Velar nasal
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"Agma" redirects here. For other uses, see Agma (disambiguation).
| Velar nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ŋ | |||
| IPA number | 119 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ŋ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+014B | ||
| X-SAMPA | N |
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| Kirshenbaum | N |
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| Braille |  |
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| Sound | |||
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The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek "angma".[clarify]
As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in a large number of European or Middle Eastern languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limits its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of other nasals before velar consonants.
As with the voiced velar stop /ɡ/, the relative rarity of the velar nasal is because the small oral cavity, used to produce velar consonants, makes it more difficult for voicing to be sustained.[citation needed] It also makes it much more difficult to allow air to escape through the nose, as is required for a nasal.
Contents |
Features[edit]
Features of the velar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | ngaqë | [ŋɡacə] | 'because' | ||
| Aleut[2] | chaang | [tʃɑːŋ] | 'five' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | ընկեր | [əŋˈkɛɾ] | 'friend' | Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants |
| Bambara | ŋonI | [ŋoni] | 'guitar' | ||
| Basque | hanka | [haŋka] | 'leg' | ||
| Catalan[4] | sang | [ˈsaŋ(k)] | 'blood' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 昂 ngong4 | [ŋɔːŋ˩] | 'raise' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 北京 Běijīng | [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] | 'Beijing' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Wu | 五 | [ŋ˩˧] | 'five' | ||
| Chukchi | ңыроқ | [ŋəɹoq] | 'two' | ||
| Czech | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | ŋa | [ŋa] | 'who' | ||
| Danish | sang | [sɑŋˀ] | 'song' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[5] | angst | [ɑŋst] | 'fear' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | sing | [sɪŋ] | 'sing' | Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology | |
| Fijian | gone | [ˈŋone] | 'child' | ||
| Filipino | ngayon | [ŋaˈjon] | 'now' | ||
| Finnish | kangas | [ˈkɑŋːɑs] | 'cloth' | Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally and before /k/. See Finnish phonology | |
| French[6] | parking | [paʁkiŋ] | 'parking lot' | Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology | |
| Galician | unha | [ˈuŋa] | 'one' (f.) | ||
| German | lang | [laŋ] | 'long' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | αποτυγχάνω apotynchánō | [apo̞tiŋˈxano̞] | 'I fail' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | אנגלית | [aŋɡˈlit] | 'English language' | An allophone of /n/ before a velar stop. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | रंग / رنگ | [rəŋɡ] | 'color' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | ing | [iŋɡ] | 'shirt' | Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | göng | [ˈkøyŋk] | 'tunnel' | See Icelandic phonology | |
| Indonesian | bangun | [bäŋʊn] | 'wake up' | ||
| Inuktitut | ᐴᙳᐆᖅ puunnguuq | [puːŋŋuːq] | 'dog' | ||
| Inuvialuktun | qamnguiyuaq | [qamŋuijuaq] | 'snores' | ||
| Irish | a nglór | [ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ] | 'their voice' | Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[7] | anche | [ˈaŋke] | 'also' | See Italian phonology | |
| Itelmen | қниң | [qniŋ] | 'one' | ||
| Japanese | Standard | 南極 nankyoku | [naŋkʲokɯ] | 'the South Pole' | See Japanese phonology |
| Eastern dialects[8] | 鍵 kagi | [kaŋi] | 'key' | ||
| Kagayanen[9] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Ket | аяң | [ajaŋ] | 'to damn' | ||
| Korean | 방 bang | [paŋ] | 'room' | See Korean phonology | |
| Macedonian | aнглиски | [ˈaŋɡliski] | 'English' | Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | bangun | [bäŋon] | 'wake up' | ||
| Malayalam[2] | മാങ്ങ | [maːŋŋɐ] | 'mango' | ||
| Māori[10] | ngā | [ŋaː] | 'the' | ||
| Marathi | संगणक | [səŋgəɳək] | 'computer' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Mari | еҥ | [jeŋ] | 'human' | ||
| Nganasan | ӈаӈ | [ŋaŋ] | 'mouth' | ||
| Nivkh | ңамг | [ŋamɡ] | 'seven' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | kåchelng | [ˈkɔxəlŋ] | 'stove' | |
| Norwegian | gang | [ɡɑŋ] | 'hallway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | رنگ | [ræːŋg] | 'color' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish[11] | bank | [bäŋk] | 'bank' | See Polish phonology | |
| Occitan | Provençal | vin | [viŋ] | 'wine' | |
| Rapanui | hanga | [haŋa] | 'bay' | Sometimes transcribed ⟨ɡ⟩ | |
| Russian | функция | [ˈfuŋkt͡sɨjə] | 'function' | Informal and occurs irregularly, only before /k/ or /ɡ/. See Russian phonology | |
| Seri | comcáac | [koŋˈkaak] | 'Seri people' | ||
| Shona | nanga | [ŋaŋɡa] | 'witch-doctor' | ||
| Slovene | tank | [taŋk] | 'tank' | ||
| Spanish[12] | domingo | [d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞] | 'Sunday' | Allophone of /n/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ng'ombe | [ŋɔmbɛ] | 'cow' | ||
| Swedish | ingenting | [ɪŋːɛnˈtʰɪŋ] | 'nothing' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Thai | งาน | [ŋaːn] | 'work' | ||
| Tundra Nenets | ӈэва | [ŋæewa] | 'head' | ||
| Turkmen | birmeňzeş | [biɾmeŋðeʃ] | 'identical' | ||
| Venetian | man | [maŋ] | 'hand' | ||
| Vietnamese[13] | ngà | [ŋaː˨˩] | 'ivory' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | rhwng | [r̥ʊŋ] | 'between' | ||
| West Frisian | kening | [ˈkeːnɪŋ] | 'king' | ||
| Yi | ꉢ nga | [ŋa˧] | 'I' | ||
| Yup'ik | ungungssiq | [uŋuŋssiq] | 'animal' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | yan | [jaŋ] | 'neck' | Word-final allophone of lenis /n/ |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:164). The oral counterparts, /p t k/ are found together in almost all languages
- ^ a b Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Wells (1989:44)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:118)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^ Reed (2001)
- ^ Jassem (2003:103)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:109)
Bibliography[edit]
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David et al., The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages 1, Wiley-Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
- Reed, A.W. (2001), Kāretu, Timoti, ed., The Reed Concise Māori Dictionary
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19 (1): 31–54, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005892
