User:Raider000/sandbox
Good day, folks! This is my sandbox page, a space for my experiments on the process of editing Wikipedia. I can use it for this purpose, practicing even creating a new article. It's a safe place as anything I write will remain there before I discover how things work.
NOTE: This page is not and will not be dependent on a non-existent or deleted page.
Brief messsage[edit]
This user managing this sandbox had made its own one before, but erroneously moved this page to a draft (supposedly a preferred location for AfC submissions) which was later deleted; in late 2016, this page was deleted under CSD G8 (redirect to a deleted or non-existent page). (See: All public logs; search: User log: Deletion log, Target (title or User:username for user): this page.) In 2022, the page was recreated after a short discussion for its retrieval. (See this archive for the request message and the repl[ies].)
Sandbox proper[edit]
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(Image is for illustrative purposes.)
RESERVED
Battle of Agusan Hill[edit]
Version 1:
The Battle of Agusan Hill occurred on May 14, 1900 in in Agusan village,[1] in Cagayan.[2] United States Capt. Walter Eliot and 80 men[1] of the 40th United States Regiment[2] surprised 500 revolutionaries,[1] under Capt. Vicente Roa,[2] in a hill[1] in the east.[2] An encounter occurred;[2] more than 30 soldiers, including Roa, were killed.[1][2] Their rifles and ammunition were captured for the loss of two Americans.[1]
NOTES:
Gen. Nicolas Capistrano, leader of the Cagayan de Misamis revolutionaries, waged a war against the Americans in 1900–1901.[2] On April 7, 1900, together with Bukidnon lumads and Moros,[2] he led a surprise attack in the town,[1][2] but failed with 52 dead, as well as four Americans.[1]
On June 4, Col. Apolinar Velez, fortified the Makahambus Hill,[1] led the revolutionaries[1][2] in the west[2] in attacking Capt. Thomas Millar's company.[1] They succeeded in the battle[2] with only a Filipino revolutionary and nine American soldiers killed.[1][2] They captured a prisoner and rifles.[1]
Version 2:
The Battle of Agusan Hill occurred on May 14, 1900, in Cagayan de Misamis,[3] (or Cagayan),[4] Philippine Islands, when the revolutionaries from the First Company of the Mindanao Battalion led by[4] their commander,[3] Capt. Vicente Roa, were attacked[3] by the 40th Regiment U. S. Volunteer Infantry[4] under Col. Walter B. Elliot[3] at their positions [3] on Agusan Hills.[4] The Filipinos were defeated[3] in the encounter[4] suffering deaths of more than 30 soldiers,[4][3] including Roa.[3][4] This was their second defeat by the Filipinos in the municipality following the Battle of Cagayan de Misamis.[3]
1st Company[3]
NOTES:
On May 14, 1900, the revolutionaries from the First Company of the Mindanao Battalion, led by Capt. Vicente Roa, encountered the 40th Regiment U. S. Volunteer Infantry on Agusan Hills in eastern Cagayan.[4]
Roa continued to fight as being told that all his men were killed, but he ran out of revolver's ammunition, and later fell—among 34 soldiers died. An American soldier looted one of his medals of honor.[4]
On May 14, 1900, the 1st Company of the US 40th Infantry Regiment under Col. Walter B. Elliot attacked the Filipino's positions, defeating the 1st Company, El Mindanao Battalon, suffering 38 deaths, including their commander, Capt. Vicente Roa y Racines.[3]
Version 3:
In the morning of May 4, 1900,[5][6] a team of armed soldiers, probably about 130 in number,[6] led by Capt. Vicente Racines Roa,[5][6] the commanding officer of the First Company of the Mindanao Battalion,[6] after doing patrol work along the eastern coast of Misamis,[5] arrived in Agusan[5][6] from Bukidnon.[6] Joining his fellow officers, they gathered in the house of Juan Bautista.[5]
The municipal captain (gobernadorcillo) at that time was Catalino Cuerquis, whom Roa told that the latter's team are going to fight the Americans which, in Cagayan, were armed and about 600 in number.[6]
Roa suggested to send a courier and dare the enemy to fight in Agusan at the same day. All quickly agreed. The officer discussed their plan of defense. Captain Roa was to lead his men occupying the first hill overlooking the main road of Agusan, Sgt. Uldarico Akut to lead another assigned in the next hill, while the Macheteros were to hide under the houses. However, on the last minute, Akut's team were told to move to another hill farther to guard the road leading to the Maitom Camp of Gen. Capistrano.[5]
In the morning, Fortunato Yacapin, a messenger, carried Roa's letter to the Americans. Yacapin, living in Agusan, learned Spanish at the school of Nicolas Capistrano. The American-officers, who were accompanied by Spanish volunteers, were Spanish-speaking as well.[6]
Fortunato called his subordinate, Vicente Agapay to take Roa's letter to the Americans. The letter was received in Lico-an where Americans took Vicente to Casa Real (now the City Hall complex), the governor's residence. Americans replied that they will go to Agusan.[6]
Later, the two companies of American soldiers came in Agusan[5][6] from Lico-an and going near Lapasan,[6] well-armed and had a battleship escort along Macajalar Bay.[5][6]
The Americans passed Gusa, at Capitan Agapito Yacapin's residence; Yacapin ran to Roa in Agusan.[6]
Americans reached the Cugman river, some of them went to the mountain and others to the sea. The bridge is also high that few enemies were stationed. Thus, Filipinos, unaware of the enemies, were surrounded.[6]
Roa shot immediately after seeing the enemies in the river of Gusa,[6] followed by his group firing at the Americans reaching the area, and they retreated as planned.[5] They were chased on top of the hill. However, the Macheteros failed to come out from the hiding places and attack the Americans, due to lack of leadership and cooperation.[5] The Americans in the seashore and the mountains fired at them.[6] Also, the battleship at the bay bombarded Agusan Hill.[5][6]
The macheteros (armed with machetes), arrived from Tagoloan, Bubuntugan and Jasaan, did not enter Agusan and ran instead.[6]
Roa's group fought on top of the hill without dugouts nor trenches, hiding behind the cogon grass and bushes. The enemy knew their location through the smoke of guns. They were able to shoot straight because the slopes of the hills were not that steep, however, they lacked ammunition.[6]
Roa's group fought continually until all his men were killed, leaving him severely wounded. Roa refused to surrender despite being surrounded by opponents. He ran out of bullets for his revolver and used his sword till his death.[5]
An American soldier got one of his medals of honor, which was kept as a memento.[5]
At the end of the battle, the soldiers of the first company of the Mindanao battalion, with their leader, Roa, died, with their bodies laid on top of the hill.[5]
Only Dionesio Abas, the bugler, was the sole survivor. He hides with the dead.[6]
In 1931, the remains of Roa's group were interred inside the monument in Divisoria, erected by a fellow revolutionary and then mayor Apolinar Velez, who named it the Cry of Freedom monument. Velez wrote only a simple dedication in Spanish in their memory: El pueblo a sus heroes — in English, From the town to its heroes.[6]
Resources[edit]
Background[edit]
After the 1898 Philippine Revolution, and Spain ceding the archipelago to the United States, on March 30, 1900, Cagayan de Misamis was occupied by the American forces,[7] whose presence caused hostilities among the local residents of the town;[8] three battles followed.[7]
On April 7, revolutionaries/guerilla forces led by Gen. Nicolas Capistrano lost in a battle[8] when they raided the American barracks in the present-day Gaston Park. Capistrano and his men eventually retreated.[7]
Battle[edit]
Capt. Vicente Roa y Racines, commanding officer, First Company, Mindanao Battalion, with other officers held a meeting in Juan Bautista's residence. They agreed to send a courier to dare the Americans for an open battle in Agusan, a village about 16 kilometers east of the town.[8]
Capt. Walter B. Elliott, the Commanding Officer of "I" Company, 40th Infantry Regiment of US Army Volunteers answered the challenge.[8]
Capt. Roa prepared with his troops of about 500; having 200 rifles and some shotguns.[8]
It was initially planned that the infantry and the cavalry would occupy two hills overlooking a main road to ambush the opponents; the macheteros, armed with bolos and hidden in the houses, would finish them off from behind. The start would be signaled with a bugle sound and three gunshots.[8]
Captain Elliott's company of about 80 men was reinforced with their superior weapons and supported by the warship at Macajalar Bay.[8]
On May 14, 1900, while the company of Capt. Elliott was approaching to its objective, Gen. Capistrano gave last minute order to the cavalry under Sgt. Uldarico Akut to move farther away from the main force, gurarding a road leading to Maitum where Capistrano was based. This significantly affected the frontlines of Roa's troops.[8]
When the enemies were sighted by the Filipino guerillas, a bugler and Capt. Roa signaled his men of the start of the the battle. Being disheartened, some of the macheteros, did not participate while others fled. Overmatched troops continued to fight. As they were to be overpowered, Capt. Roa's rifle and revolver bothe ran out of ammunition and later fought with his sword until he was killed. Capt. Roa was beheaded; his medals were taken off by an American soldier.[8]
Casualties[edit]
Different statements:
- The Filipino warriors were defeated with 38 guerillas, including Roa, killed, and 35 rifles captured. American soldiers only suffered 2 dead and 3 wounded.[8]
- According to the Historical and Cultural Commission (Hisccom) of Cagayan de Oro, the city hall listed 46 members, including Roa, killed in the raid, mostly held the rank of private; a dozen of them macheteros who all fought under the group.[7]
Aftermath[edit]
On June 4, Filipino revolutionaries under the then-major Apolinar Velez won in the Battle of Makahambus Hill, when the advancing American soldiers, trying to negotiate the surrender of the group, were forced to retreat. Many Americans died in the offensives in the Filipinos' first victory since the Philippine–American War began in 1899.[7]
It was said that there were indigenous people from Bukidnon who joined in these battles.[7]
Following the battle, the Americans sent the troops from Zamboanga to Cagayan de Misamis as an augmentation force. The guerillas later abandoned their stronghold in Macahambus because of attacks by the US forces.[9]
With the American forces winning most of the battles, and the surrender of key officials, the First Philippine Republic eventually fell in 1901. At that time, the deaths of Gen. Capistrano's troops led him, along with Akut, to surrender in Cagayan de Misamis, as well as other Filipino officers in Sumilao. On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt granted general amnesty and pardon to those who were involved in the war.[9]
Gen. Capistrano became an elected member of the Philippine Assembly in 1909, and a senator (1916–1919). Col. Velez became the governor of the then-undivided Misamis (1906–1909). Akut (1912–1916) and Velez (1928–1931) both served as mayor of Cagayan de Misamis.[9]
Accounts[edit]
The Filipino resistance to the American occupation in Misamis was narrated in a manuscript by Filomeno Bautista Sr., the former Academic Supervisor of Surigao, Bukidnon, and Misamis, published in 1939.[10]
A 1968 interview of Fortunato Yacapin, an eyewitness to the battle, was included by Catholic priest Francisco Demetrio in his book The Village: The Story of Early Cagayan de Oro.[11]
Battle (2)[edit]
On May 14, 1900, two companies of armed American soldiers[11] staged an offensive[7] against the 1st Company of the Mindanao Battalion, under Capt. Vicente Roa y Racines,[11] positioning[7] in a hill[11] in the village[7] of Agusan. During the fighting, the American battleship bombarded the Filipinos from the bay. Being outnumbered, the Filipinos fought; majority of them were killed, was the last. An American snatched a medal from him, reportedly as a memento.[11]
It was said that there were indigenous people from Bukidnon who joined in this battle.[7]
Memorials[edit]
In 1931,[8] as ordered by Velez,[7][11] one of the former resistance leaders[11] and then municipal mayor,[11][8] the municipal government of Cagayan de Misamis[8] exhumed the remains[7][11][8] of the killed revolutionaries—his former comrades-in-arms[11]—that were buried[8] in Agusan Hill,[11][8] which were later moved[7][8] and interred[11][8] in the monument[7][11] that served as a common grave in Plaza Divisoria[8] Velez had led the erection of the monument for them,[11] calling it the Cry of Freedom Monument,[11][8] where a statue of Andres Bonifacio was placed,[11][8] and with engraved words: El Pueblo a sus heroes ("from the town to its heroes").[8]
There are four monuments[11] in Plaza Divisoria in downtown Cagayan de Oro, the area serving as the burial place for those died while fighting the Americans.[7]
One of these, the second to be erected,[11] is solely dedicated to the killed freedom fighters.[7] It only have features including a small door in its back,[11] leading to a chamber where the remains were interred.[7] The marker only have a brief dedication in Spanish inscribed: A pueblo a sus héroes—in English, "[From] the town to its heroes".[11][7]
Its design is almost similar to the first monument of hero Andres Bonifacio, Grito de Balintawak in Quezon City; and despite the absence of Bonifacio's name, for decades,[11] it had been mistakenly identified being built in his honor,[7] being called Bonifacio and Balintawak.[11]
The Hisccom said the bones belonged to resistance fighters died in the Battle of Agusan Hill. Dr. Antonio Montalván II, an anthropologist and ethnohistorian, however disputed the claim, saying that the monument contains the bones which are "rather unaccounted for as to where they come from," that the idea that the bones belonged to those from the Agusan battle was based on a legend, and that some remains of those who died in two other battles might be included. The accounts in the United States' archives were said gave estimates on the deaths.[7]
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines installed markers acknowledging the three battles. A street in Cagayan de Oro is named after Roa.[7]
There have been proposals in the House of Representatives to declare Filipinos who led the revolution against Spanish and American colonial rule in Mindanao as national heroes, which include Roa, along with Nicolas Capistrano, Apolinar Velez, and Apolinario Pabayo, from the present-day Misamis Oriental. In 2013, brothers Cagayan de Oro 2nd District representative Rufus Rodriguez and Abante Mindanao party-list representative Maximo Rodriguez authored House Bill No. 2508; they cited the urgency of correcting the injustice inflicted on people in the island whose sacrifices went unnoticed in the country's history.[12] In 2022, Rufus Rodriguez filed House Bill No. 1461.[13]
Filipino resistance to the Americans in Misamis began with the bombardment of Cagayan by the American ships and the landing of the American troops; followed by the organization of a Filipino resistance army at Gango under Nicolas Capistrano. A battle occurred in Cagayan, while the Filipino headquarters in Tanculan was removed. Another battle occurred in Macahambus Hill, Filipino troops at Sumilao later surrendered.
On May 14, 1900, in the Battle of Agusan Hill, Capt. Vicente Roa led the Cagayan revolutionaries in the east in an encounter with the 40th Regiment, U.S. Volunteer lnfantry. With all his men killed, Capt. Roa continued on fighting with his revolver until he ran out of ammunition and he also fell. An American soldier snatched one of his medals of honor. Roa, together with 34 soldiers of the First Company of the Mindanao Battalion, were killed.
Source in:
Source out:
Other battles[edit]
After the 1898 Philippine Revolution, and Spain ceding the archipelago to the United States, on March 30, 1900, Cagayan de Misamis was occupied by the American forces; three battles followed.
On April 7, revolutionaries led by Gen. Nicolas Capistrano, raided the American barracks in the Battle of Cagayan de Misamis, which was occurred in the present-day Gaston Park. The forces, however, were outmatched. Capistrano, seeing defeat, ordered his men to retreat.
On May 14, American troops successfully staged an offensive against Mindanao Battalion's 1st Company, under Captain Vicente Roa, positioning in the village of Agusan. According to the Historical and Cultural Commission (Hisccom) of Cagayan de Oro, the city hall listed 46 members, including Roa, killed in the raid, mostly held the rank of private; a dozen of them macheteros who all fought under the group.
On June 4, Filipino revolutionaries under the then-major Apolinar Velez won in the Battle of Makahambus Hill, when the advancing American soldiers, trying to negotiate the surrender of the group, were forced to retreat. Many Americans died in the offensives in the Filipinos' first victory since the Philippine–American War began in 1899.
It was said thet there were indigenous people from Bukidnon who joined in these battles.
Plaza Divisoria in downtown Cagayan de Oro serves as the burial place for those died while fighting the Americans. A monument was erected there, solely dedicated to the killed freedom fighters; inscribed on it are the words: El Pueblo A Sus Héroes ("The Town to its Heroes"). The monument, similar to that of hero Andres Bonifacio, had been mistakenly identified being built in his honor.
It is said that Velez, one of the resistance leaders and then municipal president, ordered the remains of the heroes—his former comrades-in-arms—be exhumed and moved to the monument. There is a small door in the back of the monument, leading to a chamber where the remains were interred.
The Hisccom said the bones belonged to resistance fighters died in the Battle of Agusan Hill. Dr. Antonio Montalván II, an anthropologist and ethnohistorian, however disputed the claim, saying that the monument contains the bones which are "rather unaccounted for as to where they come from," that the idea that the bones belonged to those from the Agusan battle was based on a legend, and that some remains of those who died in two other battles might be included. The accounts in the United States' archives were said gave estimates on the deaths.
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines installed markers acknowledging the three battles. A street in Cagayan de Oro is named after Roa.[14]
Following the Battle of Makahambus Hill, the Americans sent the troops from Zamboanga to Cagayan de Misamis as an augmentation force. The guerillas later abandoned their stronghold in Macahambus because of attacks by the US forces.
With the American forces winning most of the battles, and the surrender of key officials, the First Philippine Republic eventually fell in 1901. At that time, the deaths of Gen. Capistrano's troops led him, along with Uldarico Akut, to surrender in Cagayan de Misamis, as well as other Filipino officers in Sumilao. On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt, granted general amnesty and pardon to those who were involved in the war.
Gen. Capistrano became an elected member of the Philippine Assembly in 1909, and a senator (1916–1919). Col. Apolinar Velez became the governor of the then-undivided Misamis (1906–1909). Uldarico Akut (1912–1916) and Velez (1928–1931) both served as mayor of Cagayan de Misamis.[15]
Filipino resistance to the Americans in Misamis began with the bombardment of Cagayan by the American ships and the landing of the American troops; followed by the organization of a Filipino resistance army at Gango under Nicolas Capistrano. A battle occurred in Cagayan, while the Filipino headquarters in Tanculan was removed. Another battle occurred in Macahambus Hill, Filipino troops at Sumilao later surrendered.
The Filipino resistance to the American occupation in Misamis was narrated in a manuscript by Filomeno Bautista Sr., the former Academic Supervisor of Surigao, Bukidnon, and Misamis, published in 1939.[16]
On May 14, 1900, Cap. Vicente Roa led the Cagayan revolutionaries in the east in an encounter with the 40th US Regiment where he was killed, together with 14 soldiers in the Battle of Agusan Hill.
In 2013, brothers Cagayan de Oro 2nd District representative Rufus Rodriguez and Abante Mindanao party-list representative Maximo Rodriguez authored House Bill 2508 in the House of Representatives, aiming to declare Filipinos who led the revolution against Spanish and American colonial rule in Mindanao as national heroes, which include Roa, along with Nicolas Capistrano, Apolinar Velez, and Apolinario Pabayo, from the present-day Misamis Oriental. They cited the urgency of correcting the injustice inflicted on people in the island whose sacrifices went unnoticed in the country's history.[17]
In 2022, representative Rufus Rodriguez filed House Bill No. 1461, which proposed to declare as national heroes those who led the revolution against Spain and the United States in Mindanao, which included Roa, along with Nicolas Capistrano, Apolinar Velez, and Apolinario Pabayo from present-day Misamis Oriental.[18]
Misamis[edit]
Article: Misamis (province)
Status: PLANNING
| Now situated in | Misamis Occidental | Misamis Oriental | Camiguin |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901–1903 | |||
| 1903 | Municipalities were reduced from 24 to 10:
| ||
| 1903–1917 | |||
| 1917 | 18 municipalities: Aloran, Baliangao, Balingasag, Cagayan (capital of Misamis), Catarman, Clarin, Gingoog, Initao, Jimenez, Mambajao, Misamis, Oroquieta, Plaridel, Sagay, Salay, Tagoloan, Talisayan, Tudela. | ||
| 1917–192X | |||
On May 15, 1901, the United States Philippine Commission enacted Act No. 128, establishing the province of Misamis with Cagayan as its capital.[19]
In 1903, through Act No. 579, the local civil government for the non-Christian tribes other than Moros was established.[20] Later that year, by virtue of Act No. 787, the territory was reduced as part of the province, along with that of Surigao, were transferred to the newly-organized Moro Province.[21] Then, by virtue of Act No. 951, the number of municipalities was reduced from 24 to 10.[22]
NOTE: Iligan was part of Misamis by 1902.[23]
The boundary between Misamis and provinces of Department of Mindanao and Sulu, which was established by Act No. 2711 of 1917, was later changed to present-day ones.[24] In 1921, through Act No. 2968, the northern parts of the special provinces of Bukidnon and Agusan were annexed into the province when the boundary line was adjusted.[25] In 1927, certain sitios in the territory segregated from Bukidnon were organized into four municipal districts (Claveria, Lourdes, Lumbia and Taglimao).[26] On the other hand, through Act No. 3354 of the same year, the first law for the division of Misamis, the portion of Zamboanga was annexed to the newly-created Occidental Misamis, provided that the Governor-General may order such of the affected territories of Zamboanga to the municipal district or districts or barrios belonging to the new province.[27]
Misamis was divided into the new provinces of what was then called Oriental Misamis and Occidental Misamis, with their boundaries established; since as early as 1927 by virtue of Act No. 3354,[27] which was repealed by Act No. 3537, approved in 1929 and eventually became effective at the beginning of 1930.[28]
- Oriental Misamis consisted of the municipalities of: Balingasag, Cagayan (capital), Gingoog, Initao, Quinoguitan,[28] Salay, Tagoloan, and Talisayan, the island of Camiguin with its municipalities and adjacent small islands, and the municipal districts of Claveria and Lourdes.[27] With part of Act No. 3537 being amended by Act No. 3777 in 1930, the municipal district of Lumbia was included[29] instead of Napaliran.[27]
- Occidental Misamis comprised the municipalities of Baliangao, Plaridel, Lopez Jaena,[28] Oroquieta, Aloran, Jimenez, Tudela, Clarin, and Misamis.[27] The capital of the province was to be designated by the majority of the local officials in a convention called by the provincial governor.[27][28]
User's contribution report[edit]
Accomplishment calendar[edit]
Bulletin board[edit]
Edited[edit]
Articles recently edited (by September 2022):
- XXXX in the Philippines (1986, 1994, 2022)
- 2022 in the Philippines: With some contents transferred to: (1) Killings of Kian delos Santos, Carl Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman (Other removed parts pending transfer either to this subpage or to specific article.)
Articles edited (by August 2022):
- XXXX in the Philippines (1983, 1986–87, 1990–91, 1993–96, 1999–2000, 2022)
- LGUs, especially municipalities, reportedly renamed pending plebiscites: (1) Alfonso Lista, (2) San Isidro, Davao del Norte, (3) Rodriguez, Rizal
- 2022 in the Philippines: With some contents transferred to: (1) Ateneo de Manila University shooting, (2) Davao Light and Power Company, (3) 2022 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections, (4) 2022 Philippine general election, (5) Alabel (Other removed parts pending transfer either to this subpage or to specific article.)
- Kalinga-Apayao
Earlier this 2022:
- In line with the recently concluded 2022 PHL elections: (1) Sharifa Akeel, (2) Rommel Padilla, (3) Jason Abalos, (4) Manuel Chua, (5) Bagong Lakas ng Nueva Ecija, and (6) Candidates in the 2022 Philippine Senate election. (IP) 2022 Philippine gubernatorial elections
- 2022 in the Philippines: With some contents transferred to: (1) Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022), (2) Community pantries in the Philippines, (3) P3PWD Party List, (4) Beatrice Gomez, (5) Hidilyn Diaz, (6) Julius Naranjo
- Nation Broadcasting Corporation and its first radio station, DXYZ.
- XXXX in the Philippines (1970–71, 1975–76, 1978, 1981–82, 1986–1991, 1993–2003, 2005, 2021, 2022)
- Updated List of maritime disasters in the Philippines
- Nueva Ecija
- People's Journal
- Balitang Bayan Numero Uno
- (IP) List of massacres in the Philippines
- (IP) Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines
- (IP) Timeline of the Moro conflict
Table (proposed for this section):
Articles Years
|
List aside from those in the right | Years in the Philippines |
|---|---|---|
| 20XX | Later | Later |
| NOTE: Covering Feb. 2016–Dec. 2021 PST. Excluding WP:RFU, as well as this userpage & its subpages, and drafts. IP: In progress; L: To be continued later. | ||
Table used in this section:
List Years
|
Articles | Years in the Philippines |
|---|---|---|
| 20XX | Later | Later |
| Reserved for notes. | ||
In 2021 (complete):
- (IP, L) List of massacres in the Philippines
- XXXX in the Philippines (1969, 1971, 1980, '83, 1986-1990, 1992–96, 1998–2001, 2020, 2021)
In 2020 (complete):
- XXXX in the Philippines (1993–94, 2019–2020)
In 2019 (complete):
- (IP, L) Timeline of Philippine history, List of massacres in the Philippines
- XXXX in the Philippines (1968–1971, 1973, '77, 1981, 1986–87, 1994–96, 1998–2001, 2004, 2017–19)
- Ben Tumbling, Nardong Putik, List of traffic collisions (before 2000), Conrado Balweg, Mayon, List of radio stations in Metro Manila, Datu Odin Sinsuat
In 2018 (complete):
- (IP, L) Timeline of Philippine history, List of massacres in the Philippines
- XXXX in the Philippines (1896–97, 1985, 1994, 1996)
- People's Journal, Pugad Baboy, Ben Tumbling, List of disasters in the Philippines, Binibining Pilipinas 2018, Nardong Putik, List of records of the Philippines
- Wikipedia:Tambayan Philippines/Roster
In 2017 (complete):
- (IP, L) Timeline of Philippine history, List of massacres in the Philippines
- XXXX in the Philippines (1896, 1961, '63, 1975–81, 1985, 2005, 2016)
- Manila Standard, Asiong Salonga, Rogelio Roxas (and its talk page)
In 2016 (complete):
- (IP, L) Timeline of Philippine history, List of massacres in the Philippines
- XXXX in the Philippines (1898, 1945, 1951, '54, 1961, '63, 1969–71, '73–'74, '76–'79, 1981–87, '89, 1991–96, 2000–02, '04, '07, 2010, '14, '16)
- List of radio stations in Central Luzon, List of maritime disasters in the Philippines, Asiong Salonga, Timeline of the People Power Revolution, List of disasters in the Philippines, 1973 Pacific typhoon season, List of international observances
NOTE: Covering Feb. 2016 onwards (as of Sept. 2, 2022 09:00 PST); to be updated. Excluding WP:RFU, as well as this userpage & its subpages, and drafts. IP: In progress; L: To be continued later.
Created[edit]
- 1967 Cavite bus crash (Special messages sent to 4 WP users)
Removed contents from articles pending transfer[edit]
These are contents, omitted either by yours truly or by any user, that might not be suitable for certain articles but might be for another.
1995 in the Philippines[edit]
- (June) Maria Victoria Chan, a 12-year-old elementary student, was raped and killed by Larry Mahinay, Rizaldy Celez and Boyet Gonzales in Valenzuela.
2000 in the Philippines[edit]
- January 28 – early February – Widespread floods caused by continuous torrential rains in northeastern Mindanao affects villages in Caraga Region and the provinces of Misamis Oriental, Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley, and leaves at least 17 deaths, thousands homeless, and millions worth of damages in crops and property.[30]
- February 2 – A Caloocan court convicts three Filipino-Chinese men and a Filipino woman and sentences them to death regarding their involvement in illegal drug trafficking. The suspects were arrested in an entrapment operation in a motel in the city in 1999.[31]
2022 in the Philippines[edit]
NOTE: Covering those excluded by edits from mid-2022 to Sept. 15 (as of Sept. 15, 2022 09:00 PST); to be updated. NOT yet included here are those by edits in early 2022, as well as those by edits by a WP user and a non-WP/IP contributor in Aug 28–29 UTC. (All listed remains pending transfer to specific article/s.)
February[edit]
- February 12 – At least 9 people are killed after they were ambushed at Kalumamis Village in Guindulungan, Maguindanao.[32][33]
- February 21 – One police personnel dies while two others are confirmed injured when a helicopter of the PNP crashed in Real, Quezon.[34][35]
- February 24 – The Manila RTC, rejects the bid of 10 fraternity members implicated in the 2017 death of University of Santo Tomas law student Horacio Castillo III to junk the hazing case against them supposedly due to insufficiency of evidence.[36]
May[edit]
- May 26
- One person was hurt in an explosion inside a bus in Koronadal City, South Cotabato.[37]
- The Sandiganbayan denies the plea of the alleged dummies of former Pres. Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda to suspend their trial for an ill-gotten wealth case involving their Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (ETPI) shares.[38]
June[edit]
- June 5 – Mount Bulusan is placed on Alert Level 1 after a phreatic or steam-driven eruption was reported at 10:37 a.m. and it lasted for 16 minutes.[39][40]
- June 23 – The Sandiganbayan allows former Quezon City councilor and actor Roderick Paulate to present a Commission on Audit (COA) official as witness for his defense involving the graft and falsification of public documents charges filed against him over alleged hiring of bogus employees.[41]
- June 24 – The Sandiganbayan allows President-elect Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr., and his family to present defense evidence in their defense in connection with an ill-gotten wealth case filed against them in 1987.[42]
- June 26 – A ferry sailing between the islands of Bohol and Leyte, carrying 165 passengers is engulfed with fire causing one dead and a missing person.[43]
July[edit]
- July 1 – Former Vice Pres. Robredo launches the Angat Buhay Foundation, a non-government organization which she earlier said aimed to be the largest volunteer network in the Philippines.[44][45][46]
- July 6 – Metro Manila's dengue cases increase at 16 per cent between late May to early June.[47]
- July 7
- The Supreme Court (SC) suspends Manila Metropolitan Trial Court Branch 26 Presiding Judge Jorge Emmanuel Lorredo for 30 days for uttering homophobic slurs against 2 of his litigants in court.[48]
- Pres. Marcos creates a Private Sector Advisory Council composed of several leaders in the business sector "to be attuned" to the problems in the sector.[49]
- July 9 – At least two are killed in elevator crash in the Burgundy Corporate Tower along Gil Puyat Avenue in Makati.[50]
- July 21 – The Sandiganbayan junks the motion of detained businesswoman Janet Lim-Napoles to quash her latest graft and malversation cases in connection with the pork barrel scam.[51]
August[edit]
- August 21 – The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) raises the alert status of the Mayon Volcano after observing an increased level of activity.[52][53]
- August 22 – Severe Tropical Storm Ma-on (Florita) hits the northern parts of Luzon, three people were reported killed while four others were injured.[54][55][56]
- August 23 – The skeletal remains of the 22-year-old Jovelyn Galleno who was reported missing on Aug. 5, were found in the grassy area of Pulang Lupa in Barangay Santa Lourdes, Puerto Princesa, Palawan.[57]
- August 25 – The Mandaluyong City Prosecutor's Office publicly releases its decision on June 29, that recommends the indictment of Jose Antonio Sanvicente, the suspect in the June 6 hit-and-run incident involving Christian Joseph Floralde for frustrated homicide instead of frustrated murder.[58][59][60]
- August 26 – Cases of cholera and typhoid have increased in the country during the rainy season.[61]
Table re: Kalinga-Apayao[edit]
Article: Kalinga-Apayao
Status: DONE
| Sub-provinces | Kalinga | Apayao |
|---|---|---|
| 1907–1966 [63][64] |
Municipal districts by 1917:
Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: |
Municipal districts by 1917:
Later created, as municipal districts: as municipality: Former municipal districts: |
| 1966–1995 | Created: Pasil[k]
Abolished: Quirino[c] |
Created: Santa Marcela[l] |
| All municipal districts had been converted into regular municipalities prior to the establishment of the province in 1966.[64] | ||
- ^ Created as a municipal district in 1932 through an executive order, taken from Lubuagan.[66]
- ^ Later created as a municipal district prior to becoming a regular municipality in 1963.[67]
- ^ a b Created in 1964 via EO 111, later abolished and reverted to Balbalan and Pinukpuk before 1980.[62][68]
- ^ Created in 1965 as Liwan via RA 4396, renamed in 1971 via RA 6184, taken from Tabuk.[62]
- ^ Formerly Bayag, renamed in 1967 via RA 4980.[69]
- ^ Created in 1929 as municipal district of Macatel via EO 200, later renamed through a resolution, taken from Tauit.[72]
- ^ Created in 1956 via EO 217, taken from Luna.[73][74]
- ^ Created in 1963 via RA 3672, taken from Pudtol.[62]
- ^ Abolished in 1936 via EO 13, annexed to Luna.[75] At present, it also comprises parts of the municipalities of Flora, Pudtol, Sta. Marcela, as well as Allacapan (separated from this municipal district and organized into a new one in 1927 via EO 68)[70] and Lasam in the province of Cagayan.[73]
- ^ Abolished in 1936 via EO 78, annexed to present-day Calanasan and Kabugao.[76]
- ^ Created in 1966, same day as establishment of Kalinga-Apayao, via RA 4741, taken from Balbalan and Lubuagan.[62]
- ^ Created on June 17, 1967 via RA 4974, taken from Flora and Luna.[62]
Table re: Isabela[edit]
Article: Isabela (province)
Status: PLANNING
| 1583–1839 | 1839–1856 | 1856–1946 | 1946–present |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1583: Cagayan alcaldia established. | 1839: Cagayan divided with Nueva Vizcaya at the south. | 1856: Isabela separated from Cagayan. | Post-colonial era |
| Area | Area | Area | Area |
0% related articles edited
Table re: Agusan[edit]
Article: Agusan (province)
Status: PLANNING
| Sub-provinces | Bukidnon | Butuan/Agusan | |
|---|---|---|---|
| now situated in Agusan del Norte | now situated in Agusan del Sur | ||
| 1907–1914 | |||
| 1914–1967 | |||
Municipalities (1917): Buenavista, Butuan (provincial capital), Cabadbaran, Jabonga, Nasipit, Talacogon.[77]
Municipal districts (1917): [Amparo], Azpitia, Bahbah, Bakingking (or Baquingquing), Balete, Basa, Baylo, Borbon, Bunaguit, Bunawan, Concordia, Corinto, Cuevas, Ebro, Esperanza, Gracia, Guadalupe, Halapitan, Langasian, La Paz, Las Nieves, Libertad, Loreto, Los Arcos, Maasin, Mambalili (or Mambabili), [Manila (Bugabus)], Manpinsahan (or Mampinsahan), Maygatasan, Milagros, Novele, Nuevo Sibagat, Nuevo Trabajo, Patrocinio, Prosperidad, Remedios, Rosario, Sagunto, Salvacion, San Ignacio, San Isidro, San Luis, [San Mateo], [San Vicente], Santa Ines, Santa Josefa, Santo Tomas, Trento, Tudela, Verdu, Veruela, Violanta, Waloe.[77]
- Organized into the municipality of Esperanza (EO 611, s. 1953): Bakingking, Baylo, Bunaguit, Concordia, Esperanza, Guadalupe, Maasin, Maygatasan, Milagros, Nuevo Sibagat, Nuevo Trabajo, Remedios, San Luis, Santa Ines, Verdu
- Constituted into the municipality of Bunawan (RA 2517; 1959): Basa, Bunawan, Cuevas, Libertad, Mambili, San Isidro, San Salvacion, Santa Maria, Trento, Tudela; with the villages of San Marcos and San Ignacio
- Constituted into the municipality of San Francisco (RA 2518; 1959): Alegria, Borbon, Cabanto, Cabawan, Ebro, Novele, Rosario, San Francisco
- Constituted into the municipality of Prosperidad (RA 2650; 1960): Anibongan, Aspitia, Aurora, Bahbah, La Caridad, Los Arcos, Mapaga, Maug, Prosperidad, Salembuagon, San Salvador, Santa Irena, Sianib; all "in the provincial sub-division of Gibung"
- Declared as municipalities:
Later created: Agusan del Norte: Carmen, Kitcharao, Tubay; (post-1967) Magallanes, Remedios T. Romualdez, Santiago; Agusan del Sur: Bayugan, San Francisco, (post-1967) Rosario, Sibagat[78]
Table re: Maguindanao[edit]
Article: Maguindanao
Status: PLANNING
| Before 1973 | 1973–2006 | 2006–2008 | 2008–2022 | After 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966: Cotabato reduced its territories after the creation of a new province that would be part of South Cotabato and Sarangani at present. | 1973: Cotabato divided into Maguindanao and present-day provinces of Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat. | 2006–2008: Shariff Kabunsuan existed as short-lived province. | 2022: Maguindanao divided into present-day provinces of Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur. | |
| Cotabato City | Became part of Maguindanao del Norte: 12 municipalities and 1 city | |||
| Existed before became part of Maguindanao:
Organized as municipalities in 1947:[79]
Municipalities created later:
|
Created municipalities:
|
Became part of Shariff Kabunsuan: 10 municipalities | Shariff Kabunsuan dissolved; 11 municipalities reverted to Maguindanao | |
Created municipality:
| ||||
Created municipality:
| ||||
| Existed before became part of Maguindanao:
Organized as municipalities: 1936[82]
1947[79]
Municipalities created later:
|
Created on the day of division:
Municipalities created later:
|
Became part of Maguindanao del Sur: 24 municipalities | ||
| Note(s): See PD No. 341, s 1973, MMA No. 201 (PDF). Source(s): (Temporary) (1) | ||||
Table[edit]
Article: The Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines (Uncertain)
Status: PLANNING
| Year | Name | Category | Notes | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | Napoleon Abueva | Sculpture | ||
| Benjamin Belmonte | Medicine | |||
| Aurelio Estanislao | Music | |||
| Jose Juliano | Science | |||
| Leandro Locsin | Architecture | |||
| Alejandro Roces | Journalism | |||
[...]
| ||||
| Since 1984, women were included in the recognition. (L) | ||||
| 1984 | Pacita Abad | Arts | ||
| Manuel Canlas | Medicine | |||
| Rolando Dizon | Education | |||
| Olimpio Manalac Jr. | Agriculture | |||
| Eufemio Rasco | Agriculture | |||
| Alfredo Salanga | Journalism & Literature | |||
[...]
| ||||
| 2022 | Rico Ancog | Education and the Academe | (L) | |
| Paul Gideon Lasco | ||||
| Manix Abrera | Literature, Culture and the Arts | |||
| Victor Mari Baguilat Jr. | ||||
| Kristian Cordero | ||||
| Ronnie Baticulon | Health and Medicine | |||
| Ramon Lorenzo Luis Guinto | ||||
| Beverly Ho | ||||
| Shawntel Nicole Nieto | Humanitarian, Civil Society or Voluntary Leadership | |||
| Joanne Ascencion Valdez | ||||
| NOTE: Needs more effort to search reliable sources on this. (Sources: 1 2) | ||||
Statistics[edit]
As of 10-01-2022, 12:01am PST. Edits are ongoing.
Time card[edit]
Day Time
|
Su | M | Tu | W | Th | F | Sa | Prob. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 00:00 | 10 | 10 | 35
| |||||
| 01:00 | 48
| |||||||
| 02:00 | 23
| |||||||
| 03:00 | 16
| |||||||
| 04:00 | 6
| |||||||
| 05:00 | 3
| |||||||
| 06:00 | 3
| |||||||
| 07:00 | 10
| |||||||
| 08:00 | 19
| |||||||
| 09:00 | 23
| |||||||
| 10:00 | 10 | 10 | 42
| |||||
| 11:00 | 58
| |||||||
| 12:00 | 52
| |||||||
| 13:00 | 30 | 81
| ||||||
| 14:00 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 77
| |||
| 15:00 | H | 100
| ||||||
| 16:00 | H | 20 | 97
| |||||
| 17:00 | 30 | 97
| ||||||
| 18:00 | 10 | 10 | 35
| |||||
| 19:00 | 23
| |||||||
| 20:00 | 10 | 26
| ||||||
| 21:00 | 23
| |||||||
| 22:00 | 23
| |||||||
| 23:00 | 23
| |||||||
| Prob. | 37
|
81
|
76
|
87
|
100
|
91
|
67
|
%
|
| Number of edits made: 0 1–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 Notes:
| ||||||||
Other stuff[edit]
- Issue: WP:RS. Find a Grave (Link). (See: link at WP; link 2.)
- Philippine Headline News Online can't be accessed? By January 29, 2023, during my editing sessions, the PHNO website can't be accessed and it only says either "Error 403–Forbidden" (main page) or "Error 404–Page not found" (specific page); such a surprising thing since it has been used for years. Now, i'm having a trouble visiting the website, as i consider this as a reliable source. The problem remains even after more than a week, so i suggest to visit PHNO through this link, thanks to Wayback Machine.
- Old articles of the Associated Press can't be accessed? While i am glad to see that the AP News website was redesigned by around June 2023, it seems that old news articles can't be accessed and it only says "PAGE UNAVAILABLE"; another surprising one. For the past months, none of them had been restored; so i suggest for now to find articles from that source at old newspapers via Google News Archive and the likes.
- All materials from CNN Philippines now a lost media?
| Here's the story: | Sources: |
|---|---|
| It was too fast. Three days.
NEWS YOU CAN TRUST |
Royandoyan, Ramon (January 29, 2024). "CNN Philippines to stop broadcasting after 9-year run". Nikkei Asia. Japan. Retrieved January 31, 2024. Agence France-Presse/nh (January 29, 2024). "CNN Philippines to close due to financial losses". CNA. Singapore. Retrieved January 31, 2024. |
| On Jan. 29, 2024, in another blow for the media industry in the Philippines, Nine Media Corporation, the parent company of CNN Philippines, announced its decision to stop the channel's broadcasts, as well to shut down news and production operations on all platforms from Jan. 31, due to financial losses. Throughout its existence, Nine Media suffered losses of ₱5-billion.
That ended its delivery of English language news to a democratic country, which began in March 2015 upon the start of its broadcast operations as a CNN franchise, mainly on free-to-air. | |
| Result: Since late evening of January 31, 2024, its official website is now closed, with texts: "This website is unavailable" Everyone is sad as it happened; yet more as even the channel's media platforms were neither to be maintained nor to be archived. Otro adios. | |
| Following the news organization's closure, by the night of Jan. 31, contents from its website and social media channels were wiped off. Nearly all traces of these presence have been scrubbed; only snapshots of the site, archived on The Wayback Machine of The Internet Archive, remain. “Sa huli, hindi lang kaming mga empleyado ang talo, kung hindi ang taumbayan.” —L. Tan, Jan. 31, 2024
|
Barreiro, Victor Jr. (February 1, 2024). "CNN Philippines website, social media presence erased after closure of operations". Rappler. Philippines. Retrieved February 2, 2024. Chi, Cristina (February 1, 2024). "Calls for sustainable news business model mount after CNN Philippines closure". Philstar.com. Philippines. Retrieved February 2, 2024. |
- On userboxes:
| Wikipedia:Babel | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Search user languages |
 | This user is a WikiFarmer. |
 | This user has visited 8 of the 82 Provinces and the Metro Manila. | 8 |
 | This user's time zone is UTC+08:00. |
|
 |
 |
Info:
Wait for more: |
.svg){kind=icon}
Generation?[edit]
| This is Round 2. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wait for more. (Two more rounds of edits)
Millennials or Generation Z? Uncertain, under assessment.
| ||||
Based on my observations through the articles:
|
Sources
|
Lost Gen (†) | Greatest Gen | Silent Gen | Baby boomers | Gen X | Millennials (or Gen Y) | Gen Z | Gen Alpha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pew Research Center | 1901–27 | 1928–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997–2012 (Tentative endpoint) |
||
| 2021 United States Census, published in 2022 | 1928–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997–2013 | |||
| Jean Twenge, psychologist | 1928–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–79 Other: "somewhere around 1965–80" (Link) |
1980–94 | 1995–2012 (as iGen) |
|||
| 2021 census report by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (Link) | Interwar: until 1945 (Starting year unspecified) |
1946–65 Other: 1946–64 (Link) |
1966–80 | 1981–95 | 1996–2010 | 2011–21 | ||
| David Foot, author, Canada (1996) | Baby boomers: 1947–66 (Demographic, not culturally, definition) (Following considered altogether a separate generation) Gen. X: (as late boomers) between 1960 & 1966 Bust Gen.: between 1967 & 1979 |
|||||||
| PwC, professional services firm, London | 1900–45 (as Traditionalists) | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–95 | 1996–2000 (Link) Or: 1995 onwards (Link) |
|||
| McCrindle Research, Australia | 1901–24 (as Federation Gen.) |
1925–45 (as Builders) |
1946–64 | 1965–79 | 1980–94 (as Gen. Y) |
1995–2009 | 2010–24 | |
| Brookings Institution, United States think tank According to: (upper, link) W. Frey; (lower, link) M. Winograd, M. Hais. |
Pre-boomer: 1945 and earlier | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997–2012 | 2013+ (Post-Gen Z) | ||
| 1946–64 | 1965–81 | 1982–2003 | ||||||
| Federal Reserve Board | Silent and earlier: before 1946 | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | ||||
| Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States (Independent) (Link) | 1946–64 | 1965–75 | 1976–2001 (as Echo boomers) |
|||||
| Gallup, analytics company | Traditionalists: before 1946 (Starting year unspecified) |
1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997–2002 (Link) Or: 1997–present (Link) |
|||
| Resolution Foundation, United Kingdom | 1911–25 | 1926–45 | 1946–65 | 1966–80 | 1981–2000 | |||
| William Strauss (d. 2007) & Neil Howe, authors | The authors also identified generations until 1882. |
As voted in a website contest. (Link)
| ||||||
| 1883–1900 | 1901–24 (as G.I. Gen.) |
1925–42 | 1943–60 | 1961–81 (as 13th Gen.) |
1982–2004 | 2005 onwards (as Homeland Gen.) | ||
| Merriam-Webster Dictionary | 1946–64 | '80s or '90s | Late '90s & early 2000s | |||||
| Oxford Dictionaries | Between early '80s and late '90s | Late '90s or early 21st century | ||||||
| Color legends:
Baby boomers, Gen X: Consensus around the date range, widely accepted definition.
Millennials: Consensus around the date range, widely accepted definition; thus, this user belongs to this cohort, as per source.
Millennials, Gen Z: Cohort/s where this user belongs, as per source.
Gen Z: Sources citing 1995 as starting birth year. Means that this user belongs to this cohort, as per source.
Gen Z: Sources citing 1996 as starting birth year. Means that this user belongs to this cohort, as per source.
Gen Z: Sources citing 1997 as starting birth year.
Notes in example:
|
Example (for illustrative purpose)
| |||||||
| 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997–20XX | Source whose designated date range is widely accepted. | ||||
| (Maybe) | (Unlikely) | 19XX–94 | 1995–20XX | Source Z95 | ||||
| (Maybe) | (Unlikely) | 19XX–95 | 1996–20XX | Source Z96 | ||||
| (Maybe) | 19XX–XX | 19XX–96 | 1997–20XX | Source Y96 | ||||
| (Maybe) | (Unlikely) | 19XX–EYXX (EYXX: 1997 or later) |
SYXX–20XX | Source YL | ||||
| (Maybe) | (Unlikely) | 19XX to late 1990s | Mid-1990s to 20XX | Source D | ||||
Notes:
| ||||||||
| Conclusion: This suggests that this user is a member of (what generation?). | ||||||||
Sources
|
Lost Gen (†)* | Greatest Gen* | Silent Gen* | Baby boomers* | Gen X* | Millennials (or Gen Y)* | Gen Z* | Gen Alpha* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ipsos, market research company (2021, Canada) (Link) | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 | 1997+ | ||||
| World Economic Forum (Link) | 1946–96 |
1997–2009 | ||||||
| Fortune (citing Deloitte) (Link) | Between Jan. 1983 & Dec. 1994 | Between Jan. 1995 & Dec. 2003 | ||||||
| CBS News (Link) | Between mid-1920s & early 1940s | Between 1980 & 1995 | Between 1995 & 2010 (also Centennials) | |||||
| Ipsos, market research company (2023, U.K.) (Link) | Pre-War: Before 1945 (Starting year unspecified) | 1945–65 | 1966–79 | 1980–95 | 1996–2012 | After 2012 | ||
| (Other Sources) | ||||||||
- Gen Z:
- The Collins Dictionary define as "members of the generation of people born between the mid-1990s and mid-2010s".
- 1997 as starting year: Major news outlets: PBS, The New York Times, The Washington Post (to 2012), CNBC (to 2012), Bruce Tulgan writing for Forbes (saying also: "some define Millennials as being born beginning anywhere from 1978 to 1981"), Time Magazine (to 2012, or Zoomers).
- 1995 as starting year: News outlets: United Press International (to 2005), Financial Times (to 2010).
- 1996 as starting year: Management and consulting firms: McKinsey (to 2010).
- Gen Alpha: Media sources: 2010–24 as per forbes.com and 2011–25 as per theguardian.com.
- As per usatoday.com: Baby boomers, bet. 1946 & '64; Gen X, 1965/'80; Millennials, 1981/'96; Gen Z, 1997/2012; Gen Alpha, 2012–24.
- As per www12.statcan.gc.ca: Greatest Gen: before 1928; Interwar Gen: between 1928 & '45; Baby Boomer Gen: 1946/'65; Gen X: 1966/'80; Gen Y (millennials): 1981/'96; Gen Z: 1997/2012; Gen Alpha: 2013/'21.
- As per mentalfloss.com: Millennials: between 1981 & '96; Gen Z: 1997/2012 or 2010; Gen Alpha: 2010/'25.
- As per the-future-of-commerce.com: The G.I. Generation, also known as the Greatest Generation, born roughly between 1901 & '27; the Silent Generation, 1928/'45; Baby Boomers, 1946/'64; Generation X, also known as Gen X, 1965/'80; Millennials, also known as Generation Y or Gen Y for short, 1981/'96; Generation Z, also known as Gen Z, 1997/2009; Generation Alpha (born roughly between 2010/'24 or '25.
Sources (authors)
|
Silent | Boomer | Gen X | Gen Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Lynne) Lancaster & (David) Stillman, 2002 | — | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–99 |
| Schewe & Meridith, 2004 | — | 1946–65 | 1966–76 | — |
| Oblinger D., Oblinger J.L. & Lippincott, 2005 | — | 1946–64 | 1965–82 | 1982–91 |
| Martin, 2005 | — | — | — | 1978–88 |
| Shi & Allen, 2007 | — | — | — | 1977–94 or 1982–2003 |
| Howe & Strauss, 2007 | 1925–42 | 1943–60 | 1961–81 | 1982–2005 |
| Cennamo & Gardner, 2008 | 1925–45 | 1946–61 | 1962–79 | 1980–2000 |
| Codrington, 2008 | 1929–45 | 1946–67 | 1968–89 | 1989–2005 |
| Hurst & Good, 2009 | 1925–45 | — | — | 1980–2003 |
| Reisenwitz & Iyer, 2009 | — | 1946–64 | 1965–76 | 1977–88 |
| Schiffman, Kanuk & Wisenblit, 2010 | — | 1946–64 | 1965–79 | 1977–94 or 1982–2004 |
| Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman & Lance, 2010 | 1925–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–81 | 1982–1999 |
| Brosdahl & Carpenter, 2011 | 1925–45 | 1943–60 | 1961–81 | 1982–2000 |
| Murray, Toulson & Legg, 2011 | 1925–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–81 | 1982–94 |
| Jain & Pant, 2012 | 1922–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1980–2000 |
| Zemke, Raines & Filipczak, 2013 | — | 1943–60 | 1960–80 | 1980–2004 |
| PEW Research, 2014 | 1928–45 | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | 1981–96 |
| Markert, 2004 | Further subdivided. See separate table.
| |||
| 1926–45 | 1946–65 | 1966–85 | 1986–2005 | |
| Source: (Link) | ||||
| Generations | Cohorts | Bihorts | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | Late | Early-early | Late-early | Early-late | Late-late | |
| Great War Gen.: 1906–25 | See note below.
| |||||
| Silents: 1926–45 | 1926–35 | 1936–45 | 1926–30 | 1931–35 | 1936–40 | 1941–45 |
| Boomers: 1946–65 | 1946–55 | 1956–65 | 1946–50 | 1951–55 | 1956–60 | 1961–65 |
| X-ers: 1966–85 | 1966–75 | 1976–85 | 1966–70 | 1971–75 | 1976–80 | 1981–85 |
| Gen Y: 1986–2005 | 1986–95 | 1996–2005 | 1986–90 | 1991–95 | 1996–2000 | 2001–05 |
| Post-Y Gen.: Since 2006 | See note below.
| |||||
| Note: Journalist J. Markert, like George Masnick, acknowledged the 20-year increments but (compared to Masnick's) goes a step further and subdivides the generation into two 10-year cohorts with early and later members of the generation. This thinking is applied to each generation, especially the four. Source(s): (Same link) (Link) | ||||||
Sources
|
Baby boomers | Name | Gen X | Name | Millennials (or Gen Y) | Name | Gen Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pew Research Center | 1946–64 | 1965–80 | Xennials: Between 1977 and 1983 | 1981–96 | 1997–2012 | ||
| Others | Jonathan Pontell, cultural commentator and marketing consultant | Xennials: identified as a "microgeneration" (Ryan W. Miller, usatoday.com, 2018) Xennials, Generation Catalano: "between the tail-end of the Carter administration (1977–81) and the ascendency of the Reagan Revolution (1981–89)" (Sarah Stankorb, good.is, 2014) Generation Catalano (also Carter babies): between the inaugurations of Carter, Jan. 1977 and of Reagan, Jan. 1981 (Doree Shafrir, slate.com, 2011) Generation Catalano, Xennials (also The Lucky Ones, Oregon Trail Generation): "the tail end of the '70s and the start of the '80s" (Anna Garvey, huffpost.com, 2015) |
Laura Pence, WFXB FOX TV South Carolina, 2021 | ||||
| Boomers proper: 1942–53 | Generation Jones: 1954–65 (including early Gen X years) | 1966 to late 1970s | Ends about 1995 | Zillennials: About 1992–98 | Starts about 1995 | ||
| Adam Avery, The Frederick News-Post, 2008 | |||||||
| Between 1946 and 1955 | Generation Jones: Between 1956 and 1964 | ||||||
| Between the mid-1940s and mid-1960s (Jeffrey Williams, citing standard accounts, The Chronicle of Higher Education, 2014) Between 1946 and 1964 (Associated Press, 2009) |
Generation Jones: {Latter half of the Baby boomers from the early 1960s to the early years of Gen. X} (Greg Seigle, citing Pontell, The Washington Post, 2000) | {Identified as a "microgeneration"} Zennial: Between 1992 and 1998 (Nicea DeGering, Good Things Utah, KTVX-tv ABC-4 Utah, 2021) Zillennials: Between 1993 and 1998 (Maisy Farren, vice.com, 2020) |
|||||
Something's interesting[edit]
General[edit]
| Title |
|---|
| Content |
| Titles in the works |
|---|
Planning to create articles about:
|
| Target revisions |
|---|
Planning to edit articles:
|
Plan_1[edit]
| Date | First explosion: March 17, 1994 Second explosion: August 29, 1994 |
|---|---|
| Location | Malangas, Zamboanga del Sur |
| 1994 Malangas mine explosions |
|---|
Plan is now in editing stage.
Planned contents:
|
| Background
Malangas Coal Mines Reservation was established in 1938.[83] At present, it is situated in eight municipalities in Zamboanga Sibugay (including Malangas) and in two in Zamboanga del Sur.[84] Malangas mine was operated by the Malangas Coal Corporation (MCC), one of the subsidiaries of Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC).[85] The Malangas mine began production in May 1982 until its closure in 1994. By 1983, coal output was 136,000 tons per year. This was exceeded only during the 1987–1990 period with output reaching as high as 188,000 tons per year, although far to the target annual output of 240,000 tons.[85] Annually, its production is 15% of the national coal requirement.[86] Due to low coal production, as well as weak prices, MCC acquired substantial losses over the years, and did not complied with financial covenants following the closure of the mine in 1994.[85] First explosion According to Sen. Heherson Alvarez, within less than six months, there were six disasters occurred in the energy industry.[87] Two were explosions in the coal mine, as later said by Rep. Maria Clara Lobregat: one in March, the first; another in August, the sixth.[88][87] On March 17, in an incident (in Malangas Coal Mine), 10 miners were killed and 30 were seriously injured. The PNOC did not report it at once, as later publicized by Bohol Rep. Erico Aumentado.[87][86] Note: The first explosion caused two fatalities, according to Rep. Lobregat;[89] injured eleven people, according to the Associated Press.[88] Second explosion Intro: On August 29, 1994, an explosion at the Philippine National Oil Co. coal mine in Malangas, Philippines killed more than 80 (or 119).[90][91][92] It was the country's worst mining disaster.[90] The cause was unknown.[91] On August 29 {or August 30}[86], 1994, {evening[93][88][94][95] or 12:45 a.m.[96]?}, a methane gas explosion took place in the coal mine owned by the state-run Philippine National Oil Company in Malangas, then part of Zamboanga del Sur.[97][96][93][89][88][94][95][87] (Casualties) Until Sept. 10, the confirmed death toll was 87 (miners).[86] Majority of the deaths came from Malangas, while the rest were from three nearby communities. The disaster overwhelmed the town's resources with the only funeral parlor appealing to other communities for caskets.[88] It was the country's worst mine disaster.[88][94][95][87] Note: Latest reports reaching the Office of the President confirmed that the death toll had already reached 100 as of Sept. 1.[87] As per Asian Development Bank, a methane gas explosion killed 84 persons.[85] (Some workers were reportedly entombed in the shaft.) Retrieval operations became difficult due to the conditions in the flooded pit.[95] Recovery of all bodies were said could take [not more than] two weeks,[88] because of the threat of further explosions.[95] Rescue teams probing the tunnel had been blocked by flooding since the pumps to remove water were damaged in the blast.[95] (Casualties) PNOC reported 96 survived miners,[88] 91 of them escaped unhurt.[87] Chito Samonte, PNOC vice president, earlier said 17 miners, suffering serious burns, were flown to the company hospital in Cebu.[89] As of Sept. 3, at least 68 people were treated for burns or smoke inhalation.[95] It was reported that at least 170 miners (173 as per PNOC)[87] were working inside the tunnel, 500 feet[94] underground.[97][96][89] The cause of explosion remained unclear.[95]
Survivors narrated that, scrambling for safety, they were stumbling in the dark over the dead and injured. Some miners claimed devices for detecting methane often fail.[88] President Fidel Ramos ordered an investigation into the cause of the said explosion.[89] As rescue efforts continued, Samonte said that the presence of poisonous gases in the shafts some 150 meters (492.15 feet) below the ground made it dangerous.[89] Municipal mayor Cecilio Tura said the shaft has collapsed and toxic fumes continue to emanate from the ground.[89] Rep. Maria Clara Lobregat needed to know the kind of safety measures PNOC uses in these mines.[89] As the government-owned PNOC Exploration Corporation commemorated of the 24th anniversary in 2018 of the mine explosion that killed over 70 mine workers, a memorial site (a memorial cross and marker) was opened in the Shaft 3 Area of Barangay Ladicha during a program.[98] Reactions Bohol Rep. Enrico Aumentado called for a House investigation into the Malangas accidents to determine whether the PNOC was negligent in operating the coal mine. In a resolution he co-authored, he said the cause of the explosion was not yet discovered, though there were conflicting theories that dynamite and methane were the causes.[86] Side note 2:[87] [The explosion occurred in the Lower Botong 5 area of the coal pit.] Recovery operations proceeded slowly because of fears in might trigger further explosions. Many mine workers reportedly helped in rescue operations. Initial investigation conducted by the Philippine National Police revealed that most victims died of gas suffocation and burn injuries as a result of the blast. There were conflicting reports about the cause of the explosion.
According to reports, coal mine workers refused to enter the tunnel because of fears that another explosion might occur. They complained that PNOC's safety engineers had been negligent about the jobs. The Malangas coal mines was ordered closed immediately following the blast. On Sept. 1, Malacañang and PNOC said the coal mines in Malangas will remain closed for indefinite period until adequate safety measures are put in place to prevent similar incidents. Pres. Ramos ordered an investigation and regular inspection of mines. Sen. Heherson Alvarez filed a resolution asking for an investigation. Side note 3:[85] According to a 1997 report by Asian Development Bank: In the Malangas mine, thinning [coal seam]s resulted to the mine to return on the [retreat mining] method, which requires the construction of more [shaft (civil engineering)|shafts] surrounding the area to be mined. Due to geological changes of the adjacent noncoal-bearing layers, weaker shaft support were observed in the coal-bearing strata mined after 1991. At the Malangas mine, chemicals were not used for the washing of coal, and solid waste were minimized. Thus, the environmental impact was minimal. Following the disaster, Malangas mine was closed and MCC ceased all operations there. The mining rights were assigned to the Coal Miners Multipurpose Cooperative; operations resumed on April 18, 1995. Operations were terminated by the cooperative after the concession for about 17 months, due to geological problems and excessive water seepage. More: In 1995, a coal mine tunnel in Malangas was destroyed by a massive methane gas explosion, which killed more than 100 people.[99] The Integrated Little Baguio colliery in Malangas is the country's largest semi-mechanized underground mine.[99] Government-owned Malangas mine is operating as modernized coal mine through foreign assistance.[100] |
Plan_2[edit]
| 1964 Philippines (Pampanga) C-135 crash | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| On May 11, 1964, 7:20 p.m.,[101] a Boeing C-135B Stratolifter crashed 1500 feet before reaching runway 02 in Clark Air Base, Angeles, Philippines.[101][102]
Eighty were killed: 79 of 84 occupants: 5 of 10 crew members, all 74 passengers; on the ground, one American in a taxi.[102][101] The aircraft, operated by the United States Air Force,[101] was carrying an Air Force band from Hawaii when it crashed in heavy rain.[102] Aircraft was damaged.[101] Destination was from Hickam AFB, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA to Clark Air Base, Angeles, Philippines.[101] Aircraft's first flight was in Feb. 1962.[101] It was then the worst accident involving Boeing C-135 and currently the 2nd.[101] It was then the country's worst accident and currently the 3rd.[101] Further details: (Intro) On May 11, 1964,[102][103][104] a four-engine[105] United States Air Force C-135B[104] (61-0332 A total of 79 were killed[102][103] while 7 were injured. Among the deaths were 78 of 83 individuals aboard, all 74 passengers and 4 of the crew;[103] 71 of them were killed instantly;[105] on the ground, an American serviceman[105] in a taxi.[102][103][104] Five other crew members survived, also 2 others in a taxi.[103] The crew members reportedly survived because of the nose of the plane that had broken off from the fuselage.[107] Plane's broken pieces were scattered. Witnesses heard loud skidding sound and explosions.[105] Text below this line is now being prepared. Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines, then the largest United States base abroad covering 890 square kilometers (345 square miles),[108] was a stopover for supplies and personnel destined for Southeast Asia,[106] especially for the US military assistance program in South Vietnam.[108] At that time, rain squalls were common there,[108] and were not regarded as a hindrance[106] for planes which normally had difficulty in landing.[108] The United States Military Air Transport Service began using the C-135 Stratolifter in June 1961.[106] Its operator United States Air Force[103] reported that C-135 jets had safely transported passengers 121,000,000 kilometers (75,000,000 miles).[108] The only prior C-135 crash occurred in Guantánamo Naval Base in Cuba in October, during the Cuban crisis, killing seven crew members.[106][108] The C-135 (61-0322) was assigned to the 44th Air Transport Squadron at Travis Air Force Base, Fairfield, California.[101][109][103] Prior to the accident, the transport was on its scheduled flight from Travis AFB[106][108] via Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, Hawaii, wherein some passengers left as others boarded;[106] ending at Clark AFB, and was about to bring injured and sick back to the United States.[103] At that time, no signs of trouble had been seen.[106] There were 83 on board the aircraft: 58 from the USAF, including 9 crew members, 2 flight nurses, and 47 passengers; 19 from the US Navy; 3 from the US Coast Guard; and 3 Chinese Nationalists. Five of them were residents from the Philippines.[103] NOTE 1. The New York Times,[106] Associated Press,[110] and author Christopher Hoctor[103] both stated that there were 83 on board the aircraft. However, there are some conflicting information:
Meanwhile, databases recorded otherwise 84 occupants: 74 passengers & 10 crew.[101][109][111] NOTE 2. Author Christopher Hoctor listed names of 80 of 83 individuals aboard: 75 fatalities and 5 survivors. The list excludes three dead Chinese Nationalists.[103] Text above this line is now being prepared. Approaching Clark AFB on May 11, 1964 thunderstorms occurred;[103] the military plane made the low approach[108] and while attempting to land,[103] struck the perimeter fence[101][109] as well as a 42-ft radio pole (or navigation aid tower[103]).[107][112] It stalled, hit the ground and slid further, crossed a road, hitting a taxi;[112][106] eventually crashed as it NOTE: Time of crash: NOTE: Distance of pole from the runway erroneously located at 2,500 yards[108] (~2.286 km) and at a quarter mile[107] (~0.402 km), supposedly the crash site.[112] The wreckage caused by the impact scattered between 200[106] and 1000 yards.[108] The fuselage broke into 3 parts, with 2 sections—including the nose & front cabin—upside down,[108] and its midsection on its back.[106] Three of 4 engines removed from the wings,[108] with two from the right More than 70 of them died on impact. An American serviceman[105] in a taxi was also killed.[108] Initially, 12 were injured.[103] The rest, in serious condition, were later brought to Clark Air Base Hospital,[108][106] including another American passenger and a Filipino taxi driver at the ground.[108] Five later died [107] within the next 24 hours.[105] or Three more died on May 12.[108][112] On May 16, Steward's Mate 3C R. Broas, a Filipino United States Navy also died.[113] Another from the jet later died. A total of 78 were killed: 53 from the USAF, including 4 of the crew members and all flight nurses and passengers; also all from the Navy, the Coast Guard, and Chinese Nationalists. All residents from the Philippines were killed.[103] Five crew members survived,[103] among them both pilots,[109] reportedly because of the nose of the plane that had broken off from the flaming fuselage.[107] They were listed men:[112]
In total, 79 were killed, 7 survived.[103] NOTES:
The crash involving the plane was the worst since then.[106] Witnesses heard loud skidding sound and explosions.[105] [...] The crash was the worst of the military plane disasters worldwide within 24 hours. (Others were a forced plane landing by United States Navy in the Sea of Japan off Oki Islands; a fatal crash landing in Alabama, United States; and another fatal plane crash by US Navy in the Atlantic Ocean near their base at Rota, Spain.)[112] (Turbulence might cause the plane to come in too low altitude. Poor visibility possible.)[108] (WHY the plane made the low approach to the runway?)[112]
The military plane crash was one of four occurred worldwide on that day.[103] Cause is unknown.[103] While the weather was considered as a factor,[109] others do not believe so; as the ceiling was at between 300[101] to 500 feet AGL,[103] and visibility was limited to 2,000 meters (one mile[109]).[101] Probably was an error on part of the flying crew.[109][111] According to the reports, the crew carried out a PAR approach to runway 02.[101] The aircraft descended below the glidepath five kilometers from the runway threshold. Despite three warnings sent then by the ATC to the crew, as well as an instruction to go-around at three kilometers from the threshold, the crew continued the approach ,[101][109] and later cleared to land upon seeing the runway as they contacted the tower.[109] Considered as another contributing factor is the lack of ATC coordination.[109] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
RELATED HISTORY[106]
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Statistics
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Plan_3[edit]
| 2005 Philippine jail siege |
|---|
| Proposed intro
The Bicutan siege was an assault on March 15, 2005. [Following an attempted jailbreak, a group of detainees blockaded themselves inside the facility.] A daylong {more than 24 hours} standoff with Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) detainees ended when government troops stormed a maximum security jail {Special Intensive Care Area building of the Metro Manila District Jail} {a 300-man Philippine National Police–Special Action Force (PNP–SAF) team regained control of the facility} at Camp Bagong Diwa, Bicutan, Taguig, Philippines, killing at least 22 {or 23} detainees, mostly ASG members, and a police officer {PNP–SAF member}. On March 14, a hostage-taking siege occurred at a facility in Metro Manila District Jail in Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig after a failed jailbreak attempt[114] when several detainees grabbed weapons from their guards and killed three. The siege was crushed by the police on March 15, leaving 22 prisoners (three Abu Sayyaf leaders and 19 others, described by the government as members of the Abu Sayyaf bandit group) and one policeman dead.[115] Results of:
suggest that the siege were:
Video: |
Proposed titles:
Content: The siege of the Camp Bagong Diwa prison facility in Taguig began on March 14 when suspected Abu Sayyaf members overpowered and stabbed their guards, taking away their firearms and ammunition.[116][117] A shootout during the initial, failed escape attempt led by two Abu Sayyaf leaders killed at least three guards and two Abu Sayyaf members.[116] The suspects then took over a maximum-security jail.[116] According to police spokesman Leopoldo Bataoil, about 10 men were involved in the uprising, led by [Kosovo] Limbong and Kair Abdul Gapar, a kidnap-for-ransom suspect.[116] They were allegedly protesting the overcrowded conditions in the prison.[117] Negotiators later talked to the siege leaders, including Interior Secretary Angelo Reyes and ARMM Gov. Parouk Hussin.[117] The inmates first agreed to surrender after their escape attempt,[116] however, the deal broke down when they demanded for food and water.[116][117] Civilian negotiators later left in frustration.[116] The later demand might caused the police for the assault.[117] The following day, March 15, after hours of failed negotiations with the inmates, authorities gave an ultimatum to the inmates: a 15-minute deadline to surrender.[116] Police {Security forces} later launched a raid {an assault} on a jail {in the facility}.[116][117] Some detainees were seen scaling down the walls inside the compound as thick smoke billowed out. Some reportedly firing pistols, yelling because of the tear gas smoke. Bombarded with tear-gas canisters and bullets.[116] At least 22 inmates were killed. As per Interior Secretary Angelo Reyes, they included four leaders of Abu Sayyaf group, including the two men who led an escape attempt. Among them were three Abu Sayyaf leaders accused of involvement in mass kidnappings and other terror acts:[116] [The assault] ended the siege with 22 [LIST 1]
[LIST 2]
As per Metro Manila Police Chief Avelino Razon, 21 inmates were killed. Five officers were wounded in the assault.[116] Policemen escorted some detainees thereafter.[116] The jail has about 425 suspects, including 129 suspected members and leaders of the al-Qaida-linked Press secretary/presidential spokesman Ignacio Bunye said in a statement that the inmates "got what was coming to them" and were given all chances to surrender.[116][117] Reyes quoted President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo congratulating the forces involved for a job well done, but grieving on the casualties.[116] President Arroyo, on March 17, called on the nation to "move on" in the aftermath of the incident and focus instead on jobs and economy.[115] As per state prosecutor Peter Medalle, who is handling several cases involving the Abu Sayyaf, jail guards had been warned within three weeks of a possible prison break, from an intercepted mobile phone conversation between Limbong and Abu Sayyaf leader Abu Solaiman.[116] A number of Abu Sayyaf suspects escaped from country's jails.[116]
Abu Sayyaf, had been linked by the US to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda terrorist network.[115] On March 16, the bodies of those 22 dead inmates were given what was called by Muslims a "martyrs' burial" in a mass grave at a Muslim cemetery in Taguig. Those who had joined the procession accused jail guards of torturing inmates. The following day, The military criticized Muslims for giving such burial.[115] Officials of the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology claimed that the attempted jailbreak occurred due to a lack of resources and manpower. Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita, in a radio interview, decribed the claim as "unpardonable" and noted that Abu Sayyaf detainees took advantage of the negligence of the guards.[115] The Commission on Human Rights ordered the Department of Interior and Local Government, the Philippine National Police, and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology to submit operation reports on the attempted jailbreak. The said order failed to be complied.[114] |
Plan_3_a[edit]
| (See plan 3) |
|---|
| Proposed titles: |
| On Mar. 14, daybreak, at a maximum security jail at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig, Philippines, the prisoners overpowered the guards and began their escape attempt. Three prison guards and two Abu Sayyaf members were killed; two other jail guards were wounded.
As per Bataoil, about 10 men were involved in the uprising, led by Limbong and Tahir Abdul Gafar, a kidnap-for-ransom suspect. The militants demanded speedy trials for their cases, which at first agreed by the government, as well as security guarantees and access to the media; but the talks broke down on the night when they demanded food and refused to surrender their weapons. Government negotiators, led by Reyes, took more than 26 hours for negotiations which was extended seven times: four in the first day and three in the second, the last was at 9:15 a.m. After failed options, the government eventually decided to launch the assault. On Mar. 15, morning, Reyes gave the inmates 15 minutes to surrender. After the deadline at 9:15 a.m., to end a daylong standoff with Abu Sayyaf detainees the 64-man assault team entered the Security Intensive Care Unit building. Some 400 inmates were rescued at the fifth and fourth floors. A firefight occurred in the third and second floors. The Abu Sayyaf detainees had seized the first floor of the facility. About an hour after the start of the operation, the building was reportedly taken control by the police. However, gunshots were even heard until an hour later at about midday. After that, 23 were slain: 22 prisoners, among them three Abu Sayyaf leaders:
Also, Police Officer 1 Abel Pena Ariola, part of the initial assault team, was found dead. As per National Capital Region Police Office chief Director Avelino Razon:
As per Interior and Local Government Secretary Angelo Reyes:
Many of the dead Abu Sayyaf members were reportedly found in a cell on the ground floor. Six policemen were wounded during the assault and were rushed to the Taguig-Pateros District Hospital: Four Special Action Force members, two Regional Special Action Unit members. No reports were given for the wounded prisoners. A prison bloc held 471 prisoners, a third of them Islamic extremist Abu Sayyaf suspects believed responsible for the worst attack in the country. Razon denied allegations of overkill. He believed that the detainees employed delaying tactics. Reyes, denying criticisms of "indecisive and slow" actions of the government, said the operation was done in an ideal manner. He added that "there will be a thorough investigation" into the incident. Philippine National Police spokesman Senior Superintendent Leopoldo Bataoil said that Andang, shot despite having a leg lost during his arrest in 2001, "don't use [...] legs to fire a gun." Justice Secretary Raul Gonzalez ordered the indefinite suspension of visits to detainees in Camp Bagong Diwa as a precautionary measure until the investigation into the failed jailbreak and needed reforms were done. Razon earlier said that smuggling firearms into the facility was possible through visitations. Reactions
|
| On March 14, the uprising began when a suspected Abu Sayyaf member, about to be escorted to a court hearing, [during an inspection, reportedly] overpowered a guard, took a rifle and shot the prison officers around him.
Other inmates joined in, overpowering guards and demanding speedy trials, safety and access to news organizations. Several high-level government officials, negotiated with the prisoners, complained that the inmates continually shifted their demands. According to police spokesman Leopoldo Bataoil, about 10 inmates linked to the Abu Sayyaf were involved in the uprising, led by two group members. Bataoil warned of a major assault if the inmates didn't give up their weapons. Three inmates and two guards were killed. On March 15, morning, Philippine authorities issued an ultimatum to prisoners. To reclaim the facility, the police, with its 64 officers in total, raided a Manila prison in Manila, Philippines to end a revolt by members of the al Qaeda-linked Muslim separatist group Abu Sayyaf. 22 inmates were killed in the assault; most of them believed to be members of Abu Sayyaf. Among the dead were four group leaders (Gen. Razon), including the two (Reyes):
Five police officers were wounded. A child who worked in a prison store was [reportedly] treated for exposure to tear gas during the raid. The number of dead in the two-day standoff was 27. The prison revolt came despite intelligence reports three to four weeks ago that said inmates were planning a jailbreak. The prison had 469 inmates including both Islamic militants and convicted criminals. Abu Sayyaf, a separatist group, is notorious for bombings and ransom kidnappings in which some hostages were killed. According to U.S. and Philippine authorities, it is linked to al Qaeda and Indonesia's Jemaah Islamiyah. State prosecutor Peter Medalle, who is handling several cases involving Abu Sayyaf, said that jail guards were warned about a possible prison break three weeks ago because of an intercepted mobile phone conversation between Limbong and Abu Sayyaf leader Abu Solaiman; the warnings were apparently ignored. Government officials promised an investigation. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo praised the raid; said "terrorism will never win" in the country.
|
Plan_4[edit]
| Jacinto Borja |
|---|
| (Draft made as randomly searched)
Jacinto Castel Borja (Oct. 31, 1905, in Tagbilaran, Bohol, Philippines – Mar. 27, 1969) was a Filipino politician.[120] Borja was the first and only Boholano to serve as Philippine envoy to the United Nations.[120] He was permanent representative (1962–64)[121] He was elected governor of Bohol[122] (1948–51[120] or 1952–55[121]) and also served as ambassador to Japan (1965–66).[120][121][123] In 1995, in his honor, Taytay Bridge in Bohol, which links Tagbilaran City with Panglao Island, was renamed Ambassador Jacinto Castel Borja Bridge.[121] As a secondary junior at then Silliman Institute, Borja was captain of the debating team. The following year, he won the McIntyre oratorical contest.[123] At the University of the Philippines: He was among the four law students of the UP debate team coached by Carlos P. Romulo, won every debate in 1928.[124][123] Meanwhile, he served as editor of the Philippine Collegian in 1927–28. He won the Palma medal in debating; the Quezon medal in oratory.[123] With a strong background in writing and public speaking, he began practicing as a lawyer in 1930.[123] [122] Personal life: Oct. 31, 1902, in Tagbilaran, Bohol. Married to Natividad Lopez; three children. Education:
Profession: Lawyer Experiences & activities:
External: Steemit |
Plan_5[edit]
| Michael Ray Aquino (for revision) |
|---|
| (OK) (Intro) Michael Ray Beguas Aquino[125] (born 1966 or 1967)[126] is a former police officer.[127][128] He was chief of operations of the defunct Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force and Deputy Director of Philippine National Police Intelligence Group[128] during the leadership of police chief and future Senator Ping Lacson.[129] He had been a Lacson's protégé.[126] Aquino gained public attention with his implication to the abduction and killing of publicist Salvador "Bubby" Dacer and driver Emmanuel Corbito in 2000.[127][128] He fled for the United States after the Second EDSA Revolution.[127] In 2012, the Manila Regional Trial Court dismissed the case for lack of evidence.[128]
(OK) Aquino graduated from the Philippine Military Academy in 1988.[129][128] He has a master's degree in Government Management from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila.[128] (OK) Aquino, along with Panfilo Lacson, then Philippine National Police (PNP) Task Force Habagat chief, and fellow Senior Superintendents Cesar Mancao II and Glenn Dumlao, were among more than thirty police officers indicted for the murder of eleven alleged members of Kuratong Baleleng robbery gang on May 18, 1995. The Quezon City Regional Trial Court Branch 81 dismissed the multiple murder case due to prosecution's failure to establish probable cause against them. The decision was affirmed twice by the Supreme Court, in 2012 and, with finality, in 2013.[130] Aquino was then the PNP Intelligence Group deputy director under the Estrada administration;[131] and the chief of operations of the now-defunct Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF), headed by future senator Lacson,[132][133] when he, along with other rogue policemen loyal to the president, was implicated in the November 2000 abduction-murder of prominent publicist Salvador "Bubby" Dacer and his driver, Emmanuel Corbito.[131][132] According to the official court document, Aquino ordered agents to investigate and steal documents from Dacer, was allegedly ordered by Lacson to gather a group of operatives and to instruct the abduction and silencing Dacer.[132] Aquino, Lacson's most loyal aide, was accused by his PAOCTF colleagues as part of the group that planned the murders. About a month before the murders, Aquino was told by Lacson, the alleged mastermind, to have Dacer killed.[133] In May 2001, the Department of Justice filed double murder charges against Aquino and other PAOCTF officers.[133] In July, Aquino and Mancao fled to the United States.[132][133] They were charged in absentia in September.[133] (OK) On September 10, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued an administrative order that dismissed Aquino of the PNP from the service for absence without official leave.[134] Michael Ray Aquino is a former Sr. Supt. and a former police intelligence officer.[135] At the time of the twin murders of publicist Salvador "Bubby" Dacer and Dacer's driver, Emmanuel Corbito, Aquino (Ninoy is his monicker in the police service) was a senior superintendent and former intelligence chief of the now-defunct Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force, then headed by Lacson, under the Estrada administration.[135] Dacer and Corbito were kidnapped on the boundary of Manila and Makati on Nov. 24, 2000. Their bodies were found in a creek bed in Cavite, strangled and burned.[135] Aquino secretly flew to the United States in June 2001 after he, Lacson and other police officers were implicated in the killings.[135] Aquino settled with his wife and son in New York, where he studied to be a nurse.[135] In 2005, Aquino was arrested in the US for illegal possession of classified US documents in connection with an espionage case;[131][132][135] he was accused of illegally accepting those documents.[135] Prosecutors alleged the documents were stolen as part of a plot to overthrow then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.[132][135] He pleaded guilty in 2006 and was sentenced to a 76-month prison term, later reduced to time served.[131][132][135] A Philippine government request to the United States for Aquino's extradition cleared the way for his turnover to Philippine custody.*[135] Aquino, in his statement, insisted on his innocence and denied the involvement of (ousted) former Pres. Joseph Estrada and Sen. Panfilo Lacson in the murders. He said that he left the Philippines along with his family which was dragged into the problem.[135] In 2011, the Court of Appeals ordered the dropping of charges against Lacson for insufficiency of evidence.[135] [Like Aquino, NBI Director Magtanggol Gatdula was a known subordinate of Lacson as operations officer of PAOCTF.][135] On September 17, 2001, Aquino was charged with conspiring with others to abduct and kill Dacer and Corbito. It was affirmed by the Supreme Court and, on April 28, 2006, Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 18 issued a warrant for his arrest.[125] Aquino was implicated by Glenn Dumlao in the murders; he fled the Philippines.[125] The Philippine Government requested the extradition of Aquino.[125] The extradition complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina; and on March 25, 2009, was transferred to the District of New Jersey after the Third Circuit Court of Appeals decided that Aquino be re-sentenced based on his espionage charges.[125] Aquino moved to the United States after the killings.[136] In New York, he met Leandro Aragoncillo,[126] a fellow Estrada supporter.[136] A naturalized U.S. citizen, Aragoncillo was a military affairs analyst under US vice presidents Al Gore and Dick Cheney.[126] Authorities began investigating the pair after Aquino was initially arrested in 2005 for overstaying his tourist visa, an immigration violation, and Aragoncillo tried to intercede using his FBI credentials.[126] (OK) On September 10, 2005, they were arrested in New Jersey for possessing classified military and national security documents.[136][137] In 2006, Aquino pleaded guilty to possessing those documents stolen by Aragoncillo, who also pleaded the same.[126][136] Aragoncillo was the principal player in the espionage case, which authorities said was part of a larger plot to overthrow Philippine president Arroyo.[126] He pilfered those documents from the White House until 2002 and as a Federal Bureau of Investigation intelligence analyst at Fort Monmouth since 2004.[136][126] Aragoncillo served ten years in federal prison.[136] Aquino's role was never fully made clear. United States District Court Judge William H. Walls of Newark, New Jersey initially sentenced him to six years, which was appealed as it was said that Walls used the wrong sentencing guideline,[126] thus, too lengthy a sentence.[136] (semi-OK) In 2009, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the judge to resentence him under more lenient guidelines, meaning he could be eligible for immediate release from prison. He would face 37 to 46 months in prison, and has already served 40 months. He could be immediately released and face deportation thereafter.[126][137] He served nearly four years.[136] In May 2006, the Manila Regional Trial Court, finding probable cause to prosecute Aquino, Mancao and 18 others for the Dacer–Corbito murder case, ordered the arrest of the two.[133] (semi-OK) He was in jail for 59 months in a facility in the United States.[138] (OK) On March 4, 2010, district court magistrate judge Esther Salas in Newark, New Jersey granted the request, thus ordering the extradition of Aquino to the Philippines to face trial.[136][125][139] On June 26, 2011, Aquino, from Los Angeles, arrived at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport and then brought to the detention facility of the National Bureau of Investigation[132][140][135] where he was jailed for 18 months.[138] (OK) In December 19, 2012, Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 18 dismissed the double murder case against Aquino in connection with the 2000 Dacer–Corbito deaths for lack of evidence, and ordered his immediate release.[131][133][138] The dismissal was affirmed by the Court of Appeals (CA) on August 2014.[141] (OK) Meanwhile, Lacson was cleared by the CA in 2011; Dumlao became a state witness in 2009, was dropped from the list of accused.[133] (OK) In September 2010, Dacer's daughters filed a death suit (Dacer v. Estrada, Lacson et al.) under the Alien Tort Claims Act and the Torture Victim Protection Act. On January 21, 2014, Judge William Alsup of the Northern California District court ordered Aquino to pay $4.2 million in punitive damages to the victim's daughters. Only Aquino was served in the lawsuit which also named Estrada, Lacson, Dumlao, and others as defendants.[131] (OK) Aquino has been with the Razon Group since 2013.[128] He is currently the Vice President for Security of Bloomberry Resorts and Hotels Inc., which owns the Solaire Resort & Casino[129][128] wherein, upon its opening in March 2013, he was hired as deputy director for security.[127] In 2022, he was named as the director of Apex Mining Co. Inc., which was acquired by billionaire and port tycoon Enrique Razon Jr. a year prior.[129][128] (OK) In 2022, the Philippine Military Academy conferred an award to Aquino for "outstanding contributions to alumni affairs".[142] Other references Round 3: |
Plan_6[edit]
| Orient Bank (Philippines) |
|---|
| Orient Bank, officially as Orient Development Banking Corporation[143][144] was a commercial bank in the Philippines.[145]
It was established in February 1996 when Jose C. Go converted his thrift bank, Bangko Silangan Development Bank.[145] By late 1997, Orient Bank had 52 branches and total assets of ₱7.8 billion, according to a study by University of the Philippines College of Business Administration professor Erlinda Echanis.[145] It was closed in 1998.[144] In 2001, the Court of Appeals ordered to reopen the bank, which was opposed by the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation.[146] The Regional Trial Court National Capital Judicial Region Branch 42 Manila, in a decision in November 2020, convicted Go and another former high-ranking official of the bank for seven counts of fraud involving a total of ₱159 million linked to its closure.[143][144] PDIC publicized the court verdict the following year.[144] Info: In February 1996, Jose Go converted his thrift bank, Bangko Silangan Development Bank, into a commercial bank[145] to be known as Orient Bank (Orient Development Banking Corporation).[143] By late 1997, it had 52 branches and total assets of ₱7.8 billion, according to a study by University of the Philippines College of Business Administration professor Erlinda Echanis.[145] However, in the last quarter of 1997, it reportedly suffered huge losses and ran to the BSP for emergency advances that reached ₱3.3 billion in early January 1998.[145] It was reported that Go siphoned off the bank funds into his personal accounts through fictitious loans.[145] Echanis said the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas discovered some ₱5.5 billion of the bank's total loan portfolio of ₱6.1 billion in loans to certain interests, thus, a violation.[145] In early 1998, the bank experienced heavy withdrawals, prompting it to declare a bank holiday on February 14.[146] On October 14, 1998, BSP ordered the closure of the bank and designated under receivership with the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (pursuant to Republic Act No. 3591, the PDIC Charter)[143][144] which subsequently, decided to liquidate the bank on grounds its owners led by Go mismanaged the bank.[146] PDIC reported then that Orient Bank was bankrupt with liabilities of about ₱7 billion, which included ₱2.9 billion in trapped deposits of thousands of depositors, exceeding its assets of over ₱1 billion.[146] The PDIC and BSP then seized the assets of the bank. In the bidding conducted by the PDIC, Orient Bank was acquired by Lucio Tan, owner of the majority of Philippine National Bank, through one of his banks, Allied Banking Corporation; all 52 branches were transferred to the latter.[146] The Court of Appeals decided on February 27, 2001, ordering PDIC to stop liquidation of the bank, saying that PDIC and BSP acted in haste. CA declared the illegality of the closure of the bank, ordering its reopening. The order was opposed by the PDIC.[146] Investigations were made by the PDIC involving ₱4.95 billion which were transfered into accounts by Jose C. Go, former president, from July 1996 to December 1997, including the seven fraud cases filed against officers of the bank.[143][144] An August 2014 decision by the Supreme Court recorded that Go is presumed author of the falsification of commercial and public documents; bank funds ended up in his personal bank accounts which were used to fund his personal checks.[145] Court records showed that Go and Aida dela Rosa, former senior vice president, conspired to defraud the bank. They made it appear that the bank granted loans to seven entities, which actually never applied for or received the proceeds of the supposed loans. The accused encashed checks in the names of the alleged borrowers and deposited a total of ₱159 million into the accounts of Go and his related companies.[143][144] The amount was linked to the bank's closure.[144] The court concluded that the accused, taking advantage of their positions in the bank, converted funds for their personal gain or benefit, causing damage to the bank and its depositors.[143] In November 2020, the Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 42 convicted the two for seven counts of fraud "through Falsification of Commercial Documents", sentencing them to imprisonment (4 years, 2 months–19 years; for each of the cases). The Court also directed the two to jointly pay PDIC the same amount.[143][144] PDIC publicized the decision on July 1, 2021.[144] The Court also issued in December a hold departure order against the two upon PDIC's urgent motion.[143][144] Sources to be used (Retrieved 08-04-2023) Main
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Plan_7[edit]
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Plan_8[edit]
Plan_8A[edit]
In preparation. Article: List of journalists killed in the Philippines.
Enrique "Ike" Lingan, radio commentator and reporter; d. Feb. 4, 1990, Lucena. Shot by a policeman while about to file a complaint in a police station following an altercation in a nightclub. Felipe Navarro was sentenced to 14 y. 8 m. in prison.[147]
Fernando Consignado, 50, Radio Veritas correspondent. Death likely related to a land dispute case.[147]
Polly Pobeda, commentator of DWTI; d. May 17, 2003. Gunned down while aboard a motorcycle on his way to the station.[147]
Jacobo Amatong, editor-in-chief of Mindanao Observer, and Zorro Aguilar, editor of Nandao Today and human rights lawyer; d. 1983, Zamboanga del Norte. Killed by suspected military personnel. Remained unsolved (May 2005).[148]
Rafael Cimafranca, reporter at Mindanao Observer; d. 1993, Piñan, Zamboanga del Norte. Killed by a suspected member of a drug syndicate. Remained unsolved (May 2005).[148]
Atty. Ferdinand Reyes, editor-in-chief of Press Freedom, lawyer; d. Feb. 2, 1996, Zamboanga del Norte. Shot in his home. Remained unsolved (May 2005).[148]
Klein Cantoneros, 34, commentator at DXAA; d. May 4, 2005, Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte. Shot by 3 unidentified men while on his way home; managed to hide for two hours until he was brought to hospital wherein he died about 8 hours later. (as immediately reported)[148]
Marlene Esperat, journalist; d. March 25, 2005, Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat. Killed in their home while having dinner.[148]
Apolinario "Polly" Pobeda, 37, broadcaster at DWTI-am; d. May 17, 2003, Lucena. Ambushed while on his way to station. The prime suspect, Joven Geron, an alleged leader of a criminal gang whose members believed to be behind the killing, was arrested in San Juan, Batangas in April 2005, yet for another slay case. Another suspected member surrendered thereafter.[148]
Arnulfo Villanueva, columnist for communnity periodical Asian Star Express Balita; d. Feb. 28, 2005, Cavite. By May, murder charges were filed by the regional Criminal Investigation and Detection Group against 7 persons involved. Incident was considered as not work-related, but a personal grudge.[148]
Nine (for 2004) included in Freedom Forum Journalists Memorial: Elpidio "Ely" Binoya, Radyo Natin; June 17. Romero Binungcal, Remate/Bulgar; Sept. 29. Allan Dizon, The Freeman/Banat; Nov. 27. Rowell Endrinal, DZRC/Bicol Metro News; Feb. 11. Herson Hinolan, Bombo Radyo; Nov. 13. Gene Boyd Lumawag, MindaNews; Nov. 12. Arnnel Manalo, DZRH, Aug. 5. Rogelio Mariano, Radyo Natin-Aksyon Radyo, July 31. Eldy Sablas, DXJR-FM, Oct. 19.[148]
Armando Tingoy, radio commentator, security guard; d. Aug. 1985(?) Shot by 3 gunmen as he was about to leave a company where he was also worked as security guard. (as reported)[149]
Randolph Sunico, 50, editor of the weekly Philippine Chronicle; d. Sept. 23, 1985, Davao City. Shot by 4 men along a downtown street. (3rd newsmen to be killed in the city)[150]
Atty. Claro Chavez, 41, columnist of the daily Philippine Tribune (Cagayan de Oro), lawyer; d. Sept. 26, 1985. Shot by 3 armed men in his house.[150]
According to NPC pres. Antonio Nieva, a record of 7 journalists were killed in 1984; 8 deaths and a kidnapping in April–July 1985.[150]
W/ list[151]
Josef Nava, editor-publisher of monthly news magazine Visayan Life Today (Iloilo City), nightly program host at now-defunct DYRP; d. Oct. 30, 1988. Shot by a man while on his way home with his son aboard a pedicab. He had been exposing fictitious loans at the GSIS; had denounced also drug syndicates. Remained unsolved (2004).[152]
Eddie Suede, program host, and Noel Teneso, 26, cub reporter/trainee, both from DYFM Bombo Radyo; d. July 1, 1985, Iloilo City. Shot by several men in a restaurant. Suede, known for his lampoon-style criticisms and reportedly the target, had been exposing an alleged syndicate in the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). Police had no leads as no witnesses came out. Remained unsolved (2004).[152]
Severino Arcones, program anchor at DYFM Bombo Radyo; d. Oct. 17, 1989, Iloilo City. Shot by a man, accompanied by several lookouts, in front of his house. It was alleged that suspects were from the "Sparrow Unit" of the Alex Boncayao Brigade. No witnesses came out; remained unsolved (2004).[152]
Rolando Ureta, program director of Radio Mindanao Network–DYKR and also evening program host; d. Jan. 3, 2001, Lezo, Aklan. Shot by two motorcycle-riding men while on his way to his parents' house, also aboard a motorcycle. He had been investigating the illegal gambling and drug trafficking in the province. Remained unsolved (2004).[152]
Willie Vicoy, 45, news photographer for Reuters and, formerly, for United Press International, d. Apr. 25, 1986, Cagayan; & Pete Mabazza, Manila Bulletin correspondent. Along with eight soldiers, died after being shot in a communist guerrilla ambush in Cagayan. The first journalists killed while covering the country's communist insurgency.[153]
Willy Vicoy and Pete Mabasa; d. 1986, Cagayan. Killed when a military convoy was ambushed by New People's Army guerillas.[154]
Leo Palo, Bobby Sagado, Narciso Balani of Davao City; d. 1987, Davao City. Shot in a radio station after opposing an anti-communist vigilante warlord.[154]
Also in 1987: Ramon Noblejas, Leo Enriquez, Manuel Sanchez, Martin Castor, Robert McDonald. Leyte, Cebu, Quezon City.[154]
Rey Katindig, publisher and editor of Northern Sierra Madre Express; d. May 15, 1990, Tumauini, Isabela. Died of heart attack while being mauled by Land Transportation Office traffic enforcers.[154]
32 journalists killed 1972–1985. (Asian News & Features report)[154] 11 journalists killed 1987. (CPJ)[154]
Articles from Philippine Daily Inquirer:
—[155]
—[156]
—[157]
Virgilio Pacala, Manila Hotline; d. Mar. 24, 1987, Laguna. Ricardo Ribano, People's Journal; d. June 22, 1988, Quezon. Noli Resurreccion, DZMM; d. Nov. 17, 1988, Laguna. Cesario de Vera, DZEC; d. Nov. 23, 1989, Biñan, Laguna. Joseph Kruegger, Mindoro Weekly Reporter; d. Feb. 6, 1990, Oriental Mindoro. Enrique Ger, _____; d. Feb. 7, 1990, Oriental Mindoro. Nicasio Enciso, Manila Bulletin; d. May 26, 1991, Tagaytay, Cavite. Roberto Berbon, DZMM; d. Dec. 15, 1996, Cavite. Joy Mortel, Mindoro Guardian; d. May 31, 2001, Occidental Mindoro.[158]
Enrique Lingan, Lucena radioman, worked also at Quezon Times; Feb. 4, 1990, Lucena. Shot; policeman jailed.[158]
Sonny Alcantara, Celestron Cable TV & Kokus Newsweekly; d. Aug. 22, 2002, San Pablo, Laguna. Suspect/s at large (Aug. 2004).[158]
John Villanueva Jr., 53, broadcaster at DZGB-am Legazpi City; former vice mayor of Camalig, Albay; d. Apr. 28, 2003, Legazpi–two NPA recruits were identified by the Army as suspects. Case uncertain if politically-motivated or insurgency-related (Aug. 2004).[158]
"Polly" Pobeda, DWTI-am Lucena; d. May 17, 2003, Lucena. Suspects, brothers both bodyguards of a city councilor, were arrested and detained.[158]
Noel Villarante, DZJV/The Laguna Score; d. Aug. 19, 2003, Santa Cruz, Laguna. Suspect/s at large (Aug. 2004).[158]
Nelson Nadura, 42, commentator at DYME Masbate, pres. of the Union of Print and Broadcast Journalists in Masbate, NPA leader; d. Dec. 2, 2003, Masbate. Ambushed.[158]
Ruel Endrinal, broadcaster at DZRC Legazpi; d. Feb. 11, 2004; Legazpi. Had received death threats.[158]
Arnel Manalo, DZRH/Bulgar/Southern Tagalog Public Forum; d. Aug. 5, 2004, Bauan, Batangas. Suspected lone gunman, believed to be a hired killer, was identified; murder "practically solved" by mid-Aug.[158]
Fernando Consignado, 50, Radio Veritas correspondent; d. Aug. 12, 2004, Nagcarlan, Laguna. Shot.[158]
Joy Mortel, reporter of community periodical Mindoro Guardian, d. May 31, 2001, Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro. Shot by unidentified men inside her home. Criminal charges were later filed against suspected New People's Army rebels, as accusations by the police were based on the evidence.[159]
Apolinario "Polly" Pobeda, commentator at DWTI Lucena, d. May 17, 2003. Ambushed by unidentified men while on his way to station aboard his motorcycle. Two of the arrested suspects were bodyguards of a city mayor, who denied involvement. Trial is ongoing (Dec. 2003).[159]
Noel Villarante, Laguna-based, commentator at DZJV, stringer for (local) periodical Laguna Score; d. Aug. 19, 2003, Santa Cruz, Laguna. Gunned down. It was first reported that his death was due to his criticisms to illegal gambling in the province and of politicians accused of coddling illegal drug traffickers. A suspect, a civilian police agent, was arrested, however, was believed as a "fall guy".[159]
Joy Militante, newscaster at GMA TV-12 Legazpi City; d. Aug. 20, 1997, Naga City–attacked and stricken with a bamboo wood by an unidentified man in Legazpi City while she was on her way to work from her boarding house; died later in a hospital. Ramon Apuyan was charged with murder before the city's prosecutor's office; however, the case was dismissed sometime in 1998. Remained unsolved by Dec. 2003.[159]
Beverly "Ka Claire Domingo/Ate Claire" Marmol, commentator at Bombo Radyo Legazpi, rebel returnee, former teacher, information officer, asser and agent of the Bicol police; d. Feb. 17, 2001, Legazpi. Gunned down by 3 suspected NPA Sparu members in front of the station, after her regular program. Remained unsolved by Dec. 2003.[159]
John Villanueva, broadcaster at DZGB Legazpi, former vice mayor; d. Apr. 28, 2003, Camalig, Albay. Shot by two unidentified motorcycle-riding men whole on his way home aboard his motorcycle, after his afternoon program. Police was suspected of being the "supporter" of the communists, who in turn accused an anti-communist group and the military as the perpetrators. Case remained unsolved by Dec.[159]
Nelson V. Nadura, 42, commentator at DYME Masbate City; pres., Union of Print and Broadcast Journalists of Masbate, NPA rebel returnee; d. Dec. 2, 2003, Masbate City, Masbate. Shot by 2 unidentified men while on his way home aboard a motorcycle, shortly after had left the station after his morning program. (as immediately reported)[159]
Nadura: 50th as per NUJP; 73rd as per Inquirer records.[159]
Rey Bancayrin; d. 1998, Zamboanga City. Murdered in the announcer's booth of a radio station.[160]
2001: Two (Ureta and Cayona) of four documented by the CPJ were already established as work-related.[160]
Candelario Cayona, Zamboanga City d. May 2001. He had reportedly received an on air-threat from an Abu Sayyaf spokesperson.[160]
Mohammad Yusop, religious program host at Islamic Broadcasting Co.–DXID Pagadian City; d. Feb. 23, 2001. Shot by motorcycle-riding gunmen.[160]
Joy Mortel, Mindoro Guardian reporter; d. May 31, 2001, Occidental Mindoro. Shot by two men in her home after an argument.[160]
CPJ: 37 reported since 1986–2001.[160]
Outside sources:
[2] 1983 article written by C.P. for the Associated Press:
—Daily News, 01-03-1984.
—Lakeland Ledger, 12-29-1983.
—The Press-Courier, 12-21-1983.
—The Tuscaloosa News, 01-03-1984.
—Williamson Daily News, 12-24-1983.
[R1] Another article by the Associated Press:
—The Lewiston Journal, 12-17-1983.
—The Day, 12-17-1983.
[CR1] 1985 article written by D.B. for the Associated Press:
—Lewiston Journal, 08-06-1985.
—Ocala Star-Banner, 08-06-1985.
—The Lewiston (Maine) Daily Sun, 08-07-1985. (1)
[S1] United Press International report re: Tim Olivarez:
—The Bulletin, 03-20-1985.
—The Citizen, 03-21-1985. (2/L)
Tim Olivarez, 27, correspondent for daily tabloid Tempo; disappeared Feb. 4, 1985, Metro Manila. He was believed to be held and later killed, with the military being implicated. He had wrote stories since Dec. 1984 on an alleged "smuggling lord" in Manila who had also connections with the military. Arrests were made in March.
[R2] Another article by the Associated Press:
—The Free Lance-Star, 12-21-1985; p. 31.
—The Citizen, 12-20-1985; p. B13.
——Schenectady Gazette, 12-20-1985.
[3] "Filipino journalist, Marcos foe, killed after threat in life" Spokane Chronicle. 02-20-1986.
[R] The Spokesman-Review. 01-06-1987 (Link 1) (Link 2)
Opinion pieces from the Philippine Daily Inquirer:
[O1] Re: Klein Cantoneros: "Killings can destabilize government" 05-20-2005.
[O2] Re: Jun Pala: "Outrage over Pala's killings swells" 09-25-2003.
[O3] "Stop the killings!" 10-03-2006.
[E1] Re: Rowell Endrinal, Isabelo Maghoyo, Eliseo "Ely" Binoya, Rogelio Mariano, Arnel Manalo: "Attack on democracy" 08-10-2004.
[E2] Re: Roberto "Robby" Ramos: "Final solution" 11-22-2005.
Other pieces from PDI:
12-17-04
03-27-02
01-02-07
05-25-06
09-13-03
08-10-04
05-06-03
08-11-04
Plan_8b[edit]
Frank Mararac, radio commentator for an affiliate of DZXL; d. July 10, 1990, Lingayen, Pangasinan. With his son, while riding a pedicab on way home, was ambushed by three unidentified gunmen. Known for his commentaries about irregularities in the local government.[161]
Jean Ladringan, 43, local newspaper publisher; d. July 8, 1990, General Santos. With her husband, killed in a robbery. (3rd in the city since 1983)[161]
Edgar Damalerio, broadcaster; d. May 13, [2002]. PO1 Guillermo Wapile, Pagadian-based intelligence officer, gunman, was jailed but escaped from prison Jan. 27, 2003. The court then archived the case, as his family and two witnesses were removed from the Witness Protection Program.[162]
Joselito Paloma, 41, editor & publisher of the weekly Surigao Star; president of a college in Mindanao, former provincial press club president; d. Aug. 20, 1985, Surigao City. Shot, later found in his car in a highway. Newspaper was reported being critical of the government. (as reported) (11th in 1985 as per NPC)[163]
Kenneth Lee, Depthnews; d. Jolo, Sulu, sometime in 1979. Parts of his mutilated body were found in various places.[164]
Porfirio Doctor, editor-publisher of Nationalist Guardian; d. Dec. 28, 1982, Zamboanga City. Gunned down. Newspaper wes noted for its exposes on illegal practices of prominent businessmen.[164]
Jacobo Amatong, Mindanao Observer, d. Sept. 23, 1984, Dipolog City.[164]
27 killed since 1979 (as of Sep. 1985)[164]
Randolf Sunico, 50, editor of weekly Southern Philippines Chronicle; d. Sept. 23(?), 1985 in Davao City. Shot by 3 unidentified gunmen while returning from an opposition rally. (as reported) (12th in 1985, 3rd in the city; 24th since [when?])[165]
Pete Mabasa, Manila Bulletin correspondent; d. Apr. 24, 1985, Cagayan. Killed along with six others when communist rebels ambushed a military convoy. Believed to be the 1st journalist killed while covering the (since 1969) communist insurgency. (as reported)[166]
(Willie Vicoy, 45, veteran photographer for Reuters and, formerly, for United Press International.) (then critically wounded; as reported)[166]
Philip Agustin, 54, publisher-editor of the newsweekly Starline Times Recorder; d. May 10, 2005, Dingalan, Aurora. Shot dead inside his daughter's house. There were three suspects, one of them arrested; also included a municipal government employee. He had exposed in the paper's special edition the alleged anomalies committed by the town mayor.[167]
George Benaojan, 27, reporter for DYDD Talisay, Cebu, columnist of Bantay Balita; d. Dec. 1, 2005, Cebu. Shot by a gunman. (as reported via condemnation)[168]
Ruel Endrinal, program host and commentator at DZRC Legazpi, publisher of regional periodical Bicol Metro News, former president of Prensa-Bicol; d. Feb. 11, 2004, Legazpi City. Shot while heading to work at the station. He had been receiving death threats as being critical to local politicians and criminal gangs. (as reported)[169]
Roberto "Robby" Ramos, 39, reporter and columnist of provincial weekly Katapat News (Cavite); d. Nov. 20, 2005, Cabuyao, Laguna. Killed by 2 motorcycle-riding men on a street. It was believed due to a raid on stores of pirated compact discs. He had received death threats following columns on illegal gambling and prostitution in the province. (as reported)[170]
Ricardo Uy, broadcaster; d. Nov. 18, 2005, Sorsogon City. Shot by a gunman in front of his house.[170]
Edgar Damalerio, radio commentator; d. May 13, 2002, Pagadian City. Attacked attacked near the police station while on his way home from a press conference. Former policeman Guillermo Wapile, tagged as the gunman, was taken into police custody but disappeared in February 2003, two days before a warrant of arrest was issued. Six months later, his wife, child, & 2 witnesses, were removed from local Witness Protection Program. (CMFR records: 35th since 1986; 52nd since 1961; 3rd in the city since 1999)[171]
Journalists killed in 2006 before P. Agustin: Edgar Amoro (Feb. 2, Pagadian City); Arnulfo Villanueva (Feb. 28, Naic, Cavite); Romeo Sanchez (Mar. 9, Baguio); Marlene Esperat (Mar. 24, Tacurong City); Klein Cantoneros (May 4, Pagadian City)[172]
Philip "Apê" Agustin, 54 (b. May 1, 1951), publisher-editor of regional newsweekly Starline Times Recorder (Dingalan, Aurora; also has an office in Isabela); d. May 10, 2005, Dingalan, Aurora. Died minutes later in a municipal hospital minutes after being shot by 1 of 2 unidentified assailants in her daughter's house. He had then distributing copies of his newsweekly's special edition on the alleged slow rehabilitation of calamity-hit Dingalan. (as reported)[172]
Fernando Consignado, Radyo Veritas correspondent; d. Aug. 12, 2004, Nagcarlan, Laguna. Shot dead inside in his house. He had reported on anomalies on government projects in the town.[173]
Edgar Damalerio, Pagadian-based radio commentator. Alleged killer, PO1 Guillermo Wapile bolted the local jail in 2002.[173]
PNP count < NUJP count[173]
Romeo Binungcal, 43, news correspondent of Remate and, formerly, Bulgar tabloids, former editor of the local periodical Mt. Samat Forum; former commercial photographer, former manager of a local massage parlor; d. Sept. 29, 2004, Pilar, Bataan. Died on the spot after being shot by a lone gunman while on his way home aboard his motorcycle. (as reported)[174]
| Link 1 | Link 2 | Link 3 | Link A | Link 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1986 Salvatierra: The Gadsden Times, 02-21-1986 | 1985: The Tuscaloosa News, 01-22-1985 | Mid-1985: Record-Journal, 07-25-1985 | From Philippine Daily Inquirer: | |
| PDI column, 12-11-02 | PDI column, 06-06-06 | PDI report, 02-11-00 | PDI report, 05-06-06 | PDI opinion, 05-02-06 |
| 1986 Salvatierra: Ocala Star-Banner, 02-21-1986 | 1985 article written by D.B. for the Associated Press: —Lewiston Journal, 08-06-1985 —The Lewiston (Maine) Daily Sun, 08-07-1985 —New Strait Times, 07-29-1985 |
PDI letter, 07-23-05 | PDI report, 06-03-05 | |
| PDI report, 12-17-03 | "Attack on democracy" (editorial) 08-10-2004. p. A12. (Retrieved on Day 9) | |||
| 1983 Aquino: MS, 09-22-87 | — | —Record-Journal, 07-18-1985 —Observer-Reporter, 07-18-1985 (2/L) [1] Eduardo Suede, DYFM Bombo Radyo Iloilo; d. July 1, 1985. Shot dead at a restaurant along with Noel Teneso, a reporter trainee, and an employee at the agency under investigation. It was believed that his death was due to his investigation of graft in the local office of a government insurance agency. [2/L] Walter Sisbrenio, newspaper reporter; d. Nov. 1984. A military man was arrested, no motive was given. Case reportedly solved. (By Mid-July 1985: 8 deaths, 1 missing/presumed dead. 7 in 1984; 4 in 1977–1983) |
INTERNATIONAL (Afghanistan) 11-29-01 (Colombia) 08-27-04 |
— |
| 1983 Aquino: Eugene Register-Guard, 08-22-1983 | — | — | ||
| 1983 Aquino(?): New Straits Times, 04-25-1985 | — | — | ||
| PDI story, 08-31-03 | — | — | ||
| PDI news, 08-16-04 | —Star-Phoenix, 07-04-1985 —The Tuscaloosa News, 07-04-1985 (1) Larry Olivarez, 23, radio newscaster and disc jockey; d. July 3, 1985, Baguio. Dead on arrival at a hospital after being stabbed by 3 assailants at a farewell party in his honor. (14th since 1984) |
— | ||
Plan 9[edit]
Time: Starting late November 2018. Location: Philippines. Cause: Methanol-laced lambanog (arrack). Deaths: 9 in Calamba, Laguna and 4 in Quezon City.
The Luzon lambanog deaths started to occur in late November 2018 in separate places in the Philippines after drinking arrack (locally known in the Philippines as lambanog) in separate places in the Philippines.
Poisoning. The case started on November 29 when the residents from Calamba, Laguna drank the lambanog (locally known for arrack) and begin to symptoms such as stomach cramps, resulting in bringing them to the hospital; they subsequently died thereafter.[175] Person who consumed lambanog experienced other symptoms such as nausea, chest pains, and blurry vision. Meanwhile, another four person, who were tricycle drivers, were reported to have died after they consumed arrack and thirteen others were hospitalized in Quezon City.[176]
(Temporary)[edit]
Batul was with RGMA Super Radyo and DYPR of Palawan Broadcasting Corporation. In his career on radio, he was a critic of the administration of then Puerto Princesa city mayor Edward Hagedorn.[177] A popular, hard-hitting broadcaster[178] and radio commentator,[177] he tackled various issues, mainly corruption.[178] His criticisms, even an interview, earned him the ire of government and military officials, among others.[177]
Batul was the vice mayor of the city,[177][178] with his term unfinished as his rival Lucilo Bayron won an electoral protest in 2003.[177]
Other[edit]
List 1[edit]
| Rank | Accident | Date | Place | Fatalities | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Air Philippines Flight 541 | 2000-04-19 | Samal | 131 | Worst since then |
| 02 | Cebu Pacific Flight 387 | 1998-02-02 | Mt. Balatucan, Misamis Oriental | 104 | Worst (1998–2000) |
| 03 | Boeing C-135B | 1964-05-11 | Clark Air Base | 80 (79+1) | Worst (1964–98) |
| 04 | Lockheed C-130H Hercules | 2021-07-04 | Patikul, Sulu | 53 (50+3) | |
| 05 | Philippine Airlines Flight 206 | 1987-06-26 | Mt. Ugo, Benguet | 50 | 2nd worst (until 1998) |
| 06 | Philippine Airlines Flight 158 | 1969-09-12 | Antipolo, Rizal | 45 | 2nd worst (until 1987) |
| 07 | Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1971-04-15 | Near Floridablanca Air Base | 40 | 3rd worst (until 1987) |
| 08 | Douglas C-54E (DC-4) | 1950-12-19 | Mt. Tabayoc, Benguet | 37 | Worst (1950–64) |
| Curtiss C-46D | 1945-03-10 | Near Tanauan Airfield | 37 | Worst (1945–64) | |
| 10 | Philippine Airlines plane | 1970-04-21 | Near Cabanatuan | 36 | 5th (until 1971) |
| Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1965-07-25 | Mt. Madiac, Aklan | 36 | 4th (until 1969) | |
| 12 | Philippine Airlines plane | 1975-02-03 | Near Manila International Airport | 33 | 8th (until 1987) |
| Philippine Airlines Flight S26 | 1960-11-23 | Mt. Baco, Oriental Mindoro | 33 | 3rd (until 1964) | |
| 14 | Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 | 1978-09-14 | Parañaque, Metro Manila | 32 (15+17) | 10th worst (until 1987) |
| 15 | Philippine Airlines Flight 946 | 1964-02-21 | Near Marawi | 31 | 4th worst (until May) |
| 16 | Lockheed C-130H Hercules | 1993-12-15 | Libmanan, Camarines Sur | 30 | 13th worst (until 1998) |
| Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1945-09-06 | San Juanico Strait? | 30 | 2nd worst (until 1950) | |
| 18 | Philippine Airlines Flight S85 | 1960-12-22 | Cebu-Lahug Airport | 28 | 5th worst (until Feb. 1964) |
| 19 | Philippine Airlines Flight 984 | 1963-03-02 | Mt. Boca, Mindanao | 27 | 6th worst (until Feb. 1964) |
| 20 | Philippine Airlines Flight 785 | 1966-06-29 | Near Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro | 26 | 10th (until 1969) |
| Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1957-03-17 | Mt. Manunggal, Cebu | 26 | 4th (until Nov. 1960) Pres. Magsaysay was among the fatalities | |
| Note: First accident reported in 1938; first accident with fatalities reported in 1944. As of October 2022 with the latest on record (with some certain exclusions). | |||||
| Source: ASN | |||||
List 2[edit]
| Rank | Aircraft | Date | Place | Fatalities | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Currently | At the time | |||||
| 01 | Worst since then | Air Philippines Flight 541 | 2000-04-19 | Davao City | 131 | |
| 02 | Worst (until 2000-04-19) | Cebu Pacific Flight 387 | 1998-02-02 | Mount Sumagaya, Misamis Oriental | 104 | |
| 03 | Worst (until 1998-02-02) | Boeing C-135B | 1964-05-11 | Clark AFB, Angeles, Pampanga | 80 | |
| 04 | 4th since then | Lockheed C-130H Hercules | 2021-07-04 | Jolo Island, Sulu | 52 | |
| 05 | 2nd (until 1998-02-02) | Philippine Airlines Flight 206 | 1987-06-26 | Baguio-Loakan, Benguet | 50 | |
| 06 | 2nd (until 1987-06-26) | Philippine Airlines Flight 158 | 1969-09-12 | Manila | 45 | |
| 07 | 3rd (until 1987-06-26) | Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1971-04-15 | Basa AFB, Floridablanca, Pampanga | 40 | |
| 08 | Worst (until 1964-05-11) | Douglas C-54E (DC-4) | 1950-12-19 | Mt. Tabayoc, Benguet | 38 | |
| 09 | Worst (til 1950-12-19) | Curtiss C-46D | 1945-03-10 | Tanauan, Leyte | 37 | |
| 3rd (until 1969-09-12) | Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1965-07-25 | Libacao, Aklan | 37 | ||
| 11 | 6th (until 1971-04-15) | Philippine Airlines plane | 1970-04-21 | Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija | 36 | |
| 12 | 2nd (until 1950-12-19) | 1945-03-12 | Tanauan, Leyte | 34 | ||
| 13 | 4th (until 1964-05-11) | Philippine Airlines Flight S26 | 1960-11-23 | Mount Baco, Occidental Mindoro | 33 | |
| 9th (until 1987-06-26) | Philippine Airlines plane | 1975-02-03 | Manila International Airport | 33 | ||
| 9th (until 1987-06-26) | Fokker F-27 Friendship 200 | 1978-09-14 | Nichols AFB Manila, Metro Manila | 33 | ||
| 16 | 5th (until 1964-05-11) | Philippine Airlines Flight 946 | 1964-02-21 | Marawi, Lanao del Sur | 31 | |
| 17 | 3rd (until 1950-12-19) | Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1945-09-06 | Somewhere | 30 | |
| 14th (until 1998-02-02) | Lockheed C-130H Hercules | 1993-12-15 | Naga City, Camarines Sur | 30 | ||
| 19 | 6th (until 1964-02-21) | Philippine Airlines Flight S85 | 1960-12-22 | Cebu City, Cebu | 28 | |
| 20 | 7th (until 1964-02-21) | Philippine Airlines Flight 984 | 1963-03-02 | Mt. Boca, Davao | 27 | |
| 21 | 11th (until 1969-09-12) | Philippine Airlines Flight 785 | 1966-06-29 | Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro | 26 | |
| 22 | 3rd (until 1945-09-06) | 1945-03-16 | Tanauan, Leyte | 25 | ||
| 5th (until 1960-11-23) | Douglas C-47A (DC-3) | 1957-03-17 | Cebu City, Cebu | 25 | ||
| 18th (til 1993-12-15) | 1990-05-18 | Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila, Metro Manila | 25 | |||
| 25 | 5th (until 1950-12-19) | 1946-02-05 | Bacolod, Negros Occidental | 24 | ||
| 26 | 20th (until 1987-06-26) | 1981-02-26 | Tabones Island, Zambales | 23 | ||
| 27 | Worst (until 1945-03-10) | 1945-01-15 | Tacloban, Leyte | 21 | ||
| 15th (until 1969-09-12) | 1967-07-06 | Mount Kanlaon, Negros Occidental | 21 | |||
| 29 | 28th (until 2021-07-04) | 2002-11-11 | Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Manila | 19 | ||
| 17th (until 1969-09-12) | 1969-02-07 | Somewhere | 19 | |||
| 16th (until 1967-07-06) | 1967-04-27 | Malaybalay, Bukidnon | 19 | |||
| 7th (til 1950-12-19) | 1946-03-23 | Mount Banahao, Leyte | 19 | |||
| Note: Earliest recorded accident was in 1920; accident with fatalities was in 1932. As of February 18, 2023 (with some certain exclusions): 223 accidents, 1,916 fatalities | ||||||
| Source: BAAA | ||||||
List 2[edit]
| Period | Aircraft | Date | Place | Fatalities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932–41 | USAAC (Keystone LB-3) | 1932-01-15 | Manila | 2 |
| 1941–44 | USAAC (Consolidated PBY Catalina) | 1941-12-09 | Davao City | 7 |
| 1944–45 | RAAF (Consolidated PBY Catalina) | 1944-12-14 | Manila | 9 |
| 1945 | USN (C-47) | 1945-01-15 | Tacloban, Leyte | 21 |
| 1945–50 | USAAF (C-46) | 1945-03-10 | Tanauan, Leyte | 37 |
| 1950–64 | USAF (C-54) | 1950-12-19 | Mount Tabayoc, Benguet | 38 |
| 1964–98 | USAF (C-135) | 1964-05-11 | Clark Air Force Base, Angeles, Pampanga | 80 |
| 1998–2000 | Cebu Pacific Flight 387 | 1998-02-02 | Mount Sumagaya, Misamis Oriental | 104 |
| 2000–present | Air Philippines Flight 541 | 2000-04-19 | Davao City | 131 |
| Source: BAAA | ||||
List 3[edit]
List 3A[edit]
| Date | Name | Notes | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| No executions during the administrations of: Quezon (1935–44),[179][180] Roxas (1946–48), C. Aquino (1996–92), Ramos (1992–98)[181] | |||
| (Pre-war executions) | |||
| 1924-06-25 | First execution in the electric chair | [182] | |
| 1929-09-23 | (Pedro Durante) | — | [182] |
| (Executions in relation to war crimes) | |||
| Post-World War II | 17 Japanese soldiers | Hanged in the New Bilibid Prison, Muntinlupa | [183] |
| Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita | Leader of a Japanese force, sentenced by American military tribunal for his supposed war crimes; hanged inside a prison camp in Los Baños, Laguna. | [183] | |
| Gen. Masaharu Homma | Leader of the Japanese force, sentenced by American military tribunal for his supposed war crimes; executed by a firing squad inside a prison camp in Los Baños, Laguna. In possible consideration of his involvement in the crimes, the tribunal was said to have provided him the honor of a soldier's death. | [183] | |
| Quirino (1948–1953): 13[184][181] | |||
| 1950-04-26 | Julio Guillen | Attempted to assassinate Pres. Roxas in 1947 in Plaza Miranda, by throwing a grenade at him during a rally. First under this term. | [181] [185] |
| 1950-04-28 | Alejandro Carillo | Declared dead after being electrocuted twice; an electrical malfunction occurred during the execution. | [182] |
| 1951-07-21 | Casimiro Bersamin | Convicted murderer. A Bataan veteran, asked that he be shown the Philippine flag as his last wish during his execution. | [182] |
| 1951-12-28 | Three executions in a span of 22 minutes; a journalist passed out after witnessing. | [182] | |
| Magsaysay (1953–1957): 6[184][181] | |||
| 1954-05-06 | Ging Sam Gregorio Gonzales |
The double execution was halted for a while to be studied and decided. Executions proceeded around 6:00 p.m., three hours later than usual time; ended 7:09 p.m. | [181] |
| 1956-08-04 | Once the president issued a 15-day reprieve simply because the execution fell on Mabini Day (July 23). On Aug. 3, the reprieve was ordered cut short; convict was executed. | [181] | |
| 1957-03-14 | Maximiano Floresca | He got reprieves twice and, being "sincerely grateful," one of his last wishes for his family was to vote for Magsaysay. Later executed. | [181] |
Garcia (1957–1961): 14[184][181]
| |||
| 1961-10-04 | Marcial "Baby" Ama | Convicted for stabbing to death Almario Bautista, one of the nine inmates died in a jail riot he led, one of the biggest in history. Executed via electric chair. | [182][185][181] |
| Macapagal (1961–1965): 2[184][181] | |||
| 1962-01-30 | Two of three men convicted of murder were executed. The third received a sentence commutation. All were only in this term. | [181] | |
Marcos (1965–1986): 32[184][181]
| |||
| 1967-03-31 | Emiterio Orzame Jr. | When he was about to be executed, he jumped out of the chair after ripping out the restraints. | [182] |
| 1972-05-17 | Jaime Jose Basilio Pineda Edgardo Aquino |
Executed for the gang rape of film actress Maggie de la Riva; the last three before the imposition of martial law. Electrocutions were carried out publicly despite prohibitions against such. [Also noted for having live radio coverage and a large number of witnesses.] | [186][181][187] |
| 1973-01-15 | Lim Seng | Chinese [drug lord] convicted of manufacturing heroin. Originally, was given a life sentence [in a civilian court]; however, the president [ordered the trial in a military tribunal which] increased the sentence to death. His highly publicized execution by musketry in Fort Bonifacio was said a warning against illegal drug trade. | [183][186][181] [180] |
| 1973-07-31 | Epifanio Pujino | Electrocuted. ("Homicide, murder, robbery with homicide, illegal possession of firearm[s]") | [182][183] |
Later executions in the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, by electric chair (before Oct. 21, 1974):
(1974-03-21: Triple execution)[181] |
[183] | ||
| 1976 Oct. | Marcelo San Jose | Last judicial execution under this term and by electrocution. | [183][186][187] |
| C. Aquino (1986–1992): Death penalty abolished (or suspended) by the 1987 Constitution.[182][186][180][187] All death sentences were reduced to reclusion perpetua.[187] The country became the first in Asia to abolish the death penalty for all crimes.[187] | |||
| Ramos (1992–1998): Death penalty, on certain heinous crimes, restored (Republic Act (RA) No. 7659, signed Dec. 13, 1993)[182][185][186][179][180][187] in 1994;[188] the preferred method of execution is the gas chamber [but was never happened].[182][180] Method as lethal injection (RA No. 8177 of 1996, amending both RA No. 7659 and Article 81 of the Revised Penal Code).[182][185][186][180][187] | |||
| Estrada (1998–2001): All seven[184][187] executed through lethal injection (for rape: 3; for robbery with homicide: 3; for rape with homicide: 1) within about eleven months.[182][179][188] On Mar. 24, 2000, he issued a de facto moratorium on [all] executions.[179][180][187][188] A series of mass commutations followed.[179] | |||
| 1999-02-05 | Leo Echegaray | Convicted of rape. First inmate executed by lethal injection; not the first to be given death sentence (since the restoration). | [182][185][189] [184][181][180] [187][188] |
| 1999-06-25 | Eduardo Agbayani (3:11 p.m.) | Convicted of rape. On that day, the president announced his execution but later wavered [following a final-hour plea for clemency]. Attempts to call the prison were made [minutes before the scheduled execution], however, due to a busy telephone signal, was received a minute late as Agbayani was dead before the execution could have been postponed. | [185][179][189] [180][188] |
| 1999-07-08 | Dante Piandiong (2:41 p.m.) Jesus Morallos (3:39 p.m.) Archie Bulan (4:37 p.m.) |
Convicted of robbing a jeepney in 1994 and killing (homicide) a passenger, an off-duty police officer. Executed at the New Bilibid Prison. | [189][188] |
| 1999-10-26 | Pedrito Andan | Convicted of rape-murder. | [188] |
| 2000-01-04 | Andres Bartolome | Convicted of rape. Last execution. (Other source: 2000-01-06)[188] |
[179][188] |
| Arroyo (2001–2010): On Dec. 5, 2003 (Other source: Dec. 15 2004)[188] she lifted the de facto moratorium on executions issued by her predecessor.[181][187] Since then, the administration has been issuing reprieves on scheduled executions without moratorium.[187] Capital punishment (death penalty) abolished (RA No. 9346, signed June 24, 2006).[182][184][185][179][181][180] Life imprisonment and reclusion perpetua took its place.[184] | |||
Figures (with side story):
| |||
| Text from images: A total of 84 prisoners were electrocuted at the Death Chamber, 1924–1976. At the end of World War II, the "17 Japanese Warriors of Muntinlupa" were detained at the New Bilibid Prison as prisoners-of-war; sentenced to death in the gallows, and buried at the Japanese Cemetery. | |||
List 3B[edit]
| Date | Name | Notes | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1587 | Magat Salamat | — | [187] |
| 1588 | Agustin de Legazpi Martin Panga |
Leaders of a conspiracy of an uprising against the Spaniards. Condemned to be dragged, hanged, and beheaded; their heads exposed on the gallows in iron cages. | [183] |
| 1807 | Leaders of the Basi Revolt in Piddig, Ilocos Norte | Hanged and beheaded; their heads, put inside cages, and displayed publicly. | [183] |
| 1841 | Apolinario de la Cruz | Leader of a revolt in Southern Luzon. Executed by firing squad; his body was dismembered and exhibited. | [183] |
| 1872 | Mariano Gomez José Burgos Jacinto Zamora |
Native Catholic priests (GomBurZa); executed by garrote. | [185][184][180][187] |
| 1896-12-30 | Dr. Jose Rizal | Executed by firing squad | [185][184][180][187] |
| — | Andres Bonifacio | Executed | [180] |
| — | Macario Sakay | Nationalist publicly executed by hanging for leading a resistance group. | [180][187] |
| — | Jose Abad Santos | Executed | [180] |
| Figures: | |||
| Side story A:[183]
Indigenous Philippine societies practiced various death penalty methods, as per earlier Spanish priest chroniclers' accounts, though unclear. Executions began only in the 16th century with the establishment of the Spanish colonial regime. Firing squad and garrote were later introduced. In the early 19th century, Madrid ordered the abolition of hanging, which to be replaced by the garrote. However, at first, it was not strictly observed as three method of execution was imposed then. With introduction of thr garrote, dismembering the bodies is said to be halted; and the use of the former was seriously enforced upon the effectivity of the 1887 Spanish Penal Code. Through the said code, all executions were done in public. The Spanish penal code was amended by the American colonizers to fit the imposition of the death penalty to their own regime. It remained effective until the current Revised Penal Code was introduced in 1932. In 1906, Philippine Commission Act (PCA) 1577 ordered that all executions must be done inside the Bilibid Prison in Manila. The order was not applied in Muslim Mindanao. In 1902, PCA 451 returned hanging. Side story B:[180]
Side story C:[187] In the Spanish period, colonizers brought medieval Europe's penal system, including executions. Various forms of capital punishment during the early period: burning, decapitation, drowning, flaying, garrote, hanging, shooting, stabbing and others.[187] Stated in the 1848 Spanish Codigo Penal, capital punishment was only imposed on locals who challenged the colonizers' authority. In the American period, colonizers, adopting most of the provisions under the said code, retained the death penalty. The code was revised in 1932.[187] As part of the pacification of the country, capital punishment continued to be a necessary part during the American Period. However, during the Japanese occupation, extrajudicial executions were widely practiced as its part; thus, no recorded or documented cases of executions through the death penalty.[187] | |||
Calendar guide[edit]
Perpetual calendar formula. Retr. 11222023.
- Ted's World
- Archimedes Lab Project
- Calendarios Perpetuos, Portugues
- Mathematical Association of America
- MATH-Inic
- (Link)
- (PDF link)
- (Link?)
- (Link?)
- (Link?)
- (Link?)
- (Link?)
1988 PHL elections[edit]
Tree charts, under planning[edit]
TC1[edit]
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TC2[edit]
- Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban)
- conservative bloc
- progressive bloc
- Lakas ng Bansa (new party)
- Partido ng Bayan (PnB) (new party)
- KBL
- Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas (PNP), formed on Mar. 15, 1986
- NP–Roy Wing, reorganized: NP–Cayetano Wing, proclaimed on Aug. 19, 1986.
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(Feb. to May 1987)
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Under planning[edit]
Major political parties were formed at the final years of Marcos administration.
- United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), formed in 1982
- Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), formed in 1978
- PDP–Laban, formed in 1983
In the 1984 legislative elections, The Liberal Party split into two factions: one, led by former senator Jovito Salonga, who held the boycott; another, led by former senator Eva Estrada Kalaw, decided to participate.
The LP Salonga wing and PDP–Laban were became part of Laban ng Bayan in 1985 which was then allied with UNIDO to form a coalition, UNIDO–LABAN, in line with the 1986 presidential election. In 1987, then vice president Salvador Laurel headed a separate faction from UNIDO, which then composing the LP Kalaw wing, hence a faction with the Nacionalista Party (NP).
Meanwhile, KBL was divided into factions, including:
- NP–Roy wing in 1981. NP members absorbed into KBL became part of a faction led by former Senate President Jose Roy to serve as Marcos' "loyal opposition". Former defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile took over the faction in 1987.
- A faction known as the Partido Nasyonalistang Pilipinas, formed in 1986, led by former Marcos labor minister Blas Ople.
Presidential brother Peping Cojuangco led the turncoats from the KBL and pro-Aquino faction of UNIDO, which formed Lakas ng Bansa (1987–88).
Under planning[edit]
Day 4:
(2: Mexico*) (4: Rappler) (5: PNA) (6: SET*) (7: NDI)
{.....}(8: ELib USA tag*){.....}(9: JSTOR) (10: SC E-Library*)
(12: JSTOR) (13: DataTalk '16*){.....}(14: ABS-CBN '22*){...}(15: Sage*)
Elections held during the presidency of Corazon Aquino were:[191]
- Ratification of the Constitution in a plebiscite held, February 2, 1987.
- Elections for the newly-restored Congress, May 11, 1987.
- Local election, January 18, 1988.
- Barangay election, March 28, 1989.
- First general elections under the 1987 Constitution, May 11, 1992.
Day 3:
(PDF) (3: JSTOR) (4: CR) (8: SETph*) (10: OGph) (11: LP tag) (13: AI*)
The Commission on Elections reported that 149 people were killed in the 1988 local elections, compared to 150 in the 1986 presidential elections and 87 in the 1987 legislative polls.[193]
By virtue of Republic Act No. 6636, signed on November 6, 1987, from November 9, 1987, the local elections was reset to January 18, 1988.[196]
(Philippines Free Press Online) (JSTOR 1) (JSTOR 2) (ResearchGate)
Day 2:
For finalization[edit]
| Political party | Elected 1980 |
OIC 1986–88 [n 1] |
Elected 1988 [n 2] |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNIDO | — | 22 | 4 | |
| PDP–Laban | 15 | 12 | [n 3] | |
| Lakas ng Bansa (LB) | N/A | 15 | 14 | [n 4][n 5] |
| Liberal Party (LP) | — | 3 | 6 | |
| PDP–Laban/LB | — | 10 | [n 6] | |
| PDP–Laban/LP/LB | 3 | |||
| LB/LP | 1 | |||
| UNIDO/LB | 1 | |||
| UNIDO/PDP–Laban | 1 | |||
| LP/PDP–Laban/NUCD | 1 | |||
| Ruling coalition (other) | 1 | |||
| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan | 69 | 1 | 2 | [n 7] |
| Nacionalista Party | 1 | — | 3 | [n 8] |
| Local parties | 2 | 1 | 4 | [n 9] |
| Independents | 1 | — | 7 | [n 10] |
| No data | — | 16 | 3 | |
| Total | 73 | — | ||
Notes:
| ||||
| Sources: Department of the Interior and Local Government (for OICs, 1987) and Commission on Elections (for 1980, n.d., & for 1988, same year); via M. Kimura (1989). | ||||
The 1980 local elections was the last to be held under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos which was ended following the 1986 revolution; thereafter, the government under Corazon Aquino replaced local elective officials by appointed officers-in-charge (OICs).
Prior to the 1986 revolution, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), led by then President Ferdinand Marcos, was the ruling party then. It dominated two-thirds of the Batasang Pambansa, as well almost monopolized local elective positions nationwide.
KBL, along with the opposition's United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO)–Laban ng Bayan coalition, mainly contested the 1986 special presidential election, with leftist forces under BAYAN held the boycott. Parties not aligned into these groups, the LP-Kalaw Wing and Social Democratic Party, unsuccessfully fielded their candidates.
With Marcos administration ended and as a result of the replacement of local elective officials by the government, KBL disintegrated rapidly, eventually reducing to a minor party. Its members remained, some either joined:
- Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas (PNP), formed on March 15, composed of KBL reformists and led by Blas Ople.
- NP–Cayetano Wing, proclaimed on August 19. Rafael Palmares, successor of the late former Senator Jose Roy as the leader of the NP–Roy Wing, had reorganized the Nacionalista Party with Renato Cayetano of KBL as the secretary general.
For the parties under the ruling coalition, UNIDO had difficulty maintaining strength; while PDP–Laban, in contrast, grew rapidly. The latter divided into two blocs, the progressives led by Aquilino Pimentel Jr., and the conservatives led by Jose Cojuangco Jr.
Lakas ng Bansa, a pro-Aquino movement, was launched on November 10. It eventually became a political party prior to the legislative elections of May 1987; recruited members later abandoned their membership in the former various parties. While some PDP–Laban members were transfered, Cojuangco remained as its chairman; Pimentel of the party's progressive bloc, as well as top officials of UNIDO, did not join the group. Same as the Liberal Party (LP)–Salonga Wing (Jovito Salonga) and National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) which were revitalized upon arrival of Raul Manglapus from exile and remained in relatively low profile despite increase of their strength.
The Mindanao Alliance, led by former Misamis Oriental governor Homobono Adaza, and Christian–Social Democratic Party (CSDP), led by Francisco Tatad, eventually left the ruling coalition to join the opposition, along with the LP–Kalaw Wing (Eva Kalaw).
Partido ng Bayan (PnB), a legal party of leftist forces, was proclaimed on August 30.
By the time of the February 1987 constitutional plebiscite, realignment of political parties reflected with their preferences during the campaign. For opposition parties, however, PNP, whose leaders were members of the Constitutional Commission, campaigned for the constitution, while PnB preferred the deferment of the ratification. Nevertheless, the constitution was ratified.
In the legislative elections on May 11, four major groups of political parties emerged:
- Lakas ng Bayan (ruling coalition): Lakas ng Bansa, PDP–Laban, UNIDO, the LP–Salonga Wing, & NUCD; supported by BANDILA.
- Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD; opposition): NP–Cayetano Wing, PNP, Mindanao Alliance, the LP-Kalaw Wing, CSDP, a segment of KBL, & Muslim Federal Party.
- Union for Peace and Progress–Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (UPP–KBL): composed mainly of those KBL members still closely identified with former President Marcos.
- Alliance for New Politics: leftist forces, including PnB and BAYAN.
The ruling coalition won the majority of legislative seats; GAD won a few. The rest, including independents, composed those remaining in the lower house.
Shortly after a coup attempt in August, vice president Salvador Laurel, head of UNIDO, left Aquino and attempted to form an opposition group, leading to the revival of the old NP, the NP–Enrile Wing with Juan Ponce Enrile as its titular head, which was joined by former NP politicians who were under KBL, resulting to KBL only composed of Marcos loyalists. On the other hand, UNIDO, constituting the NP–Laurel Wing, opposed the move of Laurel and remained in the ruling coalition, leading to a reconciliation between Aquino and Laurel in December, at the beginning of the campaign period of the local elections.
As the local elections approached, other political parties tried to expand and to consolidate their organizations. The LP–Salonga Wing, which expanded most visibly as BANDILA joined with them, and UNIDO, fielded their candidates. Another two major parties under the ruling coalition, PDP–Laban headed by Cojuangco, and Lakas ng Bansa headed by Paul Aquino in acting capacity, formed a tactical alliance to field common candidates to be proclaimed by the president; PDP–Laban's Pimentel's bloc, however, did not follow such alliance.
Results show major victory among the ruling coalition, particularly Lakas ng Bansa and PDP–Laban, both had affiliated governorships increased while that of United Nationalist Democratic Organization otherwise; except for Ilocos and Cagayan Valley regions which were dominated by opposition and independent candidates. Fifty-four elected governors were from this coalition. On the other hand, the opposition, particularly KBL, had results remained insignificant.
| Political party | Number of seats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Administration candidates | PDP–Laban | 2,959 | 9,630 | 18.56% | 60.39% |
| Lakas ng Bansa | 2,134 | 13.38% | |||
| Liberal Party | 1,259 | 7.9% | |||
| UNIDO | 591 | 3.71% | |||
| Coalitions | 2,634 | 16.52% | |||
| Unknown | 43 | 0.27% | |||
| Opposition candidates | NP | 583 | 1,061 | 3.66% | 6.65% |
| KBL | 151 | 0.95% | |||
| GAD | 1 | 0.01% | |||
| Partido ng Bayan | 17 | 0.11% | |||
| Coalitions | 309 | 1.94% | |||
| Either independents or under local and regional parties | 5,255 | 32.95% | |||
| Total | 15,946 | 100% | |||
| Source: Commission on Elections. | |||||
In the 1988 local elections, a total of 150,000 candidates competed for 15,946 local seats that included provincial governorship, city and municipal mayoralty, and membership in the legislative assemblies in provincial, city and municipal levels; 80% of 20.5 million registered voters participated.
Political parties declared "open zones" in which members supported candidates, either independent or from another party. Commission on Elections (COMELEC) recorded that 60% of the seats were won by pro-administration candidates.
It was observed that the traditional nature of politics in the country was reinforced. Candidates with familiar names were elected in the urban areas, as voters in the rural areas supported their relatives and friends.
The alliance between the PDP–Laban and the Lakas ng Bansa produced a common ticket in 53 provinces. It preceded the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino which was organized later that year as a merger of those supporting the Aquino administration. Its membership in the lower house grew prior to the 1992 elections.
2nd version[edit]
The 1988 local elections was the first such elections and the second national elections under the new Constitution; the third electoral exercise in 11 months.
On May 11, 1987, the first national, legislative elections was held under the new constitution which was ratified in a plebiscite on February 2.
The Commission on Elections said thee were some 150,000 candidates seeking for a total of 16,454 local positions, Local officials including provincial governors and vice governors, city and municipal mayors and vice mayors, and members of the provincial board, city and municipal councils; positions consisted of 60 city mayors, 75 provincial governors, 1,548 municipal mayors, about 14,000 provincial members, vice mayors, and councilors nationwide.
Prior to the elections, the Liberal Party (LP) and UNIDO split up from the ruling coalition. Contest in several areas was between LP and Lakas ng Bansa–Partido Demokratiko Pilipino Lakas ng Bayan coalition. Opposition parties Kilusang Bagong Lipunan and Nacionalista Party were unable to endorse candidates as most of their members are endorsed by the administration. The administration was led by presidential relatives: Lakas ng Bayan by Paul Aquino, her brother-in-law, and Emigdio Tanjuatco, her cousin; PDP–Laban by her brother Jose Cojuangco Jr. On the other hand, the LP, while most of its leaders and members had been adopted by other administration parties, regained its strength after the Marcos presidency; refusing to be part of common administration ticket, endorsed its own candidates.
The election saw for the first time movie stars, television personalities, and newsmen became interested to these positions.
The COMELEC, for the first time, implemented campaign rules, whose violations resulted to several disqualification proceedings.
To give the opposition a fair chance, the president required the OICs to resign 45 days prior to the local elections.
Of 27.641,982 million registered voters in 103,504 polling precincts nationwide, some 23 million were expected to vote on the election day. In Metro Manila, 4,595,267 registered voters in 16,631 (or 16,681 or 16,391) precincts. The election was held 7 a.m.–4 p.m.
Cities outside Metro Manila can vote for provincial offices, except: Angeles, Bacolod, Baguio, Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Dagupan, Davao City, Iligan, Iloilo City, Naga, Olongapo, Ormoc, San Carlos, Zamboanga City.
COMELEC put at least 39 places under their control, citing political tensions: provinces (18) of Sultan Kudarat, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Abra, Quezon, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga-Apayao, Masbate, Sorsogon, Samar, Northern Samar, North Cotabato, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi; districts (2) including the 2nd district of Cebu, the 5th district of Iloilo; cities (10) of Caloocan, Olongapo, Danao, Iligan, Marawi, Cotabato City, Pasay, Cavite City, Trece Martires, Tagaytay; municipalities (9) of Santo Tomas, Pangasinan, Magallanes, Cavite, Caluya, Antique, Balaoan, La Union, Santo Tomas, La Union, Parañaque, Makati, Pandi, Bulacan, Kumalarang, Zamboanga del Sur.
Reasons included presence of armed men; terrorism, fraud, harassment; intense political rivalry and participation of insurgents; as well as violent incidents; and kidnapping.
Voting in 14 places were deferred citing concerns on peace and order: Abra, Quezon, Ilocos Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Northern Samar, Ifugao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi; Iligan, Marawi, Cotabato City.
The COMELEC reset that in Leyte to February 1. Tension built up in the province following the postponement and disqualification of a Lakas ng Bansa gubernatorial candidate.
Prior to the elections, the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Integrated National Police were deputized to assist the COMELEC in election duties.
Since January 16, all military and police units had been on red alert in relation to the election. The AFP ordered all service commands in Metro Manila for possible attacks following reports of destabilization attempts to be launched by Marcos loyalists.
On election day, COMELEC deployed some 17,000 Citizens Military Training cadets for poll duties in all urban areas in the country, including some 6,500 in Metro Manila.
Running political dynasties were observed at least in Olongapo and in Cagayan where warlords were the candidates as well.
In Western Visayas, the Regional Unified Command reported 23 election-related incidents prior to the elections, with 9 deaths, 4 wounded, 3 missing. Most of which were in Capiz with 6 incidents and 3 deaths. The region, being the free zone, had many of the candidates were associated with former president Ferdinand Marcos. Meanwhile, New People's Army reportedly asked ₱10,000 for each candidate to permit them to campaign in NPA-controlled areas.
In Cagayan, among the candidates was gubernatorial candidate Rodolfo Aguinaldo, a former military intelligence officer and provincial commander who later resigned following the Aug. 27, 1987 coup attempt. No violent incidents were reported in the province. Vote buying was reported in Tuguegarao.
The COMELEC granted a one-day extension of the campaign.
The military allowed former Col. Rolando Abadilla to vote in his precinct in Batac, Ilocos Norte while being under military detention; but denied the request of Col. Orlando Dulay to vote in his hometown in Isabela as his detention was ordered by the Supreme Court.
In Ilocos Norte, there were no election-related violence amid intense rivalry. Soldiers were fielded on January 16.
There were reported shootings in Makati and Plaridel; bombings in Olongapo.[202]
The first local elections held after 7 years, as well under the new Constitution. The campaign started on December 1. Between 85%–90% of 27 million voters participated to elect 16,000 local officials.
Known political warlords formerly associated with the Marcos regime began to became part of the Corazon Aquino government since OIC appointments in 1986. They were among those endorsed by the administration in the 1988 elections. Marcos loyalist politicians were installed in the the legislature following the 1987 elections.
Results show that administration candidates were leading in majority of Metro Manila, as well as some politicians replaced in 1986, most were guest candidates of the PDP–LP–Lakas ng Bansa ruling coalition. In Ilocos Norte, home province of former president Ferdinand Marcos, candidates identified with Marcos were leading in top provincial posts. Final official results from the provinces were expected until the following week.
The Commission on Elections, reacting to reports on cessation or postponement of counting of election returns in five Metro Manila suburbs, ordered all boards of canvassers a continuous count.
Poll-related incidents were reported nationwide, including vote buying, flying voters, harassment, terrorism, ballot switching, snatching of election paraphernalia, absence of polling booths, disobedience of assigned teachers, and even the low-quality indelible ink, as well as "open balloting" especially in Western Visayas. There were reports also of presence of armed men, shooting, and ballot stuffing, as well as missing ballot boxes, electioneering, and barring of poll watchers, in some precincts in Metro Manila.
COMELEC received protests prior to the end of voting time at 4 p.m. During the campaign period, COMELEC received a total of 14 complaints against local candidates, which included overspending and oversized billboards, while 20 others were dismissed.
In Quezon and Leyte, voting continued in a number of remote barangays despite the postponement, whose order came late. The COMELEC postponed the elections in Leyte to Feb. 1, with political tensions and rebel activities as reasons. It was questioned by residents and the Liberal Party, citing normal peace and order situation. Meanwhile, the COMELEC decided to move the elections in Quezon from Feb. 8 to Jan. 25 upon the request of the political parties and candidates.
Nineteen more were killed a day before and on the election day; most incidents were perpetrated by communist rebels.
Two incidents occurred during political rallies of PDP–Laban gubernatorial candidates. In Labo, Camarines Norte, OIC governor Roy Padilla was shot. In Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, 29, including a candidate for provincial board member, were wounded in a grenade explosion while OIC governor Noli Santos escaped unhurt.
- Nine military personnel were ambushed by New People's Army rebels in Kalinga-Apayao while on their way to Lubuagan from Tabuk.
- In Sison, Surigao del Norte, an explosion inside an Iglesia ni Cristo compound killed three.
- Three soldiers and an NPA rebel were killed in a gunfight when the military rescued five people kidnaped by NPA rebels in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte.
- Assassinations were also reported in Arayat, allegedly by NPA rebels, in Belison and Toboso.
- Rebel attacks were also reported in Bantay, Monkayo, Surigao City and Davao Oriental; shooting incidents in Makati, Mandaluyong, Tanza, Daraga, Goa. Abductions in Calinog; prison break in Antique. Explosions in Indang and Bacolod.
On election day, AFP revealed through military intelligence documents that some 157 candidates were supported by the CPP–NPA. Its CAPCOM (Capital Regional Command) received reports on eight election related incidents in Metro Manila. Nevertheless, The PC-INP stated that the elections were generally peaceful.
Some 10,000 voters in three barangays in Quezon City were reportedly casted ballots in an open space.
Peaceful election was observed in San Juan. There were apprehensions in Pampanga and Tarlac due to firearms ban.
Makati were among those placed under COMELEC control.[203]
Within a 45-day campaign period which ended on January 16, there were 81 fatalities, 32 of them candidates; 51 people were wounded; 17 others kidnaped.
(27-M voters troop to polls today amid fears of violence, Arnold Atadero; Facts & figures; pp. 1, 8)[202]
(The blind cast their vote, too, Lynette Ordoñez; pp. 1, 8)[203]
There were 91 reported incidents; 66 killed, 31 of them candidates.
(Many 'firsts' will be recorded in today's polls, Lolita Rivera; p. 2)[202]
89 deaths in election-related violence; 40 were blamed on the NPA Sparrow Unit.
(Solarz brushes off intervention by US; p. 2)[202]
Since Dec. 1 (the start of campaign; and with addition of 19 persons killed—including a candidate—and 38 wounded in several violent incidents on Jan. 17–18), 95 were killed, some 33 were kidnaped, 18 of them were released until the election day.
(Bet, 18 others slain on D-Day, Antero Soriano; pp. 1, 8)[203]
| Elections | Killed | Wounded |
|---|---|---|
| 1988 (local) | 75 (estimated) |
50 |
| 1987 | 104 | 83 |
| 1986 (presidential) | 141 | 53 |
| 1984 (Batasang Pambansa) | 164 | 70 |
| 1980 (local) | 69 | 410 |
| 1971 (local) | 905 | 629 |
| (Cory: Polls showed faith in democracy, Divina Paredes; pp. 1, 8)[203] | ||
Out of 86 election-related deaths as of that morning, 38 were candidates for local posts. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) attributed these to the intervention of the NPA rebels in the electoral process. The Philippine Constabulary placed the fatalities in election-related incidents at 95.
(CPP–NPA growth feared after polls; p. 2)[203]
PDF directory[edit]
| Title | Topic | Website | Specific link | Used for article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDF_file_title | What the PDF is all about? | www.url.com | www.url.com/PDF_file_title | This file is user in what article/s? |
| NOTE: This table is in the planning stage. | ||||
Sample: calendar table[edit]
Sample 1[edit]
| JANUARY | 2001 | Events of January 2001 Jan. 16: Assassination of D.R. Congo president Laurent Kabila Jan. 20: Outgoing U.S. president Bill Clinton issued controversial pardons. Jan. 20: Inauguration of George W. Bush as U.S. president. Jan. 20: Four-day protest ended as Gloria Arroyo replaced Joseph Estrada as the Philippine president. Jan. 26: Earthquake hit Gujarat, India | |||||
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
| 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
| 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | ||||
| NOTES: January 1 – New Year's Day January 15 – Wikipedia established | |||||||
| SOURCES: (On This Day) (Infoplease) (CNN) (S1) (Infoplease) (1) (2) (On This Day) (1) (2) (Xinhua via People's Daily) (S2) (S3) | |||||||
| JANUARY | 2001 | 15 | Events of January 15 (world) 1559: Coronation of Elizabeth I as Queen of England 1953: Purge in East Germany began 1967: Super Bowl I 1973: U.S. president Nixon suspended U.S. offensive in North Vietnam 1982: U.K. PM Thatcher's son Mark, missing for 6 days, was found safe 1984: Benn won Labour's nomination for the by-election in Chesterfield, U.K. Birthday: 1929: Martin Luther King Jr., civil rights leader (d. 1968) |
Events of January 15 (Phils.) 1890: Publication of Jose Rizal's Ingratitud in La Solidaridad 1995: Pope John Paul II presided Mass at Luneta Park at the end of World Youth Day 2015: Arrival of Pope Francis for 5-day state visit Births: 1894: Dr. Hilario Lara, Father of Modern Public Health and National Scientist (1985) 1914: Isabel Rosario Cooper, actress Deaths: 1973: Execution of Lim Seng, drug trafficking convict | |||||
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | |||
| NOTE: Wikipedia established | |||||||||
| SOURCES: (BBC) (The New York Times) (On This Day) (Britannica) (History Channel) (AP, via USA Today) (Associated Press) (Library of Congress) (The Kahimyang Project) (Source 1) (Source 2) | |||||||||
Sample 2[edit]
| DECEMBER | 2003 | Events of December 2003 Dec. 5: A commuter train explosion in Russia killed at least 44 people Dec. 12: Paul Martin succeeded resigned Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien Dec. 13: Capture of Saddam Hussein, former president of Iraq Dec. 25: Mars Express' Beagle 2 entered Mars' orbit in an unsuccessful landing attempt Dec. 26: Earthquake hit Iran | |||||
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
| 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
| 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
| 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
| 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | ||||
| NOTES: December 1 – Tagalog Wikipedia established December 25 – Christmas Day December 30 – Rizal Day | |||||||
| SOURCES: (On This Day) (Infoplease) (S1) (Infoplease) (1) (2) (On This Day) (1) (2) (Xinhua via China Daily) (Same source) (S2) (S3) | |||||||
| DECEMBER | 2003 | 01 | Events of December 1 (world) 1955: Arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama for challenging race law, causing bus boycott 1959: Twelve nations signed in Washington, D.C. a treaty for scientific peaceful use of Antarctica 1991: Ukrainians ratified independence from the Soviet Union Births: 1872: Gerard Swope, General Electric Company president (d. 1957) 1884: Karl Schmidt-Rottluff German artist (d. 1976) 1935: Woody Allen, American actor and director Deaths: 1934: Assassination of Sergei Kirov, former communist official, in Leningrad (b. 1886) 1973: David Ben-Gurion, Israel's founding father, died (b. 1886) |
Events of December 1 (Phils.) 1846: First issue of La Esperanza, country's first daily newspaper in Spanish Births: 1870: José Alejandrino, engineer, army general and senator 1874: Luis Ma. Guerrero, scientist 1926: Onofre Corpuz, National Scientist (2004) Deaths: 1959: Death of José Nepomuceno, Father of Philippine Movies | |||||
| Sun | Mon | Tue | Wed | Thu | Fri | Sat | |||
| NOTE: Tagalog Wikipedia established | |||||||||
| SOURCES: (BBC) (The New York Times) (On This Day) (Britannica) (History Channel) (AP, via USA Today) (Associated Press) (Library of Congress) (The Kahimyang Project) (Source) | |||||||||
User's guide on time zones[edit]
Breaks:
- Transition to new year: 1223.2200–0108.0200 PST
Table 1[edit]
| UTC offset | UTC−12:00 | UTC−05:00 | UTC+00:00 | UTC+01:00 | UTC+02:00 | UTC+08:00 | UTC+09:00 | UTC+14:00 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Places of interest | E of IDL Baker and Howland islands |
DC | Greenwich & UK | Madrid & most of Spain | Bethlehem | PHL | Tokyo & Japan | W of IDL Line Islands |
| Uses DST (Advanced by 1 hr.) | ||||||||
| Dec. 30 | 10 pm | 5 am | 10 am | 11 am | noon | 6 pm | 7 pm | midnight |
| December 31 | midnight | 7 am | noon | 1 pm | 2 pm | 8 pm | 9 pm | 2 am |
| 3 am | 10 am | 3 pm | 4 pm | 5 pm | 11 pm | midnight | 5 am | |
| 4 am | 11 am | 4 pm | 5 pm | 6 pm | midnight | 1 am | 6 am | |
| 10 am | 5 pm | 10 pm | 11 pm | midnight | 6 am | 7 am | noon | |
| 11 am | 6 pm | 11 pm | midnight | 1 am | 7 am | 8 am | 1 pm | |
| noon | 7 pm | midnight | 1 am | 2 am | 8 am | 9 am | 2 pm | |
| 5 pm | midnight | 5 am | 6 am | 7 am | 1 pm | 2 pm | 7 pm | |
| Jan. 1 | midnight | 7 am | noon | 1 pm | 2 pm | 8 pm | 9 pm | 2 am |
| Date | January 1 | Jan. 2 | ||||||
| For more information, see: Time zone | ||||||||
Table 2[edit]
| UTC offset | UTC−12:00 | UTC−11:00 | UTC−10:00 | UTC−05:00 | UTC+00:00 | UTC+08:00 | UTC+12:00 | UTC+13:00 | UTC+14:00 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Places of interest |  United StatesUS Minor Outlying Islands |
Other side of the Earth |  Kiribati
| ||||||
| Located in Pacific Ocean | Located in Caribbean Sea Navassa Island (uninhabited territory) Same time zone as claimant:  HaitiUses DST (Advanced by 1 hr.) |
Gilbert Islands —16 inhabited atolls & coral islands Banaba |
Phoenix Islands —only 1 of 8 atolls inhabited: Canton Island —2 coral reefs |
W of IDL Line Islands —3 of 8 atolls inhabited: Kiritimati, Tabuaeran, Teraina —Filippo Reef (outside the EEZ, existence uncertain) | |||||
| E of IDL Phoenix Islands: Baker Island Howland Island (uninhabited territories) |
Line Islands: Palmyra Atoll (incorporated terr.) Jarvis Island Kingman Reef (uninhabited terrs.) Midway Atoll (unincorporated territory) |
Johnston Atoll (uninhabited territory) |
United States US Minor Outlying Islands Located in Pacific Ocean Wake Island (unincorporated territory) Same time zone as claimant:  Marshall Islands
| ||||||
| These locations are the last worldwide to celebrate New Year: those in UTC–11:00 are the last inhabited; in UTC–12:00 are unofficially. | The first worldwide to celebrate the New Year. | ||||||||
| Dec. 30 | 10 pm | 11 pm | midnight | 5 am | 10 am | 6 pm | 10 pm | 11pm | midnight |
| December 31 | midnight | 1 am | 2 am | 7 am | noon | 8 pm | midnight | 1 am | 2 am |
| 3 am | 4 am | 5 am | 10 am | 3 pm | 11 pm | 3 am | 4 am | 5 am | |
| 4 am | 5 am | 6 am | 11 am | 4 pm | midnight | 4 am | 5 am | 6 am | |
| 10 am | 11 am | noon | 5 pm | 10 pm | 6 am | 10 am | 11 am | noon | |
| 11 am | noon | 1 pm | 6 pm | 11 pm | 7 am | 11 am | noon | 1 pm | |
| noon | 1 pm | 2 pm | 7 pm | midnight | 8 am | noon | 1 pm | 2 pm | |
| 5 pm | 6 pm | 7 pm | midnight | 5 am | 1 pm | 5 pm | 6 pm | 7 pm | |
| Jan. 1 | midnight | 1 am | 2 am | 7 am | noon | 8 pm | midnight | 1 am | 2 am |
| Date | January 1 | January 2 | |||||||
| For more information, see: Time zone | |||||||||
On reference materials[edit]
Holidays[edit]
Regular holidays, 2024
- Jan 1: New Year's Day
- Mar 28: Maundy Thursday
- Mar 29: Good Friday
- Apr 9: The Day of Valor
- May 1: Labor Day
- Jun 12: Independence Day
- Aug 26: National Heroes Day
- Nov 30: Bonifacio Day
- Dec 25: Christmas Day
- Dec 30: Rizal Day
Special non-working holidays, 2024
- Feb 10: Lunar New Year's Day
- Mar 30: Black Saturday
- Aug 21: Ninoy Aquino Day
- Nov 1: All Saints' Day
- Nov 2: All Souls' Day
- Dec 8: Feast of the Immaculate Conception
- Dec 24: Christmas Eve
- Dec 31: New Year's Eve
Special working days, 2024
- Jan 23: First Philippine Republic day
- Sep 3: Yamashita surrender day
- Sep 8: Feast of the Nativity of Mary
Islamic holidays (tentative dates)
- Regular holidays
- Apr 10: Eidul-Fitar
- Jun 17: Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice), day 1
- Common local holidays
- Feb 7: Lailatul Isra Wal Mi Raj
- Jun 18: Eid al-Adha, day 2
- Jul 8: Amun Jadid
- Sep 16: Maulid un-Nabi
- Observance
- Mar 11: Start of Ramadan
Observances
- Feb. 25: People Power Anniversary
- Mar 31: Easter Sunday
Seasons
- Mar 20: March equinox
- Jun 21: June solstice
- Sep 22: September equinox
- Dec 21: December solstice
See also[edit]
- Want to create your own user page and sub-pages? See Wikipedia:User pages.
- Seeking help about talk pages? See Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines and Help: Talk pages.
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n American Battles and Campaigns Retr. 03152024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n MS, Nov. 9, 1996 MS, Feb. 26, 1998 Retr. 03152024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Philippine-American War Sites to Visit in Cagayan de Oro BusinessWeek Mindanao. August 7, 2023. Retr. 03162024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j (PDF) Retr. 03152024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The Battle of Agusan Hill SunStar. May 13, 2010. Retr. 03152024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u An account of the Battle of Agusan Hill Mindanao Gold Star Daily. May 1, 2018. Retr. 03152024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Rappler June 13, 2022. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Noel Autor (2 of 4) Oct. 6, 2016. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ a b c Noel Autor (4 of 4) Oct. 14, 2016. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Metro Cagayan de Oro June 13, 2021. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Mindanao Gold Star Daily May 10, 2018. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Press release from the House of Representatives Sept. 23, 2013.
Philippine News Agency via Philippines Today October 3, 2013.
Retrieved 032024. - ^ House Bill No. 1461 2022. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Rappler June 13, 2022. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Noel Autor (4 of 4) Oct. 14, 2016. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Metro Cagayan de Oro June 13, 2021. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Press release from the House of Representatives Sept. 23, 2013.
Philippine News Agency via Philippines Today October 3, 2013.
Retrieved 032024. - ^ House Bill No. 1461 2022. Retrieved 032024.
- ^ Act No. 128, 05-15-1901.
- ^ Act No. 579, 01-05-1903.
- ^ Act No. 787, 06-01-1903.
- ^ Act No. 951, 10-22-1903.
- ^ "Index to Official Gazette (1902–1912)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2024 – via The Library Corporation.
- ^ Act No. 2711 (PDF), 03-10-1917. R2.
- ^ Act No. 2968, 02-21-1921. R2.
- ^ Executive Order No. 74, 08-22-1927. R2.
- ^ a b c d e f Act No. 3354, 11-30-1927.
- ^ a b c d Act No. 3537, 11-02-1929.
- ^ Act No. 3777, 11-28-1930.
- ^ "Mindanao floods worsen, death toll rises" PHNO. February 2, 2000. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
- ^ "Death to 4 shabu suppliers" PHNO. March 2, 2000. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
- ^ "At least 9 dead, 3 injured in Maguindanao ambush". ABS CBN News. February 12, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
- ^ Cabrera, Ferdinandh (February 12, 2022). "9 dead in ambush in Maguindanao". GMA News. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
- ^ Rita, Joviland (February 21, 2022). "1 dead, 2 hurt as PNP chopper crashes in Quezon". GMA News. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
- ^ "Cop dies, 2 others injured in Quezon chopper crash". ABS CBN News. February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
- ^ Navallo, Mike (March 2, 2022). "Manila court denies frat boys' bid to dismiss 'Atio' Castillo hazing case". ABS CBN News. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
- ^ "1 hurt in Koronadal City bus blast —military". GMA News. May 26, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
- ^ Panti, Llanesca (May 26, 2022). "Sandiganbayan rejects bid of alleged Marcos dummies to halt ill-gotten wealth trial". GMA News. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
- ^ Cabristante, Raffy (June 5, 2022). "Phivolcs reports phreatic eruption at Bulusan Volcano". ABS CBN News. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
- ^ Doctor, Mel Matthew (June 5, 2022). "Phreatic eruption detected in Bulusan Volcano, Alert Level 1 up —PHIVOLCS". GMA News. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
- ^ Panti, Llanesca (June 23, 2022). "Sandiganbayan allows Roderick Paulate to present COA exec as witness". GMA News. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ Panti, Llanesca (June 24, 2022). "Marcoses get another chance to present defense in ill-gotten wealth case". GMA News. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ "Huge fire engulfs ferry in Philippines". bbc.com. June 26, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
- ^ "'A new chapter': Robredo launches Angat Buhay NGO". ABS CBN News. July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ Cepeda, Mara (July 1, 2022). "Robredo launches 'Angat Buhay,' hopes supporters' campaign energy sustains it". Rappler. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ Panti, Llanesca (July 1, 2022). "Robredo launches Angat Pinas, Inc. to aid communities". GMA News. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ Ropero, Gillan (July 6, 2022). "Dengue cases rise in Metro Manila; total at 3,975: DOH". ABS CBN News. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
- ^ "Supreme Court suspends Manila judge over homophobic remarks". ABS CBN News. July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
- ^ Domingo, Katrina; Manahan, Job (July 8, 2022). "Marcos creates Private Sector Advisory Council". ABS CBN News. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
- ^ "2 killed in elevator crash in Makati". Inquirer.net. July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
- ^ Marcelo, Elizabeth (July 25, 2022). "Sandigan denies Napoles' bid to quash 'pork' raps". The Philippine Star. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
- ^ Cabuenas, Jon Viktor (August 21, 2022). "PHIVOLCS raises Mayon Volcano's alert status". GMA News. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
- ^ "Mayon alert level raised as volcano shows signs of unrest". ABS CBN News. August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
- ^ "Signals up as Florita makes landfall today". The Philippine Star. August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ "Florita leaves 3 dead, 4 injured: NDRRMC". ABS CBN News. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ "3 reported dead, 4 hurt due to Florita —NDRRMC". GMA News. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Casilao, Joahna Lei (August 30, 2022). "DNA confirms skeletal remains that of missing Jovelyn Galleno —police". GMA News. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ^ Navallo, Mike (August 25, 2022). "SUV driver in viral hit-and-run indicted for frustrated homicide". ABS CBN News. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Bolledo, Jairo (August 25, 2022). "SUV driver in Mandaluyong hit-and-run indicted for frustrated homicide". Rappler. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ "Mandaluyong prosecutors indict hit-and-run suspect for frustrated homicide". GMA News. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Maru, Davinci (August 26, 2022). "Cholera, typhoid cases in Philippines up in 2022: DOH". ABS CBN News. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f 1995 Provincial Profile - Kalinga Apayao
- ^ Act No. 2711
—Full text from the Official Gazette.
—Digitized copy from the Internet Archive. - ^ a b Republic Act No. 4695
- ^ a b —Act No. 1642
—Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, 1908 (First of two parts) - ^ History of Different Barangay of Tanudan
- ^ Tinglayan: Executive Summary, 2020 (PDF)
- ^ Executive Order No. 111, s. 1964
- ^ Republic Act No. 4980: (Link 1) (Link 2)
- ^ a b c "Index to Official Gazette (1913–1928)" (PDF). University of San Carlos. The Library Corporation. 2011–2012. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
- ^ a b The Manolay cult: The genesis and dissolution of millenarian sentiments among the Isneg of Northern Luzon (PDF)
- ^ —Brief History
—History and government of Luna, Apayao - ^ a b Pudtol - A Brief History
- ^ —Pudtol: Executive Summary, 2015 (PDF)
—Executive Order No. 217, s. 1956
—Executive Order No. 335, s. 1959 - ^ Executive Order No. 13, s. 1936
- ^ Executive Order No. 78, s. 1936
- ^ a b Act No. 2711
- ^ RA 4979
- ^ a b EO No. 82, s. 1847
- ^ a b c Philstar.com article
- ^ a b MindaNews article
- ^ EO No. 66, s. 1936
- ^ D4: Proclamation No. 284, s. 1938; July 19, 1938
- ^ D4: Proclamation No. 363, s. 2000; August 24, 2000
- ^ a b c d e Asian Development Bank, May 1997 (PDF)
- ^ a b c d e D2: Manila Standard, Sept. 11, 1994 issue, page 5
- ^ a b c d e f g h i D3: Manila Standard, Sept. 2, 1994 issue, page 2
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l AP, Aug. 31, 1994
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k UPI, Aug. 30, 1994
- ^ a b D2: Los Angeles Times, Sept. 2, 1994
- ^ a b D2: Los Angeles Times, Sept. 4, 1994
- ^ D2: Gulf News, Mar. 11, 2019
cited by: ENVIS, May 15, 2014 - ^ a b Chicago Tribune, Aug. 30, 1994
- ^ a b c d e f Philippine mine blast kills 79. The Buffalo News, Aug. 30, 1994 (Subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Manila Standard, Sept. 4, 1994 issue, page 2
- ^ a b c d UPI, Aug. 29, 1994
- ^ a b New York Times, Aug. 30, 1994
- ^ D2: PNOC, Aug. 29, 2018
- ^ a b (Possible source to be added)
- ^ (Source semi-possible to be added)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Source A
- ^ a b c d e f g h Clark Air Base: History and Significant Events, 2001
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag (PDF)
- ^ a b c d e f TBA
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stars and Stripes, 1964; via Flickr
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y New York Times, May 12, 1964
- ^ a b c d e f TBA
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u UPI via The Windsor Star, May 12, 1964
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Source B
- ^ a b c d e f AP via Eugene Register-Guard, May 12, 1964
- ^ a b c d e f Source P
- ^ a b c d e f g h UPI via The Altus Times-Democrat, May 12, 1964
- ^ AP via The Victoria Advocate, May 18, 1964
- ^ a b c The Manila Times, April 22, 2005 (Subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i The Philippine Star, March 28, 2005
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u China Daily, March 15, 2005
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Arab News, March 20, 2005
- ^ a b The Philippine Star, March 16, 2005
- ^ a b CNN, March 15, 2005
- ^ a b c d Rulers.org Retr. 032623.
- ^ a b c d RA 8029, June 5, 1995 Retr. 032623.
- ^ a b (Untitled PDF) Retr. 032623.
- ^ a b c d e Positively Filipino Retr. 032623.
- ^ CPRomulo Retr. 032623.
- ^ a b c d e f D5: (Opinion: Extradition of Aquino, Mar. 4, 2010)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j D5: (NJ.com, Feb. 6, 2009)
- ^ a b c d D2: (The Philippine Star via PressReader, Apr. 1, 2013)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i D2: (Ang Minero, Mar. 14, 2022)
- ^ a b c d D2: (Bilyonaryo, Mar. 11, 2022)
- ^ D4:
—(G.R. Nos. 162144-54. Nov. 21, 2012)
—(ABS-CBN News, Dec. 5, 2012)
—(Inquirer.net, Mar. 4, 2013) - ^ a b c d e f (Inquirer.net, Jan. 23, 2014)
- ^ a b c d e f g h D3: (Info, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Dec. 20, 2012)
- ^ a b c d e f g h D4: (Info, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Feb. 8, 2014)
- ^ D4: (Administrative Order No. 82, s. 2003, Sept. 10, 2003)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n D5: (Phil. Daily Inquirer, June 27, 2011)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i D3: (NJ.com, Mar. 5, 2010)
- ^ a b D4: (U.S.A v. M.R. AQUINO, No. 07-3202, Feb. 6, 2009)
- ^ a b c D3: (Phil. Daily Inquirer, Dec. 20, 2012)
- ^ D5: (No. 10-4347, Feb. 10, 2011; via Scribd)
- ^ D2: (Inquirer.net, June 26, 2011)
- ^ D4: (Inquirer.net, Sept. 15, 2014)
- ^ D4: (ABS-CBN News, Feb. 20, 2022)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Journal Online, Jul. 1, 2021
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Philippine Daily Inquirer, Jul. 1, 2021
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rappler, Jul. 8, 2015
- ^ a b c d e f The Philippine Star, Mar. 15, 2001
- ^ a b c Phil. Daily Inquirer, 08-16-2004.
—"P2M offered on info on media murders, Journalists to wear black in Crame rally today", Yolanda Sotelo–Fuertes & TJ Burgonio, pp. A1, A4. (mentioned Binoya and Abayon cases)
—"Widow reminds media groups of unlisted victim", Delfin T. Mallari Jr., p. A4. (Lingan case)
—"Kin mourn death of Veritas reporter", Romulo Ponte, p. A19 (developments on Consignado case)
—"Lawmakers support inquiry into media killings", Delfin Mallari Jr., p. A19 (mentioned Pobeda case) - ^ a b c d e f g h Phil. Daily Inquirer, 05-05-2005. (via Google News Archive)
—"Another journalist killed in Mindanao, Dipolog City broadcaster ambushed on way home", PDI Mindanao Bureau et al, pp. A1, A19. (Cantoneros case; also mentioned Garcia–Esperat)
—"Names of 9 slain RP journalists on freedom memorial", Associated Press, pp. A1, A19. (mentioned nine jounalists killed in 2004)
—"Zamboanga del Norte: Hot spot for journalists", Julie S. Alipala, p. A19 (mentioned past cases in Zamboanga del Norte)
—"Suspect in Quezon journalist's killing arrested", Marlon Ramos, p. A19 (updates on Pobeda and Villanueva cases) - ^ "Journalist killed" The Evening News, 08-02-1985; p. 2A. (Retrieved on Day 2.)
- ^ a b c "Life-and-death struggle of Philippine Press" New Straits Times, 09-30-1985; p. 13. (Retrieved on Day 2.)
- ^ Phil. Daily Inquirer, 08-22-2004.
- ^ a b c d PDI, 08-21-2004.
- ^ St. Petersburg Times, 04-26-1986.
- ^ a b c d e f Mla. Standard, 07-15-1990.
- ^ 04-30-2006
- ^ 04-07-2005
- ^ 09-13-2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j PDI, 08-26-2004
- ^ a b c d e f g h 12-03-2003
—"Another hard-hitting broadcaster shot dead", Ronnie Lorejo, pp. A1, A5. (Nadura and Villanueva cases)
—"50 Filipino journalists killed since 1986", Ronnie Lorejo & Delfin T. Mallari Jr., p. A5. (mentioned past cases) - ^ a b c d e f g 04-01-2002
- ^ a b MS, 07-12-1990
(Mararac case; mentioned also that of Ladringan) - ^ PDI, 09-04-2004
(update on Damalerio case) - ^ The Register-Guard, 08-20-1985
(Paloma case) - ^ a b c d "Killing of newsmen: official probe under way" New Straits Times, 09-20-1985; p. 13 (Retrieved on Day 7)
(Lee, Doctor, and Amatong cases) - ^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 09-24-1985
(Sunico case) - ^ a b The Lodi (Co.) News-Sentinel 04-25-1986
(Mabasa case; Vicoy was wounded by that time) - ^ PDI, 05-15-2005
(update on Agustin case) - ^ MT, 12-03-2005
(NUJP condemnation on Benaojan case) - ^ PDI, 02-13-2004
(Endrinal case) - ^ a b "Political killings escalate. Newsman, Bayan leader shot dead; bodies of 2 leftists found" PDI, 11-22-2005; pp. A1, A8 (Retrieved on Day 9)
(Ramos case; mentioned also that of Uy) - ^ "Kin, witnesses to newsman's murder lose gov't protection" PDI, 08-30-2004; p. A9 (Retrieved on Day 9)
(update on Damalerio case) - ^ a b Phil. Daily Inquirer, 05-12-2005
—"Publisher shot dead; sixth RP journalist killed in 5 months", Tonette Orejas, pp. A1, A20. (Agustin case; also mentioned prior deaths in 2006)
(With related articles in pages A1, A17, A20) - ^ a b c Phil. Daily Inquirer, 08-17-2004 (Retrieved on Day 9) (via Google News Archive)
—"GMA ups bounty to P3M for info on media murders", Juliet Labog–Javellana & Christian V. Esguerra, pp. A1, A6. (Demalerio and Consignado cases)
(With related article in page A6) - ^ PDI, 09-30-2004
(Binungcal case) - ^ "9 patay matapos uminom ng lambanog; sample nakitaan ng methanol". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- ^ "FDA looking into death of 4 tricycle drivers after they drank 'lambanog'". Manila Bulletin.
- ^ a b c d e IFEX
- ^ a b c The Philippine Star
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vera Files via ABS-CBN Retr. 032523.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r ABS-CBN Retr. 032523.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Vera Files via ABS-CBN Retr. 032423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Vera Files via ABS-CBN Retr. 032523 & 032423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Vera Files via ABS-CBN Retr. 032523.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rappler Retr. 032423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l FilipiKnow Retr. 032423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Amnesty International via Refworld Retr. 032423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y PCIJ Retr. 032623.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Image: Getty Images Retr. 032423.
- ^ a b c Mr. Ron Gluckman Retr. 032423.
- ^ (pre-PDF) Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019 Julio Cabral Teehankee, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs; May 11, 2020; via Sage Jounals; retr. Day 3.
- ^ Significance of 1986 snap election recalled Severino Samonte, Philippine News Agency; Dec. 19, 2021; retr. Day 4.
- ^ Odd winners in Philippine elections Daniela Deane, United Press International; Jan. 30, 1988; retr. Day 4.
- ^ Philippine campaign dirty, perilous William Branigin, The Washington Post; Apr. 15, 1992; retr. Day 3.
- ^ Two articles from The New York Times; Jan. 18, 1988: Renegade Officer Seeks Philippine Governorship, Seth Mydans; Candidate Is Slain, Associated Press; retr. Day 3.
- ^ Violence turns Philippine campaign into 'survival course' for candidates Keith Richburg, The Washington Post; Jan. 14, 1988; retr. Day 3.
- ^ Republic Act No. 6636 Supreme Court E-Library; Nov. 6 1987; retr. Day 2.
- ^ (PDF) Reforming the Philippine electoral process: Developments 1986–88 National Democratic Institute for International Affairs; 1991; retr. Day 1.
- ^ Large turnout predicted in Philippines election AFP, The Canberra Times via Trove; Jan. 17, 1988; retr. Day 1.
- ^ Early Philippine Returns Show Mixed Results for Aquino Mark Fineman, Los Angeles Times; Jan. 19, 1988; retr. Day 1.
- ^ (PDF) The Revolution and Realignment of Political Parties in the Philippines (Decetnber 1985-January 1988): With a Case in the Province of Batangas Masataka Kimura; Southeast Asian Studies, Dec. 1989; via Kyoto University Research Information Repository; retr. Day 3.
- ^ (PDF) Electoral Politics in the Philippines Julio Teehankee; Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia, n.d.; via Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung; retr. Day 3.
- ^ a b c d Manila Standard, 01-18-1988. pp. 1–3, 8.
- ^ a b c d e Manila Standard, 01-19-1988. pp. 1–3, 8–9.