3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: Difference between revisions
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'''3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine''' ('''MDA'''), also known as '''tenamfetamine''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]), or with the street name "Sally" or "Sass" or "Sass-a-frass", is a [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] and [[empathogen-entactogen|entactogen]]ic drug of the [[substituted phenethylamine|phenethylamine]] and [[substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] chemical classes. It is mainly used as a [[recreational drug]], an [[entheogen]], and a [[tool]] in use to supplement various types of practices for [[transcendence (philosophy)|transcendence]], including in [[meditation]], [[psychonautics]], and as an agent in [[psychedelic psychotherapy]]. It was first [[chemical synthesis|synthesized]] by G. Mannish and W. Jacobson in 1910. There are about 20 different synthetic routes described in the literature for its preparation. |
'''3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine''' ('''MDA'''), also known as '''tenamfetamine''' ([[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]]), or with the street name "Sally" or "Sass" or "Sass-a-frass", is a [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] and [[empathogen-entactogen|entactogen]]ic drug of the [[substituted phenethylamine|phenethylamine]] and [[substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] chemical classes. It is mainly used as a [[recreational drug]], an [[entheogen]], and a [[tool]] in use to supplement various types of practices for [[transcendence (philosophy)|transcendence]], including in [[meditation]]{{Citation needed}}, [[psychonautics]], and as an agent in [[psychedelic psychotherapy]]. It was first [[chemical synthesis|synthesized]] by G. Mannish and W. Jacobson in 1910. There are about 20 different synthetic routes described in the literature for its preparation. |
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== Medical use == |
== Medical use == |
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Revision as of 06:44, 25 November 2014
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| Clinical data | |
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| Routes of administration | Oral, Sublingual, Intranasal |
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| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic, CYP extensively involved |
| Elimination half-life | unknown |
| Excretion | Renal |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.230.706 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C10H13NO2 |
| Molar mass | 179.22 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), also known as tenamfetamine (INN), or with the street name "Sally" or "Sass" or "Sass-a-frass", is a psychedelic and entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is mainly used as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various types of practices for transcendence, including in meditation[citation needed], psychonautics, and as an agent in psychedelic psychotherapy. It was first synthesized by G. Mannish and W. Jacobson in 1910. There are about 20 different synthetic routes described in the literature for its preparation.
Medical use
There are no currently accepted medical uses for MDA. However, researchers have investigated many possible uses in the past. It was first ingested in July 1930 by Gordon Alles who later licensed the drug to Smith Kline and French.[1] MDA was first used in animal tests in 1939, and human trials began in 1941 in the exploration of possible therapies for Parkinson's disease. From 1949 to 1957, more than 500 human subjects were given MDA in an investigation of its potential use as an antidepressant and/or anorectic by Smith, Kline & French. The United States Army also experimented with the drug, code named EA-1298, while working to develop a truth drug or incapacitating agent. One human subject[2] died in January 1953 after being intravenously injected with 450 mg of the drug. MDA was patented as a cough suppressant by H. D. Brown in 1958, as an ataractic by Smith, Kline & French in 1960, and as an anorectic under the trade name “Amphedoxamine” in 1961. Several researchers, including Claudio Naranjo and Richard Yensen, have explored MDA in the field of psychotherapy.
Recreational use
MDA began to appear on the recreational drug scene around 1963 to 1964. It was then inexpensive and readily available as a research chemical from several scientific supply houses. Although now illegal, MDA continues to be bought, sold, and used as a recreational 'love drug', due to its enhancement of empathy.[3]
Effects
A recreational dose of MDA is commonly between 100 and 160 mg. The “S” optical isomer of MDA is more potent than the “R” optical isomer as a psychostimulant, possessing greater affinity for the three monoamine transporter proteins (SERT, NET and DAT). The duration of the drug has been reported as about 6 to 8 hours[4]; but some individuals[citation needed] report the duration of the drug's effects to be around 5–6 hours, slightly longer than that of MDMA. (In the late 1990s, Alexander Shulgin changed his opinion of the duration to 3–6 hours).
MDA is thought to be similar in pharmacological mechanism of action and phenomenological effects to its more widely used N-methyl analog, MDMA. MDA causes serotonin and dopamine release by acting as a substrate at the SERT and DAT, respectively. The effect on serotonin may explain the similar euphoric and empathogenic effects of the two compounds MDMA and MDA. However, (S)-MDA has a higher efficacy in stimulating the 5-HT2A receptor than (R)-MDMA; thus MDA tends to cause more psychedelic-like effects, such as visual hallucinations. MDMA can also produce psychedelic-like visual effects, though these are generally less pronounced than those of MDA, or require a heavier dose to become apparent.
MDA is said to share the entactogenic effects of MDMA. While it is generally similar to MDMA, users report that MDA has more stimulant and psychedelic qualities and slightly less intense entactogenic effects than MDMA. MDA is also considered less predictable than MDMA, with effects varying greatly from person to person. However, no properly controlled experiments have compared these drugs in humans. MDA was best known for its enhancement of the experiences of dancing and sex.
Symptoms of acute toxicity may include agitation, sweating, increased blood pressure and heart rate, dramatic increase in body temperature, convulsions, and death. Death is usually caused by cardiac effects and subsequent hemorrhaging in the brain (stroke).[5] The website erowid.org lists the fatality rate at roughly 2 in 100,000 users, assuming it has similar rates as MDMA.[6] The median lethal dose (LD50) in mice has been reported as 92 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection.
Pharmacology
MDA is a human TAAR1 agonist.[7]
References
- ^ The First MDA trip and the measurement of ‘mystical experience’ after MDA, LSD, and Psilocybin http://psychedelicresearch.org/?p=45
- ^ The History Channel documented details of his death here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySw-0uY4CUA See minute 2:38 onward.
- ^ Monte AP, Marona-Lewicka D, Cozzi NV, Nichols DE. (1993). "Synthesis and pharmacological examination of benzofuran, indan, and tetralin analogues of 3,4-(methylenedioxy)amphetamine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 36 (23): 3700–3706. doi:10.1021/jm00075a027. PMID 8246240. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Baggott MJ, Siegrist JD, Galloway GP, Robertson LC, Coyle JR, Mendelson, JE. Investigating the Mechanisms of Hallucinogen-Induced Visions Using 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA): A Randomized Controlled Trial in Humans. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014074
- ^ Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.
- ^ Erowid.org
- ^ Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a stereoselective binding site for compounds in the amphetamine class". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19 (23): 7044–8. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007. PMC 3236098. PMID 22037049.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Lee, M.A. and Shlain, B., Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion. Grove, 1985.
- Stafford, P. Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin, 1992.
- Pihkal: A Chemical Love Story, Transform Press, Alexander Shulgin, Ann Shulgin.