List of megaprojects
This is a list of megaprojects, i.e., extremely large-scale investment projects. These are sometimes also called "major programs." The number of such projects is so large that the list may never be fully completed. The most expensive project in world history in terms of inflation adjusted monetary cost was the US Interstate Highway System.
Definitions
Megaprojects may be defined as:
- Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets[1]
- Projects can also be "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public"[2]
Megaprojects require care in the project development process to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.[1] Examples of megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.
This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.
Aerospace projects
- Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS, the largest passenger airliner in the world.
- Airbus A350, a single deck, wide-body, two-engine, jet airliner produced by the European company Airbus. The A350 will be the first Airbus with both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer.
- Antonov An-225 (1988), the longest and heaviest aircraft in the world still operating.
- Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the longest-running bomber program in the world with decades of service, one of the largest military aircraft ever built.
- Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (also known as the Stealth Bomber), a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth.
- Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
- Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet,[3][4] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft.
- Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials[5]
- Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
- Eurofighter Typhoon, a twin-engine canard–delta wing multirole aircraft designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies: Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and EADS, working through a holding company Eurofighter GmbH that was formed in 1986.[6]
- F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter aircraft manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology.
- Sukhoi PAK FA/HAL FGFA, two variants of fifth-generation single and twin-engine stealth jet fighters jointly being developed by Sukhoi OKB and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Russian and the Indian Air Forces respectively.
- F-35 Lightning II, a fifth-generation, single-seat, single-engine stealth multirole fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin, that might one day be able to perform close air support, tactical bombing, and air defense missions.
- F/A-18 Hornet, a twin-engine supersonic, all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet, designed to dogfight and attack ground targets.
- KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation, and launched between 1976 and 1990.
- Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1970.
- Chengdu J-20, a fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).
- Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft, is a single-seat, twin-engine fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter being developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited of India for the Indian Air Force.
Airport projects
Cost will be calculated either an airport project or an airport construction if the project is not explicitly stated on the table.
Airport construction
| Airport | Location | IATA Code | Total Passenger 09-10 | Cost (in US Dollars) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| King Abdulaziz International Airport | Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | JED | 18,000,000 | Project total - 7.2 billion[7] |
| Abu Dhabi International Airport | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | AUH | 9,700,000 | Project total - 6.8 billion |
| Al Maktoum International Airport | Jebel Ali, UAE | DWC | Project cost - 10 billion. | |
| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol | Amsterdam, Netherlands | AMS | 43,570,370 | |
| Athens International Airport | Athens, Greece | ATH | 16,225,885 | Airport cost - 3 billion |
| Bandung Majalengka International Airport | Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia | N/A | Airport cost - 15 Billion (planned) | |
| Barcelona International Airport | Barcelona, Spain | BCN | 29,209,595 | Airport cost - 4 billion |
| Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport | Berlin, Germany | BER | Airport cost - 4 billion | |
| Denver International Airport | Denver, Colorado, United States | DEN | 50,167,485 | Airport cost - 4.8 billion |
| Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport | Guangzhou, China | CAN | 37,048,712 | Airport cost - 3 billion |
| Hong Kong International Airport | Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong | HKG | 45,558,807 | Airport cost - 2 billion
Project cost - 20 billion |
| Incheon International Airport | Incheon, South Korea | ICN | 28,677,161 | Phase 1 - 5 billion
Phase 2 - 2.6 billion |
| Kuala Namu International Airport | Medan, Indonesia | N/A | Airport cost - 992 million | |
| Kansai International Airport | Japan | KIX | 13,516,000 | Airport cost - 20 billion |
| King Shaka International Airport | Durban, South Africa | DUR | 7,500,000 | Airport cost - 1 billion |
| Kuala Lumpur International Airport | Malaysia | KUL | 29,682,093 | Airport cost - 3.5 billion |
| Long Thanh International Airport | Vietnam | N/A | Airport cost - 10 billion estimated | |
| Newark Liberty International Airport | Newark, New Jersey, United States | EWR | 33,399,207 | |
| New Lisbon Airport | Lisbon, Portugal | N/A | 4.5 billion estimated (planned) | |
| Suvarnabhumi Airport | Bangkok, Thailand | BKK | 40,500,224 | Airport cost - 3.8 billion |
Airport expansion
Building projects
Does not include stadium projects; they can be found in the Stadiums section below.
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- Abraj Al Bait Towers, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2011)
- American Dream Meadowlands, New Jersey, United States (under construction)
- American Museum of Natural History, New York City, United States (1869)
- Antilia, South Mumbai, India (2010) - estimated to be the world's most expensive home at around USD $2B
- Aon Center, Chicago, United States (1973)
- Bank of America Corporate Center, Charlotte Global Headquarters, United States
- Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta), United States (1992)
- Bank of America Tower (New York City), United States (2009)
- Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Berlin, Germany (2006)
- Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt (2002)
- Boeing Charleston Factory (2011) Another one of only four factories in the world that can assemble wide-body commercial airplanes.
- Boeing Everett Factory, United States (1967) The largest building in the world, the largest ever built, and one of only four in the world that can assemble wide-body commercial airplanes.
- British Library, London, United Kingdom (1753)
- British Museum, London, United Kingdom (1753)
- Buckingham Palace, London, United Kingdom (1705)
- Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2009)
- Canton Tower, the tallest structure in China. (2010)
- Chrysler Building, New York City, United States (1930)
- Citigroup Center, New York City, United States (1977)
- Cleveland Union Terminal, Cleveland, United States (1919-1934)
- CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (1976)
- Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (2010)
- Cuatro Torres, Madrid, Spain (2009)
- Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida, United States (1971)
- Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
- El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain (1557)
- Empire State Building, New York City, United States (1931)
- Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, United States (1978)
- Forbidden City, Beijing, People's Republic of China (1406)
- Gateway Arch, St. Louis, United States (1967)
- Gran Torre Santiago, Santiago, Chile (2013?) Still under construction, but already the tallest building in Latin America.
- Grand Central Terminal, New York City, United States (1871)
- Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt (Est. 2013)
- Great Pyramid of Giza, Giza, Egypt (2551 BC.)
- Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest, Hungary (1904)
- Jakarta Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (Est. 2011) (Construction Suspended)
- India Tower, Mumbai, India (Construction Suspended)
- Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai, China (1999)
- John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States (1970)
- JPMorgan Chase Tower, Houston, United States (1982)
- Kingdom Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (2018) (Proposed only, not built)
- Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., United States (1897)
- Lincoln Center, New York City, United States (1906)
- Lopez Towers, Makati City, Philippines
- Louvre Museum, Paris, France (1793, extended from a 12th century fortress)
- Mafra National Palace, Mafra, Portugal (1730, Royal palace and monastery)
- Marina Bay Sands hotel and casino, Singapore (2010)
- Merchandise Mart, Chicago, United States (1930)
- MetLife Building, New York City, United States (1963) Originally the PanAm Building.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, United States (1872)
- Millennium Dome, London, United Kingdom (2000) Now the privately held O2
- Moscow Kremlin, Moscow, Russia (1331)
- National Mall, Washington, D.C., United States (1791)
- New York Public Library, New York City, United States (1911)
- New York Times Building, New York City, United States (2007)
- Nina Towers, Tsuen Wan, New Territories, Hong Kong (2007)
- One World Trade Center, New York City, United States (Est. 2013)
- Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia (1967)
- Port Tower Complex, Karachi, Pakistan (Proposed) (Est. 2018)
- Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania (1989)
- Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France (1682)
- Palace of Westminster, London, United Kingdom (1860)
- Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russia (1725)
- The Palazzo, Las Vegas, United States
- The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, United States (1943)
- Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998)
- Prague Castle, Prague, Czech Republic (870) The largest castle complex in the world
- Renaissance Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States (1981)
- Rockefeller Center, New York City, United States (1939)
- Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria (1569)
- Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China (Est. 2014)
- Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, China (2008)
- Shard London Bridge, London, United Kingdom (Est. 2012)
- Signature Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (2012)
- Sky Tower, Auckland, New Zealand (1997)
- Stuttgart 21, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (est. 2019)
- Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia (1973)
- Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (2004)
- Tokyo Skytree, Tokyo, Japan (2010)
- Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997)
- Texas Medical Center, Houston, United States (1945) World's largest medical center
- Time Warner Center, New York City, United States (2001)
- Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago), United States (2009)
- U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles), United States (1989)
- United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., United States
- University of Indonesia Library, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- Vehicle Assembly Building, Florida, United States (1966)
- The Venetian Macao, Macau, China
- Willis Tower (originally Sears Tower), Chicago, United States (1973)
- Windsor Castle, Windsor, United Kingdom (Circa 1070)
- Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia (1732)
- World One, Mumbai, India (Under Construction)
- World Trade Center, New York City, New York, United States (1973) (Destroyed, but being rebuilt with new towers)
Canal projects
- All-American Canal, California, United States
- Arabian Canal, United Arab Emirates (on hold, possibly indefinitely)
- Canal du Midi (constructed 1667-1681) and the Canal de Garonne (constructed 1838-1856) together form the 413 km long Canal des Deux Mers, France
- Central Arizona Project, Arizona, United States
- Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, United States
- Danube – Black Sea Canal, Romania
- Erie Canal, New York, United States
- Göta Canal, Sweden
- Grand Canal, China
- Grand Korean Waterway, South Korea (proposed)
- Istanbul Canal, Turkey (proposed)
- Jakarta Flood Canal, Jakarta, Indonesia.There are two parts in this project, namely, the East Flood Canal and West Flood Canal.Both of this project is done to prevent flooding in Jakarta
- Kiel Canal, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, the most heavily used artificial seaway in the world.
- Panama Canal and Panama Canal expansion project, Panama
- Rideau Canal, Ontario, Canada
- Sethu Canal, India
- Suez Canal, Egypt
- Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway, United States
- Welland Canal, Ontario, Canada
Dam and hydroelectric projects
Below are dam and hydroelectric projects throughout the world that produce significant amounts of electricity, irrigate large areas of land, create some of the world's largest man-made lakes or have had significant social, environmental, political implications that reached international dimensions. Being some of the most expensive, innovative and difficult engineering feats, these projects include some of the tallest and largest dams in the world.
- Akosombo Dam, Ghana
- Alqueva Dam, Alentejo, Portugal (Dam completed, plans for irrigation and tourism to be completed in 2025)
- Aswan Dam, Egypt
- Atatürk Dam, Turkey
- Bakun Dam, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Belo Monte Dam, Brazil
- Bhakra Dam, India
- Cahora Bassa Dam, Mozambique
- Churchill Falls Generating Station, Canada
- Delta Works, Netherlands
- Diamer-Bhasha Dam, Pakistan (Still under construction)
- Guri Dam, Venezuela
- Grand Coulee Dam, United States
- Grande Dixence Dam, Switzerland
- Hirakud Dam, India
- Hoover Dam, United States
- Idukki Dam, Kerala, India
- Ilısu Dam, Turkey
- Inga Dam, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Itaipu Dam, Brazil/Paraguay
- James Bay Project, Canada
- Jatiluhur Dam, Purwakarta, Indonesia
- Jinping 1 Dam, China
- Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant, Iceland
- Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station, New Zealand
- Manicouagan Project, Canada – see also Manic-2, Manic-3, and Manic-5
- Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, India
- Nurek Dam, Tajikistan
- Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station, United States
- Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Russia
- Snowy Mountains Scheme, Australia
- Tabqa Dam, Syria
- Tarbela Dam, Pakistan
- TaSang Dam, Burma (Construction stalled as of 2011)
- Tehri Dam, India
- Tennessee Valley Authority, United States
- Three Gorges Dam, China
- Vajont Dam, Italy
- Xiaowan Dam, China
- Yacireta Dam, Argentina/Paraguay
- Deriner Dam, Turkey
Military projects
- Dutch Water Line, Netherlands (in use from 1629 to 1940)
- Rock Island Arsenal, United States
- Redstone Arsenal, United States
- Great Wall of China, People's Republic of China Mostly a series of earthen fortifications and ditches, but has a continuous wall segment north of Beijing.
- Lines of Torres Vedras, Portugal, Lines of forts to protect Lisbon during the Peninsular War
- Maginot Line, France
- Hadrian's Wall, United Kingdom, itself a small part of the Roman Limes, a discontinuous series of walls and fortifications across the Roman Empire.
- Stelling van Amsterdam, Netherlands (constructed between 1880 and 1920, it is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site)
- Strategic Defense Initiative, United States (never fully implemented)
- Manhattan Project, United States
- Željava Air Base, Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 816 Nuclear Military Plant, China (Closed in 1984)
- Fort Benning, United States The largest military base in the world.
- Boden Fortress, Sweden
- Cheyenne Mountain Directorate Base, United States
- Nimitz class aircraft carriers, United States. The largest warships built in the history of the world.
- Gerald R. Ford class aircraft carrier, United States (under construction)
- Seawolf class submarine, United States
- Typhoon class submarine, USSR
- R-36 (missile), USSR
Stadiums and sporting venues
- Allianz Arena, Munich, Bavaria, Germany. (2005).
- Atlanta Motor Speedway, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
- Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China. (2008).
- Camp Nou, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Charlotte Motor Speedway, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States.
- Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France.
- Citi Field, Flushing Meadows, NYC, United States. (2009). Replaces old Shea Stadium.
- Colosseum, Rome, Italy. (80 AD). Currently in ruins.
- Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas, United States. (2009). Largest capacity for a fully retractable roof stadium.
- Daytona International Speedway, Florida, United States.
- Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Estádio do Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex, Jakarta, Indonesia. (1962)
- Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The largest sporting venue in the world, the largest ever built, and the largest by both physical size and attendance capacity.
- Jakabaring Sport City, Palembang, Indonesia. (2011)
- MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States. (2010). Replaced old Giants Stadium.
- Nou Mestalla, Valencia, Spain.
- Philippine Arena, Bulacan, Philippines
- Rungrado May Day Stadium, Pyongyang, North Korea. (1989). Host the North Korean national team football matches and the "Mass Games" or Arirang Festival, which is not a sporting event, but a large display of propaganda for the North Korean regime, complete with dancing, music, gymnastics, and large pictures formed by thousands of people turning over large pieces of paper to form an image.
- Salt Lake Stadium, India. The active sports stadium with the largest capacity for attendees; not the largest sporting venue in the world.
- Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain.
- Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai, China. (2004).
- Surabaya Sport Centre, Surabaya, Indonesia
- SkyDome, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (1989). First fully retractable roof stadium.
- Stade de France, Saint-Denis, France. (1998).
- Stade olympique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (1976). At completion, was the most expensive stadium built.
- Stadium Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia. (1999). Largest capacity stadium in Olympic history.
- Strahov Stadium, Prague, Czech Republic. The largest sporting stadium ever built by capacity, but is no longer used for sports.
- Tokyo Racecourse, Tokyo, Japan. Largest horse racing track in the world by attendance capacity.
- Wembley Stadium, London, England, United Kingdom. (2007). Replaces the first Wembley Stadium. The largest stadium in the world, in terms of actual size, not capacity.
- Yankee Stadium, The Bronx, NYC, United States. (2009). Replaces the first Yankee Stadium.
- National Stadium, Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. (2012). Build for Euro 2012.
International sports infrastructure projects
- Asian Games
- Commonwealth Games
- Cricket World Cup
- FIBA Basketball World Cup
- FIFA World Cup
- Olympic Games
- Rugby World Cup
Information technology projects
- Cyberjaya, Malaysia
- Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
- NHS Connecting for Health for Britain's National Health Service
- Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
- IBM System/360
- The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to connect 93% of premises with optical fiber connections and the remainder with fixed wireless or satellite
- Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, Gujarat India
- Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA The largest research park in the world.
- Cummings Research Park, Alabama, USA
- AADHAAR, India Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique identification (UID) number which the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is issuing for all Indian residents. The UID number is stored in a centralised database and linked to the basic demographics and biometric information – photograph, ten fingerprints and iris – of each individual.
- Piedmont Triad Research Park, North Carolina, USA
Oil and gas projects
- Gorgon gas project, Australia
- Athabasca oil sands, Canada, and the Keystone Pipeline
- Corrib Gas Project, Ireland
- Hibernia oil field, Canada
- Nord Stream, Russia
- South Stream, Russia
- Sakhalin-I, Russia
- Sakhalin-II, Russia
- Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, United States
- Peregrino, Brazil
- Jamnagar Refinery, India
- Nabucco pipeline, Europe (Proposed only)
- Troll A platform, Norway
- Ormen Lange pipeline, Norway, United Kingdom
- Petronius Oil Platform, Gulf of Mexico
Port projects
- Port Qasim, Pakistan
- Port Klang, Malaysia
- Port of Antwerp, Belgium
- Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico
- Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, United States
- Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Yangshan port, China
- Port of Hambantota, Sri Lanka (Incomplete as of 2011)
- Port of Hamburg, Germany
- Port of Sines, Portugal
- Metropolitan Priority Area, Indonesia (Proposed)
- Nhava Sheva, India
- Port of Long Beach, United States
- Port of Los Angeles, United States
- Port of Houston, United States
- Port of Oakland, United States
- Port of Shanghai, China
- Port of Tianjin, China
- Port of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Port of Miami, United States
- Port of South Louisiana, United States (Largest bulk cargo port in the world)
- Port of San Diego, United States
- Port of Singapore, Singapore
- International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi, India
- Port of London, United Kingdom
- Port of Dover, United Kingdom (World's busiest passenger port)
Rail and rapid transit projects
- AlpTransit (NEAT), Switzerland, rail links through the Swiss Alps including Gotthard Base Tunnel and Lötschberg Base Tunnel
- Amsterdam Subway, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Athens Metro, Athens, Greece
- AVE High Speed Rail, Spain
- Barcelona Metro, Barcelona, Spain
- Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States
- Beijing Subway, Beijing, China
- Berlin Metro, Berlin, Germany
- Mauritius Metro, Mauritius
- Betuweroute, Netherlands
- Brussels Metro, Brussels, Belgium
- Bucharest Metro, Bucharest, Romania
- Budapest Metro, Budapest, Hungary
- Buenos Aires Metro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- California High-Speed Rail, between Sacramento, San Francisco and Los Angeles, in California (under construction)
- Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Center City Commuter Connection, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Crossrail, London, United Kingdom
- Chennai Metro, Chennai, India
- Channel Tunnel, (French: Le tunnel sous la Manche), known colloquially as the Chunnel, is a 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.
- Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, United States
- Copenhagen Metro, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Delhi Metro, New Delhi, India
- Dubai Metro, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Düsseldorf Stadtbahn, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Eurostar Line, Europe
- Frankfurt U-Bahn, Frankfurt, Germany
- Gateway Project, New York City, United States (Proposed)
- Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
- Greater KL MRT, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link between Guangzhou, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China and Hong Kong
- Guangzhou Metro, Guangzhou, China
- Haramain High Speed Rail Project, Saudi Arabia
- High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International railway station, London, United Kingdom
- Hyderabad Metro, Hyderabad, India
- Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Kashmir Railway, India
- Kozhikode Monorail, Kozhikode, India (proposed)
- Kochi Metro, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Kolkata Metro, India
- Konkan Railway between Mangalore and Mumbai
- Laoag-Manila-Bicol Bullet Train, Philippines
- London Underground, United Kingdom
- Los Angeles Subway, United States
- Namma Metro, Bangalore, India
- Northeast Corridor, United States
- Madrid Metro, Spain
- Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus
- Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, Massachusetts, United States
- Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Mexico City Metro, Mexico City, Mexico
- Miami Subway, Miami, United States
- Milan Metro, Milan, Italy
- Mindanao Railway System, Mindanao, Philippines
- Montreal Metro, Quebec, Canada
- Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
- MTR, Hong Kong
- Mumbai Metro, Mumbai, India
- Munich U-Bahn, Munich, Germany
- New York City Subway, New York City, United States
- Paris Métro, Paris, France
- Prague Metro, Prague, Czech Republic
- Prokop Railway Station, Belgrade, Serbia. The entire project is worth an estimated 2 billion US dollars, and is scheduled to be completed within a decade.
- Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China
- Link Light Rail, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Rail Axis Berlin-Palermo, European Union (Germany, Austria, Italy), a high speed corridor consisting of several projects including Brenner Base Tunnel and Strait of Messina Bridge[8]
- Rail Axis Paris-Bratislava, European Union (France, Germany, Austria, Slovakia), a high speed corridor consisting of several projects including Stuttgart 21 and Vienna Main Station[9]
- Rio de Janeiro Metro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Saint Petersburg Metro, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Santiago Metro, Santiago, Chile
- São Paulo Metro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Seikan Tunnel in Japan
- Seoul Metropolitan Subway, Seoul, South Korea
- SEPTA Regional Rail, Philadelphia, United States
- Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, China
- Shiraz Metro, Shiraz, Iran (Construction halted; no line is operational 10 years after construction began)
- Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor, Washington, DC to Jacksonville, United States (not yet built)
- Stockholm Metro, Stockholm, Sweden
- Singapore Metro, Singapore
- Taipei Metro, Taiwan
- Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Tehran Metro, Tehran, Iran
- Thessaloniki Metro, Thessaloniki, Greece. The initial stage of construction is set at 1.052 billion euro, or 1.5 billion dollars.
- Toronto subway and RT, Toronto, Canada
- Transcontinental railroads
- Transit City, Toronto, Canada
- Vancouver Subway, British Columbia, Canada
- Vienna U-Bahn, Vienna, Austria
- Warsaw Metro, Warsaw, Poland
- Washington Metro, Washington, D.C., United States
Bridge and highway projects
- Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, South Carolina, United States
- Delaware Memorial Bridge, New Jersey, United States
- Gateway Program, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hangzhou Bay Bridge, People's Republic of China
- Humber Bridge, United Kingdom
- Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, Qingdao, China, the world's longest bridge over water
- Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Japan
- Bandra–Worli Sea Link, Mumbai, India
- Bang Na Expressway, Thailand, Bang Na Expressway
- Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia, potentially Southeast Asia's longest oversea bridge (Development will be carried out in 2014)
- Suramadu Bridge, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Rio–Antirrio bridge, Greece, Europe's largest cable-stayed bridge
- Rio–Niterói bridge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Egnatia Odos, Greece
- Ambassador Bridge, Michigan, United States
- A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
- A3 motorway (Romania) between Brașov and Oradea
- A4 motorway (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
- Bundesautobahn 20, Germany, part of the larger German Autobahn system.
- Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the "Big Dig", Boston, Massachusetts, United States[10]
- George Washington Bridge, New York City, United States
- National Highways Development Project, India
- Manhattan Bridge, New York City, United States
- Port Tunnel Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
- Central Texas Turnpike, Texas, United States
- Tollroad of North Sumatra, North Sumatra, Indonesia (The Longest Toll Road of Sumatra Island, but estimate U$ 1 Billion)
- Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany
- Great Belt Fixed Link (Storebæltsforbindelsen), Denmark
- Mackinac Bridge, United States
- Pan-American Highway, Extending from North to South America.
- Richmond – San Rafael Bridge, California, United States.
- Interstate Highway System, United States of America, itself a small part of the much larger National Highway System, the latter of which is by far the longest system of roads in the world.
- Millau Viaduct, France, the tallest bridge in the world.
- Manchac Swamp bridge, Louisiana, United States, a 22 mile long bridge.
- Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, United States, one of the longest bridges in the world.
- Ohio River Bridges Project, Kentucky, United States Slated to begin in 2014.
- Baluarte Bridge, Mexico
- Brooklyn Bridge, New York City, United States
- Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York City, United States
- Øresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel (Malmö), Sweden and Denmark.
- Roman road system of antiquity
- Spaghetti Junction, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe's largest bridge
- Seven Mile Bridge, Florida, United States
- Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Florida, United States
- Karakoram Highway, Pakistan, highest paved international road in the world
- San Mateo – Hayward Bridge, California, United States
- Strait of Messina Bridge, planned to be the longest suspension bridge in the world
- Confederation Bridge, connecting Prince Edward Island to mainland Canada
- Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, technically a series of bridges and roads, this will be a 50-km link between Zhuhai, People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macau, due to be completed in 2015-16.
- Golden Quadrilateral Project, India
- Golden Gate Bridge, United States
- Woodrow Wilson Bridge, United States
- Batangas-Mindoro Superbridge, Philippines, the bridge will connect Puerto Galera to Batangas, passing through Isla Verde.
- Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Lahore Ring Road, Lahore, Pakistan near completion.
- Bridge to Russky Island, Russia
Science projects
- Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945)
- Tevatron 2 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983)
- Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic code (1990-Ongoing)
- Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
- National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-Ongoing)
- Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-Ongoing)
- ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (2008-Ongoing)
- European Extremely Large Telescope,
- Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory in USA,
- Atacama Large Millimeter Array,
- Square Kilometre Array,
- International Linear Collider, (plan)
- Compact Linear Collider, (plan)
- Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, (2012-)[11]
- Envisat, an Earth observation satellite of European Space Agency (2002–2012)
- Thirty Meter Telescope,
- Large Binocular Telescope,
Spaceflight projects
- Apollo program (1960–1975)
- Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980–1993)
- Biak Space Port, Biak, Indonesia
- Compass navigation system, an independent system of satellite navigation by People's Republic of China (Est. 2015-2017)
- Constellation program, cancelled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
- Orion (spacecraft), a planned spacecraft that is being built by Lockheed Martin for NASA
- Galileo Navigation Satellite System, a European Union and European Space Agency global satellite navigation system (Est. 2014)
- Global Positioning System, a global satellite navigation system created by the United States Air Force (1994)
- GLONASS, the Russian equivalent of GPS (1995)
- Hubble Space Telescope
- International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998–2020)
- James Webb Space Telescope (under construction)
- Mir, Russian space station (1986–2001)
- Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962–1969)
- Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)
- Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (2011- )
- Mars Science Laboratory
- Juno (spacecraft), a NASA New Frontiers mission to the planet Jupiter (2011- )
- Cassini–Huygens, a joint NASA/ESA/ASI spacecraft mission studying the planet Saturn and its many natural satellites since 2004
- Galileo (spacecraft), a mission to Jupiter (1989–2003)
- Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, a planned mission to Jupiter (Est. 2022)
- Kennedy Space Center, The Main Spaceport in the USA.
- Spektr-R, The largest space radio telescope in orbit.
Planned cities and urban renewal projects
| Project | City/Country | Status | Cost | Special Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New Town planning since 1950s | New Territories, Hong Kong |  Completed |
Currently 9 new towns built with a population in excess of 3.3 million. | |
| Songdo International Business District | Seoul, South Korea |  Under development |
$40,000,000,000 | To be the model of a lifestyle merged with wide area network. It was also constructed for the full establishment of Korea as a center of Eastern Asia. |
| The Center Point of Indonesia | Makassar, Indonesia |  Proposed |
Makassar will have a magnificent super region as a center for business, tourism and education, called Centre Point Of Indonesia. Centre Point Of Indonesia was built in the region with a total area of 600 hectares that will have high-rise building construction, business and government center, entertainment district, the hotel features world-class hotel with a view to the golf course with stunning views of sea and island to island in the Gulf Makassar. | |
| Navi Mumbai | India | Completed |
World's largest planned city. Contains a population of 2.6 million. | |
| Roppongi Hills | Tokyo, Japan | Completed |
$4,000,000,000 | One of Japan's largest integrated property developments. |
| CityCenter | Las Vegas, United States | Completed |
$11,000,000,000 | The largest privately financed development in the United States. |
| Potsdamer Platz Redevelopment | Berlin, Germany | Completed |
Project divided onto four parts in which four investors bids in turn. | |
| Liverpool One | Liverpool, United Kingdom | Completed |
£920,000,000 | |
| La Défense | Paris, France | Completed |
The Central Business District of the Paris Metropolitan area, La Défense provides France with a modern set of skyscrapers while Paris itself retains most of its original architecture and character. | |
| Putrajaya | Malaysia | Completed |
$8,100,000,000 | |
| Brasilia | Brazil | Completed |
||
| King Teoh Economic City | Saudi Arabia |  Construction Halted |
$86,000,000,000 | |
| Rebuilding of Christchurch | New Zealand | Under development |
$17,000,000,000 | Recovery from earthquakes in 2010-2011. Rebuild of central business district, demolition and remediation of several residential neighbourhoods now deemed unsuitable for building. Infrastructure upgrades and addition of commuter rail. Entire project to be completed by 2020. |
| Gujarat International Finance Tec-City | India | Under development |
$20,000,000,000 | Expected to be finished by 2017-2018 |
| Madinaty | Egypt | Under development |
$10,000,000,000 | Expected to open by 2014, houses 600,000 population |
| HafenCity | Hamburg, Germany | Under development |
Completion expected in 2020-2030 | |
| Stratford City | London, United Kingdom | Under development |
£3,500,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2020. |
| Movement of Kiruna Centrum | Kiruna, Sweden | Under development |
$2,100,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2013. |
| Palm Islands, The World (archipelago) and Dubai Waterfront | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Under development |
Artificial island developments in Dubai. Development has slowed to nearly a halt in most areas of these islands, and has completely stopped or else never gotten off the ground in others. | |
| Porto Maravilha | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Under development |
$35,700,000,000 | Entire project to be completed by 2015. |
| Brickell Key | Miami, United States | Completed |
||
| Eastwood City | Quezon City, Philippines | Completed |
N/A | Ongoing project of MegaWorld Corporation, one of the biggest real-estate companies in the Philippines. |
| Pagcor City | Manila Bay, Philippines | Under development |
$15,000,000,000 | Dubbed as Asia's Las Vegas-like entertainment center. The project is not cancelled, but it is not proceeding. The $15 billion budget is also an estimate. The total development, and thus the total cost is likely to be much less than originally planned. |
| Riverside South | New York City, United States | Under development |
$3,000,000,000 | |
| Bonifacio Global City | Philippines | Completed |
N/A | Highly-urbanized city project in Taguig city, which was then the naval base of US, now being developed as an economic hub of the country. |
| New Songdo City | Incheon, South Korea | Under development |
$40,000,000,000 | |
| Moscow International Business Center | Moscow, Russia | Under development |
$12,000,000,000 | |
| Dubailand | Dubai, United Arab Emirates | Never Completed |
$64,000,000,000 | |
| Taguig MegaCity | Taguig City-Taytay, Philippines | Proposed |
$72,000,000 | The city of Taguig is planning a massive P3 billion reclamation project along Laguna Lake to put up a commercial district that includes an international airport. |
| Atlantic Yards | New York City, United States | Under development |
The project's centerpiece, Barclays Center already broke ground on March 11, 2010. | |
| Battery Park City | New York City, United States | Completed |
||
| Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project | New York City, United States | Proposed |
||
| Esplanada City Center | Bucharest, Romania | Cancelled |
$4,200,000,000 | |
| Big City Plan | Birmingham, United Kingdom | Proposed |
$17,000,000,000 | |
| Okhta Center | Saint Petersburg, Russia | On hold |
$2,500,000,000 | Original plans abandoned, will be relocated onto other sites. |
Water infrastructure projects
- Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Colorado River Storage Project, United States
- Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Delta Works, Netherlands
- East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, United States[12]
- Elan aqueduct, 73 mile aqueduct from Elan Valley to Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Four Major Rivers Project, South Korea
- Great Manmade River, Libya (Likely cancelled due to civil war and overthrow of the regime that sponsored it)
- Gulf Intracoastal Waterway West Closure Complex, New Orleans, United States. A flood barrier complete with the world's largest pumping station.
- G-Cans project, Saitama Prefecture, Japan
- MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
- Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands
- New York City water supply system, New York, United States
- Saint Lawrence Seaway, United States and Canada
- Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
- South–North Water Transfer Project, People's Republic of China
- State Water Project, California, United States
- Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom
- Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom
- Southeastern Anatolia Project, Turkey
- Saint Petersburg Dam, Russia
- Deer Island Waste Water Treatment Plant, Massachusetts, United States
- Gold Coast Desalination Plant, Queensland, Australia
- Great Plains Shelterbelt, United States
- Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature, Soviet Union
- Green Wall of China, People's Republic of China
- Kurnell Desalination Plant, New South Wales, Australia
- Port Stanvac Desalination Plant, South Australia, Australia
- Seawater Greenhouse and the larger, related, Sahara Forest Project
Other
- Alta Wind Energy Center, USA
- Gansu Wind Farm, China
- Muria Nuclear Power Plant, Indonesia
- Negev Nuclear Research Center, Israel
- Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant
- Oasis class cruise ship
- Plan Nord - a mining and infrastructure plan for Northern Quebec in Canada (announced 2011)
See also
- List of world's most expensive transport infrastructure
- List of most expensive U.S. public works projects
- List of Russian megaprojects
References
- ^ a b Flyvbjerg, Bent; Bruzelius, Nils; Rothengatter, Werner (10 March 2003). Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00946-1.
- ^ Altshuler, Alan; Luberoff, David (30 April 2003). Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-0129-3.
- ^ "Woman to build house out of 747". BBC News. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Sutter, Joe; Spenser, Jay (1 May 2007). 747: Creating the World's First Jumbo Jet and Other Adventures from a Life in Aviation. Collins. ISBN 0-06-088242-5.
- ^ Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. and Forbes Smith, C. (2005). Boeing 787 Dreamliner – Flying Redefined. Aerospace Technical Publications International. ISBN 0-9752341-2-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "A History of the Programme". EuroFighter.com. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Jed-airport.com
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Dan McNichol and Andy Ryan, The Big Dig, Silver Lining Press, 1991
- ^ FAIR: New German particle accelerator clears first hurdle
- ^ Environmental Impact Statement for the East Bay Municipal Utility District Wet Weather Overflow Project, EMI prepared for the U.S. EPA and East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, Ca. (1985)