Philippine languages
Philippine | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Philippines Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia Eastern Sabah, Malaysia Orchid Island, Taiwan |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Proto-language | Proto-Philippine |
Subdivisions | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | phi |
Glottolog | None |
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) |
In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a proposal by Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991, 2005) that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.[1][2][3] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[4]
Classification
From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into the following subgroups:
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Formosa)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano and Pangasinan)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog, Bikol languages and Visayan languages)
- Palawan languages (3 languages)
- Subanen languages (6 languages)
- Danao languages (3 languages, including Maguindanao and Maranao)
- Manobo languages (15 languages)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
In addition, the Ati, Umiray Dumaget, Manide, and Inagta Alabat languages are unclassified within the Philippine family, and are considered by Reid (2013)[5] to be early splits from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.
Reid (2018)
Lawrence Reid (1982[6], 2017[7], 2018[8]) rejects the genetic unity of the Philippine languages, and considers the Philippine languages to form a linkage rather than a unified genetic subgroup. Reid (2018)[8] lists the following branches and languages as separate Malayo-Polynesian branches.
- Inati (first-order Malayo-Polynesian subgroup)
- Bashiic (3 languages)
- Northern Luzon (47 languages)
- Central Luzon (10 languages)
- Central Philippine (52 languages)
- Kalamianen (2 languages)
- (other branches)
Reid (2013)[5] accepts the following branches as well-defined subgroups spoken within the geographical Philippines.
Vocabulary comparison
Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.
English | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Austronesian | *əsa *isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *Cau | *Rumaq | *asu | *niuR | *qalejaw | *baqeRu | *i-kita | *n-anu | *Sapuy | |
Batanic (Bashiic) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Yami (Tao) | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Northern Luzon | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Ilokano | ibbong awan |
maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | lima | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
Ibanag | awan | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | lima | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi |
Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | lima | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy | |
Pangasinan | sakey | dua duara |
talo talora |
apat apatira |
lima | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool | |
Central Luzon | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Kapampangan | ala | métung isâ |
adwâ | atlû | ápat | lima | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api |
Central Philippine | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Tagalog | wala | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | lima | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
Bikol | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Central Bikol | wara | saro | duwa | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | adlaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo |
Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | lima | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō | |
Visayan | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Waray | waray | usa sayo |
duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | ayam ido |
lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
Hiligaynon | walay | isa | duwa | tatlo | apat | lima | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo |
Asi | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado | |
Romblomanon | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Onhan | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Kinaray-a | wara | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | lima | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita tatən |
ano | kalayo |
Aklanon | uwa | isaea sambilog |
daywa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo |
Cebuano | wala | usa | duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo |
Tausug | isa hambuuk |
duwa | tu | upat | lima | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu | |
Danao | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Mëranaw | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | lima | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy | |
South Mindanao (Bilic) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | lima | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih | |
Minahasan | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua rua |
telu | epat | lima | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai kita |
apa | api | |
Sangiric | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Sangirese | sembau esa' |
darua | tatelu | epa' | lima | tau | balé | kapuna' | bango' | elo | wuhu | kité | tawé | putung | |
Gorontalo-Mongondow | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire |
Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | opato | limo | tawu | bele | 'apula | sekat | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu | |
Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | lima | intau | baloi | ungku' | cekut | singgai | mobagu | kita | onda | tulu' |
See also
- Languages of the Philippines
- List of regional languages of the Philippines
- Philippine Negrito languages
- Philippine literature
- Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
- Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters
- Defunct language regulators
References
- ^ Zorc, R.D. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
- ^ Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.
- ^ Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez (eds.). Current issues in Philippine linguistics pangaral kay Lawrence A. Reid. 2005: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
- ^ a b Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence. 1982. The demise of Proto-Philippines. In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers, ed. by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington, and Stephen Wurm, 201-216. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 75. Canberra: Australian National University.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence. 2017. Revisiting the position of Philippine languages in the Austronesian family. The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
- ^ a b Reid, Lawrence A. 2018. "Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009006
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
Further reading
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
- Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
- Zorc, R. David. 1972. Field notes.
External links
- Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
- Cognate sets for Austronesian languages
- R. David Zorc field notes