The prosperity of the city, rudely shaken by the Galatians and the Bithynians, was utterly destroyed in the Mithridatic Wars. It was the birthplace of the philosopher Heraclides Ponticus.
The Greek historical author Memnon of Heraclea (fl. 1st century AD) wrote a local history of Heraclea Pontica in at least sixteen books. The work has perished, but Photius's Bibliotheca preserves a compressed account of books 9–16, seemingly the only ones extant in his day. These books run from the rule of the tyrant Clearchus (c. 364–353 BC) to the later years of Julius Caesar (c. 40 BC) and contain many colorful accounts including the Bithynian introduction of the barbarian Gauls into Asia where they first allied themselves with the Heracleans and later turned violently against them.
Notable people
- Herodorus, mythographer, born in Heraclea.[2]
- Heraclides Ponticus, philosopher and astronomer, born in Heraclea[3]
- Xenagoras (historian), historian[4]
- Memnon of Heraclea, historian
- Bryson of Heraclea, mathematician and sophist
- Clearchus of Heraclea, tyrant of Heraclea
- Timotheus of Heraclea, son of Clearchus and succeeded him after his death
- Chion of Heraclea, a disciple of Plato who helped in the assassination of the tyrant Clearchus
- Oxyathres of Heraclea, tyrant of Heraclea
- Chamaeleon, philosopher
- Promathidas of Heraclea, historian[5][6]
- Marcian of Heraclea, geographer
- Nicetas of Heraclea, Metropolitan of Heraclea
- Dionysius of Heraclea, tyrant of Heraclea
See also
Notes
- ^ For report of Boeotian involvement see Pausanias 5.26.7
- ^ Moore, Christopher (May 2017). "Heracles the Philosopher (Herodorus, Fr. 14)". The Classical Quarterly. 67 (1). Cambridge University Press: 27–48. doi:10.1017/S0009838817000404.
- ^
Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Heraclea". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
- ^ Suda Encyclopedia, nu.598
- ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, §11.77
- ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, §7.2957
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Heraclea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 308.
- "Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea", Stanley Mayer Burstein, University of California Publications: Classical Studies, 14 (Berkeley, 1976).
External links
- Coin minted in Heraclea Pontica 3rd–2nd century BC.
- Photius's Bibliotheca 224, Memnon of Heraclea, History of Heraclea
