Google Authenticator

Developer(s)	Google
Initial release	September 20, 2010 (2010-09-20)
Repository	github.com/google/google-authenticator
Operating system	Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS
Platform	Mobile
License	Proprietary (earlier versions were under Apache License 2.0)

Google Authenticator is a software token that implements two-step verification services using the Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (TOTP) and HMAC-based One-time Password Algorithm (HOTP), for authenticating users of mobile applications by Google. The service implements algorithms specified in RFC 6238 and RFC 4226.

Authenticator provides a six- to eight-digit one-time password which users must provide in addition to their username and password to log into Google services or other sites. The Authenticator can also generate codes for third-party applications, such as password managers or file hosting services. Previous versions of the software were open-sourced but subsequent releases are proprietary.

Typical use case

Typically, a user installs the Authenticator app on a smartphone. To log into a site or service that uses two-factor authentication, the user provides user name and password to the site and runs the Authenticator app. The app displays an additional six-digit one-time password. The same password is independently generated by the site, which asks the user for it. The user enters it, thus authenticating the user's identity.

For this to work, a set-up operation has to be performed ahead of time: the site provides a shared secret key to the user over a secure channel, to be stored in the Authenticator app. This secret key will be used for all future logins to the site.

With this kind of two-factor authentication, mere knowledge of username and password is not sufficient to break into a user's account. The attacker also needs knowledge of the shared secret key or physical access to the device running the Authenticator app. An alternative route of attack is a man-in-the-middle attack: if the computer used for the login process is compromised by a trojan, then username, password and one-time password can be captured by the trojan, which can then initiate its own login session to the site or monitor and modify the communication between user and site.

Implementations

Google provides Android, BlackBerry, and iOS versions of Authenticator. Several third party implementations are available.

• Windows Phone 7.5/8/8.1/10: Microsoft Authenticator Virtual TokenFactor
• Windows Mobile: Google Authenticator for Windows Mobile
• Java CLI: Authenticator.jar
• Java GUI: JAuth FXAuth
• J2ME: gauthj2me lwuitgauthj2me Mobile-OTP (Chinese only) totp-me
• Palm OS: gauthj2me
• Python: onetimepass, pyotp
• PHP: GoogleAuthenticator.php
• Ruby: rotp, twofu
• Rails: active_model_otp (third party implementation)
• webOS: GAuth
• Windows: gauth4win MOS Authenticator WinAuth
• .NET: TwoStepsAuthenticator
• HTML5: html5-google-authenticator
• MeeGo/Harmattan (Nokia N9): GAuth
• Sailfish OS: SGAuth, SailOTP
• Apache: Google Authenticator Apache Module
• PAM: Google Pluggable Authentication Module oauth-pam
• Backend: LinOTP (Management Backend implemented in python)
• Chrome/Chrome OS: Authenticator
• iOS: OTP Auth

• privacyIDEA Authentication System.

Technical description

The service provider generates an 80-bit secret key for each user (whereas RFC 4226 §4 requires 128 bits and recommends 160 bits). This is provided as a 16, 26 or 32 character base32 string or as a QR code. The client creates an HMAC-SHA1 using this secret key. The message that is HMAC-ed can be:

• the number of 30-second periods having elapsed since the Unix epoch (TOTP); or
• the counter that is incremented with each new code (HOTP).

A portion of the HMAC is extracted and converted to a six-digit code.

Pseudocode for one-time password (OTP)

  function GoogleAuthenticatorCode(string secret)
      key := base32decode(secret)
      message := floor(current Unix time / 30)
      hash := HMAC-SHA1(key, message)
      offset := last nibble of hash
      truncatedHash := hash[offset..offset+3]  //4 bytes starting at the offset
      Set the first bit of truncatedHash to zero  //remove the most significant bit
      code := truncatedHash mod 1000000
      pad code with 0 until length of code is 6
      return code

Pseudocode for event or counter OTP

  function GoogleAuthenticatorCode(string secret)
      key := base32decode(secret)
      message := counter encoded on 8 bytes
      hash := HMAC-SHA1(key, message)
      offset := last nibble of hash
      truncatedHash := hash[offset..offset+3]  //4 bytes starting at the offset
      Set the first bit of truncatedHash to zero  //remove the most significant bit
      code := truncatedHash mod 1000000
      pad code with 0 until length of code is 6
      return code

Open Source status on Android

The Google Authenticator app as currently (16/09/2017) available on Google's Android app market is proprietary. Google has made the source for their Authenticator app available on its GitHub repository. The project's development page states:

"This open source project allows you to download the code that powered version 2.21 of the application. Subsequent versions contain Google-specific workflows that are not part of the project."

An independent fork of the Android version of the software named FreeOTP has been created, which was based on the last version of the open source code that had been provided by Google, prior to their move to GitHub. A less popular fork named OTP Authenticator is also available on Google Play.

External links

• Google Authenticator on Google Help
• Google Authenticator legacy source code on GitHub
• Google Authenticator implementation in Python on Stack Overflow
• Authenticator Android package at the F-Droid repository