Jump to content

Verghese Kurien

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rameshvar (talk | contribs) at 17:10, 2 February 2021. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Dr Verghese Kurien
File:Verghese kurien.jpg
Born(1921-11-26)26 November 1921
Calicut, Madras Presidency, British India (now Kozhikode, Kerala, India)
Died9 September 2012(2012-09-09) (aged 90)
Nadiad, Gujarat, India
Other namesFather of the White Revolution of India[1]
Milkman of India
Alma mater
Occupation(s)General Manager and later chairman, AMUL, Chairman – NDDB (National Dairy Development Board) and IRMA (Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Bombay province (later Bombay state and now in Gujarat, India))
AwardsWorld Food Prize (1989)
Order of Agricultural Merit (1997)
Padma Vibhushan (1999)
Padma Bhushan (1966)
Padma Shri (1965)
Ramon Magsaysay Award (1964)
Websitewww.drkurien.com

Verghese Kurien (26 November 1921 – 9 September 2012), known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in India,[2] was a social entrepreneur whose "billion-litre idea", Operation Flood,[3][4] made dairy farming India's largest self-sustaining industry and the largest rural employment sector providing a third of all rural income.[5] It made India the world's largest milk producer, doubled the milk available for each person, and increased milk output four-fold in 30 years.[6]

He pioneered the Anand model of dairy cooperatives and replicated it nationwide, based on various "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches, where no milk from a farmer was refused and 70–80% of the price by consumers was paid in cash to dairy farmers who controlled the marketing, procurement, and processing of milk and milk products as the dairy's owners.[7][8] An invention at Amul was the production of milk powder from buffalo milk instead of from cow milk, which was in short supply in India.[9][10]

He also made India self-sufficient in edible oils and fought against the "oil kings", who used underhanded and violent methods to enforce their dominance over the oilseed industry.[11][12][13]

Early life and education

Kurien was born on 26 November 1921 in Kozhikode, Kerala, to a Syrian Anglican Christian family.[14][15] He attended school at Diamond Jubilee Higher Secondary School, Gobichettipalayam, in Coimbatore district (now Erode district, Tamil Nadu) while his father worked as a civil surgeon at the government hospital there.[16] He joined Loyola College (an affiliated college of the University of Madras) at the age of 14, graduated in physics in 1940, and received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the College of Engineering, Guindy,[17] which at that time was also part of the University of Madras, in 1943.[18] His father died when he was 22 years old and his great uncle moved his family to his home in Trichur (now Thrissur). He wanted to join the army as an engineer, but his mother persuaded him to join the Tata Steel Technical Institute, Jamshedpur, on a recommendation by his uncle, who was a director with the Tatas, and from where he graduated in 1946. He soon wanted to disassociate with his uncle's sycophants.[19]

Kurien left and applied for a scholarship provided by the government of India, and chose to study dairy engineering. His uncle John Matthai, the finance minister, refused to bail him out. He was sent to the Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry in Bangalore (now, National Dairy Research Institute, southern station, Bengaluru) where he spent nine months before being sent to America to study at Michigan State University. He returned with a master's degree in mechanical engineering (metallurgy) with a minor in nuclear physics in 1948.[20][21][22]

Later, he would say, "I was sent to ... study dairy engineering (on the only government scholarship left) ... I cheated a bit though,"[19] and "studied metallurgical and nuclear engineering, disciplines ... likely to be of far greater use to my soon-to-be independent country and, quite frankly, to me."[23] dairying then, and to Australia, when he learned to set up the Amul dairy.[24]

Turning point

In 1949, Kurien was sent by the government of India to its run-down, experimental creamery at Anand, Bombay province (later Bombay state and now part of Gujarat state since 1960). He spent time going to Bombay city on weekends and under the pretext of work, volunteered to tinker with the primitive dairy equipment of Tribhuvandas Patel, who sought his help to process the milk of farmers he had brought together after a strike in 1946, and formed a cooperative to purchase their milk at nearby Kaira (now, Kheda).

Kurien decided to quit the government job mid-way and leave Anand but was persuaded by Patel to stay with him after quitting them, and help him set up his dairy cooperative.[25][26] Kurien established the dairy cooperative, Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited (KDCMPUL) (popularly known as Amul Dairy), at Anand.

Work

File:Kurien, Tribhuvandas & Dalaya.jpg
Kurien, Patel, and Dalaya at their dairy plant at Anand in 1970

Foundation of the dairy and its structure

The farmers faced a problem of fluctuating milk production as surplus milk found no buyers in the flush season (when animals produce more milk) and turned to the cooperative for help, where a proposal to convert the surplus into milk powder was made. Kurien's batchmate from America and dairy engineer H. M. Dalaya, who he persuaded to stay back at Anand after a visit, invented the process of making skim milk powder and condensed milk from buffalo milk instead of from cow milk.[9][10] In India, buffalo milk was plentiful, while cow milk was in short supply, unlike Europe. For this reason, Amul competed successfully against Nestle, the leading competitor for milk, and later against Glaxo for baby food. Later research by Dr. G. H. Wilster led to cheese production from buffalo milk at Amul.[27] To cut costs, Kurien procured a captive packaging-tin unit attached to the dairy facility.

Amul organised dairy farmers in the villages and linked them directly to consumers in the market by eliminating middlemen, ensuring a steady and a regular income for them even during the lean season, and better quality products at a competitive price to consumers in the large market of the reachable Bombay city, over well-paved village "milk roads" and "cold-chains".[citation needed]

Political and social conditions

Kurien and his mentor Patel were backed by some political leaders and bureaucrats[a] who saw merit in their pioneering cooperative model: farmers willing to associate together for produce and willing to be led by professionals while being owners of the cooperative. India had just gained political freedom from a colonial power whom the leaders had seen extorting land tax unjustly from farmers suffering from crop failure. There had been many famines over the duration of that regime, so leaders were concerned over food security of the population. As a newly independent nation, there was a desire to gain self-sufficiency in its consumed produce and a thrust towards domestic production to substitute for imports. Moreover, these nationalist leaders were influenced by socialist ideals of formation of social capital more than the formation of capital assets, and the Gandhian philosophy of production by the masses triumphed mass-production in a resource-constrained nation. At the same time, the new government's policies were open to the skills and learnings of modern experts, research, technological prowess, and aid from the rest of the world.

The first farmers in the cooperative all belonged to Patel's predominant caste-grouping, which helped to bring all of them together quickly before farmers from other castes became interested and participated. Rather than focusing directly on removing caste and class conflicts which get entrenched as vested interests, Patel worked singularly on the belief that economic self-interest of all sections of the village-society would make them align together to grow their cooperative.[28]

Consolidation

Amul's cooperative dairying venture became populars. Dignitaries, researchers, trainees,[29] and common folk would visit Anand to learn more about it. Earlier, former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had visited Anand to inaugurate Amul's plant, the largest in Asia, and praised Kurien for his groundbreaking work.[30]

In 1956, Kurien visited Nestle in Switzerland at the invitation of the commerce and industries minister, to ask them to reduce imports of Indian production and have more Indians inducted, but they told him that making condensed milk "could not be left to the natives". He returned to India and boosted Amul's production and market of condensed milk; after two years the government banned the import of condensed milk into the country. Amul also faced serious competition from imported butter, especially from New Zealand. Nehru, who trusted Kurien, cut imports of butter in tandem, with Kurien promising and delivering an incremental increase of his production to eliminate butter shortage.[31] During the 1962 Indo-China war, the government relied on Kurien to provide supplies to the army. He had to divert these away from his civilian market. When Polson started grabbing his market share, Kurien ensured the government froze Polson's production lines, as part of the war effort.[32]

Spreading around and nationwide

Kurien shows Shastri how his dairy works, in 1964. Impressed, PM asks him to replicate it nationwide

In 1965, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri tasked Kurien to replicate the dairy's Anand scheme nationwide for which, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded under Kurien on his conditions, that it be independent of governmental control and that it be set up at Anand, away from the capitals and closer to farmers.[33] Kurien was mindful of meddling by the political class and bureaucrats sitting in the capital cities, letting it be known upfront.[34]

He was negotiated with donors like the UNICEF for aid[35] and confronted the New Zealand government and a lobbies in countries which he realised wanted to "convert aid into trade" for their companies, contrary to his ideal of India becoming self-sufficient. He used the proceeds from the sale of that "mountains and lakes"[b] of dumped aid in the Indian markets as his "billion-litre idea" to encourage the movement of high-yield native cattle to urban areas and set up milksheds and dairy farms nationwide to stabilise the dairy markets of big cities.[36][37][38]

The Anand dairy was replicated in Gujarat's districts around it and he set brought all of them under Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (GCMMF) in 1973 to sell their products under a single Amul brand. Many states emulated setting up their federations based on this scheme with varying degrees of success, notably, with Karnataka's brand Nandini, Rajasthan's brand Saras and Bihar's brand Sudha.

Shastri also took Kurien's help to manage the Delhi Milk Scheme; Kurien swiftly corrected prices.

In 1979, he founded the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) to groom managers for the cooperatives.

Intervention in other marks and international aid

Kurien was inspired by prime ministers Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi's methods on setting up cooperatives and plants, Indira's intervention in fruits and vegetables, and Rajiv's intervention in oilseeds and edible oil markets.[11] Brands resulting from these – Dhara (Operation Golden Flow for cooking oils), Mother Dairy (Operation Flood) and Safal (for vegetables) have become common household names.

Kurien was crucial in setting up similar cooperatives across India and beyond. In 1979, Premier Alexei Kosygin invited Kurien to the Soviet Union for advice on its cooperatives. In 1982, Pakistan invited him to set up dairy cooperatives, where he led a World Bank mission. Around 1989, China implemented its own Operation Flood-like programme with the help of Kurien and the World Food Programme. Former Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sought his help to set up a dairy cooperative in neighbouring Sri Lanka which was done as a collaboration with NDDB later in 1997.

Market domination and aftermath

In the 1990s he lobbied and fought hard to keep multinational companies from entering the dairy business even as the country opened up all its other markets to them after decades of protection.[39] India became the world's largest milk producer by 1998, surpassing the United States of America,[40] with about 17 percent of global output in 2010–2011.

In 1998, he persuaded former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to appoint Dr. Amrita Patel as his successor at NDDB, whom he had groomed under him to keep government bureaucrats away from the post and protect NDDB's independence from the government.[41] Later, he had differences with her on the direction she was taking cooperative dairying—by solely focusing on production and yield targets through corporatisation and competition at the expense of weakening the cooperative institutions of the country.[42] For instance, marketing no longer remaining with the farmers' cooperatives and being handed over to private or corporate interests, as that would mean foregoing the ability to determine the price to be paid by consumers, the quality of the produce to be offered to them, and losing the "lion's share" of the money paid by the consumer to these corporates.

He resigned from the position of GCMMF Chairman in 2006 after dwindling support from new members on the governing board and mounting dissent from his protegés (some referring to his work ethic as dictatorial) backed by political forces desperate to make inroads into the cooperative dairy's district unions.[43][44]

Control over the Amul group GCMMF has been constantly disputed in court.[45]

Filmmaker Shyam Benegal wanted to make Manthan ("churning of the milk ocean", in Hindu mythology) a story based on Amul, but lacked funds. Kurien got his half a million member-farmers to contribute two rupees to make the movie, which was released in 1976. Many farmers came to see "their film" and made it a success at the box office, which emboldened distributors to release it to nationwide audiences.[citation needed]

Manthan's success inspired Kurien with another idea. A veterinarian, a milk technician, and a fodder specialist would tour other parts of the country in real life along with the film to persuade farmers to form cooperatives of their own. The UNDP used the movie to start similar cooperatives in Latin America[46][47] and screened it in Africa.[48]

Kurien's support was crucial in making the "Amul girl" ad campaign,[49][50] and Surabhi, a TV series on Indian culture.[51]

In 2013, Amar Chitra Katha published the comic book Verghese Kurien: The Man with the Billion Litre idea.[52][53]

Death

Kurien died from an illness at the age of 90 on 9 September 2012 at a Nadiad hospital,[54][55] near Anand.[56] His wife hosted the visitors in Anand. Kurien was brought up as a Christian before becoming an atheist.[57][58] He was cremated[59][60][61] and is survived by a daughter and grandson.[20][53]

Awards and honours

In 2014, all the major dairy groups in the country, along with the Indian Dairy Association, resolved to observe Kurien's birthday, 26 November, as National Milk Day.[62][63][64][65][66][67]

Year Award or honor Awarding organization
1999 Padma Vibhushan[68] Government of India
1997 Order of Agricultural Merit Ministry of Agriculture, France
1993 International Person of the Year World Dairy Expo
1989 World Food Prize[69] World Food Prize Foundation
1986 Wateler Peace Prize[69] Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands)
1986 Krishi Ratna Government of India
1966 Padma Bhushan[70] Government of India
1965 Padma Shri[71] Government of India
1963 Ramon Magsaysay Award[72] Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation

Kurien either headed or was on the boards of several public institutions and received honorary doctorate degrees from universities worldwide.[73][74] Lectures by eminent speakers are held in his memory to apply "lessons from the dairy sector" through his work[75] to ongoing rural issues such as "an Amul model for pulses",[76] to pass down management strategies for rural India's social organisation,[77] or to use his work to fundraise and promote "growth with justice".[78] Kurien was also awarded the Red & White Lifetime Achievements National Award (now known as Godfrey Phillips Bravery Awards).[79]

Notes

  1. ^ Maniben, Sardar Patel's daughter and a ruling party MP from nearby became a family-friend and a constant supporter. Morarji Desai, a minister in the Bombay government and later its chief minister, acted as a link with the top political leadership in the state and in Delhi, many times, over the duration of the dairy's growth. Lallan Prasad Singh, home secretary (ICS), coordinated Kurien's lobbying with the then Delhi bureaucrats, post-Shastri visit. Earlier, Vishnu Sahay, agriculture secretary (ICS), had arranged sponsorship under the Colombo Plan for his New Zealand training. All of these people visited, stayed at Anand with rough or basic facilities but left impressed with the work there
  2. ^ "Mountains of milk powder" and "lakes of butter oil" were formed from the production glut from farms in Europe which were recombined into liquid milk when they reached India

References

  1. ^ "Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien dies". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  2. ^ "1989: Dr. Verghese Kurien". (World Food Prize Foundation). Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  3. ^ "1989 Laureate: Verghese Kurien". World Food Prize Foundation (1989-7m 47s).
  4. ^ Singh, Katar (1999). Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management. New Delhi: SAGE. p. 201. ISBN 81-7036-773-5.
  5. ^ Pendleton, Andrew; Narayanan, Pradeep. "The white revolution : milk in India" (PDF). Taking liberties: poor people, free trade and trade justice. Christian Aid. p. 35. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  6. ^ Kurien, Verghese (2007). "India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations". In Narayan, Deepa; Glinskaya, Elena (eds.). Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work. Washington D.C., USA: (The World Bank). p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8213-6876-3. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  7. ^ Ajwani, Deepak (6 October 2015). "Cow to consumer: Beyond profit for Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation". Forbes India Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  8. ^ "Verghese Kurien". The Economist. 22 September 2012. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  9. ^ a b Damodaran, Harish (13 September 2004). "Amul's tech wizard, Dalaya passes away". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  10. ^ a b Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 112–115. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  11. ^ a b Aneja, R. P. "Life and times of Verghese Kurien". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  12. ^ Singh, Chamder Uday (15 January 1982). "Gujarat: Taking on the oil kings". India Today. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  13. ^ Jones, Clayton (30 July 1982). "Farming co-ops poised to come of age in the '80s". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  14. ^ "Amul brand builder Verghese Kurien: The man who turned India into largest milk producer". Economic Times. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  15. ^ "Report on Dr Verghese Kurien in Tehelka". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  16. ^ Madhavan, Dr. E. (1 May 2014). "Kurien visits Erode". Industrial Economist. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  17. ^ Vidya Raja (31 July 2018). "India's Oldest Engineering College Turns 225: 6 Alumni Who Have Made Guindy Proud!". The Better India.
  18. ^ "Dr V Kurien". Amul. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  19. ^ a b Bhagat, Rasheeda (13 September 2012). "Doodh ka doodh... Kurien style". BusinessLine. The Hindu. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  20. ^ a b Yardley, William (10 September 2012). "Verghese Kurien, Leader of India's Milk Cooperatives, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
  21. ^ "Dr Verghese Kurien – From mechanical engineer to milkman". Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  22. ^ "The man who revolutionised white". Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  23. ^ Obla, Vishvesh. "Twenty-Second Convocation of Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, May 23. 2000". Wings of Fire --> Responses. (Forum Hub). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  24. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  25. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  26. ^ Misra, Udit (10 September 2012). "V. Kurien: India's White Knight". Forbes India. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  27. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  28. ^ Esmcn, Milton J.; Uphoff, Norman T. (1982). "Local Organization and Rural Development: The State of the Art (Cornell University), pp.65,47" (PDF). USAID. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  29. ^ Report of the National Dairy Research Institute (Report No, 21) (PDF). 1961. p. 48.
  30. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 85–127. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  31. ^ Sharma, Arvind (15 September 2012). "A Few More Dr. Kuriens Please!". IndianTelevision. Retrieved 8 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Kurien, Verghese; Salve, Gouri (2012). I too had a Dream. (Roli Books). ISBN 9788174368850.
  33. ^ Pandit, Shrinivas (2001). Thought Leaders. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-07-049550-0.
  34. ^ Dasgupta, Manas (9 September 2012). "Kurien strode like a titan across the bureaucratic barriers and obstacles". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  35. ^ "Civilization Follows the Cow" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  36. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 110–117. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  37. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 106–108. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  38. ^ Heredia, Ruth (1997). The Amul India Story. New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0-07-463160-7.
  39. ^ Candler, Wilfred; Kumar, Nalini (1998). India: The Dairy Revolution : the Impact of Dairy Development in India and the World Bank's Contribution (pp. 57–60). World Bank (Operations Evaluation Department). ISBN 9780821342893.
  40. ^ "India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB". Hindustan Times. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  41. ^ Pandit, Shrinivas (1 August 2007). The Missionary: Amrita Patel. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9780070656789.
  42. ^ Katakam, Anupama (15 March 2003). "Dairy war". Frontline. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  43. ^ Katakam, Anupama (7 April 2006). "Controversy: Milkman's exit". Frontline (Volume 23 – Issue 06). Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  44. ^ Mahurkar, Uday (17 April 2006). "A White Evolution: Verghese Kurien quits Gujarat co-operative, diary [sic] body faces politicking risk". India Today. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  45. ^ Rajshekhar, M (1 December 2017). "'Amul is now a Congress-mukt federation': How BJP took control of India's largest milk cooperative". Scroll.in. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  46. ^ "Amul's Verghese Kurien never suffered fools: Shyam Benegal". The Economic Times. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  47. ^ Benegal, Shyam (As told to Mugdha Variyar) (9 September 2012). "How a farmers' servant painted the nation white". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  48. ^ Rodrigo, Nihal (6 January 2002). "Cinema, Benegal and Reality". The Island. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  49. ^ Hazra, Indrajit (1 July 2012). "Jest like that: Girl with the Amul tattoo". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  50. ^ Sreenivas (1 November 2013). "The Moppet Show". Creative Brands. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  51. ^ Bhatt, Shephali (2 September 2017). "The unplanned glory of Surabhi". ETBrandEquity.com. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  52. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (30 November 2013). "Lounge Loves | Amar Chitra Katha". Live Mint. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  53. ^ a b Pandit, Virendra (26 November 2013). "Amar Chitra Katha unveils comics on Kurien; plans on Dhyanchand, KD Jadhav". Business Line. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  54. ^ "Kurien didn't drink milk, he lived it". The Telegraph. 10 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  55. ^ "Modi had soured relations with the milkman of India". Times of India. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  56. ^ Thakkar, Mitul; Sally, Madhvi (15 September 2012). "Gujarat Elections 2012: Narendra Modi wastes no time in tapping over 1/3 of Gujarat's 3.5 crore Amul voters". The Economic Times. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
  57. ^ "He was an atheist, religion played no part in his life, says Kurien's daughter".
  58. ^ "He Was An Atheist, Says Verghese Kurien's Daughter On Conversion Charge".
  59. ^ Kurien, Verghese. "I AM: Verghese Kurien." The Times of India. N.p., 1 April 2006. Web. "When I was young, I had to memorise parts of the Bible and perform rituals. It was perhaps this experience that turned me into an atheist."
  60. ^ Gandhi, A. K. Verghese Kurien. N.p.: Prabhat Prakashan, n.d. Print. "He was an atheist"
  61. ^ "Verghese Kurien." The Economist. N.p., 22 September 2012. Web. 28 October 2016. "He was born a Christian, became an atheist..."
  62. ^ "National Milk Day on Kurien's birth anniversary". The Times of India. 25 November 2014.
  63. ^ "National Milk day". The Times of India. 26 November 2016.
  64. ^ "National Milk Day celebrated". The Hans India. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  65. ^ "Milma to Celebrate National Milk Day". 24 November 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  66. ^ "India Celebrates National Milk Day". businesswireindia.com. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  67. ^ "Verghese Kurien's birth anniv to be held as National Milk Day". www.dailypioneer.com. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  68. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  69. ^ a b "Dr. Verghese Kurien – The World Food Prize". World Food Prize. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  70. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  71. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  72. ^ The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. "Kurien, Verghese • Community Leadership – India – 1963". rmaward.asia. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  73. ^ Indian Dairy Association. "The Legend Lives On" (PDF). Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  74. ^ Verghese Kurien. "Dr. Verghese Kurien: Honorary Degrees". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  75. ^ Institute of Rural management, Anand. "First Dr. Verghese Kurien Memorial Lecture – 2012" (PDF).
  76. ^ "Arvind Subramanian moots 'Amul model' for pulses". Business Standard. 21 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  77. ^ Institute of Rural management, Anand. "Second Dr. Verghese Kurien Memorial Lecture – 2013" (PDF).
  78. ^ Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey (9 September 2014). "XLRI holds Dr. Verghese Kurien memorial oration on sustainable development". Times of India.
  79. ^ "Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award (Social Bravery) for KIIT & KISS Founder". Achyuta Samanta. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2020.

Further reading

  • Kotler, Neil G. (1990). Sharing Innovation: Global Perspectives on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Development. Int. Rice Res. Inst. ISBN 9789711042219.
  • Kachru, Upendra (2011). India, Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131758618.

Literary work

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Verghese Kurien.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verghese_Kurien&oldid=1004448388"