India: Difference between revisions

Republic of India
भारत गणराज्य*
*Bhārat Gaṇarājya*
Republic of India भारत गणराज्य*; Bhārat Gaṇarājya
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|other_symbol=Vande Mataram
I bow to thee, Mother^[1] and English the "subsidiary official language".Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).}} |capital=New Delhi |latd=28 |latm=34 |latNS=N |longd=77 |longm=12 |longEW=E |largest_city=Mumbai |demonym=Indian |government_type=Federal republic
Parliamentary democracy^[2] |leader_title1=President |leader_name1=Pratibha Patil |leader_title3=Prime Minister |leader_name3=Manmohan Singh |leader_title4=Chief Justice |leader_name4=K. G. Balakrishnan |legislature=Sansad |upper_house=Rajya Sabha |lower_house=Lok Sabha |area_km2=3,287,240^‡ |area_sq_mi=1,269,210 |area_rank=7th |area_magnitude=1 E12 |percent_water=9.56 |population_estimate=1,147,995,904^[3] |population_estimate_year=2008 |population_estimate_rank=2nd |population_census=1,028,610,328^[4] |population_census_year=2001 |population_density_km2=349 |population_density_sq_mi=904 |populat name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,016^[5] |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank= |HDI_year=2008 |HDI= 0.609 |HDI_rank=132 |HDI_category=medium |Gini=36.8^[6] |Gini_year=2004 |sovereignty_type=Independence |sovereignty_note=from United Kingdom |established_event1=Declared |established_date1=15 August 1947 |established_event2=Republic |established_date2=26 January 1950 |currency=Indian rupee (₨) |currency_code=INR |time_zone=IST |utc_offset=+5:30 |time_zone_DST=not observed |utc_offset_DST=+5:30 |cctld=.in |calling_code=91 |drives_on=left |footnotes={{Coblic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi).^[7] It is bordered by Pakistan to the west;^[8] People's Republic of China (PRC), Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean.

Home to the Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.^[9] Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated there, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance^{[citation needed]}.

India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. It has the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|faste}) is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.^[10] The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), the people of the Indus.^[11] The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat (pronounced [bʱaːrət] ^ⓘ) as an official name of equal status.^[12] Hindustan (/hin̪d̪ust̪ɑːn/^ⓘ), which is the Persian word for “Land of the Hindus” and historically referred to northern India, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.^[13] 83698 | page = A107 }}</ref>

In the third century BCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great.^[14] From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient "India's Golden Age."^[15]^[16] Empires in Southern India included those of the Chalukyas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagara Empire. Science, technology, engineering, art, logic, language, literature, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.

Following invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 12th centuries, much of North India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the [ From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom established trading posts and later took advantage of internal conflicts to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company.^[17] A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, known as India's First War of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the Company's control but eventually failed. As a result of the instability, India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown.

In the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organisations. Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in national campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience.^[18] and five more tests in 1998, making India a nuclear state.^[19] Beginning in 1991, significant economic reformsCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). India has a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states,^[20] but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.^[21]

The President of India is the head of state^[22] the Prime Minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.^[22] The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.^[23]

The Legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People).^[24] The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC).^[25] Politics in the states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.^[26] Aiod of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.^[27] In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. The UPA again came into power in the 2009 general election; however, the representation of the Left leaning parties within the coalition has significantly reduced.^[28]]] Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia.^[29] India was involved in two brief military interventions in neighboring countries – Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus in Maldives. India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.^[30] After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought two wars with Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute. A third war between India and Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the creation India, Moscow |date= |accessdate=2009-02-15}}</ref> Shown here is PM Manmohan Singh with President Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit.]] In recent years, India has played an influential role in the SAARC, and the WTO.^[31] India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian military and police personnel to serve in thirty-five UN peace keeping operations across four continents.^[32] Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT, preferring instead to maintain sovereignty over its nuclear program. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia and Africa.

India maintains the third-largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force^[3] and auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the [[Strategicorld.^[33]

Geography

India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.^[34]

India's defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean.^[34] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east.^[34] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough, which, having gradual |coauthors=Sudhir Kumar, M. Someshwar Rao, S. C. Giri |title=Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains |journal=Current Science |volume=79 |issue=4 |year=2000 |pages=438–449 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert.^[35] The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, and extending as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.^[36] To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively;^[37] the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude^[38] and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.^[39] igin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.^[40] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi, whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;^[41] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.^[42] Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh.^[43] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.^[44]

India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons.^[45] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). Many ecoregions, such as the shola forests, exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic.^[46]^[47] India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.^[48] Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.

Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, to which India originally belonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition, the Forest Conservation Act^[49] was enacted in 1980. Along with more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries, India hosts thirteen biosphere reserves,^[50] four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.^[51]

Economy

{{Main|Econtock exchange.]] For an entire generation from the 1950s until the 1980s, India followed socialist-inspired policies. The economy was shackled by extensive regulation, protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow growth.^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] Since 1991, the nation has moved towards a market-based system.^[53]^[54] The policy change in 1991 came after an acute balance of payments crisis, and the emphasis since then has been to use foreign trade and foreign investment as integral parts of India's economy.^[56]

With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% for the past two decades, the economy is among the [[List of countries by GDP (real) growth rate|fastest growing in t85.^[53] India's share of world trade has reached 1%. Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures.^[25] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals.^[25]

India's GDP is US$1.237 trillion, which makes it the twelfth-largest economy in the world^[57] or fourth largest by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates. India's nominal per capita income US$1,068 is ranked 128th in the world. In the late 2000s, India's economic growth has averaged 7½% a year, which will double the average income in a decade.^[53]

Despite India's impressive economic growth over recent decades, it still contains the largest concentration of poor people in the world, and has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in year 2007) than any other country in the world^[58]^[59]. The percentage of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21.6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14.3 in rural areas in 2005) decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005^[60] Even though India has avoided famines in recent decades, half of children are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.^[61] Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.^[62] World Bank suggests that the most important priorities are public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labor regulations, reforms in lagging states, and HIV/AIDS.^[63]

Demographics

[[Image:India population density map en.svg|thumb|left|alt=Map of India. High population density areas (above 1000 persons per square kilometer) are the Lakshadweep Islands, Kolkata and other |bars=

Hinduism

80.5% Islam

13.4% Christianity

2.3% Sikhism

1.9% Buddhism

0.8% Jainism

0.4% Others

0.7% }} With an estimated population of 1.17 billion,^[3] representing 17% of the world population,^[64] India is the world's second most populous country. The last 50 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity made by the green revolution.^[65]^[66] Almost 70% of Indians reside in rural areas, although in recent decades migration to larger cities has led to a dramatic increase in the country's urban population. India's largest cities are Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.^[25] India is the world's most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent.^[25] India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers,^[67] is the official language of the union.^[68] the Government of India has also accorded classical language status to Kannada and Telugu using its own criteria.^[69] The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.^[70] India's literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males).^[3] The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate at 91% while Bihar has the lowest at 47%.^[71]^[72] The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth rate of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year.^[3]

Template:Largest cities of India

Culture

[[Image:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as memorial to wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value".^[73]]] India's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism^[74] and cultural pluralism.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Marriage is thought to be for life,^[75] and the divorce rate is extremely low.^[76] Child marriage is still a common practice, with half of women in India marrying before the legal age of 18.^[77]^[78]

Indian cuisine is characterised by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north).^[79] Spices like black pepper that are now consumed world wide are originally native to the Indian subcontinent. Chili pepper, which was introduced by the Portuguese is also very much used within Indian Cuisine.^[80] Template:Indian image rotation Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments ic|Hindustani]], South Indian Carnatic traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter.

Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of West Bengal, Jharkhand and sambalpuri of Orissa and the ghoomar of Rajasthan. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.^[81]

Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.^[82] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of state of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, the tamasha of Maharashtra, the burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, the terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.^[83]

The Indian film industry is the largest in the world.^[84] Bollywood, based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world.^[85] Established traditions also exist in Bengali, Kannada, [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalamrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the sangam, or literary academy (see Sangam literature)." 2. Ramanujan 1985, pp. ix-x. Quote: "These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC–AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (Eţţuttokai), the Ten Long Poems (Pattuppāţţu), and a grammar called the Tolkāppiyam or the 'Old Composition.' ... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as Cankam (pronounced Sangam) literature. (pp. ix-x.)"</ref> Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or English, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.

Sports

India's official national sport is field hockey, administered by the Indian Hockey Federation. The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is the most popular sport; the India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, and domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition Indian cricket league and Indian premier league organise Twenty20 competitions.

[[Tennis]8-10-29|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=2008-10-29}}</ref> Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts, Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.

The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highest awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. India hosted or co-hosted the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup. It is also scheduled to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

Notes

^ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. National Informatics Centre(NIC). 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ "India at a Glance". Know India Portal. National Informatics Centre(NIC). Retrieved 2007-12-07.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cite error: The named reference CIA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "India at a glance: Population". Census of India, 2001. Government of India. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ Cite error: The named reference imf2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Field Listing — Distribution of family income — Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Kumar, V. Sanil (2006). "Coastal processes along the Indian coastline" (PDF). Current Science. 91 (4): 530–536. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Footnote: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani-held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
^ Oldenburg, Phillip. 2007. "India: History," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007© 1997–2007 Microsoft Corporation.
^ "India", Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press.
^ Basham, A. L. (2000). The Wonder That Was India. South Asia Books. ISBN 0283992573.
^ "Official name of the Union". Courts Informatics Division, National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Comm. and Information Tech. Retrieved 2007-08-08. Name and territory of the Union- India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
^ "Hindustan". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.
^ Jona Lendering. "Maurya dynasty". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
^ "Gupta period has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history". National Informatics Centre (NIC). Retrieved 2007-10-03. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Heitzman, James. (2007). "Gupta Dynasty," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.
^ "History : Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947)". National Informatics Centre (NIC). Retrieved 2007-10-03. And by 1856, the British conquest and its authority were firmly established.
^ written by John Farndon. (1997). Concise Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 455. ISBN 0-7513-5911-4.</re Since independence, India has faced challenges from religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s terrorist attacks have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with P. R. China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War; a |publisher = Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)}}
^ Cite error: The named reference India is a Nuclear State was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Wheare, K.C. (1964). Federal Government (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 28.
^ Echeverri-Gent, John (2002). "Politics in India's Decentred Polity". In Ayres, Alyssa; Oldenburg, Philip (eds.). Quickening the Pace of Change. India Briefing. London: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 19-53. ISBN 076560812X. at pp. 19–20; Sinha, Aseema (2004). "The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India". India Review. 3 (1): 25. doi:10.1080/14736480490443085. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pp= and |page= specified (help) at pp. 25–33.
^ ^a ^b Sharma, Ram (1950). "Cabinet Government in India". Parliamentary Affaion Society. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
^ Matthew, K.M. Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. p. 524. ISBN 8190046187.
^ Gledhill, Alan (1964). The Republic of India: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution (2nd ed.). Stevens and Sons. p. 127.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Country Profile: India" (PDF). Library of Congress - Federal Research Division. 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Bhambhri, Chandra Prakash (1992). Politics in India 1991-92. Shipra Publications. pp. 118, 143. ISBN 978-8185402178.
^ Patrick Dunleavy, Rekha Diwakar, Christopher Dunleavy. "The effective space of party competition" (PDF). London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 2007-10-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hermann, Kulke (2007-08-08). Typhoon vs. SU-30MKI: The 2007 Indra Dhanush Exercise. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |work= ignored (help); Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Text "isbn //www.defenceaviation.com/2007/08/typhoon-vs-su-30mki-2007-indra-dhanush.html" ignored (help)
^ "Significance of the Contribution of India to the Struggle Against Apartheid1 by M. Moolla".
^ "History of Non Aligned Movement". Retrieved 2007-08-23.
^ India's negotiation positions at the WTO.
^ "India and the United Nations". Retrieved 2006-04-22.
^ Times of India (11 October 2008), India, US seal 123 Agreement, Times of India.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ali, Jason R. (2005). "Greater India". Earth-Science Reviews. 72 (3–4): 170–173. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 11.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 8.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, pp. 9-10.
^ India's northernmost point is the region of the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (including the Northern Areas currently administered by Pakistan) to be its territory, and therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to its northernmost point.
^ (Government of India 2007, p. 1.)
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 15.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 16.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 17.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 12.
^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 13.
^ Chang 1967, pp. 391-394.
^ Botanical Survey of India. 1983. Flora and Vegetation of India — An Outline. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. p. 24.
^ Valmik Thapar, Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent, 1997. ISBN 978-0520214705.
^ Tritsch, M.E. 2001. Wildlife of India Harper Collins, London. 192 pages. ISBN 0-00-711062-6.
^ "The Forest Conservation Act, 1980". AdvocateKhoj.com. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
^ "Biosphere Reserves of India". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
^ "The List of Wetlands of International Importance" (PDF). The Secretariat of the Convention of on Wetlands. 4 June 2007. p. 18. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
^ Eugene M. Makar (2007). An American's Guide to Doing Business in India.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (PDF). OECD.
^ ^a ^b "The India Report" (PDF). Astaire Research.
^ Cite error: The named reference potential was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Jalal Alamgir. "India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity". Routledge.
^ ""India twelfth wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2006-07-08.
^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf Retrieved on May 7, 2009
^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ece Retrieved on May 8, 2009
^ ."New Global Poverty Estimates — What it means for India". World Bank.
^ . 2007 Sachs http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,content Sachs. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ ""Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India's Success"" (PDF). World Bank. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-28.
^ "India Country Overview 2008". World Bank.
^ India Likely to Surpass China in Population by 2030, Matt Rosenberg.
^ The end of India's green revolution?, BBC News.
^ Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy.
^ "Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved 2 August 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
^ Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), [http://www.languagein. K.| authorlink = A. K. Ramanujan | title = Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil | publisher= New York: Columbia University Press. p. 329 | year = 1985 | isbn = 0231051077|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPR9,M1}} Quote: "Tamil, one of the two classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language spoken today by 50 million Indians, ..."
^ "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
^ Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. p. 524. ISBN 81-89004-07-7.
^ "Kerala's literacy rate". kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2007-12-13.
^ Census Statistics of Bihar: Literacy Rates "Literacy rate of Bihar". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
^ "Taj Mahal". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 September 2007. The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
^ Das, N.K. (2006). "Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation". Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. 3 (2nd). ISSN 1819-8465. Retrieved 2007-09-27. The pan-Indian, civilizational dimension of cultural pluralism and syncretism encompasses ethnic diversity and admixture, linguistic heterogeneity as well as fusion, and variations as well as synthesis in customs, behavioural patterns, beliefs and rituals {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ Cite error: The named reference Nilufer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Divorce Rate In India".
^ "Child marriages targeted in India". BBC News.
^ "State of the World's Children-2009" (PDF). UNICEF. 2009.
^ Delphine, Roger, "The History and Culture of Food in Asia", in Kiple & Kriemhild 2000, pp. 1140–1151.
^ Achaya 1994, Achaya 1997
^ 1. "South Asian arts: Techniques and Types of Classical Dance" From: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007. 2. Sangeet Natak Academi (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, New Delhi, India). 2007. Dance Programmes. 3. Kothari, Sunil. 2007. Sattriya dance of the celibate monks of Assam, India. Royal Holloway College, University of London.
^ Lal 1998.
^ (Karanth 1997, p. 26). Quote: "The Yakṣagāna folk-theatre is no isolated theatrical form in India. We have a number of such theatrical traditions all around Karnataka... In far off Assam we have similar plays going on by the name of Ankia Nat, in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatra plays. Maharashtra has Tamasa. (p. 26.)
^ "Country profile: India". BBC. Retrieved 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
^ Dissanayake & Gokulsing 2004.

References

History

Brown, Judith M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. xiii, 474. ISBN 0198731132. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
Guha, Ramchandra (2007). India after Gandhi — The History of the World's Largest Democracy. 4th edition. Picador. xii, 448. ISBN 0415329205. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
Metcalf, Barbara (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. xxxiii, 372. ISBN 0521682258. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
Spear, Percival (1990). A.
Stein, Burton (2001). A History of India. New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. xiv, 432. ISBN 0195654463. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India. Vol. 1. New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. p. 384. ISBN 0140138358.
Wolpert, Stanley (2003). A New History of India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 544. ISBN 0195166787.

Geography

Dikshit, K.R. (2007). "India: The Land". Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 1–29. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Government of India (2007). India Yearbook 2007. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 81-230-1423-6.
Heitzman, J. (1996). India: A Country Study. Library of Congress (Area Handbook Series). ISBN 0-8444-0833-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Posey, C.A (1994). The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather. Reader's Digest Association. ISBN 0-8957-7625-1.

Flora and fauna

.

Culture

External links

Government of India – Official government portal
"India". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
India at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Template:Dmoz
Wikimedia Atlas of India
Template:Wikitravel

21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E / 21; 78

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[1] Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. National Informatics Centre(NIC). 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[IndiaGlance-2] "India at a Glance". Know India Portal. National Informatics Centre(NIC). Retrieved 2007-12-07.

[CIA-3] Cite error: The named reference CIA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[4] "India at a glance: Population". Census of India, 2001. Government of India. Retrieved 2009-04-25.

[imf2-5] Cite error: The named reference imf2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[CIA_GINI-6] "Field Listing — Distribution of family income — Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-06.

[sanilkumar-7] Kumar, V. Sanil (2006). "Coastal processes along the Indian coastline" (PDF). Current Science. 91 (4): 530–536. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Afghanistan-8] Footnote: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani-held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

[9] Oldenburg, Phillip. 2007. "India: History," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007© 1997–2007 Microsoft Corporation.

[10] "India", Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press.

[basham-11] Basham, A. L. (2000). The Wonder That Was India. South Asia Books. ISBN 0283992573.

[12] "Official name of the Union". Courts Informatics Division, National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Comm. and Information Tech. Retrieved 2007-08-08. Name and territory of the Union- India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.

[13] "Hindustan". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-18.

[14] Jona Lendering. "Maurya dynasty". Retrieved 2007-06-17.

[15] "Gupta period has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history". National Informatics Centre (NIC). Retrieved 2007-10-03. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[16] Heitzman, James. (2007). "Gupta Dynasty," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007.

[17] "History : Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947)". National Informatics Centre (NIC). Retrieved 2007-10-03. And by 1856, the British conquest and its authority were firmly established.

[CONCISE_ENCYCLOPEDIA_3-18] written by John Farndon. (1997). Concise Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 455. ISBN 0-7513-5911-4.</re Since independence, India has faced challenges from religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s terrorist attacks have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with P. R. China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War; a |publisher = Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI)}}

[India_is_a_Nuclear_State-19] Cite error: The named reference India is a Nuclear State was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Wheare1964-20] Wheare, K.C. (1964). Federal Government (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 28.

[dencentralisation-21] Echeverri-Gent, John (2002). "Politics in India's Decentred Polity". In Ayres, Alyssa; Oldenburg, Philip (eds.). Quickening the Pace of Change. India Briefing. London: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 19-53. ISBN 076560812X. at pp. 19–20; Sinha, Aseema (2004). "The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India". India Review. 3 (1): 25. doi:10.1080/14736480490443085. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pp= and |page= specified (help) at pp. 25–33.

[Sharma1950-22] Sharma, Ram (1950). "Cabinet Government in India". Parliamentary Affaion Society. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

[manorama-23] Matthew, K.M. Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. p. 524. ISBN 8190046187.

[24] Gledhill, Alan (1964). The Republic of India: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution (2nd ed.). Stevens and Sons. p. 127.

[LOC_PROFILE-25] "Country Profile: India" (PDF). Library of Congress - Federal Research Division. 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[26] Bhambhri, Chandra Prakash (1992). Politics in India 1991-92. Shipra Publications. pp. 118, 143. ISBN 978-8185402178.

[27] Patrick Dunleavy, Rekha Diwakar, Christopher Dunleavy. "The effective space of party competition" (PDF). London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 2007-10-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[28] Hermann, Kulke (2007-08-08). Typhoon vs. SU-30MKI: The 2007 Indra Dhanush Exercise. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); |work= ignored (help); Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Text "isbn //www.defenceaviation.com/2007/08/typhoon-vs-su-30mki-2007-indra-dhanush.html" ignored (help)

[29] "Significance of the Contribution of India to the Struggle Against Apartheid1 by M. Moolla".

[30] "History of Non Aligned Movement". Retrieved 2007-08-23.

[31] India's negotiation positions at the WTO.

[UN-32] "India and the United Nations". Retrieved 2006-04-22.

[33] Times of India (11 October 2008), India, US seal 123 Agreement, Times of India.

[ali-34] Ali, Jason R. (2005). "Greater India". Earth-Science Reviews. 72 (3–4): 170–173. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[35] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 11.

[36] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 8.

[britan-weghats-37] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, pp. 9-10.

[38] India's northernmost point is the region of the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (including the Northern Areas currently administered by Pakistan) to be its territory, and therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to its northernmost point.

[yearbook-39] (Government of India 2007, p. 1.)

[40] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 15.

[41] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 16.

[42] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 17.

[43] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 12.

[44] Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007, p. 13.

[chang1967-45] Chang 1967, pp. 391-394.

[46] Botanical Survey of India. 1983. Flora and Vegetation of India — An Outline. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. p. 24.

[47] Valmik Thapar, Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent, 1997. ISBN 978-0520214705.

[tritsch-48] Tritsch, M.E. 2001. Wildlife of India Harper Collins, London. 192 pages. ISBN 0-00-711062-6.

[49] "The Forest Conservation Act, 1980". AdvocateKhoj.com. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-29.

[50] "Biosphere Reserves of India". Retrieved 2007-06-17.

[Indian_Ramsar_Sites-51] "The List of Wetlands of International Importance" (PDF). The Secretariat of the Convention of on Wetlands. 4 June 2007. p. 18. Retrieved 2007-06-20.

[makar-52] Eugene M. Makar (2007). An American's Guide to Doing Business in India.

[oecd-53] "Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (PDF). OECD.

[astaire-54] "The India Report" (PDF). Astaire Research.

[potential-55] Cite error: The named reference potential was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[India's_Open-Economy_Policy-56] Jalal Alamgir. "India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity". Routledge.

[India's_GDP_in_2007-57] ""India twelfth wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2006-07-08.

[58] ttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf Retrieved on May 7, 2009

[59] ttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ece Retrieved on May 8, 2009

[60] ."New Global Poverty Estimates — What it means for India". World Bank.

[underweight-61] . 2007 Sachs http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,content Sachs. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

[World_bank_2006-62] ""Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India's Success"" (PDF). World Bank. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-28.

[wboverview-63] "India Country Overview 2008". World Bank.

[64] India Likely to Surpass China in Population by 2030, Matt Rosenberg.

[65] The end of India's green revolution?, BBC News.

[66] Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy.

[67] "Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census". Central Institute of Indian Languages. Retrieved 2 August 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)

[68] Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), [http://www.languagein. K.| authorlink = A. K. Ramanujan | title = Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil | publisher= New York: Columbia University Press. p. 329 | year = 1985 | isbn = 0231051077|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=nIybE0HRvdQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPR9,M1}} Quote: "Tamil, one of the two classical languages of India, is a Dravidian language spoken today by 50 million Indians, ..."

[antiquity-69] "Declaration of Telugu and Kannada as classical languages". Press Information Bureau. Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2008-11-19.

[Manorama-70] Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. p. 524. ISBN 81-89004-07-7.

[71] "Kerala's literacy rate". kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[72] Census Statistics of Bihar: Literacy Rates "Literacy rate of Bihar". Government of Bihar. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)

[UNESCO_TM-73] "Taj Mahal". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28 September 2007. The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)

[74] Das, N.K. (2006). "Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation". Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. 3 (2nd). ISSN 1819-8465. Retrieved 2007-09-27. The pan-Indian, civilizational dimension of cultural pluralism and syncretism encompasses ethnic diversity and admixture, linguistic heterogeneity as well as fusion, and variations as well as synthesis in customs, behavioural patterns, beliefs and rituals {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Nilufer-75] Cite error: The named reference Nilufer was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[76] "Divorce Rate In India".

[77] "Child marriages targeted in India". BBC News.

[78] "State of the World's Children-2009" (PDF). UNICEF. 2009.

[Food-79] Delphine, Roger, "The History and Culture of Food in Asia", in Kiple & Kriemhild 2000, pp. 1140–1151.

[80] Achaya 1994, Achaya 1997

[all3-81] 1. "South Asian arts: Techniques and Types of Classical Dance" From: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007. 2. Sangeet Natak Academi (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, New Delhi, India). 2007. Dance Programmes. 3. Kothari, Sunil. 2007. Sattriya dance of the celibate monks of Assam, India. Royal Holloway College, University of London.

[82] Lal 1998.

[83] (Karanth 1997, p. 26). Quote: "The Yakṣagāna folk-theatre is no isolated theatrical form in India. We have a number of such theatrical traditions all around Karnataka... In far off Assam we have similar plays going on by the name of Ankia Nat, in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatra plays. Maharashtra has Tamasa. (p. 26.)

[BBC_1154019-84] "Country profile: India". BBC. Retrieved 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[85] Dissanayake & Gokulsing 2004.

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