Dhaka: Difference between revisions

Dhaka
Dhaka
	Dhaka skyline
	Nickname: City of Mosques
Country	Bangladesh
Administrative District	Dhaka District
Government
• Mayor	Sadeque Hossain Khoka
Area
• City	153.84 km2 (59.40 sq mi)
Population (2007)
• City	6,737,774
• Density	43,797.3/km2 (113,434/sq mi)
• Metro	12,295,728
Time zone	UTC+6 (BST)

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Dhaka (Bangla: ঢাকা, IPA: [ɖʱaka])— formerly Dacca and Jahangir Nagar, is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of over 12 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh.^[1] Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and renowned for producing the world's finest muslin. As a cosmopolitan city, Dhaka has been the center of Persio-Arabic and Western cultural influences in eastern Indian Subcontinent. Today it serves as one of the prime centers for culture, education and business in the region.

Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar. It was a provincial capital and a centre of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). After the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam but lost its status as a provincial capital again after the partition was annulled in 1911. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1972, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.

Modern Dhaka is the center of political, cultural and economic life in Bangladesh.^[2] Although its urban infrastructure is the most developed in the country, Dhaka suffers from urban problems such as pollution, congestion, and lack of adequate services due to the rising population. In recent decades, Dhaka has seen modernization of transport, communications and public works. The city is attracting large foreign investments and greater volumes of commerce and trade. It is also experiencing an increasing influx of people from across the nation. Dhaka is consistently ranked as one of the least livable cities in the world.^[3]^[4]

History

The existence of urbanized settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dates from the 7th century. The city area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa and the Pala Empire before passing to the control of the Hindu Sena dynasty in the 9th century.^[5] Many believe that the name of the city was derived after the establishment of the Goddess Dhakeshwari's temple by Ballal Sena in the 12th century. Dhaka and its surrounding area was identified as Bengalla around that period. The town itself consisted of a few market centers like Lakshmi Bazar, Shankhari Bazar, Tanti Bazar, Patuatuli, Kumartuli, Bania Nagar and Goal Nagar. After the Sena dynasty, Dhaka was successively ruled by the Turkic and Pashtun governors descending from the Delhi Sultanate before the arrival of the Mughals in 1608.^[6]

The development of townships and a significant growth in population came as the city was proclaimed the capital of Bengal under Mughal rule in 1608. Mughal subahdar Islam Khan was the first administrator of the city.^[7] Khan named the town "Jahangir Nagar" (City of Jahangir) in honor of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, although this name was dropped soon after Jahangir's death. The main expansion of the city took place under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with a population of nearly a million people.^[8] The city passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The city's population shrank dramatically during this period as the prominence of Kolkata rose,^[9] but substantive development and modernisation eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878.^[10]^[11] The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Bengali soldiers.^[12]

Ahsan Manzil was once the palace of the Dhaka Nawab Family; it is now a museum.

During the abortive Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka was declared to be the capital of the newly established state of East Bengal and Assam, but Bengal was reunited in 1911. Following the Partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the capital of East Pakistan. The city witnessed minimal communal violence. A large proportion of the city's Hindu population departed for India, while the city received a large influx of Muslims. As the center of regional politics, however, Dhaka saw an increasing number of political strikes and incidents of violence. The adoption of Urdu as the sole official language of Pakistan led to protest marches involving large crowds. Known as the Bengali Language Movement, the protests resulted in police firing which killed students who were demonstrating peacefully.^[13] Throughout the 1950s and '60s, Dhaka remained a hotbed of political activity, and the demands for autonomy for the Bengali population gradually gained momentum.

The 1970 Bhola cyclone devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people marooned.^{[citation needed]} With public anger growing against ethnic discrimination and poor cyclone relief efforts from the central government, Bengali politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman held a nationalist gathering on March 7, 1971 at the Race Course Ground. An estimated one million people attended the gathering, leading to the March 26 declaration of Bangladesh's independence.^[13] In response, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, which led to the arrests, torture and killing of thousands of people: Muslims, Hindus, Bengalis, and intellectuals.^[14] After nine months of bloody battle with Bangladeshi Forces, the Pakistani Army surrendered to the Mitra Bahini on December 16 marking the end of the independence war of Bangladesh. As the nation's capital, Dhaka saw a rapid and massive growth of the city population in the post-independence period, as migrant workers from rural areas across Bangladesh moved to the city. The growth of commerce and industry along with the city's population has created further challenges to services and infrastructure.^[15] A real estate boom has followed the expansion of city limits and the development of new settlements such as Bashundhara, Mirpur and Motijheel.

Geography and climate

Dhaka is located in central Bangladesh at 23°42′0″N 90°22′30″E / 23.70000°N 90.37500°E / 23.70000; 90.37500, on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River. The city lies on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta and covers a total area of 153.84 square kilometres (59.40 sq mi).^[16] It consists of seven principal thanas – Dhanmondi, Kotwali, Motijheel, Paltan, Ramna, Mohammadpur, Sutrapur, Tejgaon – and 16 auxiliary thanas – Gulshan, Lalbagh, Mirpur, Pallabi, Shah Ali, Turaag, Sabujbagh, Dhaka Cantonment, Demra, Hazaribagh, Shyampur, Badda, Kafrul, Kamrangir char, Khilgaon and Uttara. In total the city has 130 wards and 725 mohallas.^[17] Dhaka district has an area of 1463.60 square kilometres (565 sq mi); and is bounded by the districts of Gazipur, Tangail, Munshiganj, Rajbari, Narayanganj, Manikganj.^[17] Tropical vegetation and moist soils characterise the land, which is flat and close to sea level. This leaves Dhaka susceptible to flooding during the monsoon seasons owing to heavy rainfall and cyclones.

Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. The city is within the monsoon climate zone, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August.^[18] Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 millimetres (73 in) occurs between May and September.^[18] Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city.^[19] Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing extinction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.^[19]

Climate data for Dhaka
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: weatherbase.com ^[20]

Civic administration

The Dhaka municipality was founded on August 1, 1864 and upgraded to "corporation" status in 1978.^[21] The Dhaka City Corporation is a self-governing corporation which runs the affairs of the city. The incorporated area is divided into several wards, which have elected commissioners. The mayor of the city is elected by popular vote every five years, and the post is presently held by Sadeque Hossain Khoka.^[22] The Dhaka Education Board is responsible for administering all public schools and most private schools with the exception of English-medium schools and madrassahs. All madrassahs in Bangladesh are governed by a central board while English-medium schools are under separate educational and governance structures.

The Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) was established in 1976 and has 6,000 personnel in 12 police stations.^[23] With the rapid population growth of the city, the force has been raised to 23,000 personnel and the establishment of 33 police stations has been completed and the creation of another 18 police stations is underway.^[23]^[24] However, Dhaka suffers from a chronically high crime rate and frequent incidents of political and religious violence.^[25] The DMP suffers from lack of equipment and personnel, causing governments to occasionally deploy the Bangladesh Army and paramilitary forces in major efforts to curb crime.^[26]^[27]

The city is divided into 10 parliamentary constituencies. The two main political parties are the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Ramna contains the Secretariat, which houses most of the government ministries. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh and the Dhaka High Court are located in the city. The Bangabhaban palace has served as the official residence of the Viceroy of India, the governor of East Pakistan and presently the President of Bangladesh.^[28] The Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban, designed by renowned architect Louis Kahn,^[13] houses the unicameral national parliament. The Baitul Mukarram, developed with a design resembling the Kaaba of Mecca, is the national mosque. Other historical monuments in the city include the Bara Katra palace, the Lalbagh Fort, the Hoseni Dalan and the Ahsan Manzil.

To fight rising traffic congestion and population, the national government has recently implemented a policy for rapid urbanisation of surrounding areas and beyond by the introduction of a ten year holiday on income tax for new construction of facilities and buildings outside Dhaka.^[29] Aside from Chittagong, Dhaka is the only city in the country with a water-borne sewage system, but this serves only 25% of the population while another 30% are served with septic tanks.^[30] Only two-thirds of households in Dhaka are served by the city water supply system. More than 9.7 million tonnes of solid wastes are produced in Dhaka city each year. While private and government efforts have succeeded in collecting garbage city-wide and using it as manure, most solid wastes are often dumped untreated in nearby low-lying areas and water bodies.^[19]^[30] Dhaka has one of the highest rates of death from infectious disease of any city in Asia.^[31]

Economy

Dhaka is the commercial heart of Bangladesh.^[32] The city has a moderate-sized middle class population, driving the market for modern consumer and luxury goods.^[33]^[34] The city has historically attracted a large number of migrant workers.^[31] Hawkers, peddlers, small shops, rickshaw transport, roadside vendors and stalls employ a large segment of the population^[31]^[35] – rickshaw-drivers alone number as many as 400,000.^[36] Half the workforce is employed in household and unorganised labour, while about 800,000 work in the textile industry. Even so, unemployment remains high at 23%.^[37] According to CityMayors Statistics, Dhaka's GDP registered at $92 billion in 2008 with an annual growth rate of 7.6%. Its estimated GDP in the year 2020 is $160 billion. The annual per capita income of Dhaka is estimated at $500, with 48% of households living below the poverty line,^[38] including a large segment of the population coming from the villages in search of employment,^[34] with many surviving on less than $10 a day.

The main commercial areas of the city include Farmgate, New Market, Gulshan and Motijheel, while Tejgaon and Hazaribagh are the major industrial areas.^[39] Bashundhara City is a developing economic area that will include high-tech industries, corporations and a large shopping mall in about 5 years.^[34] The Export Processing Zone in Dhaka was set up to encourage the export of garments, textiles and other goods. Dhaka has two EPZ's. They are home to 413 industries, which employ mostly women.^[40] The Dhaka Stock Exchange is based in the city, as are most of the large multinationals including Citigroup, HSBC, Standard Chartered Bank, Unilever, Nestle and British American Tobacco. Large local conglomerates such as Navana Group and Rahimafrooz also have their corporate offices located in Dhaka. Microcredit also began here and the offices of the Nobel Prize winning Grameen Bank^[41] and BRAC are based in Dhaka.^[42] Urban developments have sparked a widespread construction boom; new high-rise buildings and skyscrapers have changed the city landscape.^[34] Growth has been especially strong in the finance, banking, manufacturing, telecommunications and services sectors, while tourism, hotels and restaurants continue as important elements of the Dhaka economy.^[31]

Demographics

File:Dhaka.ogg

Animation showing urban growth in Dhaka, Blangladesh from 1972 to 2001. The animation starts with a global view over India using Terra-MODIS 30 km. true color data. The animation then zooms down to Terra-MODIS 1 km. data over Bangladesh, and dissolves into the December 28, 1972, Landsat-1-MSS data of Dhaka. Dhaka can then be seen growing to its present day size by first showing the February 13, 1989 Landsat-5-TM image which then dissolves into the final January 29, 2001 Landsat-7-ETM+ image.^[43]

The population of Dhaka city (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 6.7 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.3 million as of 2007.^[1] The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per annum, one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities.^[31] The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.^[31]

The literacy rate is estimated at 62.3%.^[17] The city population is composed of peoples from virtually every region of Bangladesh. The long-standing inhabitants of the old city are known as Dhakaia and have a distinctive dialect and culture. Between 15,000 to 20,000 of the Rohingya, Santal, Khasi, Garo, Chakma and Mandi tribal peoples reside in the city.^[44]

Most residents of Dhaka speak Bengali, the national language. Many distinctive Bengali dialects and regional languages such as Chittagonian and Sylheti are also spoken by segments of the population. English is spoken by a large segment of the population, especially for business purposes. Urdu is spoken by members of several non-Bengali communities, including the Biharis.

Islam is the predominant religion, with a majority belonging to the Sunni sect. There are also significant Shia and Ahmadiya communities. Hinduism is the second-largest religion and smaller communities practice Buddhism and Christianity. In recent years there have been rising levels of religious violence, especially from radical Islamic groups.^[25]^[45] Islamic groups have been blamed for targeting Hindus, Christians and Ahmadiyas as well as police and state authorities.^[46]^[47]

Culture

As the most populous city of Bangladesh, Dhaka has a vibrant cultural life. Annual celebrations for Independence Day (March 26), Language Martyrs' Day (February 21) and Victory Day (December 16) are prominently celebrated across the city. Dhaka's people congregate at the Shaheed Minar and the Jatiyo Smriti Soudho to remember the national heroes of the liberation war. These occasions are observed with public ceremonies and rallies in public grounds. Many schools and colleges organise fairs, festivals and concerts in which citizens from all levels of society participate.^[48]

Pohela Baishakh, the Bengali New Year, falls annually on April 14 and is popularly celebrated across the city.^[48] Large crowds of people gather on the streets of Shahbag, Ramna Park and the campus of the University of Dhaka for celebrations. The most popular dressing style for women are sarees or salwar kameez, while men usually prefer western clothing to the traditional lungi.^[49] The Durga Puja is the most important Hindu festival of the year. Large processions of Hindus perform devotional songs, dances, prayers and ceremonies for Goddess Durga.^[50] The Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha witnesses widespread celebrations, with large numbers of Muslims attending prayers in mosques across the city; Dhaka being known as the 'City of Mosques'.^[33]

For much of recent history, Dhaka was characterised by roadside markets and small shops that sold a wide variety of goods.^[51] Recent years have seen the widespread construction of shopping malls, multiplexes, hotels and restaurants attracting Dhaka's growing middle-class and wealthy residents.^[52] Along with Bangladeshi cuisine and South Asian variants, a large variety of Western and Chinese cuisine is served at numerous restaurants and eateries.^[34] Dhakai Bakarkhani is the traditional food/snack of the people of old Dhaka. It is famous for its quality and taste and it was highly praised by the Royal court of the Mughal Empire in Delhi.

Despite the growing popularity of music groups and rock bands, traditional folk music remains widely popular.^[53] The ghazal songs of artists like Runa Laila and the works of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam and national anthem writer Rabindranath Tagore have a widespread following across Dhaka.^[54] The Baily Road area is known as Natak Para (Theater Neighborhood) which is the center of Dhaka's thriving theater movement.^[55] Indian and Pakistani music and films are popular with large segments of Dhaka's population.^[56] This area is also credited for the revival of the Jamdani due to the many local saree stores selling and promoting these locally hand-made age old traditional Bengali sarees. Jamdanis are 100% hand weaved and originate from the Persian and Mughal era. Jamdanis are produced by a traditional high quality cottage industry, which is slowly dying out due to the slow production process. A single medium range Jamdani saree may take as long as 3 months to complete.

Bangladesh Betar is the state-run primary provider of radio services, and broadcasts a variety of programming in Bangla and English. In recent years many private radio networks, especially FM radio services, have been established in the city such as Radio Foorti FM 88.0, Radio Today FM 89.6, Radio Amar FM 101.6 and ABC Radio FM 89.2. Bangladesh Television is the state-run broadcasting network that provides a wide variety of programmes in Bangla and English. Cable and satellite networks such as Ekushey Television, Channel I, ATN Bangla, RTV, NTV and STAR TV are amongst the most popular channels. The main offices of most publishing houses in Bangladesh are based in Dhaka. The Prothom Alo and The Daily Ittefaq are the most popular amongst the large number of Bangla language dailies, periodicals and other publications in the city. The Daily Star and The Independent are the largest English-language dailies published.^[57] Although cellular phones are gaining popularity, less than 10% of households have telephone access.^[31]

Transport

Cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws are the main mode of transport, with close to 400,000 rickshaws running each day – the largest number for any city in the world.^[35]^[34] However, only about 85,000 rickshaws are licensed by the city government.^[62]^[31] Relatively low-cost and non-polluting cycle rickshaws nevertheless cause traffic congestion and have been banned from many parts of the city. Public buses are operated by the state-run Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) and by private companies and operators. Scooters, taxis and privately owned automobiles are increasingly becoming popular with the city's growing middle class. The government has overseen the replacement of two-stroke engine taxis with "Green taxis" locally called CNG, which run on compressed natural gas.^[63]

Dhaka has 1,868 kilometres (1,161 mi) of paved roads.^[64] It is connected by highways and railway links to Chittagong, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Faridpur and Sylhet. Highway links to the Indian cities of Kolkata and Agartala have been established by the BRTC which also runs regular bus services to those cities from Dhaka.^[65] The Kamalapur Railway Station and the Airport (Biman Bandar) Railway Station are the main railway stations providing trains on suburban and national routes operated by the state-run Bangladesh Railway.^[66] The Sadarghat Port on the banks of the Buriganga River serves the transportation of goods and passengers upriver and to other ports in Bangladesh.^[67] The Zia International Airport is the largest and busiest in the nation.^[68]

Education

Dhaka has the largest number of schools, colleges and universities of any Bangladeshi city. The education system is divided into 4 levels: Primary (from grades 1 to 5), Secondary (from grades 6 to 10), Higher Secondary (from grades 11 to 12) and tertiary.^[69] The five years of lower secondary education concludes with a Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination. Students who pass this examination proceed to two years of Higher Secondary or intermediate training, which culminate in a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination.^[69] Education is mainly offered in Bangla, but English is also commonly taught and used. A large number of Muslim families send their children to attend part-time courses or even to pursue full-time religious education, which is imparted in Bangla and Arabic in madrasahs.^[69]

The Dhaka College is the oldest institution of higher education in the city and amongst the earliest established in British India, founded in 1840. Since independence, Dhaka has seen the establishment of a large number of public and private colleges and universities that offer undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as a variety of doctoral programmes.^[70] The University of Dhaka is the largest public university^[71] in the nation with more than 30,000 students and 1,300 faculty staff. The university has 18 research centres and 70 departments, faculties and institutes.^[72] Eminent seats of higher education include the Jahangirnagar University and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). The Dhaka Medical College and the Sir Salimullah Medical College are amongst the largest and most respected medical schools in the nation.^[73] Dhaka's college campuses are often hotbeds of political conflicts.^[74] Protests and strikes, and violence amongst police, students and political groups frequently disrupt public university campuses.^[75]^[76]

Sports

Cricket and football are the two most popular sports in Dhaka and across the nation.^[77] Teams are fielded in intra-city and national competitions by a large number of schools, colleges and private entities. The Mohammedan Sports Club and Abahani are two of the most famous football and cricket teams, maintaining a fierce rivalry.^[78]

Dhaka has the distinction of having hosted the first official test cricket match of the Pakistan cricket team in 1954 against India.^[79] The Bangabandhu National Stadium was formerly the main venue for domestic and international cricket matches, but now exclusively hosts football matches.^[79] It is a potential host for the opening ceremony of the 2011 Cricket World Cup as well as host to 6 matches to be played in Bangladesh.^[80] The Bangladesh Sports Control Board, responsible for promoting sports activities across the nation is based in Dhaka. Dhaka also has stadiums largely used for domestic events such as the Sher-e-Bangla Mirpur Stadium (in Mirpur), the Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium and the Outer Stadium Ground.^[81] The Dhaka University Ground hosts many intercollegiate tournaments.^[82]

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^ "rickshaw: Dhaka". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ Menchetti, Peter (2005-03-24). "Cycle Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh" (PDF). Thesis for Amsterdam University. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
^ "Dhaka". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ Rizanuzzaman Laskar (2007-03-04). "Rickshaw pullers get licences". The Daily Star.
^ Rahman, Mushfiqur (2003). "Compressed Natural Gas". In Islam, Sirajul (ed.). [[Banglapedia]]: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 9843205766. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 2008-01-17. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
^ Sharif Uddin Ahmed (1986). Dacca: A Study in Urban History and Development‎. Curzon Press. p. 108. ISBN 0913215147.
^ "Passengers shun Dhaka-India bus". BBC News. 2003-10-13. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ Marika McAdam (2004). Bangladesh. Lonely Planet. p. 66. ISBN 1740592808.
^ "Dhaka". Asian Highway Handbook. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications. 2005. p. 28. ISBN 9211201705.
^ Alam, Jobair Bin (2003). "Air Transport". In Islam, Sirajul (ed.). [[Banglapedia]]: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 9843205766. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 2008-01-17. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c T. Neville Postlethwaite (1988). The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education‎. Pergamon Press. p. 130. ISBN 0080308538.
^ Kamal Siddiqui (1990). "Growth of academic institutions". Social Formation in Dhaka City: A Study in Third World Urban Sociology. Dhaka: University Press Limited. p. 42.
^ "Dhaka teachers on violence charge". BBC News. 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
^ University of Dhaka (2006-09-10). "Univ. Facts" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-09-10.
^ Muhammad Shamsul Huq (1983). Higher Education and Employment in Bangladesh. UNESCO. p. 181.
^ Alistair, Lawson (2002-07-24). "Uneasy calm after Bangladesh riot". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
^ Hossain, Moazzem (2002-09-02). "Bangladesh students call strike". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
^ Hossain, Moazzem (2002-09-02). "Protests shut Bangladeshi university". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.
^ Robert MacHenry, ed. (1993). "Bangladesh". The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 717. ISBN 0852295715.
^ Al Musabbir Sadi (2007-06-17). "Tasty derby drawn". The Daily Star.
^ ^a ^b Cricinfo (2006-09-07). "Stadium". Retrieved 2006-05-26. Cite error: The named reference "First test" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ "India lands 2011 World Cup final". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-07-09.
^ Cricinfo. "Grounds - Bangladesh: Dhaka". Retrieved 2008-03-13.
^ Muhammad Abdur Rahim (1981). The History of the University of Dacca. University of Dacca. p. 161.

External links

Dhaka City Corporation

23°42′07″N 90°22′12″E / 23.702°N 90.37°E / 23.702; 90.37

[BangladeshStatPock2007-1] "Statistical Pocket Book, 2007" (pdf). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2008-09-29.

[gob-2] "Price Information of Essential Commodities" (php) (in Bengali). National Web Portal, Government of Bangladesh. Retrieved 2009-02-27.

[3] "Vancouver and Melbourne top city league". BBC News. 2002-10-04. Retrieved 2009-02-27.

[4] "Vancouver is 'best place to live'". BBC News. 2005-10-04. Retrieved 2008-12-27.

[moudud-5] Hasna Jasimuddin Moudud. South Asia: Eastern Himalayan Culture, Ecology and People. ISBN 9840801651.

[6] Taru Bahl & M.H. Syed (2003). Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World. Anmol Publications PVT. p. 55. ISBN 8126114193.

[7] Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt (1906). The Romance of an Eastern Capital‎. Smith, Elder, & Co. p. 264.

[atiqullah-8] M. Atiqullah and F. Karim Khan (1965). Growth of Dacca City: Population and Area (1608–1981). Social Science Research Project, University of Dacca Press. p. 6.

[atiqullah2-9] M. Atiqullah and F. Karim Khan (1965). Growth of Dacca City: Population and Area (1608–1981). Social Science Research Project, University of Dacca Press. p. 7. With the growth of Calcutta (founded by Job Charnock in 1690), the business centres started moving to Calcutta followed by flight of capital and labour force from Dacca. By 1800, Calcutta became a city of 500 thousands, (Ghosh, 1950 pp 53-54) and Dacca declined to 2000 thousands, the population of 160 years before.

[10] H Furumai, F Kurisu & H Katayama (2008). Southeast Asian Water Environment 2: Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment. IWA Publishing. p. 205. ISBN 1843391244.

[11] Mohammad Atiqullah & Fazle Karim Khan (1965). Growth of Dacca City: Population and Area, 1608-1981‎. University of Dacca. p. 10.

[cantt-12] "Golden past of olden Dhaka". Bangladesh News. 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2009-02-24.

[CALC-13] Richards, John (2002). "Calcutta and Dhaka: A tale of two cities" (HTML). Inroads. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[SelectiveGenocide-14] Archer Blood. "Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex" (pdf). Department of State, United States. Retrieved 2009-02-27.

[15] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007‎. Earthscan. p. 184. ISBN 184407479X.

[Bangladesh2001Mun-16] "Area, Population and Literacy Rate by Paurashava" (pdf). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Retrieved 2008-09-29.

[Dhaka-17] Banglapedia (2006-09-27). "Dhaka Division". Retrieved 2009-02-11.

[Geo-18] Bangladesh Online (2006-09-10). "Geography and climate". Retrieved 2006-09-10.

[Geo2-19] Mondal, M. Abdul Latif (2006-09-27). "Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2006-09-27. Cite error: The named reference "Geo2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[weather1-20] "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Dhaka, Bangladesh". weatherbase.com. Retrieved 2008-12-15.

[CityCorp-21] Dhaka City Corporation. "City Corporation" (PHP). Retrieved 2009-02-27.

[Mayor-22] Dhaka City Corporation (2006-09-10). "Mayor" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-09-10.

[A-23] "History of the DMP". Dhaka Metropolitan Police. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[Z-24] "DMP - New Initiatives". Dhaka Metropolitan Police. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[Rel1-25] "Four killed in Dhaka riot". BBC News. 2001-02-13. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Tr2-26] Lawson, Alistair (2003-05-09). "Dhaka police fear crime wave". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Tro-27] "'Troop trials' in Dhaka crime fight". BBC News. 2003-02-20. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[bpedia-bangabhaban-28] "Bangabhaban". Banglapedia.

[townplan-29] "Town planning for Bangladesh : Vision 2020". The Daily Star. 2008-11-08. Retrieved 2008-12-15.

[Geo2A-30] Mondo, M. Abdul Latif (2006-09-27). "Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[EDemo1-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h McGee, Terry (2006-09-27). "Urbanization Takes on New Dimensions in Asia's Population Giants". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[britannica-32] "Dhaka". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-04-23.

[banglapedia-33] Chowdhury, A.M. (2007-04-23). "Dhaka". Banglapedia. Retrieved 2007-04-23.

[CiE-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Lawson, Alistair (2002-06-01). "Good times for bourgeois Bangladeshis". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-02.

[Rick-35] "Does Dhaka need rickshaws?". BBC News. 1998-07-20. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[36] Robert Cervero (2000). Informal Transport in the Developing World‎. UN-HABITAT. p. 39. ISBN 9211314534.

[Ecn-37] Dhaka City Corporation. "Economy" (PHP). Retrieved 2009-02-27.

[38] "Asian City Development Strategies: Dhaka" (pdf). Fukuoka Conference 2000, Cities Alliance. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[39] "Dhaka City State of Environment" (pdf). Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Environment Programme. 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-24.

[EPZ-40] "Dhaka clothes factories to reopen". BBC News. 2006-06-06. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[41] "Poverty Alleviation: Yunus calls for major reforms in World Bank". The Daily Star. 2007-11-05.

[42] "Blind eye to urban poor to spell social disaster:Conference on the poor told". The Daily Star. 2007-12-05.

[NASA-43] NASA, Scientific Visualization Studio (2001-12-12). "Dhaka, Bangladesh Urban Growth" (MPEG). Retrieved 2007-04-30.

[Dem-44] Gain, Phillip (2006-09-27). "Adivasis in the capital". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Rel2-45] Ahmed, Kamal (2001-06-19). "US condemns Bangladesh violence". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Rel3-46] Ahmed, Kamal (2005-12-23). "Violent Dhaka rally against sect". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Rel4-47] Rahman, Waliur (2001-10-10). "Bangladesh Hindus seek protection". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[Cul-48] Ahmed, Dr. Nizamuddin (2006-09-27). "Happy 400th anniversary, Dhaka!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2006-09-27.

[clothingcustoms-49] Sarah C. White (1992). Arguing with the Crocodile: Gender and Class in Bangladesh. p. 30. ISBN 9781856490856.

[50] Matthew Westfall & Victoria A. De Villa (2001). Urban Indicators for Managing Cities: Cities Data Book‎. Asian Development Bank. p. 174. ISBN 9715613128.

[51] Jeremy Seabrook (1996). In the Cities of the South: Scenes from a Developing World‎. Verso Books. p. 221. ISBN 1859840817.

[52] World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2008. p. 489. ISBN 0761476318.

[53] Thomas Angotti & Lothar Beckel (2001). Mega Cities. GEOSPACE Beckel Satellitenb. p. 730. ISBN 3853130518.

[54] Alison Arnold (1999). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Indian Subcontinent. Routledge. pp. 858–859. ISBN 0824049462.

[55] Ian Herbert & Nicole Leclercq (2000). The World of Theatre. Taylor & Francis. p. 12. ISBN 0415238668.

[56] A. F. Salahuddin Ahmed & Bazlul Mobin Chowdhury (2004). Bangladesh, National Culture, and Heritage: An Introductory Reader‎. Independent University. p. 405. ISBN 9848509003.

[57] John Simpson (2006). The Traveler's Handbook. Globe Pequot. p. 195. ISBN 0762740906.

[Rickshaws2-58] Lawson, Alastair (2002-05-10). "Dhaka's beleaguered rickshaw wallahs". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-12-17.

[Rickshaws1-59] "rickshaw: Dhaka". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-12-17.

[Rickshaws-60] Menchetti, Peter (2005-03-24). "Cycle Rickshaws in Dhaka, Bangladesh" (PDF). Thesis for Amsterdam University. Retrieved 2008-04-15.

[61] "Dhaka". BBC News. Retrieved 2009-02-24.

[62] Rizanuzzaman Laskar (2007-03-04). "Rickshaw pullers get licences". The Daily Star.

[63] Rahman, Mushfiqur (2003). "Compressed Natural Gas". In Islam, Sirajul (ed.). [[Banglapedia]]: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 9843205766. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 2008-01-17. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

[64] Sharif Uddin Ahmed (1986). Dacca: A Study in Urban History and Development‎. Curzon Press. p. 108. ISBN 0913215147.

[BTRC-65] "Passengers shun Dhaka-India bus". BBC News. 2003-10-13. Retrieved 2006-09-07.

[66] Marika McAdam (2004). Bangladesh. Lonely Planet. p. 66. ISBN 1740592808.

[67] "Dhaka". Asian Highway Handbook. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications. 2005. p. 28. ISBN 9211201705.

[Air-68] Alam, Jobair Bin (2003). "Air Transport". In Islam, Sirajul (ed.). [[Banglapedia]]: National encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 9843205766. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 2008-01-17. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)

[CompEd-69] T. Neville Postlethwaite (1988). The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education‎. Pergamon Press. p. 130. ISBN 0080308538.

[70] Kamal Siddiqui (1990). "Growth of academic institutions". Social Formation in Dhaka City: A Study in Third World Urban Sociology. Dhaka: University Press Limited. p. 42.

[71] "Dhaka teachers on violence charge". BBC News. 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2008-05-15.

[DhakaU-72] University of Dhaka (2006-09-10). "Univ. Facts" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-09-10.

[73] Muhammad Shamsul Huq (1983). Higher Education and Employment in Bangladesh. UNESCO. p. 181.

[DhakaU4-74] Alistair, Lawson (2002-07-24). "Uneasy calm after Bangladesh riot". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.

[DhakaU2-75] Hossain, Moazzem (2002-09-02). "Bangladesh students call strike". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.

[DhakaU3-76] Hossain, Moazzem (2002-09-02). "Protests shut Bangladeshi university". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-10-03.

[77] Robert MacHenry, ed. (1993). "Bangladesh". The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 717. ISBN 0852295715.

[starsport-78] Al Musabbir Sadi (2007-06-17). "Tasty derby drawn". The Daily Star.

[First_test-79] Cricinfo (2006-09-07). "Stadium". Retrieved 2006-05-26. Cite error: The named reference "First test" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[80] "India lands 2011 World Cup final". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-07-09.

[81] Cricinfo. "Grounds - Bangladesh: Dhaka". Retrieved 2008-03-13.

[82] Muhammad Abdur Rahim (1981). The History of the University of Dacca. University of Dacca. p. 161.

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v t e Dhaka related topics
History	Timeline History of Bangladesh History of Bengal Kamarupa Dhakeshwari Temple Sena dynasty Islam Khan Jahangir Nagar Mughal Empire British Raj Nawab of Dhaka East Bengal Partition of India East Pakistan 1970 Bhola cyclone Bangladesh Liberation War
Government and localities	Dhaka North City Corporation Dhaka South City Corporation Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha Dhaka Metropolitan Police Dhaka High Court Mohakhali Ramna Thana Paltan Motijheel Thana Shahbag Nilkhet Uttara Dhaka Cantonment Banani, Dhaka Segunbagicha Mohammadpur Thana Dhanmondi Thana Kotwali Thana Sutrapur Thana Tejgaon Thana Gulshan Thana Lal Bagh Mirpur Model Thana Pallabi Thana Sabujbagh Thana Demra Thana Hazaribagh Shyampur Badda Thana Kafrul Thana Kamrangirchar Thana Khilgaon Thana
Buildings and landmarks	Sher-e-Bangla Nagor Thana Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban Supreme Court of Bangladesh Baitul Mukarram Martyred Intellectuals Memorial Dhakeshwari Temple Shaheed Minar Star Mosque Curzon Hall Ahsan Manzil Lalbagh Fort Bara Katra Liberation War Museum Chandrima Uddan Hussaini Dalan
Economy	Dhaka Stock Exchange Sonali Bank Rupali Bank Bangladesh Bank Bashundhara City
Education	University of Dhaka Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology North South University Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology American International University-Bangladesh Independent University, Bangladesh Dhaka Medical College and Hospital Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University East West University University of Asia Pacific BIRDEM and Bangladesh National Zoo Schools and Colleges in Dhaka
Culture and sports	Ekushey Book Fair Dhaka World Music Festival Suhrawardy Udyan Bangladesh National Zoo Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Durga Puja Pohela Boishakh Victory Day Independence Day Fatullah Osmani Stadium Abahani Limited Dhaka Mohammedan SC Dhaka derby Bangabandhu National Stadium Bangladesh Army Stadium Outer Stadium Ground Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium Dhaka University Ground Dhanmondi Cricket Stadium Gurdwara Nanak Shahi
Other topics	List of cities and towns in Bangladesh List of tallest buildings in Dhaka Buildings and structures Educational institutions C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group Transport in Dhaka
Category:Dhaka Portal:Dhaka

v t e Cities and towns in Bangladesh
Ministry of Public Administration Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives
Major cities (11) (City Corporations)	Dhaka Chittagong Khulna Mymensingh Rajshahi Sylhet Barisal Cumilla Narayanganj Rangpur Gazipur
Cities (32) (Municipal Corporations)	Bogra Brahmanbaria Cox's Bazar Dinajpur Faridpur Feni Jamalpur Jessore Kushtia Noakhali Pabna Sirajganj Tangail
Towns	Bhola Patuakhali Pirojpur Jhalokati Barguna Amtali Bakerganj Char Fasson Gaurnadi Swarupkati Kuakata Bandarban Khagrachhari Rangamati Rangunia Sandwip Fatikchhari Nazir Hat Baroiyarhat Mirsharai Sitakunda Hathazari Raozan Patiya Chandanaish Lohagara Satkania Boalkhali Akhaura Sarail Chandpur Chaumuhani Laksam Hatiya Maijdee Lakshmipur Burichong Feni Sadar Upazila Ghorashal Monohardi Shibpur Raipura Madhabdi Mirzapur Dhanbari Madhupur Gopalpur Ghatail Kalihati Sakhipur Bhuapur Elenga Karatia Aricha Basail Bhairab Kishoreganj Manikganj Munshiganj Narsingdi Gopalganj Shariatpur Madaripur Rajbari Bagherhat Chuadanga Darshana, Chuadanga Jhenaidah Magura Meherpur Narail Nowapara Shatkhira Shambhuganj Muktagachha Bhaluka Gouripur Phulpur Trishal Nandail Gaffargaon Ishwarganj Haluaghat Fulbaria Netrokona Sherpur Joypurhat Kalai Khetlal Akkelpur Panchbibi Mundumala Naogaon Natore Shahjadpur Ullapara Iswardi Santhia Sherpur,Bogra Tanore Pabna Gaibandha Kurigram Lalmonirhat Nilphamari Panchagarh Thakurgaon Saidpur Golapganj Habiganj Moulvibazar Sreemangal Sunamganj (town) Beanibazar Barlekha Zakiganj Chhatak Santahar City