Brazil: Difference between revisions

Economy of Brazil
	São Paulo, the wealthiest city of Brazil and the largest financial center in Latin America.
Currency	Brazilian real (BRL, R$)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organisations	Unasul, WTO, Mercosur, G-20 and others
Statistics
GDP	US$ 1.994 trillion (2008)
GDP growth	5.7% (2008)
GDP per capita	US$ 12,105 (2008)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 5.5% industry: 28.7% services: 65,8% (2007)
Inflation (CPI)	4.46% (2008)
Population below poverty line	15.5% (2009)
Gini coefficient	49.3 (2009)
Labour force	134.6 million (2009 est.)
Unemployment	7.6% (2008)
Main industries	airplanes, steel; iron ore, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; electronics; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites, real state, brewing, tourism
External
Exports	US$ 397.9 billion (2008)
Export goods	transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos, automotive parts, machinery
Main export partners	United States 15.8%, Argentina 9.9%, China 7.9%, Netherlands 5.4%, Germany 4.7% (2008*)
Imports	US$ 173.2 billion (2008)
Import goods	machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
Main import partners	United States 11.9%, China 10.6%, Argentina 9,0%, Germany 7,5%, Nigeria 4.5%, Japan 4.0% (2008)
Public finances
Government debt	US$ 103.2 billion; 6.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
Credit rating	BBB-
Foreign reserves	US$ 287.5 billion (2009 est.)
	All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Federative Republic of Brazil
[*República Federativa do Brasil*] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Pt icon
Federative Republic of Brazil [República Federativa do Brasil] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Pt icon
	Flag Coat of arms
	Motto: "Ordem e Progresso"; Template:Pt icon; "Order and Progress"
	Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro; Template:Pt icon; "Brazilian National Anthem"
	National seal; Selo Nacional do Brasil ; Template:Pt icon; "National Seal of Brazil"
Capital	Brasília
Largest city	São Paulo
Official languages	Portuguese; (see Languages of Brazil)
Ethnic groups	49.4% White ; 42.3% Pardo (Brown) ; 7.4% Black ; 0.5% Asian ; 0.4% Amerindian
Demonym(s)	Brazilian
Government	Presidential Federal republic
• President	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT)
• Vice-President	José Alencar (PRB)
• President of the Chamber of Deputies	Michel Temer (PMDB)
• President of the Senate	José Sarney (PMDB)
• Chief Justice	Gilmar Mendes
Independence from Portugal
• Declared	September 7, 1822
• Recognized	August 29, 1825
• Republic	November 15, 1889
• Current constitution	October 5, 1988
Area
• Total	8,514,877 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi) (5th)
• Water (%)	0.65
Population
• 2009 estimate	191,241,714 (5th)
• 2007 census	189,987,291
• Density	22/km2 (57.0/sq mi) (182nd)
GDP (PPP)	2008 estimate
• Total	$1.984 trillion (9th)
• Per capita	$10,465 (77th)
GDP (nominal)	2008 estimate
• Total	$1.665 trillion (8th)
• Per capita	$8,295 (63rd)
Gini (2009)	49.3; Error: Invalid Gini value
HDI (2007)	0.813; Error: Invalid HDI value (75th)
Currency	Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone	UTC-2 to -4 (BRT )
• Summer (DST)	UTC-2 to -4 (BRST )
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drives on	right
Calling code	+55
ISO 3166 code	BR
Internet TLD	.br

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Revision as of 15:06, 27 October 2009

Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil) listen^ⓘ, is the largest country in South America and the only Portuguese-speaking country on that continent.^[9] It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America^[10] and the fifth most populous country in the world.^[9]^[11]

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over Template:Km to mi.^[9] It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.^[9]

Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until its independence in 1822.^[12] Initially independent as the Brazilian Empire, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.^[12] Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.^[13] The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.^[13]^[14]

Brazil is the world's eighth largest economy at market exchange rates^[15] and the ninth largest by purchasing power parity.^[16] Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.^[17] It is a founding member of the United Nations and the Union of South American Nations. A predominantly Roman Catholic, Portuguese-speaking, and multiethnic society,^[11] Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.^[9]

Etymology

The etymology of the name Brazil is not well established. The most accepted is that it was named after the tree brazilwood^[18] which in Portuguese is pau-brasil, and the word brasil is commonly defined by the dictionaries of different languages as the color of red like ember, formed by the word brasa (ember) plus the suffix -il* (from iculum or ilium).^[19]^[20]^[21] Another possibility, and the correct one, is the Irish legendary island of Hy-Brazil, known to Western European sailors in the 1500s^[22]^[23] and popularized in its current spelling by Italian cartographer Angelinus Alorto's 1325 map "L'Isola Brazil."^[24] Its origin comes from the celtic word "bress" that means "to bless" which named the mytical island Hy Brazil or "Bresail" (Blessed land). The "schoolars from the 16th century did not doubt that the name Brazil came from the legendary island", but the wrongly belief that it had been named after the wood came from the sailors that trafficked it.^[25]

Geography

Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior region,^[26] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north.^[9] Brazil shares a border with every country in South America, except for Ecuador and Chile. The factors of size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.^[26] Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world—after Russia, Canada, China and the United States—and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of Template:Km2 to mi2, including Template:Km2 to mi2 of water.^[9] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4, in the western states; to UTC-3, in the eastern states, the official time of Brazil, and UTC-2, in the Atlantic islands.^[27]

Brazilian topography is also diverse, including hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of Brazil lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.^[28] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.^[28] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.^[28] The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).^[28] These ranges include the Mantiqueira Mountains, the Espinhaço Mountains, and the Serra do Mar.^[28] In north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 3,014 metres (9,888 ft), and the lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean.^[9] Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean.^[29] Major rivers include the Amazon, the largest river in terms of volume of water, and the second-longest in the world; the Paraná and its major tributary, the Iguaçu River, where the Iguazu Falls are located; the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and the Tapajós rivers.^[29]

Climate

Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.

The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale and varied topography, but the largest part of the country is tropical.^[9] Analysed according to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, and temperate; ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.^[30] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.^[31]^[32]

An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.^[30] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),^[32] with more significant temperature variations between night and day than between seasons.^[31] Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.^[31] This region is as large and extensive as the Amazon basin but, lying farther south and being at a moderate altitude, it has a very different climate.^[30] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climate region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31 in) of rain,^[33] most of which falls in a period of three to five months ^[34] and occasionally even more insufficiently, creating long periods of drought.^[31] From south of Bahia, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, where some appreciable rainfall occurs in all months.^[30] The south has temperate conditions, with average temperatures below 18 °C (64 °F) and cool winters;^[32] frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfalls in the higher areas.^[30]^[31]

Wildlife

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world;^[35] the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, which together sustain some of the world's greatest biodiversity.^[36] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.^[36] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Much of it, however, remains largely unknown, and new species are found on nearly a daily basis.^[37]

Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.^[36] Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes. Peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and monkeys of many species abound in the northern rain forests.^[36]^[38] Concern for the environment in Brazil has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.^[39]

Its natural heritage is extremely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, expansion of urban centres, wildlife trade, fire, climate change, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, and invasive species.^[35] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.^[40] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.^[39]^[41]

History

Origins

Most native peoples who live and lived within Brazil's current borders are thought to descend from the first wave of immigrants from North Asia (Siberia) that crossed the Bering Land Bridge at the end of the last Ice Age around 9000 BC. In 1500 AD, the territory of modern Brazil had an estimated total population of nearly 3 million Amerindians divided in 2,000 nations and tribes.

A not-updated linguistic survey found 188 living indigenous languages with 155,000 total speakers. In 2007, Fundação Nacional do Índio (English: National Indian Foundation) reported the presence of 67 different tribes yet living without contact with civilization, up from 40 in 2005. With this figure, now Brazil has the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world, even more than the island of New Guinea.^[42]

When the Portuguese explorers arrived in 1500, the Amerindians were mostly semi-nomadic tribes, with the largest population living on the coast and along the banks of major rivers. Unlike Christopher Columbus who thought he had reached India, the Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama had already reached India sailing around Africa two years before Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil. Nevertheless, the word índios ("Indians") was by then established to designate the peoples of the New World and stuck being used today in the Portuguese language, while the people of India are called indianos. Initially, the Europeans saw the natives as noble savages, and miscegenation of the population began right away. Tribal warfare and cannibalism convinced the Portuguese that they should "civilize" the Amerindians.^[43]

Colonization

Map of Brazil issued by the Portuguese explorers in 1519.

Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly because of the high profits to be gained from its commerce with India, Indochina, China and Japan. Brazil's only economic exploitation was the pursuit of brazilwood for its treasured red dye. Starting in 1530, the Portuguese Crown devised the Hereditary Captaincies system to effectively occupy its new colony, and later took direct control of the failed captaincies.^[44] Although temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect brazilwood, with permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor. Several early settlements were founded along the coast, among them the colonial capital, Salvador, established in 1549 at the Bay of All Saints in the north, and the city of Rio de Janeiro on March 1567, in the south. The Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods for export to Europe. Sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century.^[45]^[46] Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed to be of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started to produce sugar in the Antilles, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall.

During the 17th century, private explorers from São Paulo Captaincy, now called Bandeirantes, explored and expanded Brazil's borders, mainly while raiding the hinterland tribes to enslave native Brazilians.^[47] In the 18th century, the Bandeirantes found gold and diamond deposits in the modern-day state of Minas Gerais. Profits from the development of these deposits were mostly used to finance the Portuguese Royal Court's expenditure on the preservation of its Global Empire and the support of its luxurious lifestyle. The way in which such deposits were exploited by the Portuguese Crown and the powerful local elites burdened colonial Brazil with excessive taxation, giving rise to some popular independence movements such as the Tiradentes in 1789; however, the secessionist movements were often dismissed by the colonial authorities. Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, beginning a period of relative stagnation in Brazil's hinterland.^[48] Both Amerindian and African slaves' man power were largely used in Brazil's colonial economy.^[49]

In contrast to the neighboring Spanish possessions in South America, the Portuguese colony of Brazil kept its territorial, political and linguistic integrity, through the efforts of the colonial Portuguese administration. Although the colony was threatened by other nations during the era of Portuguese rule, in particular by the Dutch and the French, the authorities and the people ultimately managed to protect its borders from foreign attacks. Portugal even sent bullion (a rare naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value) to Brazil, a spectacular reversal of the colonial trend, in order to protect the integrity of the colony.^[50]

Empire

In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from Napoleon's troops who were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of government of Portugal and the entire Portuguese Empire, even though it was located outside of Europe. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1815, while Portugal repelled the French invasion in the Peninsular War. After that, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815–1825) was created with Lisbon as its capital. After João VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent Pedro became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Following a series of political incidents and disputes, Brazil achieved its independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Dom Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil, being crowned on 1 December 1822. Portugal recognized Brazil as an independent country in 1825.

In 1824, Pedro closed the Constituent Assembly, stating that the body was "endangering liberty." Pedro then produced a constitution modeled on that of Portugal (1822) and France (1814). It specified indirect elections and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government; however, it also added a fourth branch, the "moderating power", to be held by the Emperor. Pedro's government was considered economically and administratively inefficient. Political pressures eventually made the Emperor step down on 7 April 1831. He returned to Portugal leaving behind his five-year-old son Pedro II. Until Pedro II reached maturity, Brazil was governed by regents from 1831 to 1840. The regency period was turbulent and marked by numerous local revolts including the Malê Revolt,^[51] the largest urban slave rebellion in the Americas, which took place in Bahia in 1835.^[52] The Cabanagem, one of the bloodiest revolts ever in Brazil, which was chiefly directed against the white ruling class, reduced the population of Pará from about 100,000 to 60,000.^[53]

On 23 July 1840, Pedro II was crowned Emperor. His government was marked by a substantial rise in coffee exports, the War of the Triple Alliance, which left more than 300,000 dead,^[54] and the end of slave trade from Africa in 1850, although slavery in Brazilian territory would only be abolished in 1888. By the Eusébio de Queirós law,^[55] Brazil stopped trading slaves from Africa in 1850. Slavery was abandoned altogether in 1888, thus making Brazil the last country of the Americas to ban slavery.^[56]^[57] When slavery was finally abolished, a large influx of European immigrants took place.^[58]^[59]^[60] By the 1870s, the Emperor's control of domestic politics had started to deteriorate in the face of crises with the Catholic Church, the Army and the slaveholders. The Republican movement slowly gained strength. The dominant classes no longer needed the empire to protect their interests and deeply resented the abolition of slavery.^[61] Indeed, imperial centralization ran counter to their desire for local autonomy. By 1889 Pedro II had stepped down and the Republican system had been adopted in Brazil. In the end, the empire really fell because of a coup d'état.

Republic

Pedro II was deposed on 15 November 1889 by a Republican military coup led by general Deodoro da Fonseca,^[62] who became the country’s first de facto president through military ascension. The country's name became the Republic of the United States of Brazil. From 1889 to 1930, the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais alternated control of the presidency.^[63]^[64] A military junta took control in 1930. Getúlio Vargas took office soon after and remained as dictatorial ruler until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. During this period Brazil also took part in World War I and World War II. After 1930, successive governments continued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of the vast interior of Brazil.^[64]^[65] Juscelino Kubitschek's office years (1956–1961) were marked by the political campaign motto "50 anos em 5" (English: fifty years of development in five).^[66]

The military took office in Brazil in a coup d'état in 1964 and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. In 1967 the name of the country was changed to Federative Republic of Brazil. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change.^[67] Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted.^[68] Fernando Collor de Mello was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime.^[69] Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of scandals were uncovered by the media.^[69]^[70] The vice-president, Itamar Franco, assumed the presidency. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Itamar Franco's administration implemented the Plano Real economic package,^[69] which included a new currency temporarily pegged to the U.S. dollar, the real. In the elections held on 3 October 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won, being reelected in 1998. Brazil's current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006.

Government and politics

The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.^[13] A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union.^[13] There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles:^[13] sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.^[13] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only in the federal and state levels.

All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.^[71]^[72]^[73] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.^[71] Voting is compulsory for those between 18 and 65 years old.^[13] Four political parties stand out among several small ones: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (formerly Liberal Front Party – PFL). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.

The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.^[13] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,^[13] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected on October 27, 2002,^[74] and re-elected on October 29, 2006.^[75] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in governing.^[13] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

Government and politics

The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.^[13] A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union.^[13] There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles:^[13] sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of the people, social value of labor, freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.^[13] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only in the federal and state levels.

All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.^[71]^[76]^[77] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.^[71] Voting is compulsory for those between 18 and 65 years old.^[13] Four political parties stand out among several small ones: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (formerly Liberal Front Party – PFL). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.

The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.^[13] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,^[13] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. He was elected on October 27, 2002,^[78] and re-elected on October 29, 2006.^[79] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in governing.^[13] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.

Law

Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions.^[80] Thus, civil law concepts prevail over common law practices. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part of the system, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are not binding on other specific cases except in a few situations. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.^[81] As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.^[82] Municipalities and the Federal District do not have their own constitutions; instead, they have "organic laws" ([leis orgânicas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).^[13]^[83] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.^[13]

Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.^[13] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.^[13] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal. This system has been criticised over the last decades due to the slow pace at which final decisions are issued. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings are made.^[84] Nevertheless, Supreme Federal Tribunal is the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and more recently also in Youtube.^[85]^[86]

Foreign relations

Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.^[87]^[88] However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power.^[89] Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.^[90] Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.^[91] In general current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.^[92] The Brazilian Constitution also determines the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.^[13]^[93]^[94]^[95]

Military

File:Rafale Brasil.jpg

The acquisition of Dassault Rafale fighter jets is under review by the Brazilian Air Force.

File:EE-T1 osorio.jpg

The Brazilian EE-T1 Osório made by Engesa, one of the worlds most advanced main battle tanks.^[96]

The Armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. The Brazilian military numbers about 300,000 men and women and has a budget of 2.6 percent of the national economy in 2009 or about $51.584 billion US dollars. ^[13] The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.^[13] The Brazilian armed forces are the largest in Latin America. The Brazilian Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service.^[97] The Brazilian Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian Armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier, the NAe São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).^[98] The Brazilian Army is responsible for land-based military operations, with a strength of approximately 190,000 soldiers. In 2008 the Brazilian minister of defense has formulated the “Estratégia Nacional de Defesa” (National defense Strategy), that claims to build a strong national industry and make strategic partnerships with allied nations to develop technology together.^[99]

File:General German Brazil.gif

Brazilian troops in Italy during World War II.

Recently, Brazil has began to emerge as a major world power and a potential superpower; thus Brazil has begun to develop as a major military power. In 2008, Brazil has signed a strategic partnership with France and Russia to trade military technology. Brazil has also begun negotiations with France to have Brazil build 120 Rafale aircraft locally by Embraer.^[100] Also in 2008 the Brazilian company Embraer showcased the Brazilian transport aircraft, Embraer KC-390, and some countries already have shown interest in the aircraft, with France even placing orders.^[101]^[102]In 2009 Brazil purchased 4 Scorpène submarines for US $9.9 billion with a massive technology transfer agreement. In a second agreement, France will provide technical assitance to Brazil so that Brazil can design and produce indigenous nuclear powered submarines, to be completely built in Brazil.^[103]The Brazilian government has announced that a Helibras factory in Itajubá, Minas Gerais, will initially produce 50 units of the EC 725 and up to 1,300 new helicopters for the Brazilian military. Helibras will now also produce Eurocopter's full line of products, with the first units to be operational in 2010.^[104]The Department of Defense of Brazil, in 2009 also asked the Brazilian Navy to develop a plan for the next 30 years. To carry out the plans of power projection that Brazil wants to run, the expenditure will cost more than $138 billion US dollars, within the Navy alone. The program is called PEAMB.^[105] The strategy is to buy or build 2 aircraft carriers (40 000 tonnes), 4 Amphibious assault ships (20 000 tonnes), 30 escort ships, 15 submarines, 5 nuclear submarines and 62 (patrol ships).^[106]In July of 2009, the minister of defense, Nelson Jobim, said that Brazil will expend about 0.7% ($13 billion USD) of the GDP per year to modernize the forces in addition to the 2.6% yearly defense budget. He stated, "We are raising a study to make the financial schedule of the entire project. It will be a 20 year plan, including modernization and expansion of the elements for defense of the Brazilian territory.^[107]

Subdivisions

According to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, Brazil is a federation of 26 states, one federal district and also the municipalities. None of these units has the right to secede from the Federation.^[13]

States

States (estados) are based on historical, conventional borders and have developed throughout the centuries, though some boundaries are arbitrary. The states can be split or joined together in new states if their people express a desire to do so in a plebiscite. States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body (Assembleia Legislativa) elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite that, in Brazil states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.^[13]

In 1977, Mato Grosso state was split into two. The northern new state retained the name Mato Grosso and the old capital, Cuiabá, while the southern area became the new state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with Campo Grande as its capital. In 1988, the northern portion of Goiás state became the new state of Tocantins. Initially, the capital of Tocantins was the small city of Miracema do Norte (now called Miracema do Tocantins), but it was later moved to the new city of Palmas.

The equator cuts through the states of Amapá, Pará, Roraima and Amazonas in the North, and the Tropic of Capricorn cuts through the states of São Paulo, northern Paraná and southern Mato Grosso do Sul.^[108] Acre is in the far west side of the country, covered by the Amazonian forest. Paraíba is the easternmost state of Brazil; Ponta do Seixas, in the city of João Pessoa, is the easternmost point of continental Brazil and of the Americas. In contrast to the tropical climate of most of Brazil, the southern states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina all have a temperate subtropical climate.

The state of Amazonas is the largest in area, comparable in size to Alaska. The state of São Paulo has the largest population and is the economic center of Brazil. Its agriculture, industry, commerce, and services are the most diversified in the nation. Although a large part of its production is exported to other states and other countries, the consumer market of the state is also the biggest in Brazil. In contrast to most of the Brazilian states, the economy of São Paulo is strong even in noncoastal cities.

Today the city of Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the homonymous state, but it has not always been so. Until 1960, the city was the national capital, and its territory was Brazil's Federal District. This led to the strange and confusing situation that the city of Rio de Janeiro was not located in the surrounding state with the same name (whose capital was then Niterói). In 1960, Brasília became the new national capital, and a new Federal District was carved out of Goiás state to contain it. Then the city of Rio de Janeiro became a new state, named Guanabara (after the large bay on which the city sits), as one can still find in old books. Comprising only one city, Guanabara was the only Brazilian state that had no municipalities: the city was directly administered by the state government. All these anomalies disappeared in 1975, when the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro merged, retaining the name of Rio de Janeiro. The city of Rio de Janeiro then became a new municipality and the capital of the new combined state.

Municipalities

Municipalities (municípios) can be split or joined together in new municipalities if their people express a desire to do so in a plebiscite, following some rules of the Federal Constitution and keeping their borders within the former state; forming exclaves is also expressly forbidden. Municipalities have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.^[13] They have a mayor and a legislative body elected directly by their people, but they have no separate Courts of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca.

The Federal District

The Federal District (Distrito Federal) contains the national capital city, Brasília. The Federal District is not a state in its own right, but shares some characteristics of a state and some of a municipality, while also having some special provisions of its own, intended for the local administration not to conflict with the federal government seat that it hosts. It cannot be divided into municipalities, and its Courts of Law are part of the Federal Judiciary System.^[13]

Former territories

The Brazilian Constitution allows for the existence of incorporated territories (territórios), ruled directly by the federal government and with less autonomy than states, but no territory currently exists. The first territory to be created was Acre, in 1904, when that former Bolivian region became Brazilian. In 1943, when Brazil went to the Second World War, for strategic reasons the Getúlio Vargas regime detached six further territories from border and outlying areas of the country, in order to administer them directly: Amapá, Rio Branco, Guaporé, Ponta Porã, Iguaçu, and the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha.

In 1946, two of the seven territories became extinct, reverting to the original states they had been split from: Mato Grosso state incorporated the territory of Ponta Porã and the northern part of Iguaçu, while central Iguaçu went to the state of Paraná, and southern Iguaçu went to the state of Santa Catarina.

As for the other territories (Acre, Amapá, Guaporé, Rio Branco, and Fernando de Noronha), they remained as such for many years more. In 1956, the name of Guaporé territory was changed to Rondônia, and in 1962 Rio Branco territory was renamed Roraima. Also in 1962, Acre became a state.

In 1988, with the new Constitution, Amapá, Rondônia and Roraima became states as well, while Fernando de Noronha became part of the state of Pernambuco, thus leaving no more territories remaining in Brazil.

Regions

The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and sometimes to define the application of federal funds in development projects.

The national territory was divided in 1969 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), for demographic and statistical purposes, into five main regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South.

The North region covers 45.27% of the land area of Brazil, but has the lowest number of inhabitants. With the exception of Manaus, which hosts a tax-free industrial zone, and Belém, the biggest metropolitan area of the region, it is fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped. It accommodates most of the Amazon rainforest and many indigenous tribes.

The Northeast region is inhabited by about 30% of Brazil's population.^[109] It is culturally diverse, with roots set in the Portuguese colonial period and in Amerindian and Afro-Brazilian elements. It is also the poorest region of Brazil,^[110] and suffers from long periods of drought.^[111] The largest cities are Salvador, Recife, and Fortaleza.

The Central-West region has low demographic density when compared to the other regions, being only more densely populated than the North region.^[112] Part of its territory is covered by the world's largest wetland area, the Pantanal^[113] as well as a small part of the Amazon Rainforest in the northwest. However, most of the region is covered by the Cerrado, the world's largest savanna. The Central-West region contributes significantly towards the nation's agricultural output.^[114]

The Southeast region is by far the richest in terms of total economic output, and also the most densely populated region.^[112] It has a larger population than any South American country except Brazil itself, and hosts one of the largest megalopolises of the world, extending between the country's two largest cities: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The region is very diverse, including the major business center of São Paulo, the historical cities of Minas Gerais and its capital Belo Horizonte, the third-largest metropolitan area in Brazil, the beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the coast of Espírito Santo.

The South region is the wealthiest by GDP per capita^[110] and has the highest standard of living among the country's regions. It is also the coldest region of Brazil,^[115] with occasional frost and snow in some of the higher-altitude areas.^[116] It has been settled mainly by European immigrants, mostly of Italian, German and Portuguese ancestry, being clearly influenced by these cultures.

Economy

Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's tenth largest economy at market exchange rates^[123]^[124] and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP),^[125]^[126] according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; with large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool.^[16] Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons.^[127] Major export products include aircraft, coffee, automobiles, soybean, iron ore, orange juice, steel, ethanol, textiles, footwear, corned beef and electrical equipment.^[128] The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is regarded as one of the group of four emerging economies called BRIC.^[129] The biggest investment boom in history is under way; in 2007, Brazil launched a four-year plan to spend $300 billion to modernize its road network, power plants and ports.^[130]

Brazil had pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998^[131] and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Brazilian central bank temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.^[132] Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 in the amount of $30.4 billion,^[133] a record sum at that time. The IMF loan was paid off early by Brazil's central bank in 2005 (the due date was scheduled for 2006).^[134] One of the issues the Brazilian central bank is currently dealing with is the excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country in the past few months, which might explain in part the recent downfall of the U.S. dollar against the real in the period.^[135] Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.^[136] Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major role in Brazil's Central Bank activity in setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.^[137]

Components and energy

Brazil's economy is diverse,^[138] encompassing agriculture, industry, and a multitude of services.^[127]^[139]^[140]^[141] The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.^[140]^[141] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.^[142] A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.^[143]^[144] The industry; from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables; accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.^[142] Industry is highly concentrated geographically, with the leading concentrations in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte. Technologically advanced industries are also highly concentrated in these locations.^[145]

Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer. Its energy comes from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; and nonrenewable sources, mainly oil and natural gas.^[146] A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil witnessed tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.^[147] Brazil is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter, having recently made huge oil discoveries.^[148]^[149]^{[dead link]}^[150]^[151] The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.^[152]^[153]

Science and technology

Brazilian science effectively began in the first decades of the 19th century, when the Portuguese Royal Family, headed by John VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, escaping from the Napoleon's army invasion of Portugal in 1807. Until then, Brazil was a Portuguese colony, without universities, and a lack of cultural and scientific organizations, in stark contrast to the former American colonies of the Spanish Empire, which although having a largely illiterate population like Brazil and Portugal, had, however, a number of universities since the 16th century.

Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. Nonetheless, more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources.^[154] Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities to launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing.^[155]

File:Alcantara Base 5.PNG

A VLS model satellite launch vehicle entirely designed and produced in Brazil.

On 14 October 1997, the Brazilian Space Agency signed an agreement with NASA to provide parts for the ISS.^[156] Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands. Plans are on the way to build the country's first nuclear submarine.^[157] ^[158]Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America^[159] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences.

Brazil has today a well developed organization of science and technology.

Basic research is largely carried out in public universities and research centers and institutes, and some in private institutions, particularly in non-profit non-governmental organizations. Thanks to governmental regulations and incentives, however, since the 1990s is has been growing in the private universities and companies, as well. Accordingly, more than 90% of funding for basic research comes from governmental sources.

Applied research, technology and engineering is also largely carried out in the university and research centers system, contrary-wise to other countries such as the United States, South Korea, Germany, Japan, etc. Companies such as Motorola, Samsung, Nokia and IBM have established large R&D&I centers in Brazil, starting with IBM, which had established an IBM Research Center in Brazil since the 1970s. One of the incentive factors for this, besides the relatively lower cost and high sophistication and skills of Brazilian technical manpower, has been the so-called Informatics Law, which exempts from certain taxes up to 5% of the gross revenue of high technology manufacturing companies in the fields of telecommunications, computers, digital electronics, etc. The Law has attracted annually more than 15 billion dollars of investment in Brazilian R&D&I. Multinational companies have also discovered that some products and technologies designed and developed by Brazilians have a nice competitivity and are appreciated by other countries, such as automobiles, aircraft, software, fiber optics, electronics, games, personal computers and so on.

Demographics

The population of Brazil is made up of many racial and ethnic groups.^[160] The last National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PNAD) census revealed the following: 49.4% of the population self-declared White, about 93 million; 42.3% self-declared Pardo (brown), about 80 million; 7.4% self-declared Black, about 13 million; 0.5% self-declared Asian, about 1 million; and 0.4% self-declared Amerindian, about 519,000.^[161]

A not-updated linguistic survey found 188 living indigenous languages with 155,000 total speakers. In 2007, Fundação Nacional do Índio reported the presence of 67 different tribes yet living without contact with civilization, up from 40 in 2005. With this figure, now Brazil has the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world, even more than the island of New Guinea.^[162]

A recently published article in the American Journal of Human Biology on the genetic analysis of the ethnic composition of the Brazilian people by the Universidade Católica de Brasília revealed that 80% of the Brazilian genetic pool is from Europe;

Most Brazilians can trace their ancestry to the country's indigenous peoples, Portuguese colonists, and African slaves. Since 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, miscegenation between these three groups took place. Over three centuries of Portuguese colonization, Brazil received more than 700,000 Portuguese settlers and 4 million African slaves.^[163] The country has the largest population of African descent outside of Africa.^[164]

Beginning in the late 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration: people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil. About 5 million European and Asian immigrants arrived between 1870 and 1953, most of them from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Germany. In the early 20th century, people from Japan and the Middle-East also arrived.^[160] The immigrants and their descendants had an important impact in the ethnic make-up of the Brazilian population, and many diasporas are present in the country. Brazil has the largest population of Lebanese in the world, it has even more Lebanese people than Lebanon, estimates range from 7-10 million.^[165] Brazil has the largest population of Italians outside Italy, with over 25 million Italian Brazilians,^[166] the largest population of Japanese outside Japan, with 1.6 million Japanese Brazilians,^[167] as well as the second largest population of Germans outside of Germany (after only the United States), with 12 million German Brazilians.^[168] A characteristic of Brazil is the race mixing. Genetically, most Brazilians have some degree of European, African, and Amerindian ancestry.^[169] The entire population has highly varied racial types and backgrounds, but without clear ethnic sub-divisions.^[170]

The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte, with 19.7, 11.4, and 5.4 million inhabitants respectively.^[171] Almost all the capitals are the largest city in their corresponding state, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).^[172]

v t e Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil 2017 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimates^[173]^[174]^[175]
	Rank	Name	State	Pop.	Rank	Name	State	Pop.
São Paulo Rio de Janeiro	1	São Paulo	São Paulo	21,314,716	11	Belém	Pará	2,157,180
	2	Rio de Janeiro	Rio de Janeiro	12,389,775	12	Manaus	Amazonas	2,130,264
	3	Belo Horizonte	Minas Gerais	5,142,260	13	Campinas	São Paulo	2,105,600
	4	Recife	Pernambuco	4,021,641	14	Vitória	Espírito Santo	1,837,047
	5	Brasília	Federal District	3,986,425	15	Baixada Santista	São Paulo	1,702,343
	6	Porto Alegre	Rio Grande do Sul	3,894,232	16	São José dos Campos	São Paulo	1,572,943
	7	Salvador	Bahia	3,863,154	17	São Luís	Maranhão	1,421,569
	8	Fortaleza	Ceará	3,594,924	18	Natal	Rio Grande do Norte	1,349,743
	9	Curitiba	Paraná	3,387,985	19	Maceió	Alagoas	1,231,965
	10	Goiânia	Goiás	2,347,557	20	João Pessoa	Paraíba	1,168,941

Education and health

The Federal Constitution and the 1996 General Law of Education in Brazil (LDB) determine how the Federal Government, States, Federal District, and Municipalities will manage and organize their respective education systems.^[13] Each of these public educational systems is responsible for their own maintenance, which manage funds as well as mechanisms and sources for financial resources. The new Constitution reserves 25% of state and municipal taxes and 18% of federal taxes for education.^[176]^[177]

Private school programs are available to complement the public school system. In 2003, the literacy rate was 88% of the population, and the youth literacy rate (ages 15–19) was 93.2%.^[176] Illiteracy is highest in the Northeast, around 27%, which has a high proportion of rural poor.^[178] Although in the same year, Brazil's education had low levels of efficiency by 15-year-old students, particularly in the public school network.^[179] Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential courses, which may offer different specialist choices such as academic or vocational paths. Depending on choice, students may improve their educational background with Stricto Sensu or Lato Sensu postgraduate courses.^[177]^[180]

The public health system is managed and provided by all levels of government, whilst private healthcare fulfils a complementary role.^[13]^[181] There are several problems in the Brazilian health system. In 2006, these were infant mortality, child mortality, maternal mortality, mortality by non-transmissible illness and mortality caused by external causes: transportation, violence and suicide.^[181]^[182] In 2006 nearly 50,000 people were murdered in Brazil.^[183] More than 500,000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to the UN report.^[184]

Language

Portuguese is the official language of Brazil.^[11] It is spoken by almost all of the population and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for all business and administrative purposes, with the exception of Nheengatu, an indigenous language of South America which was granted co-official status alongside Portuguese in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira.^[185] Moreover, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.^[186]

Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.^[187] Due to this, the language is somewhat different from that spoken in Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries, mainly for phonological and orthographic differences. These differences are somewhat greater than those of American and British English.^[187] As of 2008, the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) got to an agreement in the reform of Portuguese as one international language, as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language, in which participated all countries that have Portuguese as its official language. All CPLP countries were given a certain period of time to adjust to the necessary changes, between 2009 and 2014.^[188]

Minority languages are spoken throughout the vast national territory. Some of these are spoken by indigenous peoples: 180 Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas. Others are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.^[187] There are important communities of speakers of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, part of the High German languages) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) in the south of the country, both largely influenced by the Portuguese language.^[186]^[187]

Culture

A wide variety of elements create a society with considerable ethnic complexity.^[163] The core culture of Brazil derived from Portuguese culture, because of strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other inheritances, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, the Catholic religion and the colonial architectural styles.^[189] This culture, however, was strongly influenced by African, Indigenous cultures and traditions, and other non-Portuguese European people.^[163] Some aspects of Brazilian culture are contributions of Italian, German and other European immigrants; came in large numbers and their influences are felt closer to the South and Southeast of Brazil.^[160] Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans, brought to Brazil as slaves, influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.^[160]^[190]

Literature in Brazil dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, writer of the fleet of navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral.^[191] Cuisine varies greatly by region. This diversity reflects the country's mix of native and immigrants. This has created a national cooking style marked by the preservation of regional differences.^[192] Brazil's cultural tradition extends to its music styles which include samba, bossa nova, forró, frevo, pagode and many others.^[193] Brazil has also contributed to classical music, which can be seen in the works of many composers.^[193] In arts, important modern artists Anita Malfatti and Tarsila do Amaral were both early pioneers in Brazilian art.^[194] The Cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century, and gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.^[195]

The festival of Carnival (Portuguese: Carnaval), with its spectacular street parades and vibrant music, has become one of the most potent images of Brazil;^[192] an annual celebration held forty days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. Carnival is celebrated throughout Brazil, with distinct regional characteristics, but the most spectacular celebrations outside Rio de Janeiro take place in Salvador, Recife, and Olinda, although the nature of the events varies.^[192] Other regional festivals include the Boi Bumbá and Festa Junina (June Festivals).^[192]^[193]

Religion

Religion is very diversified in Brazil, the constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice.^[13] The Roman Catholic Church is dominant, making Brazil the largest Catholic nation in the world.^[196] The formal link between the state and the Roman Catholicism was severed in the late 19th century; however, the Catholic Church has continued to exert an influence on national affairs.^[197]

The number of Protestants is rising. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were members of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal members have increased significantly.^[197] Traditional African beliefs, brought by slaves, have blended with Catholicism to create Afro-Brazilian religions such as Macumba, Candomblé, and Umbanda.^[196] Amerindians practice a wide variety of indigenous religions that vary from group to group.^[197]

According to the 2000 Demographic Census: 73.89% of the population follow Roman Catholicism; 15.41% - Protestantism; 0.907% - other Christian denominations; 1.332% - Kardecist spiritism; 0.309% - traditional African religions; 0.126% - Buddhism; 0.051% - Judaism; 0.016% - Islam; 0.01% - Amerindian religions; 0.6% - other religions; 7.354% - Agnosticism, Atheism or without a religion.^[11]^[198]

Sport

Football (Portuguese: futebol) is the most popular sport in Brazil.^[192] Many famous Brazilian players such as Pele and Ronaldo are among the most well know players in the sport.The Brazilian national football team (Seleção) is currently ranked first in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002.^[199] Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach football,^[200] futsal (official version of indoor football)^[201] and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians have developed Capoeira,^[202] Vale tudo,^[203] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.^[204] In auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times: Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and 1974;^[205] Nelson Piquet in 1981, 1983 and 1987;^[206] and Ayrton Senna in 1988, 1990 and 1991.^[207]

Brazil has undertaken the organization of large-scale sporting events: the country organized and hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup^[208] and is chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup event.^[209] The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.^[210] São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963,^[211] and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.^[211] Brazil also tried for the fourth time to host the Summer Olympics with Rio de Janeiro candidature in 2016.^[212] On the 2nd of October, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games, which will be the first to be held in South America.^[213]

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Footnotes

^ Brazil 2009 Estimate IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Brazil". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
^ Desigualdade e pobreza continuaram caindo no Brasil mesmo com crise, revela Ipea — Agência Brasil - EBC
^ UNDP Human Development Report 2009. "Table H: Human development index 2007 and its components" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 2009-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Fusos Brasil sem HV" (in Portuguese). Observatório Nacional. Retrieved 2008-08-10.
^ Officially UTC-3 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, timezone change into UTC-2 to UTC-4.| ^N2 Officially UTC-2 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into UTC-2 to UTC-3.
^ Officially UTC-2 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into UTC-2 to UTC-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Geography of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Brazil.html
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "People of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b "Introduction of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-03. Unofficial translate
^ "Territorial units of the municipality level" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf
^ ^a ^b "Economy of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
^ Clendenning, Alan (2008-04-17). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today - The Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica - brazilwood
^ CNRTL - Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales Template:Fr
^ Michaelis - Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Template:Pt
^ iDicionário Aulete Template:Pt
^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Brazil&searchmode=none
^ http://www.enciclopedia.com.pt/articles.php?article_id=486
^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O70-HyBrasil.html
^ Bueno, p.36
^ ^a ^b "Land and Resources". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ "Hora Legal Brasileira". Observatório Nacional. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ ^a ^b "Rivers and Lakes". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Brazil". Country Guide. BBC Weather. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Temperature in Brazil". Brazil Travel. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Embrapa. "Anual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
^ CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil
^ ^a ^b "One fifth of the world's freshwater". Amazon. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Plant and Animal Life". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ "Forests as Habitats". Importance of Forests. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2006-01-16. Archived from the original on 2008-01-24. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ "Atlantic Forest, Brazil". Map: Biodiversity hotspots. BBC News. 2004-10-01. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ ^a ^b "Environmental Issues". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ "Under threat". Greenpeace. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ "Amazon destruction: six football fields a minute". Greenpeace. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
^ In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes. The Washington Post. July 8, 2007.
^ Megan Mylan, Indians of the Amazon, Jewel of the Amazon, FRONTLINE/World, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), (24 January 2006)
^ "Casa História website - "Colonial Brazil"". Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ JSTOR: Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-1770. JSTOR. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
^ Janick, Jules. Lecture 34. Retrieved on 16 August 2007
^ Bandeira (Brazilian history). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
^ Maxwell, Kenneth R. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808. Cambridge University Press: 1973.
^ Slavery in Brazil retrieved on 19 August 2007.
^ Kenneth R. Maxwell, Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808 (p. 216), JSTOR
^ Rebelions in Bahia, 1798-l838
^ Reis, João José. Slave Rebellion in Brazil — The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Translated by Arthur Brakel. Johns Hopkins University Press.
^ Renato Cancian. "Cabanagem (1835-1840): Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial". Universo Online Liçao de Casa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-11-12.
^ War of the Triple Alliance. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
^ Leslie Bethell, The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil, and the Slave Trade Question, 1807-1969, JSTOR
^ Brazil's Prized Exports Rely on Slaves and Scorched Land Larry Rohter (2002) New York Times, 25 March
^ Anstey, Roger: The Atlantic Slave Trade and British abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975.
^ "Slavery and Abolition". Retrieved 2007-07-19. A Journal of Comparative Studies
^ "Links between Brazil & Ireland". 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-19. Aspects of an Economic and Political Controversy between Great Britain and Brazil, 1865-1870.
^ "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. The Independence of Brazil and the Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Anglo-Brazilian Relations, 1822-1826
^ "CIAO Atlas". Retrieved 2007-06-23. The Empire, 1822-89
^ U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, "The Republican Era, 1889-1985". Library of Congress. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
^ "CasaHistória "Republic 1889-1964"". Retrieved 2007-06-12.
^ ^a ^b U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, "The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54"
^ Valença, Márcio M. "Patron-Client Relations and Politics in Brazil: A Historical Overview". Retrieved June 16, 2007.
^ Renato Marques (2006-02-17). "Plano de Metas criado por JK foi um marco da economia brasileira" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-08-12.
^ CasaHistória website, "Military Rule". Retrieved June 12, 2007.
^ Manuel Álvarez-Rivera (2006-10-30). "Election Resources on the Internet: Federal Elections in Brazil". Retrieved 2007-06-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c "20th century (1990-1992 The Collor Government)". Brazilian Government website. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
^ "The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy". JSTOR. Retrieved 2007-07-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Embassy of Brazil — Ottawa". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Political Institutions — The Executive
^ "City Mayors". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazil federal, state and local government
^ "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazilian Politics
^ "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election" BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007
^ "Brazil re-elects President Lula" BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007
^ "City Mayors". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazil federal, state and local government
^ "JSTOR". Retrieved 2007-07-19. Brazilian Politics
^ "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election" BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007
^ "Brazil re-elects President Lula" BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007
^ "The Brazilian Legal System", Organization of American States. Accessed 17 May 2007.
^ Silva, José Afonso da; Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo; Malheiros, 2004, p. 46, ISBN 85-7420-559-1
^ Silva, José Afonso da; Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo; Malheiros, 2004, p. 592, ISBN 85-7420-559-1
^ "Government structure" Brazilian Government. Accessed 17 May 2007.
^ Glugoski, Miguel; Medauar, Odete. "Nossos direitos nas suas mãos", USP Journal, 24–30 November 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
^ Template:Pt Diego Abreu. "Primeira Corte do mundo a ter canal de vídeo no YouTube é o STF". G1. Acess: October 12, 2009.
^ Template:Pt "STF: Primeira corte do mundo no Youtube". ESMA-PB. Acess: October 12, 2009.
^ Lima, Maria Regina Soares; Hirst, Mônica. "Brazil as a regional power" Blackwell Synergy Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
^ Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz. "Brazil as a regional power" Sage Journals Online. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
^ Zibechi, Raúl "Difficult Path" Funder's Network on Trade and Globalization. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
^ Universia Knowledge at Wharton website, "Can Brazil Play a Leadership Role in the Current Round of Global Trade Talks?". Wharton School, Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 22, 2007.
^ Ribando, ClareUS-Brazil relations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on August 16, 2007.
^ Georges D. Landau, "The Decisionmaking Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil," Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003
^ Zibechi, Raul. Brazil and the Difficult Path to Multilateralism. IRC Americas. Retrieved on August 16, 2007.
^ De Lima, Maria Regina Soares. Hirst, Monica. Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities. International Affairs 82 (1), 21–40. Retrieved on August 16, 2007.
^ Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz.Brazil as a Regional Power and Its Relations with the United States University of Brasília. Retrieved on August 16, 2007.
^ http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/EE-T1-Osorio.htm
^ "Sala de imprensa - FAB em números" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2007-12-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
^ FAQ. Brazilian Navy Website. Retrieved on August 16, 2007.
^ https://www.defesa.gov.br/eventos_temporarios/2009/estrategia/
^ http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/feature/107881/brazil-to-buy-36-rafales-as-france-extends-security-partnership.html
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ http://www.naval.com.br/blog/?p=17332
^ Farias, Ivy (September 8, 2008). "Brasil produzirá em Minas Gerais helicópteros para as Forças Armadas". Agência Brasil. Retrieved on July 11, 2009.
^ https://www.mar.mil.br/peamb.html
^ http://www.naval.com.br/blog/?p=17940
^ http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u635420.shtml
^ "States of Brazil". Brazil Travel. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
^ "IBGE — Estatísticas da população" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006-07-01. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
^ ^a ^b IBGE (2006-11-16). "In 2004, North and Northeast gain participation in the GDP of the country". Retrieved 2007-08-22. See also, List of Brazilian states by GDP per capita
^ Template:PDFlink INPE. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
^ ^a ^b See List of Brazilian states by population density
^ "The World's largest wetland". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ Vânia R. Pivello. "Type of Vegetation". Retrieved 2008-12-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
^ "Brazilian Ministry of External Relations". Archived from the original on 2008-01-25. Retrieved 2008-12-12. Brazil and Its Regions
^ "Brazilian Ministry of External Relations". Archived from the original on 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2008-12-12. South Region
^ IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
^ IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
^ [3]
^ IBGE Employment Survey/ May 2008
^ Folha (2009). "Superávit cai 38% e balança comercial fecha 2008 com pior resultado desde 2002". Folha Online. Retrieved January 02 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
^ Bloomberg: Brazilian Debt Raised to Investment Grade by S&P
^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-06-06. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ Total GDP 2006 (PDF). World Bank. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (PPP)". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-06-06. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ Ppp gdp 2006 (PDF). World Bank. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ ^a ^b Phillips, Tom (2008-05-10). "The country of the future finally arrives". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "The economy of heat". The Economist. 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ O'Neill, Jim. "BRICs". Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Building BRICs of growth". The Economist. 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Baig, Taimur; Goldfajn, Ilan (2000). "The Russian default and the contagion to Brazil" (PDF). IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2008-06-06. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ Fraga, Arminio (2000). Monetary Policy During the Transition to a Floating Exchange Rate: Brazil's Recent Experience. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Wheatley, Jonathan (2002-09-02). "Brazil: When an IMF Bailout Is Not Enough". Business Week. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Brazil to pay off IMF debts early". BBC News. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Economic Quarterly (PDF). Institute of Applied Economic Research. 2007-03-01. p. 171. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Capital Flows to Emerging Markets Set at Close to Record Levels" (Press release). The Institute of International Finance. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ IPCA, IPC-FIPE and IPC-BR: Methodological and Empirical Differences (PDF). Central Bank of Brazil. 2004. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Brazil's shares at all-time high". BBC News. 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Alves, Fabio; Caminada, Carlos (2008-04-30). "Brazilian Debt Raised to Investment Grade by S&P". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ ^a ^b Warner, Jeremy (2008-05-02). "Jeremy Warner's Outlook: Brazil secures investment grade". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ ^a ^b Colitt, Raymond (2008-05-13). "Sleeping giant Brazil wakes, but could stumble". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ ^a ^b "Field Listing - GDP - composition by sector". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)
^ "Agriculture and Cattle-raising". Brazil by Topics. Brazilian Government official website. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Agriculture". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Manufacturing". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Energy". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Brazil Joins Front Rank Of New Economic Powers". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "An economic superpower, and now oil too". The Economist. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Oil discovery rocks Brazil". CNN. 2007-11-09. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Schneyer, Joshua (2007-11-09). "Brazil, the New Oil Superpower". Business Week. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "More bounty". The Economist. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "Focus on Brazil" (PDF). World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. 2006. Retrieved 2008-12-14.
^ "Project Closing Report. Natural Gas Centre of Excellence Project. Narrative" (PDF). March 20, 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
^ Brazilian Government. "Skills training for growth". Retrieved 2007-08-10.
^ "Brazil — The Space Program". country-data.com. 1997. Retrieved 2008-05-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ "Brazil and Boeing continue logistics and engineering work for International Space Station date=2000-04-28". Retrieved 2008-12-12. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help); Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
^ "Brazil to revive nuclear project". BBC News. BBC. 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
^ "Confirmed: Agreement with France Includes the Brazilian Nuclear Submarine". Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation. 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
^ Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Population". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ National Research for Sample of Domiciles (PDF). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. pp. Table 1.2. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes". The Washington Post. July 8, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c "People and Society". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ BBC Analysis: Brazil's 'racial democracy'
^ Sarruf, Marina (21 July 2006). "Brazil Has More Lebanese than Lebanon". Melbourne Indymedia See also: Arab Brazilian{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Valensise, Michele. "Mensagem do Embaixador da Itália" (in Portuguese). Italian Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ Nakamura, Akemi (2008-01-15). "Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties". Brazil emigration centennial in Japan. The Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Germans". Ministry of External Relations of Brazil. Archived from the original on 2004-09-08. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians". National Academy of Sciences of the United States. 2003-01-07. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Ethnic Groups". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Cidades@". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ "Principal Cities". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ "Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ "Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
^ ^a ^b Sector Study for Education in Brazil (PDF). Japan Bank for International Cooperation. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-10. {{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |booktitle= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Education". Brazil by Topics. Brazilian Government official website. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ "Education". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ Werthein, Jorge (2005-04-28). "A Pobre Educação dos Pobres". UNESCO. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ "Universidades públicas ganham das particulares no Enade 2006" (in Portuguese). UOL. 2007-05-31. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
^ ^a ^b "Health". Brazil by Topics. Brazilian Government official website. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ "Saúde" (PDF). Radar social 2006 (in Portuguese). Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
^ "O DIA Online - Rio no mapa da morte"
^ "UN highlights Brazil gun crisis". BBC News. June 27, 2005.
^ Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
^ ^a ^b "Portuguese Language". About Brazil. Brazilian Government official website. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Languages of Brazil". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Nash, Elizabeth (2008-05-02). "Portugal pays lip service to Brazil's supremacy". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ "15th-16th Century". History. Brazilian Government official website. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ Freyre, Gilberto (1986). "The Afro-Brazilian experiment - African influence on Brazilian culture". UNESCO. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ "Literature". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Way of Life". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Music and Dance". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ "Art and Architecture". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ "Theater and Film". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ ^a ^b "Brazil". International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2008-06-08. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Religion". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ "Religion in Brazil" (PDF). 2000 Demographic Census. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2000. Retrieved 2008-06-08. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
^ "Football in Brazil". Goal Programme. International Federation of Association Football. 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Beach Soccer". International Federation of Association Football. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Futsal". International Federation of Association Football. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "The art of capoeira". BBC. 2006-09-20. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Brazilian Vale Tudo". I.V.C. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Official Website". International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Emerson Fittipaldi". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Nelson Piquet". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Ayrton Senna". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". Previous FIFA World Cups. International Federation of Association Football. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil". International Federation of Association Football. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Formula 1 Grande Premio do Brasil 2008". The Official Formula 1 Website. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ ^a ^b "Chronological list of Pan American Games". Pan American Sports Organization. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ "Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic bid official website". Brazilian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ The Guardian, October 2, 2009, Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio

External links

Brazilian Federal Government
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
Information and Pictures Tourism of Brazil
"Brazil". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
Brazil at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Template:Dmoz
Country Profile from the U.S. Library of Congress (1997)
Template:Wikitravel

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[1] Brazil 2009 Estimate IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 6 June 2009.

[imf2-2] "Brazil". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-10-01.

[3] ttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

[4] Desigualdade e pobreza continuaram caindo no Brasil mesmo com crise, revela Ipea — Agência Brasil - EBC

[HDI09-5] UNDP Human Development Report 2009. "Table H: Human development index 2007 and its components" (PDF). UNDP. Retrieved 2009-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[fusoshorariossemhv-6] "Fusos Brasil sem HV" (in Portuguese). Observatório Nacional. Retrieved 2008-08-10.

[7] Officially UTC-3 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, timezone change into UTC-2 to UTC-4.| ^N2 Officially UTC-2 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into UTC-2 to UTC-3.

[8] Officially UTC-2 (Brasília time). From 24 June 2008, DST will change into UTC-2 to UTC-3.

[CIA_Geo-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Geography of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)

[10] ttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Brazil.html

[CIA_People-11] "People of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)

[CIA_Intro-12] "Introduction of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)

[Constituição-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-03. Unofficial translate

[14] "Territorial units of the municipality level" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03.

[15] ttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

[CIA_Econ-16] "Economy of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help)

[17] Clendenning, Alan (2008-04-17). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today - The Associated Press. p. 2. Retrieved 2008-12-12.

[18] Encyclopædia Britannica - brazilwood

[19] CNRTL - Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales Template:Fr

[20] Michaelis - Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Template:Pt

[21] Dicionário Aulete Template:Pt

[22] ttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Brazil&searchmode=none

[23] ttp://www.enciclopedia.com.pt/articles.php?article_id=486

[24] ttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O70-HyBrasil.html

[25] Bueno, p.36

[Encarta_6-26] "Land and Resources". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[27] "Hora Legal Brasileira". Observatório Nacional. Retrieved 2009-02-21.

[Encarta_7-28] "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[Encarta_8-29] "Rivers and Lakes". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[BBC_Weather-30] "Brazil". Country Guide. BBC Weather. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[Encarta_9-31] "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[BT-32] "Temperature in Brazil". Brazil Travel. Retrieved 2008-06-11.

[33] Embrapa. "Anual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

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@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 ==History==
 {{Main|History of Brazil}}
-{{Verylong section}}
-===Native Brazilians and early Portuguese settlers===
-{{Seealso|Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Colonial Brazil}}
-When arriving in April 1500 in the coast of what would later be known as Brazil (due to the abundance of [[brazilwood]]), the Portuguese fleet commanded by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] found the primitive inhabitants who inhabited it.<ref>Boxer, p.98</ref> They were divided in several distinct tribes, that fought among themselves<ref>Boxer, p.100</ref> and that shared the same [[Tupi-Guarani]] linguistic family.<ref>Boxer, p.98</ref> The “men were hunters, fishers and food collectors and the women were encharged of the reduced agricultural activity that was practiced.”<ref>Boxer, p.98</ref> Some of the tribes were nomads and other sedentary; they knew the fire but not metal casting and a few were cannibals.<ref>Boxer, p.98</ref> In the first three decades after Cabral’s voyage, the relations between the Portuguese and the Amerindians were positive, but were practically restricted to trading utensils by the former in exchange for brazilwood, animals and foods by the latter.<ref>Boxer, p.100</ref>
-[[Image:Meirelles-primeiramissa2.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The first christian mass celebrated in what would later be called Brazil marking the beginning of the [[Colonial Brazil|Portuguese colonization]].]]
-However, the “keen interest in the commercial exchange with India, in the gold of the Guiné ([[Elmina|Mine]]) and in the wars with Morocco hindered the Portuguese Crown during many years of dedicating attention to the recently discovered region.”<ref>Boxer, p.98</ref> The settling was effectively initiated in 1534, when King [[Don (honorific)|Dom]] [[John III of Portugal|João III]] divided the Brazilian territory in twelve hereditary captainships that would be governed by members of the lesser nobility or proceeding from educated families.<ref>Boxer, pp.100-101</ref> The experience revealed itself to be an utter disaster, and in 1549 the king assigned a governor-general to administrate the entire colony.<ref>Boxer, p.101</ref> With the foundation of villages appeared the [[municipal council]]s, and consequently, the beginning of the [[Representative democracy|democratic representative system]] in Brazil.<ref>Boxer, p.291, the municipal council of Salvador was created at the same time as the city itself in 1549, for example.</ref> Up to 1549, most of the (few) colonists were exiled men, but from that date and on, the voluntary emigrants (including women and children) became predominant.<ref>Boxer, p.104</ref>
+===Origins===
-Around 1530, the [[Tupiniquim]] (the same tribe that Cabral met) and their bitter enemies the [[Tupinambá]], the largest and most important tribes in Brazil, allied themselves with the Portuguese and the French, respectively.<ref>Boxer, p.100</ref> Between the Portuguese and the Tupiniquim “occurred a certain intermittently pacific inter-racial assimilation.”<ref>Boxer, p.108</ref> While the Tupinambás, however, were mostly exterminated in long wars and mainly by European diseases to which they had no immunities.<ref>Boxer, p.102</ref> The ones that survived were enslaved by other tribes or by the Portuguese or fled toward the countryside.<ref>Boxer, p.102</ref> The mortality rate among the enslaved aboriginals was very high as they were not accustomed to the continuous work and the hard treatment that they suffered in the sugar cane farms.<ref>Boxer, p.102</ref> By the middle of the 16th century, sugar had become the most important item of the Brazilian exportations, taking the place of brazilwood.<ref>Boxer, p.100</ref> Thus, the Portuguese turned to other forms of man power to handle with the increasing international [[demand (economics)|demand]].<ref>Boxer, p.102</ref> Enslaved Africans were imported and became the “basic pillar of the economy” in the most populous areas of the colony.<ref>Boxer, p.110</ref> As it was done with the Tupiniquim, the Portuguese made an alliance with the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], situated in the African southwest, that enslaved other tribes to be sold to the Europeans.<ref>Boxer, pp.113-114</ref>
+{{Main|Indigenous peoples in Brazil}}
+[[File:Participantes do Fórum Social Mundial 2009 1600FRP8520.jpg|thumb|200px|Two Brazilians of indigenous descent wearing traditional costumes.]]
+Most [[Indigenous peoples|native peoples]] who live and lived within Brazil's current borders are thought to descend from the first wave of immigrants from North Asia ([[Siberia]]) that crossed the [[Bering Land Bridge]] at the end of the last [[Ice Age]] around 9000&nbsp;BC. In 1500&nbsp;AD, the territory of modern Brazil had an estimated total population of nearly 3 million [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]] divided in 2,000&nbsp;nations and tribes.
-===Territorial expansion===
-Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed to be of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started to produce sugar in the [[Antilles]], located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall.
+A not-updated linguistic survey found 188&nbsp;living [[Languages of Brazil|indigenous languages]] with 155,000&nbsp;total speakers. In 2007, [[Fundação Nacional do Índio]] ({{lang-en|National Indian Foundation}}) reported the presence of 67&nbsp;different tribes yet living without contact with civilization, up from 40 in 2005. With this figure, now Brazil has the largest number of [[uncontacted peoples]] in the world, even more than the island of [[New Guinea]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes]. The Washington Post. July 8, 2007.</ref>
-[[Image:Meirelles-guararapes.jpg|thumb|220px|left|The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and their [[Amerindian]] and [[African people|African]] allies expanded the Brazilian territory through endless wars of conquest.]]
+When the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers arrived in 1500, the Amerindians were mostly semi-[[nomadic]] tribes, with the largest population living on the coast and along the banks of major rivers. Unlike [[Christopher Columbus]] who thought he had reached [[India]], the Portuguese sailor [[Vasco da Gama]] had already reached India sailing around [[Africa]] two years before [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] reached Brazil. Nevertheless, the word ''índios'' ("Indians") was by then established to designate the peoples of the [[New World]] and stuck being used today in the Portuguese language, while the people of India are called ''indianos''. Initially, the Europeans saw the natives as [[noble savage]]s, and [[miscegenation]] of the population began right away. Tribal warfare and [[cannibalism]] convinced the Portuguese that they should "[[civilising mission|civilize]]" the Amerindians.<ref>Megan Mylan, [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/brazil501/indians_trade.html Indians of the Amazon], Jewel of the Amazon, FRONTLINE/World, [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS), (24 January 2006)</ref>
+===Colonization===
+{{Main|Colonial Brazil}}
+[[Image:Brazil-16-map.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Brazil issued by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[explorer]]s in 1519.]]
+Portugal had little interest in Brazil, mainly because of the high profits to be gained from its commerce with [[India]], [[Indochina]], [[China]] and [[Japan]]. Brazil's only economic exploitation was the pursuit of [[brazilwood]] for its treasured red dye. Starting in 1530, the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese Crown]] devised the [[Hereditary Captaincies]] system to effectively occupy its new colony, and later took direct control of the failed captaincies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Casa História website - "Colonial Brazil"|url=http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Colonial_Brazi|accessdate=2008-12-12}}</ref> Although temporary [[trading post]]s were established earlier to collect brazilwood, with permanent settlement came the establishment of the [[sugar cane]] industry and its intensive labor. Several early settlements were founded along the coast, among them the colonial capital, [[Salvador, Brazil|Salvador]], established in 1549 at the [[Bay of All Saints]] in the north, and the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]] on March 1567, in the south. The Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods for export to Europe. Sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century.<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117(1963)2%3A16%3A2%3C219%3AAT1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q JSTOR: Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-1770]. [[JSTOR]]. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.</ref><ref>Janick, Jules. [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture34/lec34.html Lecture 34]. Retrieved on 16 August 2007</ref> Even though Brazilian sugar was reputed to be of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started to produce sugar in the [[Antilles]], located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall.
+[[Image:Raposo Tavares.jpg|thumb|150px|Statue of [[António Raposo Tavares]] at the [[Museu Paulista]].]]
 During the 17th century, private explorers from [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] Captaincy, now called [[Bandeirantes]], explored and expanded Brazil's borders, mainly while raiding the hinterland tribes to enslave native Brazilians.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51530/bandeira Bandeira (Brazilian history)]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> In the 18th century, the Bandeirantes found gold and diamond deposits in the modern-day state of Minas Gerais. Profits from the development of these deposits were mostly used to finance the Portuguese Royal Court's expenditure on the preservation of its [[Global Empire]] and the support of its luxurious lifestyle. The way in which such deposits were exploited by the Portuguese Crown and the powerful local elites burdened colonial Brazil with excessive taxation, giving rise to some popular independence movements such as the [[Tiradentes]] in 1789; however, the secessionist movements were often dismissed by the colonial authorities. Gold production declined towards the end of the 18th century, beginning a period of relative stagnation in Brazil's hinterland.<ref>Maxwell, Kenneth R. ''Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808''. Cambridge University Press: 1973.</ref> Both [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] and [[Afro-Brazilian|African]] [[slave]]s' man power were largely used in Brazil's colonial economy.<ref>[http://www.labhstc.ufsc.br/pdf2007/16.16.pdf Slavery in Brazil] retrieved on 19 August 2007.</ref>
-In contrast to the neighboring Spanish possessions in South America, the Portuguese colony of Brazil kept its territorial, political and linguistic integrity, through the efforts of the colonial Portuguese administration. Although the colony was threatened by other nations during the era of Portuguese rule, in particular by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and the French, the authorities and the people ultimately managed to protect its [[Borders of Brazil|borders]] from foreign attacks. Portugal even sent [[bullion]] to Brazil, a spectacular reversal of the colonial trend, in order to protect the integrity of the colony.<ref>Kenneth R. Maxwell, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1615(197410)31%3A2%3C221%3ACACBAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808 (p. 216)], [[JSTOR]]</ref>
+In contrast to the neighboring Spanish possessions in South America, the Portuguese colony of Brazil kept its territorial, political and linguistic integrity, through the efforts of the colonial Portuguese administration. Although the colony was threatened by other nations during the era of Portuguese rule, in particular by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and the French, the authorities and the people ultimately managed to protect its [[Borders of Brazil|borders]] from foreign attacks. Portugal even sent [[bullion]] (a rare naturally occurring [[metal]]lic chemical element of high economic value) to Brazil, a spectacular reversal of the colonial trend, in order to protect the integrity of the colony.<ref>Kenneth R. Maxwell, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1615(197410)31%3A2%3C221%3ACACBAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal 1750-1808 (p. 216)], [[JSTOR]]</ref>
+===Empire===
+{{Main|Empire of Brazil}}
+[[Image:Fala do trono.jpg|left|thumb|[[Imperial Family of Brazil|Emperor]] [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II of Brazil]] in 1873. ''Fala do Trono'', by [[Pedro Américo]].]]
-In 1808, the Portuguese Royal family, fleeing from the troops of the French Emperor [[Napoleon I]] that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|established themselves]] in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire [[Portuguese Empire]]<ref>Boxer, p.213</ref> and propitiated “one of the most brilliant periods of the Brazilian history”.<ref>Calmon (2002), p.181</ref> All the old prohibitions and monopolies were ended: industries were allowed and free market was stablished.<ref>Calmon (2002), p.177</ref> In 1815 King [[João VI of Portugal|Dom João VI]], then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves|Kingdom united with Portugal]].<ref>Boxer, p.213</ref> The Portuguese invaded [[French Guiana]] in 1809 (that was returned to France in 1817)<ref>Bueno, p.145</ref> and the Eastern Strip in 1816 that was subsequently renamed [[Cisplatina|Cisplatine]].<ref>Calmon (2002), p.191</ref>
+In 1808, the Portuguese court, fleeing from [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s troops who were invading Portugal and most of [[Central Europe]], [[Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil|established themselves]] in the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]], which thus became the seat of government of Portugal and the entire [[Portuguese Empire]], even though it was located outside of Europe. Rio de Janeiro was the capital of the Portuguese empire from 1808 to 1815, while Portugal repelled the French invasion in the [[Peninsular War]]. After that, the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] (1815–1825) was created with [[Lisbon]] as its capital. After João VI returned to Portugal in 1821, his heir-apparent [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro]] became regent of the Kingdom of Brazil, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Following a series of [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|political incidents and disputes]], Brazil achieved its independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October 1822, Dom Pedro became the first Emperor of Brazil, being crowned on 1 December 1822. Portugal recognized Brazil as an independent country in 1825.
+In 1824, Pedro closed the Constituent Assembly, stating that the body was "endangering liberty." Pedro then produced a constitution modeled on that of Portugal (1822) and France (1814). It specified indirect elections and created the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government; however, it also added a fourth branch, the "moderating power", to be held by the Emperor. Pedro's government was considered economically and administratively inefficient. Political pressures eventually made the Emperor step down on 7 April 1831. He returned to Portugal leaving behind his five-year-old son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]. Until Pedro II reached maturity, Brazil was governed by regents from 1831 to 1840. The regency period was turbulent and marked by numerous local revolts including the [[Male Revolt|Malê Revolt]],<ref>[http://isc.temple.edu/evanson/brazilhistory/Bahia.htm Rebelions in Bahia, 1798-l838]</ref> the largest urban [[slave rebellion]] in the Americas, which took place in Bahia in 1835.<ref>Reis, João José. ''Slave Rebellion in Brazil&nbsp; — The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia''. Translated by Arthur Brakel. Johns Hopkins University Press.</ref> The [[Cabanagem]], one of the bloodiest revolts ever in Brazil, which was chiefly directed against the white ruling class, reduced the population of [[Pará]] from about 100,000 to 60,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/licaodecasa/materias/fundamental/historia/brasil/ult1689u20.jhtm|title=Cabanagem (1835-1840): Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial|work=[[Universo Online]] Liçao de Casa|author=Renato Cancian|accessdate=2007-11-12|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
-===Independence and Empire===
-{{Main|Brazilian War of Independence|Empire of Brazil}}
-King Dom [[John VI of Portugal|João VI]] returned to Europe in 26 April, 1821, leaving his elder son Dom [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro]] as regent to rule Brazil.<ref>Lustosa, pp.109-110</ref> The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.<ref>Lustosa, pp.117-119</ref> The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by their side declaring the country's independence from Portugal in September 7, 1822.<ref>Lustosa, pp.150-153</ref> On  October 12, 1822, Pedro was acclaimed first Emperor of Brazil as Dom Pedro I and crowned on 1 December 1822.<ref>Vianna, p.418</ref> The reason for the imperial title was derived from the fact that the title of king would symbolically mean a continuation of the Portuguese dynastic tradition and perhaps of the feared absolutism. While emperor derived from the popular acclamation as in [[Ancient Rome]].<ref>Lima (1997), p.339</ref> In 1822 almost all Brazilians were in favor of a monarchical form of government. [[Republicanism]] was an ideal supported by few individuals at that moment of the Brazilian history.<ref>Holanda (O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação), p.403 "... o que sabemos é que a idéia republicana no percurso da independência, pelo menos depois de 1821, foi um devaneio de poucos."</ref> The subsequent [[Brazilian War of Independence]] expanded through almost its entire territory, with battles that were fought in the northern<ref>Diégues 2004, p. 168</ref>, northeastern<ref>Diégues 2004, p. 164</ref> and southern<ref>Diégues 2004, p. 178</ref>  regions of Brazil. The last Portuguese army surrended in March 8, 1824<ref>Diégues 2004, pp. 179–180</ref> and Brazilian independence was recognized by Portugal in November 25, 1825.<ref>Lustosa, p.209</ref>
-[[Image:Independência ou Morte.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Declaration of the [[Brazilian War of Independence|Brazilian independence]] by Emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro I]] in September 7, 1822.]]
-The first (and lasting, as it would endure up to 1889<ref>Vainfas, p.170</ref>) Brazilian constitution was promulgated in 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.<ref>Vianna, p.140</ref><ref>Carvalho (1993), p.23</ref><ref>Calmon (2002), p.189</ref><ref>Vainfas, p.170</ref> It was influenced by the Belgian, Norwegian and French constitutions.<ref>Armitage, PP.92-93</ref> It was “a highly advanced charter for the time where it was elaborated”<ref>Vianna, p.431</ref> and one of most liberal at that point.<ref>Carvalho (1993), p.46</ref> It enclosed all individual guarantees that would be found in the subsequent Brazilian republican constitutions<ref>Vainfas, p.171</ref> (with total freedom of the speech up to 1889<ref>Besouchet, p.515</ref>). The government form was a hereditary, constitutional and representative (and after 1847, parliamentary<ref>Carvalho (1993), p.33</ref>) monarchy.<ref>Armitage, p.88</ref> The State was divided in four branches: Executive, Legislative, Judiciary and Moderating (or [[Royal Prerogative]])<ref>Vainfas, p.170</ref> – the latter, responsible for the “consolidation of the national unit and for the stability of the Empire’s political system”.<ref>Bonavides (1978), p.233</ref> The [[popular sovereignty]] was shared between the nation's representatives: the emperor and the parlament.<ref>Torres, p.72</ref>
+[[File:Flag of the Second Empire of Brazil.svg|thumb|right|Banner of the Empire of Brazil]]
-Pedro I was never a tyrant<ref>Armitage, p.226</ref> and always respected the constitution.<ref>Bueno, p.179</ref> However, the Brazilian defeat in the [[Argentina-Brazil War]] resulting in the loss of Cisplatine (nowadays [[Uruguay]]),<ref>Vainfas, p.322</ref> his incapacity in dealing with a representative system where he would have to take in account the opinion of the parliamentary opposition<ref>Vainfas, p.197</ref> and the provincial desire for a higher decentralization<ref> Dohlnikoff, pp.60-61</ref> all contributed for lowering his prestige among the Brazilians. But the main reason for his abdication was due to his continuous interest in the succession crisis in Portugal.<ref>Lustosa, p.278</ref> The emperor refused the Portuguese crown in favor of his [[Maria II of Portugal|eldest daughter]] in 1826,<ref>Lustosa, p.221</ref> but his brother [[Michael I of Portugal|Dom Miguel]] usurped the throne.<ref>Lustosa, p.280</ref> For the surprise, and against the will, of the Brazilians,<ref>Vianna, p.448 “levando a sua renúncia ao Trono, em favor do filho, o Príncipe Imperial D. Pedro de Alcântara. Agiu, portanto, por sua livre vontade, uma vez que o pronunciamento popular e militar não tinha esse objetivo, destinando-se a volta do Gabinete de março.”</ref><ref>Janotti, p. 180 “Caiu o primeiro monarca – e a bem dizer a verdade por que ele abdicou e não por que quisessem que ele abdicasse – mas a Monarquia não caiu”.</ref><ref>Calmon (2002), p.207</ref> Pedro I abdicated in 7 April 1831 and departed to Europe to [[Liberal Wars|reclaim his daughter’s crown]] leaving behind his son and heir who became [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]].<ref> Lyra (v.1), p.17</ref>  His reign lasted less than nine years, but “it was of intense transformation to Brazil, due to its political, economical and social development”.<ref>Vianna, p.448 “Encerrou-se o Primeiro Reinado, período que apesar de ter durado menos e nove anos foi de intensa transformação no Brasil, tendo em vista o seu desenvolvimento político, econômico e social.”</ref>
+On 23 July 1840, Pedro II was crowned Emperor. His government was marked by a substantial rise in [[coffee]] exports, the [[War of the Triple Alliance]], which left more than 300,000 dead,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442711/War-of-the-Triple-Alliance War of the Triple Alliance]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> and the end of [[History of slavery|slave trade]] from Africa in 1850, although [[slavery]] in Brazilian territory would only be abolished in 1888. By the Eusébio de Queirós law,<ref>Leslie Bethell, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1953(197122)2%3A1%3C198%3ATAOTBS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5 The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil, and the Slave Trade Question, 1807-1969], [[JSTOR]]</ref> Brazil stopped [[Atlantic slave trade|trading slaves from Africa]] in 1850. Slavery was abandoned altogether in 1888, thus making Brazil the last country of the Americas to ban slavery.<ref>[http://forests.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=9263 Brazil's Prized Exports Rely on Slaves and Scorched Land] Larry Rohter (2002) New York Times, 25 March</ref><ref>Anstey, Roger: The Atlantic Slave Trade and British abolition, 1760-1810. London: Macmillan, 1975.</ref> When slavery was finally abolished, a large influx of European immigrants took place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/latam/SLAVERY-ABOLITION.html |title=Slavery and Abolition |date= |quote=A Journal of Comparative Studies |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://http.gogobrazil.com/angloirishpress.html |title=Links between Brazil & Ireland |year=2004 |quote= Aspects of an Economic and Political Controversy between Great Britain and Brazil, 1865-1870. |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-216X(196911)1%3A2%3C115%3ATIOBAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S |title=JSTOR |date= |quote=The Independence of Brazil and the Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Anglo-Brazilian Relations, 1822-1826 |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> By the 1870s, the Emperor's control of domestic politics had started to deteriorate in the face of crises with the Catholic Church, the Army and the slaveholders. The Republican movement slowly gained strength. The dominant classes no longer needed the empire to protect their interests and deeply resented the [[abolitionism|abolition of slavery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/br_data_loc.html#a4 |title=CIAO Atlas |date= |quote=The Empire, 1822-89 |accessdate=2007-06-23}}</ref> Indeed, imperial centralization ran counter to their desire for local autonomy. By 1889 Pedro II had stepped down and the Republican system had been adopted in Brazil. In the end, the empire really fell because of a coup d'état.
-===Emperor Pedro II reign===
+===Republic===
+{{Main|Estado Novo (Brazil)|Brazilian Second Republic|Military dictatorship (Brazil)|History of Brazil (1964–1985)|History of Brazil since 1985}}
-{{Main|Pedro II of Brazil}}
-As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives as Emperor ([[Politics of the Empire of Brazil#Executive branch|Executive]] and [[Politics of the Empire of Brazil#Moderating branch|Moderating Power]]) until he reached majority, a [[Regent|regency]] was created.<ref>Carvalho 2007, p.21</ref> Disputes between political factions resulted in an unstable, almost anarchical, regency. The promulgation of the Additional Act in 1834, a constitutional amendment that gave higher administrative and political provincial decentralization, exacerbated conflicts between political parties, as whichever dominated the provinces would also gain control over the electoral and political system. Those parties which lost elections rebelled and tried to assume power by force.<ref name="Dohlnikoff, p.206">Dohlnikoff, p.206</ref> Rebellious factions, however, continued to uphold the throne of Pedro II as a way of giving the appearance of legitimacy to their actions (that is, they were not in revolt against the monarchy). The [[Cabanagem]],<ref name="Carvalho 2007, p.43"/> the [[Sabinada]]<ref name="Carvalho 2007, p.43">Carvalho (2007), p.43</ref> and the [[Balaiada]],<ref name="Carvalho 2007, p.43"/><ref>Souza, p.326</ref> all followed this course, even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics (but only so long as Pedro II was a minor).<ref>Janotti, p.171 "No Pará, [...] declarou-se que a província não reconheceria o Governo da Regência durante a menoridade do Imperador (1835); começava a ''Cabanagem'', para durar até 1840." and p.172 "explodia em novembro de 1837 a ''Sabinada'' que, declarava-se em ''Estado Republicano Independente'' [...], limitava o tempo da separação até o advento da maioridade de D. Pedro II."</ref> The exception was the [[War of the Farrapos|War of Tatters]], which began as another dispute between political factions in the province of [[Rio Grande do Sul]]<ref name="Dohlnikoff, p.206"/> but quickly evolved into a separatist rebellion financed by the [[Argentina|Argentine]] dictator Don [[Juan Manuel Rosas|Manuel Rosas]].<ref>Holanda (O Brasil Monárquico: reações e transação), p.116</ref> But even in this case, the majority of the province's population, including the largest and most prosperous cities, remained loyal to the Empire.<ref>Piccolo, pp.43-44</ref> The "generation of politicians who had come to power in the 1830s, following upon the abdication of Pedro I, had learned from bitter experience the difficulties and dangers of government. By 1840  they had lost all faith in their ability to rule the country on their own. They accepted Pedro II as an authority figure whose presence was indispensable for the country's survival."<ref>Barman, p.317</ref>
-[[Image:Pedro II of Brazil 1853.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Dom Pedro II]] at age 27, 1853. For "the longevity of his government and the transformations that occurred in its course, no other Head of State has marked more deeply the history of the country."<ref>Carvalho (2007), p.9</ref>]]
-Thus, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and “Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress.”<ref>Munro, p.273</ref> From then "onward the Empire’s stability and prosperity when compared to the turmoil and poverty of the Spanish American republics gave ample proof” of the emperor’s successful government.<ref>Barman (1999), p.307</ref> Brazilian economic growth, especially after 1850, compared "very well" with that of with the United States and the European countries.<ref>Fausto (2005), p.50</ref> The absolute value of the exports of the Empire was the highest in Latin America<ref>Fausto (2005), p. 47</ref> and the country held undisputed hegemony over all the region until its end.<ref>Lyra (v.2), p.9</ref> In 1850 there were 50 factories in the country and in 1889 it grew to 636.<ref>Vianna, p.496</ref> The first railroad line with only 15 kilometers was opened in April, 30, 1854<ref>Calmon (2002), p.222</ref> when many European coutries did not have one.<ref>Lyra (v.2), p.13</ref> By the end of the Empire in 1889 it had expanded to 9,200 kilometers with another 9,000 kilometers under construction.<ref>Calmon (2002), p.226</ref> By 1860 the country’s revenues were the eight largest in the world.<ref>Lyra (v.1), p.200</ref> It was also the third country to have [[sewage treatment]] and the fifth to have [[Sanitary sewer|sewers]].<ref>Lyra (v.2), p.13</ref> Brazil had the fifth most powerful navy in the world by 1870<ref>Doratioto (1996), p.23</ref> and kept that position up to 1889.<ref>Calmon (2002), p.265</ref>
+[[File:Lula - foto oficial05012007 edit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], current President of the Federative Republic of Brazil]]
-While its neighbors fell into anarchy and dictatorships in Brazil civil liberties were respected along “with all the freedom permitted by an extremely broad-minded and tolerant policy toward the press.”<ref>Munro, p.274</ref> In politics there were "solid and competitive parties, an active parliament, a free press, open debate".<ref>Carvalho (1993), p. 65: “partidos sólidos e competitivos, parlamento atuante, imprensa livre, debate aberto”</ref> Brazilian parliamentary system was considered the most similar to the British<ref> Holanda (O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação), p. 261: ''“daria ao Império uma posição de ilustre companhia ao lado do leão britânico”.''</ref><ref>Lima, p. 401: ''"...in Great Britain and also in Brazil, that from all countries in the [[Western culture|Western Civilization]] its imperial regime was the one most similar to the British parliamentarism".''</ref> and was profoundly admired by foreign observers.<ref>Carvalho (2007), p. 86</ref> Pedro II was seen in high regard by his subjects<ref>Munro, p.275</ref> and was perceived with “respect, almost veneration” in Europe and North America.<ref>Barman (1999), p.400</ref> Brazil also won three international wars during his long reign of 58 years ([[Platine War]],<ref>Lyra (v.1),p.164</ref> [[Uruguayan War]]<ref>Lyra (v.1),p.225</ref> and [[War of the Triple Alliance]]).<ref>Lyra (v.1),p.272</ref> The emperor, who never owned slaves,<ref>Barman (1999), p.194</ref> also led the abolitionist campaign<ref>Lyra (v.3), pp.29-30</ref> that eventually extinguished slavery after a slow but steady process that went from the end of international traffic in 1850<ref> Lyra (v.1), p.166</ref> up to the complete abolition in 1888.<ref>Lyra (v.3), p.62</ref>
+[[Image:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil 2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil]], the [[lower house]] of the [[Congresso Nacional|National Congress]].]]
+Pedro II was deposed on 15 November 1889 by a Republican [[coup d'état|military coup]] led by general [[Deodoro da Fonseca]],<ref>U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+br0022) "The Republican Era, 1889-1985"]. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 16 August 2007.</ref> who became the country’s first ''de facto'' president through military ascension. The country's name became the ''Republic of the United States of Brazil''. From 1889 to 1930, the dominant states of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Minas Gerais]] alternated control of the presidency.<ref name=casahist>{{cite web| url=http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Republic_1889-1964| title=CasaHistória "Republic 1889-1964"| accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref><ref name=uscongress>U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+br0022) "The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54"]</ref> A military junta took control in 1930. [[Getúlio Vargas]] took office soon after and remained as dictatorial ruler until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. During this period Brazil also took part in [[Brazil during World War I|World War I]] and [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|World War II]]. After 1930, successive governments continued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of the vast interior of Brazil.<ref name=uscongress/><ref>Valença, Márcio M. [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/geographyAndEnvironment/research/Researchpapers/rp58.pdf "Patron-Client Relations and Politics in Brazil: A Historical Overview"]. Retrieved June 16, 2007.</ref> [[Juscelino Kubitschek]]'s office years (1956–1961) were marked by the political campaign motto ''"50 anos em 5"'' ({{lang-en|fifty years of development in five}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Metas criado por JK foi um marco da economia brasileira |date=2006-02-17 |url=http://aol.universiabrasil.net/materia/materia.jsp?materia=10094 |author=Renato Marques |language=Portuguese |accessdate=2007-08-12 }}</ref>
-Brazil was a “prosperous and [internationally] respected” country<ref>Lima, p.87</ref> when the monarchy was overthrown in November 15, 1889.<ref>Munro, p.280</ref> There was no desire in Brazil (at least among the majority of its population) to change the [[form of government]]<ref>Ermakoff, p.189 "Não havia, portanto, clamor pela mudança do regime de governo, exceto alguns gritos de "Viva a República", entoados por pequenos grupos de militantes à espreita da passagem da carruagem imperial."</ref> and Pedro II was on the height of his popularity among his subjects.<ref>Schwarcz, p.444</ref><ref>Vainfas, p.201</ref> Pedro II, however, “bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrown.”<ref>Barman (1999), p.399</ref> After the death of his two male sons, he believed that “the imperial regime was destined to end with him.”<ref>Barman (1999), p.130</ref> The emperor did not care about its fate<ref>Lyra (v.3), p.126</ref><ref>Barman (1999), p.361</ref> and did nothing (nor allowed anyone) to prevent the military coup<ref>Lyra (v.3), p.99</ref> that was backed by former slave owners that resented the abolition of slavery.<ref>Schwarcz, pp.450 and 457</ref> The monarchist reaction after the fall of the empire “was not small and even less its repression”.<ref>Salles, p.194</ref> The “new regime suppressed with swift brutality and total disdain for civil liberties all attempts to launch a monarchist party or to publish monarchist newspapers.”<ref>Barman (1999), p.400</ref> Soon after several popular riots in protest against the coup occurred as also battles between monarchist Army troops against republican militias.<ref>Mônaco Janotti, p.117</ref> Those were followed by a civil war where monarchist military and politicians tried to restore the empire in the [[Federalist Riograndense Revolution (Brazil)|Federalist Revolution]] and the [[Revolta da Armada|Second Navy Rebellion]].<ref>Martins, p.116</ref><ref>Salles, p.195</ref> The last monarchist rebellion occurred in 1904 in what was called the [[Vaccine Revolt]].<ref>Mônaco Janotti, p.255</ref><ref>Salles, p.195</ref>
+The military took office in Brazil in a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|coup d'état in 1964]] and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. In 1967 the name of the country was changed to ''Federative Republic of Brazil''. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change.<ref>CasaHistória website, [http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Military_Rule "Military Rule"]. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref> Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Resources on the Internet: Federal Elections in Brazil |url=http://electionresources.org/br/index_en.html |date=2006-10-30 |author=Manuel Álvarez-Rivera |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref> [[Fernando Collor de Mello]] was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime.<ref name=Gover>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/history/xx_cent/ | publisher=Brazilian Government website |title=20th century (1990-1992 The Collor Government) |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref> Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of scandals were uncovered by the media.<ref name=Gover/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1937(1993)35%3A1%3C1%3ATRAFOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 |title=The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy | publisher=JSTOR | accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> The vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], assumed the presidency. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]], Itamar Franco's administration implemented the [[Plano Real]] economic package,<ref name=Gover/> which included a new currency temporarily pegged to the U.S. dollar, the [[Brazilian real|''real'']]. In the elections held on 3 October 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won, being reelected in 1998. Brazil's current president is [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006.
-===Old Republic and Vargas dictatorship===
-[[Image:Revolução de 1930.jpg|thumb|220px|right|The Brazilian coup d'Etat of 1930 raised [[Getúlio Vargas]] (center) to power. He would rule the country for fifteen years as a fascist dictator. Although Vargas led a highly repressive order, he "contributed with undeniable advances for the development of the country".<ref>Ferreira, p.14</ref>]]
-The regime that followed the overthrown of the monarchy revealed itself to be highly unstable.<ref>Vasquez, p.91, In “a little more than a century of existence, the Brazilian Republic faced twelve states of emergency, seventeen institutional acts, the National Congress shut down six times, nineteen military revolutions, two presidential resignations, three presidents hindered from assuming office, four presidents deposed, seven different Constitutions, four dictatorships and nine authoritarian governments”</ref> The early republican government “was little more than a military dictatorship. The army dominated affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power”.<ref>Munro, p.280</ref> In 1894 the republican civilians rose to power, opening a “prolonged cycle of civil war, financial disaster, and government incompetence.”<ref>Barman (1999), p.403</ref> By 1902, the government “ended all ostracism of former monarchists and began a return to the policies pursued during the Empire, policies that promised peace and order at home and a restoration of Brazil’s prestige abroad.”<ref>Barman (1999), p.403</ref> [[Baron of Rio Branco|José Paranhos Júnior, the Baron of Rio Branco]] was appointed minister of foreign relations and was highly successful in negotiating several treaties that expanded and secured the Brazilian boundaries<ref>Barman (1999), p.404</ref> but failed to reinstate the country’s prominence in Latin America.<ref>Doratioto (2005), p.27</ref> The return of Pedro II’s remains from Europe in 1922 and the subsequent Head of State funeral and popular celebrations across the country reconciled the republic with its monarchic past.<ref>Barman (1999), p.405</ref>
+==Government and politics==
-A military junta took control in 1930. [[Getúlio Vargas]] took office soon after and remained as dictatorial ruler until 1945. He was re-elected in 1951 and stayed in office until his suicide in 1954. During this period Brazil also took part in [[Brazil during World War I|World War I]] and [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|World War II]]. After 1930, successive governments continued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of the vast interior of Brazil.<ref name=uscongress>U.S. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Brazil, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+br0022) "The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54"]</ref><ref>Valença, Márcio M. [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/geographyAndEnvironment/research/Researchpapers/rp58.pdf "Patron-Client Relations and Politics in Brazil: A Historical Overview"]. Retrieved June 16, 2007.</ref>
+{{Main|Politics of Brazil}}
+[[Image:National Congress of Brazil.jpg|thumb|The [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] in [[Brasília]], the [[capital (political)|capital]] of Brazil.]]
+The Brazilian Federation is based on the union of three autonomous political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.<ref name="Constituição"/> A fourth entity originated in the aforementioned association: the Union.<ref name="Constituição"/> There is no hierarchy among the political entities. The Federation is set on six fundamental principles:<ref name="Constituição"/> [[sovereignty]], [[citizenship]], [[dignity]] of the people, social value of [[labour (economics)|labor]], freedom of [[Organization|enterprise]], and [[political pluralism]]. The classic tripartite branches of government ([[executive (government)|executive]], [[legislature|legislative]], and [[judiciary|judicial]] under the [[checks and balances]] system), is formally established by the Constitution.<ref name="Constituição"/> The executive and legislative are organized independently in all four political entities, while the judiciary is organized only in the federal and state levels.
-===Military dictatorship and Contemporary era===
-[[File:1964coupRJ.jpg|thumb|left|220px|The 1964 coup d'état began a dictatorship that lasted until 1985, the longest in Brazilian history.]]
-[[Juscelino Kubitschek]]'s office years (1956–1961) were marked by the political campaign motto ''"50 anos em 5"'' ({{lang-en|fifty years of development in five}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plano de Metas criado por JK foi um marco da economia brasileira |date=2006-02-17 |url=http://aol.universiabrasil.net/materia/materia.jsp?materia=10094 |author=Renato Marques |language=Portuguese |accessdate=2007-08-12 }}</ref>
+All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.<ref name=embassy>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html |title=Embassy of Brazil&nbsp; — Ottawa |date= |quote=Political Institutions&nbsp; — The Executive |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html |title=City Mayors |date= |quote=Brazil federal, state and local government |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0024-7413(196424)1%3A2%3C29%3ABP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W |title=JSTOR |date= |quote=Brazilian Politics |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.<ref name=embassy/> Voting is compulsory for those between 18 and 65 years old.<ref name="Constituição"/> Four political parties stand out among several small ones: [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] (PT), [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]] (PSDB), [[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party]] (PMDB), and [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]] (formerly Liberal Front Party – PFL). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
-The military took office in Brazil in a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|coup d'état in 1964]] and remained in power until March 1985, when it fell from grace because of political struggles between the regime and the Brazilian elites. In 1967 the name of the country was changed to ''Federative Republic of Brazil''. Just as the Brazilian regime changes of 1889, 1930, and 1945 unleashed competing political forces and caused divisions within the military, so too did the 1964 regime change.<ref>CasaHistória website, [http://www.casahistoria.net/Brazil.htm#Military_Rule "Military Rule"]. Retrieved June 12, 2007.</ref>
+The form of government is that of a [[democracy|democratic]] republic, with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Constituição"/> The president is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of the Union and is [[elected]] for a four-year term,<ref name="Constituição"/> with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]. He was elected on October 27, 2002,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2367025.stm "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election"] BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007</ref> and re-elected on October 29, 2006.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6095820.stm "Brazil re-elects President Lula"] BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007</ref> The President appoints the [[Ministers of State]], who assist in governing.<ref name="Constituição"/> Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of laws in Brazil. The [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]]. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
-Democracy was re-established in 1988 when the current Federal Constitution was enacted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Resources on the Internet: Federal Elections in Brazil |url=http://electionresources.org/br/index_en.html |date=2006-10-30 |author=Manuel Álvarez-Rivera |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref> [[Fernando Collor de Mello]] was the first president truly elected by popular vote after the military regime.<ref name=Gover>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/history/xx_cent/ | publisher=Brazilian Government website |title=20th century (1990-1992 The Collor Government) |accessdate=2007-06-20}}</ref> Collor took office in March 1990. In September 1992, the National Congress voted for Collor's impeachment after a sequence of scandals were uncovered by the media.<ref name=Gover/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-1937(1993)35%3A1%3C1%3ATRAFOP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 |title=The Rise and Fall of President Collor and Its Impact on Brazilian Democracy | publisher=JSTOR | accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> The vice-president, [[Itamar Franco]], assumed the presidency. Assisted by the Minister of Finance at that time, [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]], Itamar Franco's administration implemented the [[Plano Real]] economic package,<ref name=Gover/> which included a new currency temporarily pegged to the U.S. dollar, the [[Brazilian real|''real'']]. In the elections held on 3 October 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso ran for president and won, being reelected in 1998. Brazil's current president is [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006.
 ==Government and politics==

Revision as of 15:06, 27 October 2009

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