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List of American independent films

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This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]

Differences from Hollywood

[edit]

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][12]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[13][14]

Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[15]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[18]

Background

[edit]

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[19][20][11] was previously associated with Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures[21]), exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[22]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[23][24][25][14][26][27][28]

A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.[29]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[30][31][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[32][33][34][35][36][4]

Divisions

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Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[37] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[38][39] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[40][41]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

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Sources

[edit]

[43][2][44][30][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]

List of selected notable American independent films

[edit]

Pre-1950s

[edit]

1950s

[edit]

1960s

[edit]

1970s

[edit]

[49][126][87][77][115][88]≈

1980s

[edit]

[182][75][119][120][14][49][157][153]≈

[181][182][24][75][119][120][49][153][154]

[119][24][120][157][87][115][67]≈

[119][188][24][205][120][14][49][77][115]≈

1990s

[edit]

[6][201][182][75][87][77]

[77][210][118][14][49][87]≈

[6][201][222][182][49][87][223][88]

[194][86][6][201][226][91][87][210]

[222][182][75][119][118][49]≈

[4][221][180][46][6][75][14][49][67]≈

[182][119][49][87][209][210]

[6][226][91][49][209][210]

[121][75][91][49][87][77]

2000s

[edit]

[86][75][119][118][49][87][256]

[279][222][182][259][75][118][91][49][87][256]

2010s

[edit]

2020s

[edit]

List of notable directors of American independent cinema

[edit]

[49][87][7][77]

[19][120][14][49][157][87][77][156]

[240][48][194][86][201][182][14][87][345]

[181][182][14][49]

[176][48][194][181][182][19][120][157][87]

[181][120][14][87][7][77]

[182][120][141][77]

[77][53][95]

[49][200][77]

[182][173][133][156]

[48][86][204][182][118][120][49][87]

[194][86][201][182][120][14][49][77][345]

[235][86][182][87][133]

[128][49][157][87][77]

[31][170][194][86][204][181][182][238][188][14][49]

[31][261][5][225][201][182][14][49][87]

[120][77]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
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  10. ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
  11. ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
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  16. ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
  17. ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
  18. ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
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  20. ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
  21. ^ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
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  26. ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
  27. ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
  28. ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
  29. ^ The Strange and Sad Saga of How Filmmaker Mark Rappaport Lost His Movies (And What He Can Do To Get Them Back)|IndieWire
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  32. ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
  33. ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
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  35. ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
  36. ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
  37. ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
  38. ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
  39. ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
  40. ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  41. ^ [The End of Independent Film As We Know It - The Ringer]
  42. ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
  43. ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
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  46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
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  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
  50. ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
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  54. ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
  55. ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
  56. ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
  57. ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
  58. ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  59. ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
  60. ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
  61. ^ a b Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
  62. ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
  63. ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
  64. ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
  65. ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
  66. ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
  67. ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
  68. ^ film essay for "Mom and Dad" - loc.gov
  69. ^ The amazing story of Mom and Dad|Wexner Center for the Arts
  70. ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
  71. ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
  72. ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
  73. ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  74. ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
  76. ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
  78. ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
  79. ^ Dementia: Myth and Nocturne - Art & Trash on Vimeo
  80. ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
  81. ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  82. ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  83. ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
  84. ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
  85. ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
  89. ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
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  91. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  92. ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  93. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  94. ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  95. ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  96. ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  97. ^ Night Tide - Variety
  98. ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
  99. ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  100. ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  101. ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  102. ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  103. ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  104. ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  105. ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
  106. ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
  107. ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
  108. ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
  109. ^ West Virginia related films|News, Sports, Jobs - Graf WV
  110. ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
  111. ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  112. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
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  114. ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  115. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  116. ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  117. ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  118. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  120. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  122. ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
  123. ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
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  125. ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
  126. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  127. ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
  128. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
  129. ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
  130. ^ a b c Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
  131. ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  132. ^ a b c d e NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  134. ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  135. ^ "A Boy and His Dog". New Beverly Cinema. 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  136. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  137. ^ A Year of Fear - Google Books (pg.117)
  138. ^ "Film History of the 1970s". www.filmsite.org.
  139. ^ Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
  140. ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  141. ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  142. ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  143. ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
  144. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
  145. ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  146. ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  147. ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
  148. ^ Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
  149. ^ From the Vaults of Streaming Hell: The Psychotronic Man - Spectrum Culture
  150. ^ Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. p. 418. ISBN 0-425-17517-0.
  151. ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  152. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  153. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
  154. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
  155. ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
  156. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  157. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
  158. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Acting Indie - Google Books
  159. ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  160. ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  161. ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  162. ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  163. ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  164. ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  165. ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  166. ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  167. ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
  168. ^ American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
  169. ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  170. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
  171. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
  172. ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  173. ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
  174. ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
  175. ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
  176. ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
  177. ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
  178. ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  179. ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  180. ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
  181. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
  182. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
  183. ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
  184. ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
  185. ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  186. ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  187. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  188. ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  189. ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  190. ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  191. ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
  192. ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
  193. ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
  194. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
  195. ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
  196. ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  197. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  198. ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  199. ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
  200. ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
  201. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
  202. ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  203. ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  204. ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  205. ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  206. ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
  207. ^ a b c Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
  208. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
  209. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  210. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  211. ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  212. ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  213. ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  214. ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
  215. ^ KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
  216. ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  217. ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  218. ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
  219. ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
  220. ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  221. ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  222. ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  223. ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
  224. ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
  226. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  227. ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  228. ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  229. ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  230. ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  231. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  232. ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  233. ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  234. ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  235. ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  236. ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  237. ^ Closer to Home - Variety
  238. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
  239. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
  240. ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  241. ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  242. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  243. ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  244. ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  245. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
  246. ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
  247. ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
  248. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
  249. ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  250. ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  251. ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
  252. ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  253. ^ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
  254. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
  255. ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  256. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
  257. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
  258. ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  259. ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  260. ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  261. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
  262. ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  263. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  264. ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  265. ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  266. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  267. ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  268. ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  269. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  270. ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  271. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  272. ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
  273. ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  274. ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  275. ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  276. ^ BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
  277. ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
  278. ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  279. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
  280. ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  281. ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  282. ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  283. ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  284. ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
  285. ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  286. ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  287. ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  288. ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  289. ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
  290. ^ a b The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  291. ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  292. ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
  293. ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  294. ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  295. ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
  296. ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  297. ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  298. ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
  299. ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  300. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  301. ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  302. ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  303. ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
  304. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
  305. ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  306. ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  307. ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  308. ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  309. ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
  310. ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  311. ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  312. ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
  313. ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  314. ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
  315. ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
  316. ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  317. ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  318. ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  319. ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  320. ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  321. ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  322. ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  323. ^ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
  324. ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  325. ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  326. ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  327. ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  328. ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  329. ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
  330. ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
  331. ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  332. ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  333. ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  334. ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  335. ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  336. ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  337. ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  338. ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
  339. ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
  340. ^ Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
  341. ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
  342. ^ a b c Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
  343. ^ a b Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
  344. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
  345. ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
  346. ^ a b 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
  347. ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
  348. ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  349. ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
  350. ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
  351. ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
  352. ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
  353. ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
  354. ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
  355. ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  356. ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
  357. ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
  358. ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  359. ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  360. ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  361. ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
  362. ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
  363. ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
  364. ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
  365. ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  366. ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
  367. ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
  368. ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  369. ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
  370. ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  371. ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
  372. ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
  373. ^ THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
  374. ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
  375. ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  376. ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  377. ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times

Bibliography

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Notes

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See also

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