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Calendar year
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1970 .
1970 (MCMLXX ) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar , the 1970th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 70th year of the 20th century , and the 1st year of the 1970s decade.
Calendar year
Events January February February 11 : Ohsumi (satellite) launchedMarch April May June July August September September 1 – An assassination attempt against King Hussein of Jordan precipitates the Black September crisis.September 3 –6 – Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon September 4 – Chilean Socialist Senator Salvador Allende wins 36.2% of the vote in his run for presidency defeating former right-wing President Jorge Alessandri with 34.9% of the votes and Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic with 27.8% of the votes.September 5 – Vietnam War : Operation Jefferson Glenn : The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971).September 6 – Dawson's Field hijackings , The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks four passenger aircraft from Pan Am , TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels , Frankfurt and Zürich and flies them to a desert airstrip in Jordan.September 7 – Fighting breaks out between Arab guerillas and government forces in Amman , Jordan .September 8 –10 – The Jordanian government and Palestinian guerillas make repeated unsuccessful truces.September 9 – Guinea recognizes the German Democratic Republic .September 10 - Cambodian government forces break the siege of Kompong Tho after three months.September 15 – King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.September 17 – "Black September ": King Hussein of Jordan orders the Jordanian Armed Forces to oust Palestinian fedayeen from Jordan.September 19 – Kostas Georgakis , a Greek student of geology, sets himself ablaze in Matteotti Square in Genoa, Italy, as a protest against the dictatorial Greek junta led by Georgios Papadopoulos .September 20
September 21 – Palestinian armed forces reinforce guerillas in Irbidi , Jordan .September 22
September 27
September 28 – Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt following the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser .September 29 – In Berlin , Red Army Faction members rob three banks, with loot totaling over DM 200,000.October October 2 – The Wichita State University football team's "Gold" plane crashes in Colorado , killing most of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans) to a game with Utah State University .October 3
October 4
October 5 – The Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members, beginning Quebec 's October Crisis . The next day the Canadian government announces that it will not meet the demand.October 6
October 7 – General Juan José Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia .October 8
October 9 – The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia , escalating the Cambodian Civil War between the government and the Khmer Rouge .October 10
October 11 – Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad .October 12 – Vietnam War : U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas .October 13 – Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon .October 14 – A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in Lop Nor .October 15
October 16 – October Crisis : The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front .October 17
October 20
The Soviet Union launches the Zond 8
Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister. October 22 – Chilean army commander René Schneider is shot in Santiago; the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies October 25 .October 23 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas.October 24 – Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile by a run-off vote in the National Congress October 25 – The wreck of the Confederate submarine Hunley Charleston , South Carolina , by pioneer underwater archaeologist , Dr. E. Lee Spence ,[3] Hunley was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.October 28
October 30 – In Vietnam , the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods , kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War .November November 1
November 3
Salvador Allende takes office as president of Chile .The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall in modern-day Bangladesh around high tide, causing $86.4 million in damage (1970 USD , $576 million 2020 USD) and becomes the world's deadliest storm killing over 500,000 people. November 5 – Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in five years (24 soldiers die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below 50; 431 are reported wounded that week, however).November 8 – Egypt , Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation.November 9
The Soviet Union launches Luna 17
Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6–3 not to hear a case by the state of Massachusetts , about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war. November 13
November 14
November 16 – The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar flies for the first time.November 17 – Luna programme : The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, and is released by the orbiting Luna 17 November 19 – The six European Economic Community nation prime ministers meet in Munich to begin the new programme of European Political Cooperation (EPC), a unified foreign policy for a future European Union.November 20 – The Miss World 1970 beauty pageant, hosted by Bob Hope at the Royal Albert Hall , London is disrupted by Women's Liberation protesters. Earlier on the same evening a bomb is placed under a BBC outside broadcast vehicle by The Angry Brigade , in protest at the entry of separate black and white contestants by South Africa .November 21
November 22 – Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land near the capital Conakry . The Guinean army repels the landing attempts over the next three days.November 25 – 29 – A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.November 25 – In Tokyo, author and Tatenokai militia leader Yukio Mishima and his followers take over the headquarters of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in an attempted coup d'état . After Mishima's speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs, including restoration of the powers of the Emperor , he commits seppuku (public ritual suicide).November 27 – Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate Pope Paul VI during his visit in Manila .November 28 – The Montréal Alouettes defeat the Calgary Stampeders , 23–10, to win the 58th Grey Cup .[5] December December 1
December 2 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency is established.December 3
October Crisis: In Montreal , kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de libération du Québec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba .
Burgos Trial: In Burgos , Spain, the trial of 16 Basque terrorism suspects begins. December 4
The Spanish government declares a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzcoa, over strikes and demonstrations.
The U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the attempted invasion of Guinea. December 5
December 7
Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro ; kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners.
The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa for its apartheid policies.
During his visit to the Polish capital, German Chancellor Willy Brandt goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto , which will become known as the Warschauer Kniefall ("Warsaw Genuflection"). December 12 – A landslide in western Colombia leaves 200 dead.December 15
The USSR's Venera 7
The South Korean ferry Namyong Ho capsizes off Korea Strait ; 308 people are killed. December 16 – The Ethiopian government declares a state of emergency in the county of Eritrea over the activities of the Eritrean Liberation Front .December 20 – An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid .December 21 – The Grumman F-14 Tomcat makes its first flight.December 22
The Libyan Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign banks in the country.
Franz Stangl , the ex-commander of Treblinka , is sentenced to life imprisonment.December 23
December 25 – The ETA releases Eugen Beihl.December 27 – President of India V. V. Giri declares new elections .December 28 – The suspected killers of Pierre Laporte , Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested near Montreal.December 29 – U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act .December 30 – In Biscay in the Basque country of Spain, 15,000 go on strike in protest at the Burgos trial death sentences. Francisco Franco commutes the sentences to 30 years in prison.December 31 – Paul McCartney sues in Britain to dissolve The Beatles 's legal partnership.Date unknown World population
World population
1970
1965
1975
World
3,692,492,000
3,334,874,000
4,068,109,000
Africa
357,283,000
313,744,000
408,160,000
Asia
2,143,118,000
1,899,424,000
2,397,512,000
Europe
655,855,000
634,026,000
675,542,000
Latin America
284,856,000
250,452,000
321,906,000
North America
231,937,000
219,570,000
243,425,000
Oceania
19,443,000
17,657,000
21,564,000
Births
January births
Heather Graham January 2
January 9 – Lara Fabian , Canadian/Belgian singerJanuary 12 – Zack de la Rocha , American musicianJanuary 13
January 17 – Genndy Tartakovsky , Russian-American animatorJanuary 18 – DJ Quik , American rapper and producerJanuary 20 – Skeet Ulrich , American actorJanuary 21 – Ken Leung , American actorJanuary 22 – Alex Ross , American comic artistJanuary 24 – Matthew Lillard , American actor, presenter, director, and producerJanuary 29
January 31 – Minnie Driver , English actressFebruary births
Warwick Davis Simon Pegg February 1 – Malik Sealy , American basketball player (d. 2000 )February 3
February 8 – Alonzo Mourning , American basketball playerFebruary 9 – Glenn McGrath , Australian test cricketerFebruary 10 – Ardy Wiranata , Indonesian badminton playerFebruary 13 – Park Hee-soon , South Korean actorFebruary 14 – Simon Pegg , British comedian, actor, and screenwriterFebruary 15 – Shepard Fairey , American temporary street artist, graphic designer, activist, illustrator, and founder of OBEY (clothing) February 16 – Armand Van Helden , American DJ and music producerFebruary 17
February 18 – Susan Egan , American actress, voice actress, singer and dancerFebruary 19 – Bellamy Young , American actressFebruary 26 – Cathrine Lindahl , Swedish curlerFebruary 28
March Julie Bowen Rachel Weisz Queen Latifah Elizabeth Mitchell Vince Vaughn Alenka Bratušek March 2 – Alexander Armstrong , English comedian, actor and presenterMarch 3 – Julie Bowen , American actressMarch 5
March 7 – Rachel Weisz , British-American actressMarch 10
March 13 – Carme Chacón , Spanish politician (d. 2017 )March 16 – Paul Oscar (Páll Óskar Hjálmtýsson), Icelandic pop singer, songwriter and disc jockeyMarch 18 – Queen Latifah , American rapper and actressMarch 20
March 21
Jaya , Filipino pop singerCenk Uygur , Turkish-American political commentator, activist, and attorneyMarch 22 – Leontien van Moorsel , Dutch cyclistMarch 24
March 27
March 28 – Vince Vaughn , American actor, writer, and producerMarch 30 – Secretariat , American Thoroughbred racehorse (d. 1989 )March 31 – Alenka Bratušek , 7th Prime Minister of Slovenia April Barry Pepper Andrej Plenković Q-Tip Melania Trump Andre Agassi Uma Thurman May Bobby Cannavale Tina Fey Naomi Campbell Jamie Kennedy Joseph Fiennes May 3
May 4 – Will Arnett , Canadian actorMay 6
May 8
May 9
May 10
May 12 – Samantha Mathis , American actressMay 15 – Ronald and Frank de Boer , Dutch footballersMay 16 – Gabriela Sabatini , Argentine tennis playerMay 17 – Jordan Knight , American singerMay 18 – Tina Fey , American comedian and actressMay 19 – K.J. Choi , South Korean golferMay 20
May 21 – Once Mekel , Indonesian singerMay 22 – Naomi Campbell , British model and actressMay 25
May 26 – Nobuhiro Watsuki , Japanese cartoonistMay 27
May 28 – Glenn Quinn , Irish actor (d. 2002 )May 30 – Erick Thohir , Indonesian politician and businessmanJune Gabby Giffords Will Forte Paul Thomas Anderson Sean Hayes Chris O'Donnell Nick Offerman July Audra McDonald Beck Christopher Nolan July 2
July 2 – Scott Aukerman , American writer, actor, comedian, television personality, director, producer, and podcast hostJuly 3
July 7
July 8
Beck , American singer-songwriter and record producerTaiei Kin , Korean-Japanese karateka, kickboxer and mixed martial artistAtul Agnihotri , Indian film actor, producer, and directorMicky Hoogendijk , Dutch actress, presenter, model and professional photographerJuly 10
July 11 – Justin Chambers , American actor and fashion modelJuly 12
July 13 – Bruno Salomone , French actor and comedianJuly 17
July 20 – Tunku Abdul Majid July 22 – Jonathan Zaccaï , Belgian actor, film director and screenwriterJuly 23
July 30
August Anthony Anderson River Phoenix Claudia Schiffer Melissa McCarthy Queen Rania of Jordan August 1
August 2
August 3 – Masahiro Sakurai , Japanese video game director, designer and writerAugust 5 – Konstantin Yeryomenko , Russian futsal (d. 2010 )August 6 – M. Night Shyamalan , Indian-American film director and writerAugust 10
August 11 – Daniella Perez , Brazilian actress and ballerina (d. 1992 )August 13
August 14 – Leah Purcell , Australian actressAugust 15 – Anthony Anderson , American actor[16] August 16 – Saif Ali Khan , Indian actor
August 17
August 20
August 21
August 22
August 23
August 25 – Claudia Schiffer , German modelAugust 26
August 27
August 28
August 29 – Alessandra Negrini , Brazilian actressAugust 30 – Guang Liang , Malaysian singerAugust 31
September Darren Gough Hwang Jung-min September 1 – Hwang Jung-min , South Korean actorSeptember 3 – Jeremy Glick , passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93 (d. 2001 )September 4
September 7
September 8 – Benny Ibarra , Mexican singerSeptember 10 – Ménélik , French rapperSeptember 11
September 12 – Amala Akkineni , Indian actress, dancer and activistSeptember 14 – Mike Burns , American soccer playerSeptember 17 – Valeria Cappellotto , Italian racing cyclist. (d. 2015 )September 18
September 19
September 20 – Gert Verheyen , Belgian footballerSeptember 21 – Samantha Power , Irish-American government official and writerSeptember 23 – Ani DiFranco , American musicianSeptember 25 – Aja Kong , Japanese professional wrestlerSeptember 26
September 27 – Yoshiharu Habu , Japanese professional shogi playerSeptember 28
September 29
September 30 – Tony Hale , American actorOctober Nicole Ari Parker Matt Damon Sadiq Khan Chavo Guerrero Jr. October 1 – Moses Kiptanui , Kenyan athleteOctober 4 – Zdravko Zdravkov , Bulgarian footballerOctober 6 – Amy Jo Johnson , American-Canadian actressOctober 7 – Nicole Ari Parker , American actress and modelOctober 8
October 9 – Annika Sörenstam , Swedish golferOctober 10
October 12 – Kirk Cameron , American actor and Christian activist[19] October 14 – Daniela Peštová , Czech supermodel
October 16 – Mehmet Scholl , German footballerOctober 17
October 19 – Chris Kattan , American comedian and actorOctober 20 – Michelle Malkin , American political commentator[21] October 21
October 24 – Stephen Kipkorir , Kenyan middle-distance runner (d. 2008 )October 25 – Adam Goldberg , American actorOctober 26 – Chavo Guerrero Jr. , Mexican-American professional wrestlerOctober 27 – Adrian Erlandsson , Swedish drummerOctober 27 – Jonathan Stroud , British writer of fantasy fiction October 29 – Edwin van der Sar , Dutch footballerOctober 30 – Nia Long , American actress[22] October 31
November Ethan Hawke Tonya Harding November 1 – Merle Palmiste , Estonian actressNovember 2
November 3 – Dawn Marie Psaltis , American professional wrestlerNovember 4 – François Delapierre , French politician (d. 2015 )November 6 – Ethan Hawke , American actor, writer, and film directorNovember 7 – Morgan Spurlock , American filmmaker and activistNovember 8 – Tom Anderson , American co-founder of Myspace November 9 – Chris Jericho , professional wrestlerNovember 10 – Warren G , American rapperNovember 12
November 13 – Frederick Herman , American air line pilotNovember 15 – Patrick M'Boma , Cameroonian footballerNovember 16 – Martha Plimpton , American actressNovember 17 – Paul Allender , English guitaristNovember 18 – Peta Wilson , Australian actressNovember 21 – Karen Davila , Filipina journalist, TV host and news personalityNovember 22 – Joe Son , Korean-American actor, wrestler, and convicted felonNovember 23 – Oded Fehr , Israeli-American actorNovember 25 – Eluana Englaro , Italian patient in right-to-die case (d. 2009 )November 26 – Dave Hughes , Australian comedianNovember 27 – Jorge Luis González Tanquero , Cuban dissident (d. 2016 )November 28 – Richard Osman , English television presenter, producer and directorNovember 30
December Sarah Silverman Mädchen Amick Jennifer Connelly December 1 – Sarah Silverman , American stand-up comedian, actress, singer, producer, and writerDecember 3 – Jimmy Shergill , Indian actorDecember 4 – Kevin Sussman , American actor and comedianDecember 5
December 9 – Kara DioGuardi , American songwriter, producer and singerDecember 12
December 14 – Andrew Lewis , Guyanese professional boxer (d. 2015 )December 15
December 17
December 18
December 20 – Massimo Ellul , Maltese entrepreneur and philanthropistDecember 22
December 23 – Catriona Le May Doan , Canadian speed skaterDecember 25 – Emmanuel Amuneke , Nigerian footballerDecember 26 – Krissada Sukosol Clapp , Thai actor and singerDecember 28 — Yolanda Andrade , Mexican actress and television presenterDecember 29
Deaths January–February Max Born Fritz Bayerlein Bertrand Russell January 5 – Max Born , German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882 )[26] January 10 – Pavel Belyayev , Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1925 )[27] January 18 – David O. McKay , 9th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1873 )January 25 – Eiji Tsuburaya , Japanese film director and special effects designer (b. 1901 )January 27 – Erich Heckel , German painter (b. 1883 )January 29
January 30 – Fritz Bayerlein , German general (b. 1899 )January 31 – Slim Harpo , American singer (b. 1924 )[28] February 2 – Bertrand Russell , British logician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872 )[29] February 3 – Italo Gariboldi , Italian general (b. 1879 )February 7 – Abe Attell , American boxer (b. 1883 )[30] February 14
February 15 – Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding , British RAF Fighter Commander during the Battle of Britain (b. 1882 )February 16 – Francis Peyton Rous , American pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1879 )February 17
February 19 – Jules Munshin , American actor (b. 1915 )February 20 – João Café Filho , Brazilian politician, 18th President of Brazil (b. 1899 )February 22 – Dora Boothby , English tennis champion (b. 1881 )February 24 – Conrad Nagel , American actor (b. 1897 )March–April William Beaudine Ed Begley Inger Stevens March 6 – William Hopper , American actor (b. 1915 )March 11 – Erle Stanley Gardner , American crime writer (b. 1889 )[31] March 15 – Arthur Adamov , Russian-French playwright (b. 1908 )[32] March 16 – Tammi Terrell , American singer (b. 1945 )March 18 – William Beaudine , American film director (b. 1892 )March 21 – Marlen Haushofer , Austrian author (b. 1920 )March 29 – Vera Brittain , British writer (b. 1893 )[33] March 30 – Heinrich Brüning , German academic and politician, 21st Chancellor of Germany (b. 1885 )March 31 – Semyon Timoshenko , Soviet general, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1895 )April 1 – Polina Zhemchuzhina , Soviet politician (b. 1897 )
April 5
April 6 – Maurice Stokes , American basketball player (b. 1933 )April 8
April 11 – Cathy O'Donnell , American actress (b. 1923 )April 16 – Richard Neutra , Austrian-born American architect (b. 1892 )April 17 – Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow (b. 1877 )April 18 – Michał Kalecki , Polish economist (b. 1899 )April 26
April 27 – Arthur Shields , Irish actor (b. 1896 )April 28 – Ed Begley , American actor (b. 1901 )April 30 – Inger Stevens , Swedish-American actress (b. 1934 )May Nelly Sachs Terry Sawchuk June Prudencia Grifell Sukarno June 1 – Pedro Eugenio Aramburu , 31st President of Argentina (b. 1903 )June 2 – Bruce McLaren , founder of McLaren Racing (b. 1937 )June 3 – Hjalmar Schacht , Nazi German economic minister (b. 1877 )June 7
June 8 – Abraham Maslow , American psychologist (b. 1908 )June 9 – Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia , 19th President of Costa Rica (b. 1900 )June 10 – Bartolomé Blanche , Chilean military officer, provisional President of Chile (b. 1879 )June 11 – Alexander Kerensky , Russian revolutionary politician (b. 1881 )[38] June 14 – Roman Ingarden , Polish philosopher (b. 1893 )June 15 – José de Almada Negreiros , Portuguese artist (b. 1893 )June 16 – Heino Eller , Estonian composer and composition teacher (b. 1887 )June 21 – Sukarno , 1st President of Indonesia (b. 1901 )June 26 – Leopoldo Marechal , Argentine writer (b. 1900 )July Bjarni Benediktsson July 6 – Marjorie Rambeau , American actress (b. 1889 )July 7 – Sylvester Wiere, Austro-Hungarian-born American slapstick comedian, member of the Wiere Brothers (b. 1909 )July 10 – Bjarni Benediktsson , 11th Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1908 )July 11 – André Lurçat , French modernist architect, landscape architect, (b. 1894 )July 13
July 14 – Luis Mariano , Spanish tenor (b. 1914 )July 19
July 22 – Fritz Kortner , Austrian-born director (b. 1892 )July 23 – Amadeo Bordiga , Italian Marxist (b. 1889 )July 27 – António de Oliveira Salazar , Portuguese economist and politician, 100th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1889 )July 29 – Sir John Barbirolli , English conductor (b. 1899 )July 30 – George Szell , Hungarian conductor (b. 1897 )August Otto Heinrich Warburg September Jimi Hendrix Gamal Abdel Nasser September – Mahmud al-Muntasir , 1st Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1903 )
September 1 – François Mauriac , French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885 )September 2
September 3
September 5
September 7 – Yitzhak Gruenbaum , noted leader of the Zionist movement in the interwar period (b. 1879 )September 14 – Rudolf Carnap , German-American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1891 )September 18 – Jimi Hendrix , American rock musician (b. 1942 )[41] September 22 – Alice Hamilton , the first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University (b. 1869 )September 23 – André Bourvil , French actor (b. 1917 )September 25 – Erich Maria Remarque , German author (All Quiet On The Western Front ) (b. 1898 )[42] September 28
September 29 – Edward Everett Horton , American actor (b. 1886 )September 30 – Benedetto Aloisi Masella , Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1875 )October Janis Joplin November Charles de Gaulle Yukio Mishima December William Slim December 7 – Rube Goldberg , American cartoonist (b. 1883 )December 8 – Christopher Kelk Ingold , British chemist (b. 1893 )December 9 – Feroz Khan Noon , 7th Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1893 )December 14 – William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim , British field marshal and 13th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1891 )December 15 – Ernest Marsden , English-New Zealand physicist (b. 1889 )December 16 – Friedrich Pollock , German social scientist and philosopher (b. 1894 )December 29 – Prince Adalbert of Bavaria (b. 1886 )December 30 – Sonny Liston , American boxer (b. c.1930 )December 31 – Cyril Scott , English composer, writer, and poet (b. 1879 )Nobel Prizes References
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International Olympic Committee
