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'''Qurabiya''' (also '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', and numerous other spellings and pronunciations) is a [[shortbread]]-type biscuit, usually made with ground almonds. Versions are found in most countries of the former [[Ottoman Empire]], with various different forms and recipes.<ref name="Davidson 2014">{{cite book|first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=21 August 2014|isbn=9780191040726|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{cite book|first1=Gil|last1=Marks|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT705|publisher=HMH|date=17 November 2010|isbn=9780544186316|via=Google Books}}</ref>
'''Qurabiya''' (also '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', and numerous other spellings and pronunciations) is a [[shortbread]]-type biscuit, usually made with ground almonds. Versions are found in most countries of the former [[Ottoman Empire]] as well as [[Byzantium]] and its trading partners, with various different forms and recipes, such as [[Vanillekipferl]].<ref name="Davidson 2014">{{cite book|first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=21 August 2014|isbn=9780191040726|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Marks 2010">{{cite book|first1=Gil|last1=Marks|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT705|publisher=HMH|date=17 November 2010|isbn=9780544186316|via=Google Books}}</ref>


==History==
==History of the Cookie Ingredients==
[[Cookie]]s appear to have their origins in 7th century [[Persia]], modern day Iran, shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm |title=History of Cookies - Cookie History |publisher=Whatscookingamerica.net |access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref> A recipe for a shortbread cookie similar to ghorayebah but without almonds, called in Arabic ''khushkanānaj gharib'' (exotic cookie), is given in the earliest known Arab cookbook, the 10th-century ''[[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ]]''.<ref name="Nasrallah 2007">{{cite book|first1=Nawal|last1=Nasrallah|title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQCwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA418|pages=418, 569|publisher=BRILL|date=26 November 2007|isbn=9789047423058|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Kurabiye'' appears in the [[Ottoman cuisine]] in the 15th century.<ref name="Şirvânî2005">{{cite book|author=Muhammed bin Mahmûd-ı Şirvânî|title=15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mutfağı|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc7gAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Gökkubbe|page=259|isbn=978-975-6223-84-0}}</ref>{{dubious|Turkish word ?|date=January 2019}}
[[Cookie]]s appear to have their origins in 7th century [[Persia]], modern day Iran, shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm |title=History of Cookies - Cookie History |publisher=Whatscookingamerica.net |access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref> A recipe for a shortbread cookie similar to ghorayebah but without almonds, called in Arabic ''khushkanānaj gharib'' (exotic cookie), is given in the earliest known Arab cookbook, the 10th-century ''[[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ]]''.<ref name="Nasrallah 2007">{{cite book|first1=Nawal|last1=Nasrallah|title=Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQCwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA418|pages=418, 569|publisher=BRILL|date=26 November 2007|isbn=9789047423058|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Kurabiye'' appears in the [[Ottoman cuisine]] in the 15th century.<ref name="Şirvânî2005">{{cite book|author=Muhammed bin Mahmûd-ı Şirvânî|title=15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mutfağı|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hc7gAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Gökkubbe|page=259|isbn=978-975-6223-84-0}}</ref>{{dubious|Turkish word ?|date=January 2019}}

==History of the Crescent shaped Cookie==

It is worth noting that a variety of empires, eras and civilizations used the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_and_crescent|crescent moon symbol]] and that it is only in very recent times that the crescent has had a primary association with Islam.

==History of the names of the Cookie==


There is some debate about the origin of the words. Some give no other origin for the Turkish word ''kurabiye'' than Turkish, while others have given Arabic or Persian.<ref name="Şirvânî2005" /> Among others, linguist [[Sevan Nişanyan]] has given an Arabic origin, in his 2009 book of Turkish etymology, from ''ġurayb'' or ''ğarîb'' (exotic).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Sevan|last1=Nişanyan|title=Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vtFAQAAIAAJ&q=kurabiye|publisher=Everest Yayınları|date=2009 |isbn=9789752896369|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Habeeb|last1=Salloum|title=Sweet Delights from a Thousand and One Nights: The Story of Traditional Arab Sweets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|pages=128|publisher=I.B.Tauris|date=25 June 2013|isbn=9780857733412|via=Google Books}}</ref> However, as of 2019, Nişanyan's online dictionary now gives the earliest known recorded use in Turkish as the late 17th century, with an origin from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''gulābiya'', a cookie made with [[rose water]], from ''gulāb'', related to flowers. He notes that the Syrian Arabic words ''ġurābiye/ġuraybiye'' likely derive from the Turkish.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-01-04|first=Sevan|last=Nişanyan|title=Kurabiye|url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye|website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref>
There is some debate about the origin of the words. Some give no other origin for the Turkish word ''kurabiye'' than Turkish, while others have given Arabic or Persian.<ref name="Şirvânî2005" /> Among others, linguist [[Sevan Nişanyan]] has given an Arabic origin, in his 2009 book of Turkish etymology, from ''ġurayb'' or ''ğarîb'' (exotic).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Sevan|last1=Nişanyan|title=Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vtFAQAAIAAJ&q=kurabiye|publisher=Everest Yayınları|date=2009 |isbn=9789752896369|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Habeeb|last1=Salloum|title=Sweet Delights from a Thousand and One Nights: The Story of Traditional Arab Sweets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=if5fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|pages=128|publisher=I.B.Tauris|date=25 June 2013|isbn=9780857733412|via=Google Books}}</ref> However, as of 2019, Nişanyan's online dictionary now gives the earliest known recorded use in Turkish as the late 17th century, with an origin from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''gulābiya'', a cookie made with [[rose water]], from ''gulāb'', related to flowers. He notes that the Syrian Arabic words ''ġurābiye/ġuraybiye'' likely derive from the Turkish.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-01-04|first=Sevan|last=Nişanyan|title=Kurabiye|url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye|website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref>
Line 53: Line 59:
{{main|Acıbadem kurabiyesi|Flour kurabiye}}
{{main|Acıbadem kurabiyesi|Flour kurabiye}}
The word ''kurabiye'' is used to refer to a variety of [[Cookie (disambiguation)|biscuits]] in Turkey, not necessarily local ones, although various types of local ''kurabiye'' are made; including ''[[acıbadem kurabiyesi]]'' and [[Flour kurabiye|''un kurabiyesi'']].
The word ''kurabiye'' is used to refer to a variety of [[Cookie (disambiguation)|biscuits]] in Turkey, not necessarily local ones, although various types of local ''kurabiye'' are made; including ''[[acıbadem kurabiyesi]]'' and [[Flour kurabiye|''un kurabiyesi'']].

===Croatia (modern day)===
In the borders of modern day Croatia this biscuit is called Vanilin Kiflice. In terms of how they arrived there, it is worthwhile observing when they are consumed and by whom, where, throughout history, because the threads of Hellenic cultural influence, particularly in Dalmatia and the Islands, are difficult to discern, in today's culture, from the Byzantine or Ottoman as they are anywhere in the world. There is some anecdotal evidence for them being a Christmas treat, mirroring Greek practice. Their place as a treat may be due to ingredient scarcity or due to cultural practice or, historically, demography.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 03:21, 14 February 2021

Qurabiya
Crescent shaped qurabiya
TypeShortbread
Main ingredientsAlmond flour, sugar, egg white, vanilla

Qurabiya (also ghraybe, ghorayeba, and numerous other spellings and pronunciations) is a shortbread-type biscuit, usually made with ground almonds. Versions are found in most countries of the former Ottoman Empire as well as Byzantium and its trading partners, with various different forms and recipes, such as Vanillekipferl.[1][2]

History of the Cookie Ingredients

Cookies appear to have their origins in 7th century Persia, modern day Iran, shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region.[3] A recipe for a shortbread cookie similar to ghorayebah but without almonds, called in Arabic khushkanānaj gharib (exotic cookie), is given in the earliest known Arab cookbook, the 10th-century Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ.[4] Kurabiye appears in the Ottoman cuisine in the 15th century.[5][dubious – discuss]

History of the Crescent shaped Cookie

It is worth noting that a variety of empires, eras and civilizations used the [moon symbol] and that it is only in very recent times that the crescent has had a primary association with Islam.

History of the names of the Cookie

There is some debate about the origin of the words. Some give no other origin for the Turkish word kurabiye than Turkish, while others have given Arabic or Persian.[5] Among others, linguist Sevan Nişanyan has given an Arabic origin, in his 2009 book of Turkish etymology, from ġurayb or ğarîb (exotic).[6][7] However, as of 2019, Nişanyan's online dictionary now gives the earliest known recorded use in Turkish as the late 17th century, with an origin from the Persian gulābiya, a cookie made with rose water, from gulāb, related to flowers. He notes that the Syrian Arabic words ġurābiye/ġuraybiye likely derive from the Turkish.[8]

Regional variations

Iran

Iranian qurabiye from Tabriz

In Tabriz, they are made of almond flour, sugar, egg white, vanilla, margarine and pistachio. It is served with tea, customarily placed on top of the teacup to make it soft before eating.[citation needed]

A Box of Qurabiya by Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran)

Morocco

Main article: Ghoriba

Called ghoriba in Morocco and other parts of the Maghreb, the popular cookies often use semolina instead of white flour, giving a distinctive crunch.[1][2]

Greece

Main article: Kourabiedes
Kourabiedes

The Greek version, called kourabiedes or kourabiethes[1][2] (Greek: κουραμπιέδες) resembles a light shortbread, typically made with almonds. Kourabiedes are sometimes made with brandy, usually Metaxa, for flavouring, though vanilla, mastika or rose water are also popular. In some regions of Greece, Christmas kourabiedes are adorned with a single whole spice clove embedded in each biscuit.[9] Kourabiedes are shaped either into crescents or balls, then baked till slightly golden. They are usually rolled in icing sugar while still hot, forming a rich butter-sugar coating.[10] Kourabiedes are especially popular for special occasions, such as Christmas or baptisms.[11]

Armenia

Khourabia[12] (Armenian: Ղուրաբիա) is the Armenian version sometimes referred to in English as Armenian butter cookie or Armenian shortbread cookie.[13] Khourabia was traditionally made with three ingredients: butter, sugar, and flower and usually shaped like bread, wheat ear, or horse shoe signifying health, wealth, and prosperity. It was mostly eaten during the Easter, Christmas, and New Year celebrations. Later, more ingredients were added, like eggs, cinnamon, and walnuts.

Bulgaria

Kurabii name of the Bulgarian cuisine and the many varieties of cookie, a popular sweet variety. Especially during the holiday season, and a variety of jams produced via the new year with powdered sugar cookies decorated with cute shapes are called maslenki.[citation needed]

Turkey

Acıbadem kurabiyesi
Main articles: Acıbadem kurabiyesi and Flour kurabiye

The word kurabiye is used to refer to a variety of biscuits in Turkey, not necessarily local ones, although various types of local kurabiye are made; including acıbadem kurabiyesi and un kurabiyesi.

Croatia (modern day)

In the borders of modern day Croatia this biscuit is called Vanilin Kiflice. In terms of how they arrived there, it is worthwhile observing when they are consumed and by whom, where, throughout history, because the threads of Hellenic cultural influence, particularly in Dalmatia and the Islands, are difficult to discern, in today's culture, from the Byzantine or Ottoman as they are anywhere in the world. There is some anecdotal evidence for them being a Christmas treat, mirroring Greek practice. Their place as a treat may be due to ingredient scarcity or due to cultural practice or, historically, demography.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Davidson, Alan (21 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191040726 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c Marks, Gil (17 November 2010). Encyclopedia of Jewish Food. HMH. ISBN 9780544186316 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "History of Cookies - Cookie History". Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  4. ^ Nasrallah, Nawal (26 November 2007). Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook. BRILL. pp. 418, 569. ISBN 9789047423058 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ a b Muhammed bin Mahmûd-ı Şirvânî (2005). 15. yüzyıl Osmanlı mutfağı. Gökkubbe. p. 259. ISBN 978-975-6223-84-0.
  6. ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2009). Sözlerin soyağacı: çağdaş Türkçenin etimolojik sözlüğü. Everest Yayınları. ISBN 9789752896369 – via Google Books.
  7. ^ Salloum, Habeeb (25 June 2013). Sweet Delights from a Thousand and One Nights: The Story of Traditional Arab Sweets. I.B.Tauris. p. 128. ISBN 9780857733412 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Nişanyan, Sevan. "Kurabiye". Nişanyan Sözlük. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
  9. ^ Sam Sotiropoulos (2009-12-23). "Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada". Greekgourmand.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-03-16.
  10. ^ "Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies)". Thursdayfordinner.com. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
  11. ^ Sourligas, Christos (22 October 2019). My Big Fat Greek Cookbook: Classic Mediterranean Soul Food Recipes. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781510749849 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Rinsky, Glenn; Rinsky, Laura Halpin (2008-02-28). The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-00955-0.
  13. ^ Armenians in America. Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, Incorporated. 1977.
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