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Google China

Coordinates: 39°59′34″N 116°19′24″E / 39.99278°N 116.32333°E / 39.99278; 116.32333
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39°59′34″N 116°19′24″E / 39.99278°N 116.32333°E / 39.99278; 116.32333

Google China
Type of site
Privately held company
Founded2005
Headquarters
Beijing
,
China
Area servedChina
Founder(s)Google
IndustryInternet, Computer software
ParentGoogle
URLwww.google.cn
Google China
Traditional Chinese穀歌
Simplified Chinese谷歌
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGǔgē

Google China is a subsidiary of Google. Google China ranked as the number 3 search engine in China, after Baidu and Soso.com. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, were moved from mainland China to Hong Kong.

By November 2013 its search share had declined to 1.7% from its August 2009 level of 36.2%.[2][3]

History

2005 - 2009

Google China was founded in 2005 and was originally headed by Kai-Fu Lee, a former Microsoft executive and the founder in 1998 of Microsoft Research Asia.[4] Microsoft sued Google and Kai-Fu Lee for the move, but reached a confidential settlement.[5] Google's Beijing office was initially located at NCI Tower.

In 2005 a Chinese-language interface was developed for the google.com website. In Jan 2006 Google launched its China-based google.cn search page, with results subject to censorship by the Chinese government.[6]

The Beijing office was moved to Tsinghua Science Park in early 2006. Since September 2006 the office has been a ten-floor building in Tsinghua Science Park, near the east gate of Tsinghua University.

In March 2009 China blocked access to Google's YouTube site due to footage showing Chinese security forces beating Tibetans;[7] access to other Google online services is denied to users arbitrarily.

On September 4, 2009, after four years leading Google China, Kai-Fu Lee unexpectedly left to start a venture fund, amid debate about the Chinese government's censorship policies and Google's decreasing share to rival Baidu and Soso.com.[4]

Ending of self-censorship

In January 2010 Google announced that, in response to a Chinese-originated hacking attack on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the country completely if necessary.[8]

On March 23, 2010 at 3am Hong Kong Time (UTC+8), Google was under China's tight control and censorship. In response, Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk in Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, thereby bypassing Chinese regulators and allowing uncensored Simplified Chinese search results.[9][10][11] Hong Kong is vested with independent judicial power[12] and not subject to most Chinese laws,[13] including those requiring the restriction of free flow of information and censorship of Internet traffic. David Drummond, senior vice president of Google, stated in the official Google blog that the circumstances surrounding censorship of the Internet in China led Google to move its search to Hong Kong, the absence of censorship making it more effective for networking and sharing information with Internet users in mainland China.[11][14]

Google's Internet mail service, Gmail, and Chrome and Google-based search inquiries, have not been available to mainland China users since 2014. Google has maintained that it would continue with the research and development offices in China along with the sales offices for other Google products such as Android smartphone software.[15]

On March 30, 2010, searching via all Google search sites in all languages was banned in mainland China; any attempt to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Initial reports suggested that the error was caused by a banned string (RFA, as in "Radio Free Asia") being automatically added to Google search queries upstream of user queries, with prominent China journalists disagreeing over whether the blockage was an intentional and high-level attempt to censor search results. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffected.[16] Xiao Qiang, director of the China Internet Project at UC Berkeley and founder of the China Digital Times, noted that the ban in mainland China could eventually block all access to Google sites and applications if the Chinese Government wanted.[16] The ban was lifted the next day.[17]

On June 30, 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google China to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avoid their Internet Content Provider (ICP) license being revoked.[18]

The fact that Google had ended some of its services in China, and the reasons for it, were censored in China.[19]

In 2013 Google stopped displaying warning messages that had shown up for mainland Chinese users who were attempting to search for politically sensitive phrases.[20]

Business

Google China headquarters in Tsinghua University Science Park in Beijing

Google China serves a market of mainland Chinese Internet users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million,[21] up from 45.8 million in June 2002.[22] A China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) report published a year and a half earlier, on January 17, 2001, had estimated the mainland Chinese Internet user base at 22.5 million, considerably higher than the number published by Iamasia, a private Internet ratings company.[23] The first CNNIC report, published on October 10, 1997, estimated the number of Chinese internet users at fewer than 650 thousand people.

The competitors of Google China include Baidu.com and Soso.com, often called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google.[24][25] In August 2008, Google China launched a legal music download service, Google Music, to rival Baidu's potentially illicit offering.[26]

Google China local product—Google MUSIC's conference

In 2010, Google China had a market share in China of 29% according to Analysys International.[27] By October 2012, that number was down to 5%.[28] It further declined to 1.7% in 2013.

Controversies

See also: Censorship by Google

Before Google China's establishment, Google.com itself was accessible, even though much of its content was not accessible because of censorship. According to official statistics, google.com was accessible 90% of the time, and a number of services were not available at all.[29]

Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in China, Google China had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Golden Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC government, google.cn displayed at the bottom of the page (translated): In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search result is not shown. Some searches, such as (as of June 2009) "Tank Man" were blocked entirely, with only the message, "Search results may not comply with the relevant laws, regulations and policy, and cannot be displayed" appearing.

Google argued that it could play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market. "While removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission," a statement said.[30]

A US PBS analysis reported clear differences between results returned for controversial keywords by the censored and uncensored search engines.[31] Google set up computer systems inside China that try to access Web sites outside the country. If a site is inaccessible (e.g., because of the Golden Shield Project), then it was added to Google China's blacklist.[32]

In June 2006 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was quoted as saying that virtually all of Google's customers in China were using the non-censored version of their website.[33]

Google critics in the United States claimed that Google China is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't be evil".[34]

On April 9, 2007, Google China spokesman Cui Jin admitted that the pinyin Google Input Method Editor (IME) "was built leveraging some non-Google database resources". This was in response to a request on April 6 from the Chinese search engine company Sohu that Google stop distributing its pinyin IME software because it allegedly copied portions from Sohu's own software.[35]

In early 2008 Guo Quan, a university professor who had been dismissed after having founded a democratic opposition party, announced plans to sue Yahoo! and Google in the United States for having blocked his name from search results in mainland China.[36]

Operation Aurora

Main article: Operation Aurora

On January 12, 2010, Google announced that it was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists including thousands of activists involved with the Human Rights Defender, Falun Gong, and hundreds of overseas activists in fields such as encryption, intellectual property and democracy. The company learned that the hackers had breached two Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts.[37] The company's investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted, including Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical. Experts claim the aim of the attacks was to gain information on weapon systems, political dissidents, and valuable source code that powers software applications.[38] Additionally, dozens of Gmail accounts in China, Europe, and the United States had been regularly accessed by third parties, by way of phishing or malware on the users' computers rather than a security breach at Google. Although Google did not explicitly accuse the Chinese government of the breach, it said it was no longer willing to censor results on google.cn, and that it would discuss over the next few weeks "the basis on which we could run an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China".[39][40] Google.cn transiently turned off its search result filtering. However, the filtering was later re-enabled without any acknowledgment or explanation; search queries in Chinese on the keywords Tiananmen or June 4, 1989, returned censored results with the standard censorship footnote.[41]

On January 13, 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress planned to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.[42] In a major speech by the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, analogies were drawn between the Berlin Wall and the free and unfree Internet.[43] Chinese articles came back saying that the United States uses the internet as a means to create worldwide hegemony based on western values.[44] The issue of Google's changed policy toward China has been cited as a potentially major development in world affairs, marking a split between authoritarian capitalism and the Western model of free capitalism and Internet access.[45]

The Chinese government since made numerous standard and general statements on the matter, but took no real action. It also criticized Google for failing to provide any evidence of its accusation.[46] Accusations were made by Baidu, a competing Chinese search engine, that Google was pulling out for financial rather than other reasons. Baidu is the market leader in China with about 60% of the market compared to Google's 31%, Yahoo placing third with less than 10%.[47] The Chinese People's Daily newspaper published a scathing op-ed on Google which criticized western leaders for politicizing the way in which China controls citizens' access to the Internet, saying "implementing monitoring according to a country's national context is what any government has to do", and that China's need to censor the internet is greater than that of developed countries, "The Chinese society has generally less information bearing capacity than developed countries such as the U.S. ..."[48]

In media

According to Joseph Cheng, a professor of political science from City University of Hong Kong, the ruling Chinese Communist Party was deploying Chinese nationalism to stifle debate about censorship.[49] By criticizing cultural export (in this case, the localization of Google in China), it provides defense to justify the Chinese authorities' censorship control.[49]

The Chinese authorities are accused of steering state-run media to bundle Google together with other recent disputes with United States that have stirred nationalist rancour in China. On the website of the Global Times (www.huanqiu.com) such examples are found, one user wrote "Get the hell out" while another one wrote "Ha ha, I'm going to buy firecrackers to celebrate!"[49]

Isaac Mao, a prominent Chinese internet expert, speculated that 90% of Internet users in China do not care whether Google leaves or not. Among Chinese users who strongly support Google remaining in China without censorship (or leaving China to keep its neutrality and independence), many are accustomed to using circumvention technology to access blocked websites.[50]

Censorship

See also: Censorship by Google

Chinese government is widely known for their long, tight control over the Internet access in mainland, China, regulating what its citizens can read, see and publish on the web.[51] The Chinese authorities employed more than 2 million people in 2013 to monitor web activity on blogs and social media sites like the widely popular social media site Weibo, and block access to topics they deems to be sensitive.[52]

Subsequent events

See also: 2014 China censorship of Google services

Since May 27, 2014, Google's various services were suspected of having been subject to malicious interference from the Great Firewall of China, as a result of which users became unable to access them. Since then users from mainland China found that Google's various sub-sites and other services (Google Play, Gmail, Google Docs, etc.) could not be accessed or used normally, including login to Google Account. Although some services like Google map and Google translate remained functional, users from certain places still failed to visit them. On the evening of July 10, 2014, users became able use Google's services and functions, but users reported that access was denied the next day.

Blockage of Google

In November 2012, GreatFire.Org reported that China had blocked access to Google. The group reported that all Google domains, including Google search, Gmail, Google Maps, etc., became inaccessible. The reason for the blockage was likely to control the content in the nation's Internet while the government prepares to change leadership.[53] As the 25th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre, Chinese authorities are blocking down more websites and search engines. The GreatFire said that the block is far-reaching, and that Google simply wasn't working. "The block is indiscriminate as all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and almost all other products. In addition, the block covers Google Hong Kong, google.com, and all other country specific versions, e.g., Google France. It is the tightest censorship ever deployed." The company began to redirect search results from mainland China to its Hong Kong website, which led the Chinese authorities to block the Hong Kong site by making users wait 90 seconds for banned results. Chinese government not only blocked Google, but also other search engines are also accessible albeit at slower speeds and less reliable connectivity. Such as Wikipedia, The Wall Street Journal, YouTube.com, LinkedIn, and Facebook.

Keyword censorship

Google added a new software feature to warn users when they type in a word censored or blocked in China. Google began to offer suggestions about possible sensitive or banned keywords in China.[54] China maintains tight control over the Internet, nipping in the bud any signs of dissent or challenges to the ruling Communist Party's leadership.[55] For example, searching the Chinese character "jiang" — which means "river", but is also a common surname — was blocked after erroneous rumors about the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.[56]

Google vs. China

Google has had a rocky relationship with the Chinese authorities since January 2010, when the company said it might shut down Chinese operations due to a "sophisticated and targeted" cyber attack. Google said at the time that it was no longer willing to censor its Chinese search engine. The forced blockage of Google's service and Google's subsequent threat to pullout highlight concerns of cyberspace security within China. While Jiang Yu, a spokesperson of the China's Foreign Ministry, promoted the Chinese government's "development of the internet," Wang Chen of China's State Council Information Office defended online censorship: "Maintaining the safe operation of the Internet and the secure flow of information is a fundamental requirement for guaranteeing state security and people's fundamental interests, promoting economic development and cultural prosperity and maintaining a harmonious and stable society."[57] In 2014, in response to a series of terrorist attacks, China made all Google services almost unusable by tightening its Internet censorship, often called the "Great Firewall of China." In 2009, one-third of all searches in China were on Google. Now the US company has only 1.7% marketshare.[58]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Microsoft blocks censorship of Skype in China: advocacy group. NBC News.com. Retrieved on November 29, 2013.
  3. ^ Top 5 Desktop, Tablet & Console Search Engines in China from Q3 2008 to Q2 2015 | StatCounter Global Stats
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  12. ^ Hong Kong Basic Law, Chapter II Article 19
  13. ^ Hong Kong Basic Law, Chapter II Article 18
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  18. ^ Google stops Hong Kong auto-redirect as China plays hardball
  19. ^ Rebecca MacKinnon (January 31, 2012). Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle For Internet Freedom. Basic Books. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-465-02442-1. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
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  24. ^ Tom Krazit. "Baidu CEO touts growth of China's search engine". Retrieved March 24, 2010. Li ended a trip to the U.S. Wednesday at Stanford University, speaking to a crowd of several hundred students about the lessons he learned shepherding Baidu through the first dot-com bust and growing it into the Google of China.
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  41. ^ a Google.CN search
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  44. ^ [Lexis Nexis Academic]
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  51. ^ Ritika Patni & Nihal Joseph, " WTO RAMIFICATIONS OF INTERNET CENSORSHIP: THE GOOGLE-CHINA CONTROVERSY", NUJS LAW REVIEW, January 2, 2015
  52. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/2014/0922/China-tightens-censorship-on-Google
  53. ^ http://www.infoworld.com/article/2615782/internet/google-blocked-in-china-by-censors--unclear-how-long-it-will-last.html
  54. ^ Wines, Michael (June 1, 2012). "Google to Alert Users to Chinese Censorship". The New York Times.
  55. ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/r-after-short-revival-google-service-disruptions-in-china-return-2014-10#ixzz3Jds9Ihmb
  56. ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20932072
  57. ^ http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20100115/googles-plan-quit-china-strains-sino-us-relations-id-1097193.html
  58. ^ Google China#cite note-2
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