Ranghar: Difference between revisions
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|poptime = 1,822,000 <ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php</ref> |
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''Ranghar'' ({{lang-ur|رانگھڑ}}) are a clan of [[Muslim Rajput]], which were once found in the state of [[Haryana]] and still found in the [[Doab]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]], as well as [[Delhi]] in [[India]].<ref name="ReferenceA">People of India: Uttar Pradesh XLII Part III edited by K Singh page 1197</ref> Presently, the [[Haryana]] Ranghar are now found in the provinces of [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] of [[Pakistan]], while those of western [[Uttar Pradesh]] remain in [[India]].<ref>Punjabi Musalmaan by J M Wikely</ref> Please note the term Ranghar is very rarely used by the community itself, who prefer the self-designation '''Musalman Rajput'''. The Ranghar use the titles of [[Rao (surname)|Rao]], [[Rana (title)|Rana]] and [[Kunwar]], prefixed to their given names, and use [[Khan (name)|Khan]] as a surname. In [[Haryana]], the Ranghar spoke a dialect of their own, called Ranghari, which is itself a dialect of [[Haryanvi]], and many in [[Pakistan]] still use the language. Those of [[Uttar Pradesh]] speak [[Khari Boli]] among themselves, and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] with outsiders. After independence of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, many Ranghar migrated from [[Uttar Pradesh]] in [[India]] to [[Sindh]] in [[Pakistan]] and mostly settling in [[Karachi]]. They are entirely [[Sunni]], but like other [[Sunni]] communities are affected by the [[Deobandi]] and [[Barelvi]] split. |
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In addition to the Rajputs, the term was also used for three other communities, the Pacheda, the [[Tyagi (Muslim)|Muslim Tyagi]]s of [[Haryana]] and the [[Muley Jat]]s. In addition, the [[Odh]] community in [[Pakistan]] are also often known as Ranghar.<ref>http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_082031.pdf</ref>[[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]] who were converted to [[Islam]] are also known as Ranghars.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181&dq=muslim++rangars&hl=en&ei=Pđ20ITaKjB4P6lwezgvTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=muslim%20%20rangars&f=false</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA61&dq=ahir+rulers&hl=en&ei=XWkITcfKFsK88gahhqB0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=ahir&f=false</ref><ref>Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial ..., Volume 2 edited by Edward Balfour--page 85</ref> |
In addition to the Rajputs, the term was also used for three other communities, the Pacheda, the [[Tyagi (Muslim)|Muslim Tyagi]]s of [[Haryana]] and the [[Muley Jat]]s. In addition, the [[Odh]] community in [[Pakistan]] are also often known as Ranghar.<ref>http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_082031.pdf</ref>[[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]] who were converted to [[Islam]] are also known as Ranghars.<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181&dq=muslim++rangars&hl=en&ei=Pđ20ITaKjB4P6lwezgvTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=muslim%20%20rangars&f=false</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA61&dq=ahir+rulers&hl=en&ei=XWkITcfKFsK88gahhqB0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=ahir&f=false</ref><ref>Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial ..., Volume 2 edited by Edward Balfour--page 85</ref> |
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{{cquote|If a [[Hindu]] [[Chauhan]] [[Rajput]] turns Mohammadan, he would still be a Chauhan Rajput, but his Hindu kinsmans would also dub him Ranghar, a term only a trifle less deregatory then chotikat.<ref>A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref>}} |
{{cquote|If a [[Hindu]] [[Chauhan]] [[Rajput]] turns Mohammadan, he would still be a Chauhan Rajput, but his Hindu kinsmans would also dub him Ranghar, a term only a trifle less deregatory then chotikat.<ref>A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose</ref>}} |
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Different communities of Ranghar had different accounts of their conversion to Islam. Thus in [[Jind]], the local Ranghar claimed descent from a Firuz, who converted to [[Islam]] during the rule of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. These converted Rajputs kept |
Different communities of Ranghar had different accounts of their conversion to [[Islam]]. Thus in [[Jind]], the local Ranghar claimed descent from a Firuz, who converted to [[Islam]] during the rule of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. These converted Rajputs kept few [[Hindu]] practices, such as keeping [[Brahmin]] priests, and practising clan [[exogamy]]. The [[Chauhan]] Ranghar of [[Bulandshahr District]] have a tradition that there ancestor murdered a [[Muslim]] governor, and saved himsellf by converting to [[Islam]]. While the [[Moradabad District]] [[Chauhan]] claim they converted to [[Islam]], after they had adopted the custom of widow remarriage, an activity proscribed in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Tribes and Castes of Northwestern Provinces and Oudh by William Crook</ref> |
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The Ranghar were [[pastoralist]]s, and as such came into conflict with the [[United Kingdom|British]] imperial authorities, as the British colonial policy favoured settled agricultural communities such as the [[Ror]] and [[Jat]], at the expense of these pastoralists.<ref>The Peasant Armed by Eric Stokes</ref> But they were also actively recruited by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the [[Indian army]], and were dubbed a [[martial race]].<ref>Hindustani Musalmans and Musalman of East Punjab by W M Bourne</ref> |
The Ranghar were [[pastoralist]]s, and as such came into conflict with the [[United Kingdom|British]] imperial authorities, as the British colonial policy favoured settled agricultural communities such as the [[Ror]] and [[Jat]], at the expense of these pastoralists.<ref>The Peasant Armed by Eric Stokes</ref> But they were also actively recruited by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the [[Indian army]], and were dubbed a [[martial race]].<ref>Hindustani Musalmans and Musalman of East Punjab by W M Bourne</ref> |
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The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the [[Yamuna]] river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the cis Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The |
The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the [[Yamuna]] river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the cis Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The independence of [[Pakistan]] further divided these two groups, with the trans Yamuna Ranghar emigrating to Pakistan, while those of the [[Doab]] remaining in [[India]]. They comprise a large numbered of dispersed intermarrying clans. These exogamous groups are made up of myriad landholding patrilineages of varying genealogical depth, ritual, and social status called biradaries or brotherhoods scattered in the various districts of western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The biradari, or lineage is one of the principal point of reference for the Ranghars, and all biradaris claim descent from a common ancestor. Often biradaris inhabit a cluster of villages called chaurasis (84 villages), chatisis (36 villages) and chabisis (26 villages).<ref>Embattled Identities: Rajput Lineages and the Colonial State in Nineteenth Century North India by Malavika Kasturi</ref> An example of a chatisa is that of the [[Chauhan]] Ranghar of the Agauta [[pargana]] of [[Bulandshahr District]].<ref>The Peasant and the Raj by Eric Stokes</ref> The [[Chauhan]], [[Bhatti]]and [[Parmar|Panwar]] form the principal biradaris of the Ranghar, with large communities in [[Chauhan]]and [[Bhatti]] predominating in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and the [[Tomar]] and [[Parmar|Panwar]] being found among the western Ranghar. |
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==Distribution and present circumstances== |
==Distribution and present circumstances== |
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===In Pakistan=== |
===In Pakistan=== |
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After |
After independence of [[Pakistan]], the Haryana Ranghar have settled down mainly in the districts of [[Lahore District|Lahore]], [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]], [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]], [[Bahawalnagar]], Rahim yar Khan District (specially in Khanpur tehsil)[[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], [[Layyah]], [[Vehari]], [[Sahiwal District|Sahiwal]] and [[Multan District|Multan]] of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]. They speak a [[Haryanvi]] dialect which is often called '''Ranghari'''.<ref>Punjabi Musalmans by J. M Wikely</ref> They are also found in [[Mirpur Khas District|Mirpur Khas]] and [[Nawabshah District|Nawabshah]] Districts of [[Sindh]]. Recent studies of the Ranghar communities in [[Pakistan]] have confirmed that they maintain a distinct identity.<ref>Muslim Communities of South Asia Culture, Society and Power edited T N Madan page 42-43</ref> They have maintained the system of exogamous marriages, the practice of not marrying with in ones clan, which marks them out from neighbouring [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Muslim]] communities, which prefer marriages with first cousins. In districts of [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]], [[Okara District|Okara]], and [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]] which have the densest concentrations of Rangarh, they consist mostly of small peasants, with many serving in the army, police and Civil Services. They maintain an overarching tribal council ([[panchayat]] in the Rangharhi dialect), which deals with a number of issues, such as punishments for petty crime or co-operation over village projects. |
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Most Ranghar are now bilingual, speaking [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], as well as still speaking Ranghari. A large number of Ranghars are also found in the capital city of [[Islamabad]]. They speak Urdu with Ranghari accent. |
Most Ranghar are now bilingual, speaking [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], as well as still speaking Ranghari. A large number of Ranghars are also found in the capital city of [[Islamabad]]. They speak Urdu with Ranghari accent. |
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The Pachada were a [[pastoral]] tribe, and early British historians connected them with tribes found in along the [[Sutlej]] such as the [[Wattu]] and [[Kharal]], who were also pastoral. During the [[1857 War of Independence]], the Pachadas played a key part in the disturbances that occurred in western [[Haryana]] and northern [[Rajasthan]].<ref>A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of OPunjab by H. A Rose</ref> |
The Pachada were a [[pastoral]] tribe, and early British historians connected them with tribes found in along the [[Sutlej]] such as the [[Wattu]] and [[Kharal]], who were also pastoral. During the [[1857 War of Independence]], the Pachadas played a key part in the disturbances that occurred in western [[Haryana]] and northern [[Rajasthan]].<ref>A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of OPunjab by H. A Rose</ref> |
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At the time of |
At the time of independence of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the Pachadas like other Muslim Rajputs tribes moved en mass to Pakistan. They are now found throughout Punjab, with concentrations in [[Kasur]] and [[Okara District|Okara]] Districts. |
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There are still however, in [[Bikaner]] are a small number of Pachadas of the [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] clan. |
There are still however, in [[Bikaner]] are a small number of Pachadas of the [[Rath (tribe)|Rath]] clan. |
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[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]] |
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi]] |
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[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]] |
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]] |
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[[hi:रंगढ़]] |
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[[ur:رانگھڑ]] |
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Revision as of 18:26, 7 August 2011
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
•  Pakistan •  India •  United States •  Canada •  Australia | |
| Languages | |
| • Haryanvi • Khari Boli • Punjabi • Sindhi • Urdu • English | |
| Religion | |
•  Islam 100% • | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| • Rajputs • Muslim Rajputs • Khanzada • Punjabi Rajputs • Gaurwa |
Ranghar (Urdu: رانگھڑ) are a clan of Muslim Rajput, which were once found in the state of Haryana and still found in the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, as well as Delhi in India.[2] Presently, the Haryana Ranghar are now found in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab of Pakistan, while those of western Uttar Pradesh remain in India.[3] Please note the term Ranghar is very rarely used by the community itself, who prefer the self-designation Musalman Rajput. The Ranghar use the titles of Rao, Rana and Kunwar, prefixed to their given names, and use Khan as a surname. In Haryana, the Ranghar spoke a dialect of their own, called Ranghari, which is itself a dialect of Haryanvi, and many in Pakistan still use the language. Those of Uttar Pradesh speak Khari Boli among themselves, and Urdu with outsiders. After independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Ranghar migrated from Uttar Pradesh in India to Sindh in Pakistan and mostly settling in Karachi. They are entirely Sunni, but like other Sunni communities are affected by the Deobandi and Barelvi split.
In addition to the Rajputs, the term was also used for three other communities, the Pacheda, the Muslim Tyagis of Haryana and the Muley Jats. In addition, the Odh community in Pakistan are also often known as Ranghar.[4]Yaduvanshi Ahirs who were converted to Islam are also known as Ranghars.[5][6][7]
History and origin
There are various theories as to the origin of the term Ranghar. According to one of the traditions, the name come from the Hindi words rana garh, which means the house (garh in Hindi) of a lord(rana).[8] There is another definition of Ranghar that it is combination of two words run and garh.[9] Run is said to mean a battle field while Garh means that who fought bravely on the battle field. But the term Ranghar was also somewhat contemptously applied by the local Hindu community in Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh to any Rajput, who converted to Islam. As such the term Ranghar is rarely used by the community itself.
If a Hindu Chauhan Rajput turns Mohammadan, he would still be a Chauhan Rajput, but his Hindu kinsmans would also dub him Ranghar, a term only a trifle less deregatory then chotikat.[10]
Different communities of Ranghar had different accounts of their conversion to Islam. Thus in Jind, the local Ranghar claimed descent from a Firuz, who converted to Islam during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. These converted Rajputs kept few Hindu practices, such as keeping Brahmin priests, and practising clan exogamy. The Chauhan Ranghar of Bulandshahr District have a tradition that there ancestor murdered a Muslim governor, and saved himsellf by converting to Islam. While the Moradabad District Chauhan claim they converted to Islam, after they had adopted the custom of widow remarriage, an activity proscribed in Hinduism.[11]
The Ranghar were pastoralists, and as such came into conflict with the British imperial authorities, as the British colonial policy favoured settled agricultural communities such as the Ror and Jat, at the expense of these pastoralists.[12] But they were also actively recruited by the British in the Indian army, and were dubbed a martial race.[13]
The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the Yamuna river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the cis Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The independence of Pakistan further divided these two groups, with the trans Yamuna Ranghar emigrating to Pakistan, while those of the Doab remaining in India. They comprise a large numbered of dispersed intermarrying clans. These exogamous groups are made up of myriad landholding patrilineages of varying genealogical depth, ritual, and social status called biradaries or brotherhoods scattered in the various districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The biradari, or lineage is one of the principal point of reference for the Ranghars, and all biradaris claim descent from a common ancestor. Often biradaris inhabit a cluster of villages called chaurasis (84 villages), chatisis (36 villages) and chabisis (26 villages).[14] An example of a chatisa is that of the Chauhan Ranghar of the Agauta pargana of Bulandshahr District.[15] The Chauhan, Bhattiand Panwar form the principal biradaris of the Ranghar, with large communities in Chauhanand Bhatti predominating in Uttar Pradesh and the Tomar and Panwar being found among the western Ranghar.
Distribution and present circumstances
In Pakistan
After independence of Pakistan, the Haryana Ranghar have settled down mainly in the districts of Lahore, Sheikhupura, Bhakkar, Bahawalnagar, Rahim yar Khan District (specially in Khanpur tehsil)Okara, Layyah, Vehari, Sahiwal and Multan of Punjab. They speak a Haryanvi dialect which is often called Ranghari.[16] They are also found in Mirpur Khas and Nawabshah Districts of Sindh. Recent studies of the Ranghar communities in Pakistan have confirmed that they maintain a distinct identity.[17] They have maintained the system of exogamous marriages, the practice of not marrying with in ones clan, which marks them out from neighbouring Punjabi Muslim communities, which prefer marriages with first cousins. In districts of Pakpattan, Okara, and Bahawalnagar which have the densest concentrations of Rangarh, they consist mostly of small peasants, with many serving in the army, police and Civil Services. They maintain an overarching tribal council (panchayat in the Rangharhi dialect), which deals with a number of issues, such as punishments for petty crime or co-operation over village projects.
Most Ranghar are now bilingual, speaking Punjabi and Sindhi, as well as still speaking Ranghari. A large number of Ranghars are also found in the capital city of Islamabad. They speak Urdu with Ranghari accent.
In India
In India, the Ranghar are found in western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.
In Uttar Pradesh
The Ranghar of western Uttar Pradesh have by and large remained in India, with only a small trickle migrating to Pakistan.[2] This community is endogamous, and divided into three broad categories, the Agnivanshi, the Chandravanshi and Suryavanshi, which are again divided into several biradaris or gotras. The community is distinct from other neighbouring Muslim communities, in that follow the custom of gotra exogamy, the practice of not marrying among one's father's or mother's clan. The community's primary function has remained agriculture. Animal husbandry and poultry are also secondary occupations. Like their Pakistani counterparts, the Uttar Pradesh Rangarh also have a tribal council. Offences that are dealt by the tribal council include adultery, elopement, disputes over land, water and theft. They are entirely Sunni, and town of Deoband is in the centre of Rangarh territory, and many Rangarh are now Deobandi.[2]
In the Doab
The community in mainly distributed in the Doab region, a tract of land between Ganges and Yamuna rivers, which forms the western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh. There main clans are the Chauhan, Bargujar and Bhatti. Starting with Saharanpur District, their northern most settlement, their main distribution by clan is as follows; the Chauhan are found mainly in Saharanpur and Nakur, are found mainly in the Katha tract and Deoband. Other clans include the Jadaun, Bhatti, Tomar and Rawat, almost all of whom live in Saharanpur Tehsil, while the Panwar and Bargujar are found in Deoband Tehsil.[18]
In Muzaffarnagar District, the main clans are the Chauhan, with smaller numbers of Bargujars, Panwars, Tomars and Bhattis. They are confined to the Kairana and Budhana tehsils. The only other family of importance are Sombansi of the village of Ainchauli, who are said to have come from Awadh.[19] In neighbouring Meerut District, their main clans are Chauhan and Tomar. The of Pundir of Bajhera village are one of the important Rajput families in Ghaziabad district. Other clans include the Bargujar, Bhatti, Bhale Sultan and Sisodia. The Sisodia have nine villages in the district, while the Tomar have eight in Hapur and three in Baghpat (now a separate district). In total, they have forty-five villages in total.[20]
In Bulandshahr District, they belong mainly in the Chauhan, Bhatti and Bargujar clans, while there are also considerable number of Panwar, Bais, Tomar and Bhale Sultan. The Bargujar are further divided into five clans, the Lalkhani, Ahmadkhani, Bikramkhani, Kamalkhani and Raimani. The Lalkhanis have consider themselves distinct from other Rajput communities, having held large estates such that of Chhatari and Pahasu. In Aligarh district there are also a number of Ranghar settlements. They are found mainly in Khair and Aligarh tehsils. There main clans are the Chauhan and Bargujar, including the famous Lalkhani family. The Chauhan Ranghar of Aligarh trace their descent from Rana Sengat, whos great grandfather was Chahara Deva, the brother of Prithviraj Chauhan. There are also a considerable number of Gehlot in Hathras, Rathore in Khair, Bais in Atrauli and Khair and Bhadauria in Atrauli.
In Mathura District, the Ranghar are found mainly in the tehsils of Mathura, Chhata and Mahaban. They belong for the most part to the Bhale Sultan biradari, with a smaller number of Chauhan and Jaiswar. These Bhale Sultan trace their ancestry to the Solanki rulers of Gujarat. According to the traditions of the Mathura Bhale Sultan, they descend from a Kirat Singh, and played an important role in the history of the district during Muslim rule. The district is also home to Jaiswar clan, and the Jaiswar Ranghar are said to have been converted to Islam during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. They trace their descent to the town of Jais in Awadh, and their ancestor Jas Ram was a leper who came to Mathura as a pilgrim, and was miraculously cured. He settled down at Bhadanwara in Mat tehsil. In addition to the clans already referred to, this district and neighbouring Agra are also home to a community known as the Malkana. Unlike the Ranghar, the Malkana community is of a more mixed origin. Those in Mathura found mainly in and around the town of Sadabad are for the most part Gaurwas and Jats. This distinction also reinforced by the fact that there is no intermarriage between the Malkana and recognized Ranghar clans such as the Bhale Sultan.[21]
In Agra District, the Ranghar communities are found mainly in trans Yamuna tract of this district. They belong for the most part to the Kachwaha clan, found in villages in and around the towns of Fatehabad and Kiraoli. There is also settlements of Chauhan Ranghar in Firozabad District, who claim a connection with the famous family of Mainpuri Chauhans. This community are also found near Etmadpur and near the city of Agra. There are also small number of Tomar, Panwarand Sikarwars found scattered throughout the district. The Sikarwar are said to have given the name to Fatehpur Sikri, the legendary capital of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Most of the Sikri Sikarwars were converted to Islam. Like Mathura, Agra is also home to a large number of Malkanas. They are found mainly in six villages near the town of Kiraoli. The Kiraoli Malkana trace their descent from a Jat, while other Malkanas such as those in Etamadpur claim to have originally been Panwar, while those in Fatehabad claim to have been Parihar, and those in Kheragarh to have originally been Banias. Like in Mathura, the two Rajput groupings do not intermarry. The Ranghar groups are by and large fairly orthodox, while the Malkana have preserved a lot more of their Hindu traditions.[22]
In Etah District, there main clans are the Bhatti, Chauhan and Bhale Sultan. The Chauhans are descended from the famous Chauhan family of Mainpuri. They are found mainly in Aliganj and Kasganj. The Bhattis are found mainly in Azamnagar Tehsil, with Bhargain being their most important settlememt. While the Bhale Sultan are found mainly in Mohanpur, and are related to the Bhale Sultan of Bulandshahr District.[23]
Here is a list of the Ranghar clans tabulated for 1891 Census of India.[24]
| Tribe | Saharanpur District | Muzaffarnagar District | Meerut District | Bulandshahr District | Aligarh District | Mathura District | Agra District | Etah District | Etawah District | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bargujar | 64 | 1,092 | 147 | 4,006 | 9 | 140 | 9 | 106 | 5,573 | |
| Bhale Sultan | 27 | 4,790 | 3 | 4,820 | ||||||
| Bhatti | 443 | 343 | 576 | 2,455 | 49 | 49 | 2,671 | 6,577 | ||
| Chauhan | 7,766 | 4056 | 6,730 | 7,236 | 2,604 | 416 | 154 | 943 | 173 | 30,078 |
| Gautam | 106 | 106 | ||||||||
| Gehlot | 8 | 165 | 376 | 1,304 | 1,391 | 173 | 26 | 14 | 32 | 3,489 |
| Jadaun | 413 | 38 | 151 | 81 | 683 | |||||
| Jaiswar | 58 | 1,000 | 1,058 | |||||||
| Lalkhani | 2 | 170 | 3 | 127 | 43 | 345 | ||||
| Malkana | 1,000 | 4,546 | 28 | 5,574 | ||||||
| Panwar | 313 | 486 | 885 | 567 | 210 | 2,686 | 3,999 | |||
| Rathore | 16 | 213 | 22 | 271 | 522 | |||||
| Tomar | 62 | 32 | 3,016 | 607 | 210 | 38 | 43 | 26 | 57 | 4,091 |
Please Note: that Meerut District has now been divide into three districts, Baghpat, Ghaziabad and Meerut. Similarly Aligarh District too has been divided into Hathras and Aligarh.
In Rohilkhand
The Muslim Rajputs of the Rohilkhand region are also referred to as Ranghar. They belong mainly to the Bhatti and Chauhan clans. In Moradabad district, they are found mainly in Sambhal, and Bilari. The Chauhans are concentrated in Sambhal, the Rathore in Thakurdwara and Bilari. Other clans are the Bargujars of Sambhal, the Katehria in Moradabad, and Sombansis found in the entire district. In addition, the district is also home to a large colony of Khokhar Rajputs , who settled in the district during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Babar. They are said to have come originally from Sialkot in Punjab, where they are still are a large and important Rajput tribe. In the neighbouring Jyotiba Phule Nagar District, the Ranghar are found mainly in the tehsils of Hasanpur and Amroha. The Gaur are found mainly in Hasanpur, the Bargujars in Amroha,the Katehria of Hassanpur, the Bhatti in Hassanpur, and the Tomar in Hasanpur and Amroha,[25]
In Bijnor District, there main clans are the Chauhans found in Dhampur, Nagina and Bijnor tehsils, Panwar and Bhatti in the western part of the district, and Sisodia in Dhampur.[26] The Ranghar in Rampur District, for the most part belonged to the Katehriya and Bhatti clans. They are pretty evenly distributed all over the district.[27]
The Ranghar in Bareilly District are found mainly in Bareilly, Baheri and Nawabganj. In terms of importance, the Jadaun of Aonla are perhaps to the most prominent family in the district. Other clans include the Chauhan, Sombansi and Bhatti. The village of Thiriya Nizamat Khan is an important Bhatti settlement in Bareilly District.[28]
In Badaun District, the main Ranghar clans are the Bargujar, Bhatti, Chauhan and Panwar. The Chauhan are found mainly in Bisauli, Dataganj and Badaun. In numbers, they are the largest clan. The Bargujar are found mainly in Dataganj and Gunnaur, and belong to the Lalkhani family, while the Panwar are found in Gunnaur.Kakrala is an important Bhatti village in Badaun District.[29]
The Ranghar of Shahjahanpur District, for the most part belonged to the Chauhan, Katehriya and Sombansi tribes. The former are concentrated in Tilhar, the other two clans are found throughout the district.[30]
Here is a list of the main tribes, as tabulated by 1891 Census of India.[24]
| Tribe | Bareilly District | Bijnor District | Badaun District | Moradabad District | Shahjahanpur District | Pilibhit District | Rampur State | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bachgoti | 119 | 119 | ||||||
| Bais | 15 | 212 | 173 | 400 | ||||
| Bargujar | 321 | 363 | 156 | 40 | 880 | |||
| Bhatti | 3,762 | 514 | 605 | 4,881 | ||||
| Chandel | 29 | 85 | 114 | |||||
| Chauhan | 239 | 2,100 | 283 | 1,228 | 375 | 13 | 2,138 | |
| Gehlot | 63 | 13 | 15 | 91 | ||||
| Panwar | 123 | 123 | ||||||
| Rathore | 101 | 10 | 111 | |||||
| Sombansi | 197 | 386 | 8 | 591 | ||||
| Tomar | 207 | 70 | 107 | 4 | 388 |
In Delhi
The Ranghar of Delhi are said to have converted to Islam, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The conversion initially is said to have had little effect on the community. Their social customs remained unaltered, their rules of marriage and inheritance remained unaltered, save that they shaved their scalp lock and upper edge of their moustache. The community was historically connected with the Ranghar of Haryana, but their emigration to Pakistan has led to commencement of relations with the Ranghar of the Doab. A good many of the Delhi Ranghar have also emigrated to Pakistan, and are now found mainly in Mirpurkhas District, in Sindh. There main clans are the Badpyar, Bhatti, Chauhan, Gaurwa, Panwar, and Tomar.[31] According to the 1911 Census of India the main clans were as follows:[32]
| Tribe | Sonepat Tehsil | Delhi Tehsil | Balabgarh Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Awan | 1,520 | 2,172 | 3,821 | 7,513 |
| Badpyar | 137 | 851 | 988 | |
| Chauhan | 1,098 | 1,313 | 265 | 2,676 |
| Jawal | 219 | 8 | 47 | 288 |
The Ranghar in Delhi were found mainly in villages, around the city. Their most important settlement was Okhla, which now been incorporated into the city. The spread of Delhi has led to the incorporation of many other Ranghar villages into the city. There are still a small number of Ranghar villages in the west of Delhi, along the border with Rohtak District. They are remnants of the large communities of Panwar and Chauhan communities in region. Much of the Ranghar land was taken over by the Delhi Development Authority in the 1950s and 60s. This has led to landlessness, and many are now engaged as industrial labourers. There has thus been a marked decline in the fortunes of the Rajputs.[33]
The community is entirely Sunni Muslim, and many are now gravitating towards the orthodox Deobandi sect. They remain endogamous, only rarely marrying out, and then only with other Rajput communities in Meerut, and still maintain gotra exogamy. The traditional tribal council is no longer as effective, as the community has rapidly urbanized.[33]
Clans of the Haryana Ranghar
Here is a brief description, with reference of the historic distribution of the Rajput clans of Haryana.[34]
The Haryana Muslim Chauhans all claimed descent from Rana Har Rai, and connect themselves with Prithvi Raj, the last Chauhan Raja of North India. Perhaps the most widespread of the Ambala Division tribe, found in almost every district. In Karnal and Ambala, they were found all along the valley of the Yamuna. In the Rewari Tehsil of Gurgaon District, they formed important communities. According to 1911 Census of India, they numbered 73,604.[35]
The Muslim branch of the Bargujar were found mainly in Jhajjar - Beri , Rewari Tehsil of Gurgaon District.
The Mandahars claim descent from Loa, son of Ram and grandson of Raja Jasrath of Hindu traditions. They converted to Islam in time of the Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Sultan of Delhi, in the 14th century. The tribe was found almost entirely in the old Karnal District, and as well as a few around Samana in Patiala.
In Haryana, the Panhwar or Puar were after the Chauhan, the principal tribe. They used Rao as a title. The Ranghar in Rohtak District were almost entirely Panhwar, and acorrding to the 1911 Census of India they numbered 18,352. According to their tradition, the Panwhar immigrated from Dharanagri (a place said to be somewhere in Deccan), and intermarried with the Chauhans, who gave them lands around Rohtak and Kalanaur.
They have all emigrated to Pakistan, after 1947, and are found in Okara, Kasur and Sahiwal districts.
- Jatu
The Jatu are a Tonwar clan, who were settled mainly in Sirsa, Rania, Hissar and Jind districts. They are now found mainly in Okara and Kasur districts.
- Raghubansi
The Raghubansi were found mainly in Hissar, Jind and Bhattinda.
The Rathore are a Suryavanshi Rajput clan. In Haryana, Muslim Rathore were found mainly in Hissar District.
The Taoni claim a connection with the Bhatti Rajputs. They were found mainly in Ambala District.
The Tonwar were found mainly in Delhi, Rohtak, Hissar and Sirsa. The Jatu and Satraola, found in Hissar were clans of the Tonwar.
There were also a few Qaimkhani Chauhan villages in Hissar District, although they are more a Rajasthani tribe, then a Haryanvi one. There most important settlement was Narnaul.
List and Population of Ranghar clans from the 1911 Census of India
The last census of India to give a breakdown of the clans of the Ranghar community was that of 1911.
Hissar District
The main Muslim Rajput clans of Hissar District were as follows:[36]
| Tribe | Hissar Tehsil | Hansi Tehsil | Bhiwani Tehsil | FatehabadFatehabad Tehsil | Sirsa Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhatti | 308 | 177 | 244 | 1,374 | 4,991 | 7,094 |
| Chauhan | 1,709 | 2,769 | 2,140 | 1,191 | 3,120 | 10,929 |
| Jatu | 1,951 | 4,759 | 2,245 | 679 | 10 | 9,644 |
| Johiya | 589 | 46 | 77 | 236 | 3,837 | 4,785 |
| Jora | 10 | 2 | 822 | 834 | ||
| Kharal | 2 | 64 | 774 | 840 | ||
| Mandahar | 68 | 314 | 108 | 127 | 617 | |
| Mahaar | 8 | 6 | 2 | 776 | 792 | |
| Qaimkhani | 973 | 412 | 602 | 178 | 55 | 2,020 |
| Panwar | 365 | 1,350 | 1,523 | 178 | 2,820 | 6,236 |
| Raghuvanshi | 19 | 1,468 | 164 | 15 | 1,666 | |
| Rathore | 39 | 5 | 484 | 6 | 534 | |
| Satraola | 4 | 503 | 35 | 6 | 544 | |
| Sakhri | 8 | 74 | 661 | 743 | ||
| Tonwar | 276 | 57 | 304 | 637 | ||
| Wattu | 88 | 2,761 | 2,849 | |||
| Warha | 664 | 664 | ||||
| Varya | 43 | 61 | 459 | 26 | 589 |
Rohtak District
Here are the main Muslim Rajput clans of Rohtak District:[37]
| Tribe | Rohtak Tehsil | Jhajjar Tehsil | Gohana Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chauhan | 4,597 | 603 | 1,345 | 6,545 |
| Jatu | 1,146 | 350 | 515 | 2,011 |
| Panwar | 9,868 | 173 | 5,689 | 15,730 |
| Tonwar | 29 | 29 |
Gurgaon District
The main Muslim Rajput clans were as follows:[38]
| Tribe | Gurgaon Tehsil | Rewari Tehsil | Palwal Tehsil | Nuh Tehsil | Firuzpur Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bargujar | 303 | 159 | 314 | 27 | 2 | 805 |
| Chauhan | 1,092 | 2,873 | 179 | 74 | 3 | 4,221 |
| Gaurwa | 475 | 475 | ||||
| Khanzada | ||||||
| Jadaun | 119 | 119 | ||||
| Jatu | 125 | 333 | 12 | 12 | 482 | |
| Panwar | 221 | 463 | 80 | 86 | 850 | |
| Tonwar | 17 | 2 | 5 | 241 | 265 |
Karnal District
| Tribe | Karnal Tehsil | Panipat Tehsil | Kaithal Tehsil | Thanesar Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhatti | 105 | 40 | 163 | 180 | 488 |
| Chauhan | 15,401 | 1,054 | 4,894 | 5,967 | 27,316 |
| Jatu | 303 | 159 | 314 | 29 | 805 |
| Mandahar | 8,877 | 2,593 | 8,823 | 564 | 20,857 |
| Panwar | 771 | 282 | 302 | 144 | 1,499 |
| Taoni | 15 | 223 | 504 | 742 | |
| Tonwar | 827 | 743 | 2,455 | 6,548 | 10,573 |
| Varya | 136 | 267 | 308 | 611 |
Ambala District
The main Muslim Rajput clans of Ambala District were as follows:[40]
| Tribe | Ambala Tehsil | Kharar Tehsil | Rupar Tehsil | Naraingarh Tehsil | Jagadhri Tehsil | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhatti | 839 | 183 | 109 | 138 | 147 | 1,416 |
| Chauhan | 8,529 | 779 | 493 | 6,381 | 6,151 | 22,833 |
| Dahya | 79 | 1,991 | 1,462 | 71 | 17 | 3,620 |
| Ghorewaha | 51 | 955 | 1,889 | 48 | 6 | 2,949 |
| Jadaun | 43 | 1 | 2 | 46 | ||
| Mandahar | 354 | 7 | 164 | 525 | ||
| Naru | 396 | 33 | 117 | 15 | 561 | |
| Raghubansi | 168 | 314 | 40 | 1,549 | 64 | 2,135 |
| Taoni | 1,015 | 4,711 | 1,348 | 1,212 | 245 | 8,531 |
| Tonwar | 576 | 55 | 184 | 182 | 200 | 1,197 |
| Varya | 839 | 183 | 109 | 138 | 147 | 1,416 |
Pachada
The Pachada were a pastoral tribe, and early British historians connected them with tribes found in along the Sutlej such as the Wattu and Kharal, who were also pastoral. During the 1857 War of Independence, the Pachadas played a key part in the disturbances that occurred in western Haryana and northern Rajasthan.[41]
At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, the Pachadas like other Muslim Rajputs tribes moved en mass to Pakistan. They are now found throughout Punjab, with concentrations in Kasur and Okara Districts.
There are still however, in Bikaner are a small number of Pachadas of the Rath clan.
The main Pacchada clans are:
Sohu
The Sohu claim descent from the Chauhan Rajputs, through Lal, son of Jata, who is said to have founded Bhirana in Haryana. Jata is said to have come originally from Rawalpindi, and migrated via Bhatner and Rania and eventually settling in Hissar.
Sukhera
The Sukheras claim descent from Sukha, son of Thirpal, a Tonwar Rajput.
Hinjroan
The Hinjroan claim descent from the Saroha Rajputs, and claim a kinship with the Hanjra Jats.
Other communities
Included with in the Ranghar category are the Tyagi (Muslim) from the old districts of Rohtak and Karnal in what is now the Haryana state of India. They are now found mainly in Muzaffargarh and Layyah districts of Punjab.
The term Muley Jat was used to describe Muslim Jat clans settled in the Karnal, Hissar and Rohtak regions of Haryana. They are sometime included with in the Ranghar category, as many are settled in Okara and Sahiwal, among communities of Muslim Rajputs. However, the term Ranghar has historically been restricted to the Rajput community.
The main Mulla clans include the Malik, Godara, Nain, Khatri, Dandiwal, Bacchal, Baidwan and Ahlawat.
Famous persons
Politics
- Liaquat Ali Khan – former Prime Minister of Pakistan
- Rana Phool Muhammad Khan – Senior Politicians
- Rao Sikandar Iqbal – Defence Minister of Pakistan from 2002 to 2007
- Rao Mohammad Hashim Khan – one of the oldest and senior members of the Pakistan Peoples Party
- Rao Muhammad Afzal Khan (born 1925 in Kalanore, India) – a politician in Pakistan. In 1952, he was elected as MPA from Sahiwal District tehsil Depalpur. He went on to win election an additional four times as Member Provincial Assembly and twice as a Member National Assembly in 1985 and 1988.
- Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan – Speaker of the Punjab Assembly
- Rana Muhammad Hayat Khan – former MNA from Bhai Pheru(Phool Nagar)
- Kunwar Khalid Yunus – former MNA from Karachi(MQM)
Education
- Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry---- Nuclear Physics
Civil Services
- Muhammad Usman Rajput----- Director General Pakistan Revenues, Karachi
Banking & Finance
- Inam Rajput--------------- Head of Credit Admin., Pakistan Kuwait Investment Company (Pvt.) Ltd., Karachi
Military
♦ Air Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman (Chief of staff, Pakistan Air Force).
♦ Vice Admiral Iftekhar Rao (Admin Authority, Pakistan Navy).
Sind Police
- FIA - Deputy Director Kunwar Yunus Ali Khan - Born in 1916 in Sambal, Uttar Pardesh. Graduated from Aligarh University. Joined Indian Police and posted in Allahabad before Migrating to Pakistan in 1949.
Sports
- Rao Iftikhar Anjum Pakistani cricketer.
See also
References
- ^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php
- ^ a b c People of India: Uttar Pradesh XLII Part III edited by K Singh page 1197
- ^ Punjabi Musalmaan by J M Wikely
- ^ http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_082031.pdf
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=9DU5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA181&dq=muslim++rangars&hl=en&ei=Pđ20ITaKjB4P6lwezgvTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=muslim%20%20rangars&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=qCAAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA61&dq=ahir+rulers&hl=en&ei=XWkITcfKFsK88gahhqB0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=ahir&f=false
- ^ Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial ..., Volume 2 edited by Edward Balfour--page 85
- ^ A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H A Rose
- ^ Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh by William Crook Volume IV
- ^ A Glossary of the tribes & castes of Punjab by H. A Rose
- ^ Tribes and Castes of Northwestern Provinces and Oudh by William Crook
- ^ The Peasant Armed by Eric Stokes
- ^ Hindustani Musalmans and Musalman of East Punjab by W M Bourne
- ^ Embattled Identities: Rajput Lineages and the Colonial State in Nineteenth Century North India by Malavika Kasturi
- ^ The Peasant and the Raj by Eric Stokes
- ^ Punjabi Musalmans by J. M Wikely
- ^ Muslim Communities of South Asia Culture, Society and Power edited T N Madan page 42-43
- ^ A Gazatteer of Saharanpur District page 109
- ^ A Gazetteer of Muzafarnagar District page 85
- ^ A Gazetteer of Meerut District page 84
- ^ A Gazetteer of Muttra District pages 81 to 82
- ^ A Gazetteer of Agra District page 81
- ^ A Gazetteer of Etah District Volume XII: Gazetteers of the United Provinces edited by H. R Neville
- ^ a b Tribes and Castes of the Northwestern Provinces and Oudh by William Crooke Government of India Press 1891
- ^ A Gazetteer of Moradabad District page 79
- ^ A Gazetteer of Bijnor District Volume XX: Gazetteers of the United Provinces edited by H. R Neville page 104
- ^ A Gazetteer of Rampur State edited by H. R Neville page 50 Government Press United Provinces
- ^ Bareilly District: A Gazetteer Volume XXXVII, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces edited by H Neville
- ^ Badaun District: A Gazetteer Volume XXX, District Gazetteers of the United Provinces edited by H Neville
- ^ Shahjahanpur District: A Gazetteer Voulume XVII edited by H. R Neville United Provinces District Gazetteers page 81 Government Press United Provinces
- ^ People of India Delhi Volume XX edited by T Ghosh & S Nath pages 496 to 501 Manohar Publications
- ^ Delhi Gazetteer: Punjab District Gazetteers Part B 1912 Table 15 page xxxii
- ^ a b People of India Delhi Volume XX edited by T Ghosh & S Nath page 500 Manohar Publications
- ^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of Punjab by H A Rose
- ^ A Glossary of the tribes and castes of Punjab by H. A Rose
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers Hissar District Part B 1912 Table 15 pages xii Civil & Military Gazette Press
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers Rohtak District Part B Table 15 page xxxiv Civil & Military Gazette Press
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers Gurgaon District Part B Table 15 page xxxix Civil & Military Gazette Press
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers Karnal District Part B Table 15 page xiii Civil & Military Gazette Press
- ^ Punjab District Gazetteers Ambala District Part B Table 15 page xxxiv Civil & Military Gazette Press
- ^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of OPunjab by H. A Rose