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It removed its last [[MD 80]]s in August 2008.<ref>http://www.alaskaair.com/as/www2/flights/Spirit-of-Seattle.asp</ref><ref>Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan email: "As we bid farewell to the MD-80, we salute our Alaska Airlines crews and the customers who flew with us along the way. Our last two MD-80 flights take place on August 24, 2008. Flight 331 will depart San Jose at 7:50 p.m. and Flight 363 will depart Sacramento at 8:20 p.m. "</ref>


==Services==
==Services==

Revision as of 23:30, 19 December 2009

Alaska Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
AS ASA ALASKA
Founded1932 (as McGee Airways)[1]
Commenced operationsJune 6, 1944[1]
Hubs
Frequent-flyer programMileage Plan
Fleet size112
Destinations91
Parent companyAlaska Air Group
HeadquartersSeaTac, Washington
Key peopleWilliam S. Ayer (CEO)
Brad Tilden (President)
WebsiteAlaskaair.com
Alaska Airlines headquarters in SeaTac

Alaska Airlines, (NYSE: ALK) is an airline based in SeaTac, Washington, United States, near Seattle.[3][4][5] It operates four hubs located at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Portland International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport.

History

The airline traces its roots to McGee Airways, which flew its inaugural service between Anchorage and Bristol Bay in 1932 with a Stinson single-engined, three-passenger aircraft. Mergers and acquisitions produced changes in the name and saw business expand throughout Alaska. As of 1942, the airline was known as "Alaska Star Airlines." The name Alaska Airlines was adopted in 1944 having narrowly beat a competitor applying for the name.[6] Alaska Airlines moved to the jet age when it introduced a Convair CV-880 in 1961.[7] In the early 1960s Alaska had its headquarters in what is now the Belltown area of Seattle.[8] Alaska's sister (and wholly owned) airline, Horizon Air, was founded in 1981 to serve communities using routes vacated by larger airlines after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. In 1985, Alaska Air Group was formed as a holding company for Alaska Airlines. A year later the holding company acquired Horizon Air and Jet America Airlines, which merged into Alaska Airlines in 1987.[7]

Destinations

File:7377SEA618AS 01.jpg
A Boeing 737-700 arriving at Alaska Airlines's hub at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-900 at Oakland International Airport. Alaska was the launch customer of the aircraft.
File:Alaskabrokedown.JPG
A Boeing 737 Alaska Airlines aircraft undergoing repairs at San Francisco International Airport
Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-400 Combi at Wiley Post-Will Rogers Memorial Airport in Barrow, Alaska.
Main article: Alaska Airlines destinations

Alaska's route system spans more than 92 cities in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. During the 1980s Alaska Airlines operated a unique interchange of aircraft and aircrews to Texas with first, Braniff International and subsequently American Airlines, after the demise of Braniff in 1982. The airline operated charter flights to the Russian Far East starting in the late 1960s, and was known for the 1988 Friendship Flight to Provideniya that broke the old Soviet border.[citation needed] The airline began scheduled operations to the Russian Far East in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, but suspended the service in 1998 following the 1998 Russian financial crisis. The airline flew MD-80 aircraft on these routes[9].

Alaska has historically been one of the largest carriers on the US west coast as well as to and within the state of Alaska, with strong presences in Seattle, Portland, the San Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles Metro Area (serving all five LA-area and four Bay Area major airports). With the delivery of 737 Next-Generation aircraft starting in 1999, Alaska began launching more long-haul flights. In 2000, Alaska started service between Anchorage and Chicago. In 2001, the airline was granted slot exemptions by the Department of Transportation to operate a nonstop flight from Washington National Airport (DCA) to Seattle, which was halted after a few days due to the September 11, 2001 attacks[10]. The service resumed the following year, with an additional flight from Washington National to Seattle added in 2004, as well as new non-stop service between Washington National and Los Angeles.

Other long-haul flights from Seattle were launched starting in 2001, including flights to Orlando (2002)[11], Miami (2002)[12], Newark (2002) [13], Boston (2003)[14], and Dallas. In October 2007, Alaska Airlines began service to Hawaii and currently provides non-stop service to Honolulu, Lihue, Kahului, and Kona from Seattle and Kahului and Honolulu from Anchorage. Alaska also flies flights to Hawaii through other cities and hubs such as Portland and Oakland. Alaska recently launched new service from Seattle to Minneapolis – Saint Paul (2008), Kona, and Austin (2009). Upcoming service from Seattle to Houston begins on September 23, from Seattle to Atlanta begins on October 23[15],and from Oakland to both Kahului and Kona begin in the 2nd week of November.[16]. These latter two non-stop additions, for which neither Oakland, Kona, or Kahului, are hubs/focus cities of Alaska, is a rarity in today's commercial airline industry where the tendency is for an airline to concentrate its flights around some sort of "hub and spoke" route system. In spite of the many economic difficulties that have pegged the industry since the turn of the century, Alaska Airlines has managed to grow its route system by an impressive rate of 40 percent over the course of this last decade.

Alaska Airlines's regional carrier, Horizon Air, is closely integrated into Alaska's operations, with Alaska and Horizon sharing many routes. Alaska and Horizon are owned by the same parent company, Alaska Air Group. The airline's frequent flyer program is called Mileage Plan. Alaska Airlines is not part of any of the three major airline alliances, but Mileage Plan airline partners include prominent members of SkyTeam, such as Delta Air Lines, Korean Air, Northwest Airlines, KLM, and Air France, as well as members of Oneworld, including American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, and Qantas Alaska partnered with Continental Airlines until Continental joined the Star Alliance on October 25, 2009.

Fleet

The Alaska Airlines all-Boeing 737 fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of July 2009):[17]

Alaska Airlines fleet
Aircraft Total Orders Passengers
(First/Economy) 		Freight capacity
Boeing 737-400 28 0 144 (12/132) N/A
Boeing 737-400F 1 0 N/A 9 1/2 freight pallets
Boeing 737-400C 5 0 72 (0/72) 4 1/2 freight pallets
Boeing 737-700 19 0 124 (12/112) N/A
Boeing 737-800 51 15 157 (16/141) N/A
Boeing 737-900 12 0 172 (16/156) N/A

Services

Board Room

Board Room is the Alaska Air Group airport lounge, and are located in seven west coast airports including: Anchorage, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco, Seattle, and Vancouver. Board Room Members also have access to Delta Air Lines Sky Club at airports across the country.[18] Memberships start at $30 for a single-day pass, up to $850 for a new three-year membership. MVP members receive a 50% discount on the initiation fee and MVP Gold members have their initiation fee waived. Both MVP and MVP Gold are still responsible for the actual annual membership fee.[19][20]

Mileage Plan

The words Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan and an airplane tail with an Eskimo head

Mileage Plan is the travel rewards program of the Alaska Air Group, Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air. The program's airline partners also include Oneworld member airlines American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, LAN, and Qantas; SkyTeam member airlines Air France,Delta Air Lines, and Northwest Airlines; as well as Air Pacific, Era Aviation, Frontier Alaska, Mokulele Airlines, and PenAir.[21] MVP and MVP Gold are Mileage Plan's top tiers for experienced travelers.[22]

The Mileage Plan program has no membership fee and any mileage will be valid to the last day of the 24th month following the month of the last flight or transaction date. In addition, if a Mileage Plan member does not accumulate mileage within nine months after becoming a member, or a Mileage Plan member's account remains inactive at zero mileage for a consecutive 24 month period, the Mileage Plan account will be canceled.[23]

MVP and MVP Gold

The MVP and MVP Gold program is the frequent flyer service status program and is divided into two membership levels, MVP and MVP Gold based on the member's travel in the last calendar year. Higher-tiered members are provided with increased travel benefits such as bonus mileage, priority boarding and airport lounge access.[19]

MVP

MVP level is achieved or retained when the member earns 20,000 miles on Alaska Airlines or Horizon Air, 25,000 miles on Alaska Airlines, Horizon Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, KLM, Air France, LAN, or Northwest Airlines, or 30 one-way segments on any combination of Mileage Plan members. Membership benefits include 50 percent bonus mileage, priority check-in at First Class counters, priority seating on board Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air flights, as well as a 50 percent discount on Board Room membership. Members booked in fare class Y and YAS can be upgraded to First Class at anytime, and all other rate categories with in 48 hours of flight.[19]

MVP Gold

MVP level is achieved or retained when the member earns 40,000 miles on Alaska Airlines or Horizon Air, 50,000 miles on Alaska Airlines, Horizon Air, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, KLM, Air France, LAN, or Northwest Airlines, or 60 one-way segments on any combination of Mileage Plan members. Membership benefits include 100 percent bonus mileage, priority check-in at First Class counters, priority seating on board Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air flights. Members booked in fare class Y, S, B, M, H, or Value and Full Flex fares can be upgraded to First Class at anytime, and all other rate categories with in 72 hours of flight. Companions also receive this benefit, and members are given four complimentary upgrade certificates for guests annually. A 50,000 mile bonus is awarded to MVP Gold members who travel at least 75,000 miles on Alaska Airlines, Horizon Air, American Airlines, Air France, Delta Air Lines, LAN, KLM, or Northwest Airlines, or 100 total one-way segments.[19]

On board Meals

  • Complimentary meals or light snacks are served to passengers in the first class cabin. In 2006 the airline launched its buy on board meal program, known as Northern Bites, on most flights over three hours, including all transcontinental flights.[24] As part of the buy on board program, the airline offers various "Picnic Packs" for a charge in coach class on all flights.

On board Entertainment

  • Alaska Airlines is recognized by the World Airline Entertainment Association (WAEA) as having an "historic first" in Inflight entertainment by introducing in October 2003 the first portable, hard-drive based, audio-video-on-demand (AVOD) players that deliver a variety of film, TV, and audio programs.[25] The device, called the digEplayer was conceived and brought to market by an Alaska Airlines baggage handler named Bill Boyer Jr.[26][27]
  • Alaska Airlines received the "Airline IFE Service of the Year" award at the March 2004 IPEC/LARA Inflight Online Awards Dinner based upon the implementation of the digEplayer, which was awarded "IFE Product of the Year."[28]
  • digEplayers are available for rent on most long-haul flights for a fee, although they are complimentary to passengers seated in First Class.[29]

On board Internet access

Codeshare agreements

An Alaska 737-400 landing at Vancouver International Airport

Alaska Airlines does not participate in any major global airline alliances, but the airline has codeshare agreements with several United States airlines. It currently has codeshare agreements with American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines (which is to be gradually absorbed into Delta throughout 2009–2010 due to the merger), PenAir, and Era Aviation. It also has a codeshare partnership with Mokulele Airlines of Hawaii, operated by Shuttle America.

Alaska Airlines also has codeshare agreements with foreign carriers, such as Air France-KLM, Air Pacific, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, Qantas and V Australia.

On July 8, 2008 Alaska Airlines announced Frontier Flying Service (d/b/a Frontier Alaska) as a new codeshare partner beginning in fall of 2008.

In October, 2008 it was announced that Alaska Airlines, and its affiliate Horizon Air, flights would be allowed as part of oneworld Global Explorer fares.[32]

In November 2008, it was announced that Alaska Airlines, along with its affiliate Horizon Air, would be forging a new partnership with Delta Air Lines, thereby mirroring the long-standing relationship that Alaska Airlines has with Northwest Airlines. Part of the announcement was that by the end of 2009, Delta Crown Room and Northwest WorldClub members would receive access to Alaska Airlines's Board Room lounges in Anchorage, Seattle, Los Angeles, Portland, San Francisco and Vancouver, British Columbia. Alaska Airlines Board Room members would receive access to the Delta Crown Room lounges and Northwest WorldClubs lounges.[33] (Delta subsequently announced that its Crown Room lounges would be merging with Northwest's WorldClubs lounges to form the brand-new Delta Sky Club lounge.[34]) The other major part of the announcement from Alaska Airlines and Delta Air Lines was that Delta SkyMiles members who are gold or platinum and Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan members frequent fliers who are MVP or MVP Gold members would have reciprocity in priority boarding, check-in and seat assignment benefits by the end of 2009.[33]

In May 2009, Alaska Airlines and Fiji-based Air Pacific announced a codeshare agreement.[35]

Employees

As of 2008, Alaska Airlines employs 13,550 employees.[36] Since 2005, Alaska has outsourced its baggage handling duties at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport to Menzies Aviation. Menzies also handles Alaska's ramp services at a number of other airports along the West Coast and in Mexico, while Alaska retains its own ramp employees in the State of Alaska. Alaska's heavy aircraft maintenance used to be performed by the carrier in Oakland, California, but since 2005 it has been performed by companies at Paine Field in Everett, WA, Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Oklahoma City. The airline still performs routine maintenance at its hangar at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Alaska's pilot group consists of approximately 1300 pilots represented by the Air Line Pilots Association, International.

Livery

The alaskaair.com and Spirit of Disneyland planes together at Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon

Alaska's first livery consisted of the words "Alaska" in gold on its tails. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, a painting of a native Alaskan, still used by the carrier today, was added to the livery. There are numerous anecdotes linking the Eskimo face wearing a parka to different celebrities, including once to Chester Seveck by an Alaskan senator.[37] In 1988, the airline hired a design firm and planned to replace the native face with a new logo, featuring a stylized image of a mountain, citing customer confusion with the original logo among its other markets in California and Southwestern United States. The plan was ultimately withdrawn after many Alaskans became upset with the idea of abandoning the original Eskimo design.[37]

Today most of its aircraft are white with a blue and teal stripe running the length of the left and right sides of the fuselage, with "Alaska" in the company's present-day wordmark displayed prominently on the sides, and the native Alaskan portrait on the vertical stabilizer.[38] The carrier also has several special liveries:

  • Three 737-400 aircraft feature special Disney paint schemes, all of which promote vacations to the Disneyland Resort:
    • The "Spirit of Disneyland" prominently features Mickey Mouse and the other classic Disney characters.[38]
    • "Magic of Disneyland" features Tinkerbell and was painted to promote the Disneyland Resort's 50th Anniversary.[38]
    • "Spirit of Make-A-Wish" is a cross-promotion with the Make-a-Wish Foundation. It features the Genie from the Disney film Aladdin[38] and was painted to promote the Resort's Year of a Million Dreams promotion.
  • One 737-400 is painted to look like a giant salmon, and is known in aviation circles as the "Salmon-Thirty-Salmon".[38]
  • One 737-400 has been converted to a full freighter and features Alaska Air Cargo titles.[38]
  • One 737-800 features a "reverse color scheme" livery with alaskaair.com painted on the sides.[38]
  • One 737-800, dubbed "Starliner 75", features Alaska's first color scheme, painted to celebrate the carrier's 75th anniversary. The aircraft features the carrier's 75th anniversary logo on the vertical stabilizer, as well as a Boeing logo from the same period on the fuselage below the flight deck windows.[38]
  • Nineteen 737-800's feature a native Alaskan on the vertical stabilizer wearing a Hawaiian lei to indicate Aircraft certified to fly to Hawaii
  • One 737-800, dubbed "Spirit of Seattle," is a hybrid of two companies' liveries, with the fuselage painted in Boeing's corporate livery, the "Alaska" wordmark near the aft end of the fuselage, and native Alaskan from Alaska's livery on the vertical stabilizer.[38] This aircraft was painted to commemorate Alaska's conversion to an all-Boeing fleet, as well as the Seattle roots of both companies (Boeing was founded in Seattle and still accomplishes final assembly for all its commercial aircraft in the Seattle area).
  • One 737-400, features a musher and sled dog, state ferry, Native Alaskan canoe, bear and whale, along with the statement, "We're all pulling together" to celebrate 50 years of Alaska statehood. The unique design dubbed "The Spirit of Alaska Statehood" was created by 16-year-old Sitka student Hannah Hamberg.[39]
  • One 737-800 featuring Apolo Ohno, encouraging people to support him at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Incidents and accidents

  • On November 30, 1947, an Alaska Airlines Douglas DC-4 (Registration NC91009), flying as Flight 009 with routing Anchorage-Yakutat-Port Hardy-Seattle, crash landed while attempting to make an ILS approach at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport in Seattle. The plane went off the runway, rolled down an embankment, struck a ditch, and continued onto the intersection of Des Moines Highway and South 188th Street where it struck an automobile, catching fire and spilling gasoline all over the area. Of the 28 occupants onboard, there were 8 fatalities, plus the person driving in the car. The cause of the crash was attributed to pilot error.[40]
  • On January 20, 1949 Flight 8, a Douglas DC-3, was on routing Homer, Alaska-Kenai, Alaska when the plane struck the side of Ptarmigan Head 9 miles (14 km) E of the center of the airway to Kenai. Of the 6 passengers onboard, there were 5 fatalities. The cause was determined to be the action of the pilot in straying off the designated airway. [citation needed]
  • On March 2, 1957, an Alaska Airlines Douglas C-54B (Registration N90449) operating as Flight 100 routing Seattle-Fairbanks-Seattle "hit a mountain 3.8 miles from Blyn while on approach to Seattle. All 5 occupants perished. The Captain intentionally entered an area of low overcast in mountainous terrain.".[41]
  • On July 21, 1961, an Alaska Airlines DC-6A (Registration N6118C) operating Seattle-Shemya "crashed short of the runway due to the fact that the air traffic controller in the tower had forgotten to turn on the runway and approach lighting systems during a landing at night." All 6 on board were killed.[42]
  • On September 4, 1971, Alaska Airlines Flight 1866, a Boeing 727-193 operating Anchorage-Cordova-Yakutat-Juneau-Sitka, crashed into a mountain in the Chilkat Mountain Range about 18.5 miles (29.8 km) from the airport while on approach to Juneau. All seven crew members and 104 passengers were killed. The cause of the crash was determined to be misleading navigational information given to the flight, the failure of the crew to use all navigational aids and not performing the required audio identification of the navigational facilities.[42]
  • On April 5, 1976, Alaska Airlines Flight 60, a Boeing 727-81 (Registration N124AS) operating Juneau-Ketchikan, overran the runway while landing in Ketchikan after the Captain decided to attempt a go around at the last moment. One passenger died of a heart attack following the accident. The cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error for initiating a go-around after commitment to landing and the pilot's "unprofessional decision" to abandon the precision approach.[43]
NTSB animation of N963AS (Alaska Airlines Flight 261)
  • On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines Flight 261, an MD-83, plunged into the Pacific Ocean near Point Mugu, California while preparing to attempt an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport en route from Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, to San Francisco and Seattle, killing all 88 people on board. In its final report, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined the cause of the accident to be failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew acme nut threads due to insufficient lubrication of the jackscrew assembly by Alaska Airlines. NTSB further determined that the insufficient lubrication resulted from Alaska's extended lubrication and inspection intervals and from the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) approval of those intervals. NTSB also found that the lack of a fail-safe mechanism for the failure of the acme nut threads on the MD-80 design contributed to the accident. This incident, along with the earlier ValuJet crash, led to closer FAA oversight of airline maintenance operations.[44] The accident was the subject of episode 6, season 1, of the documentary series, Mayday, and also the National Geographic documentary Air Crash Investigation.
  • December 26, 2005: Flight 536, which was headed from Seattle to Burbank, California, was forced to return to Seattle and make an emergency landing. The cause was a foot-long hole in the fuselage of the MD-83 aircraft, which caused the plane to lose cabin pressure. According to NTSB spokesman Jim Struhsaker, a baggage handler admitted to failing to immediately report bumping the plane at the gate with baggage handling equipment. The Associated Press quotes Struhsaker saying "The bump created a crease in the plane's aluminum skin, which opened to a 12- by 6-inch (150 mm) gash as the plane came under increased pressure differential at 26,000 feet (7,900 m).[45][46]

References

  1. ^ a b Norwood, Tom (2002). North American Airlines Handbook (3rd ed.). Sandpoint, ID: Airways International. ISBN 0-9653993-8-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Alaska Airlines Launches Brand Campaign Highlighting "North Of Expected" Customer Service, PR Newswire. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
  3. ^ "Media Contacts: Alaska Airlines." Alaska Airlines. Retrieved on May 18, 2009.
  4. ^ "TOP INDUSTRIES." City of SeaTac. Accessed July 20, 2008.
  5. ^ "City of SeaTac Zoning." City of SeaTac. Accessed August 20, 2008.
  6. ^ HistoryLink Essay: Alaska Airlines
  7. ^ a b "Historical Overview." Alaska Airlines. Retrieved on December 14, 2009.
  8. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. April 11, 1963. 511.
  9. ^ www.allbusiness.com/government/...bodies.../7132847-1.html
  10. ^ Alaska Airlines Resumes Daily Service To Reagan National, Continues Daily Service To Dulles International
  11. ^ Alaska Airlines Announces New Service To Orlando
  12. ^ Alaska Airlines Inaugurates Seattle-Miami Service
  13. ^ Alaska Airlines launches Seattle-New York service
  14. ^ Alaska Airlines Introduces Boston-Seattle Service With $149 Fares
  15. ^ http://www.alaskaair.com/as/www2/Destinations/Route-Map.asp
  16. ^ http://inflightout.blogspot.com/
  17. ^ Alaska Airlines Fleet Facts
  18. ^ "Board Room Locations & Hours". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  19. ^ a b c d "MVP & MVP Gold Qualification Levels and Benefits". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  20. ^ "Board Room Membership Fees". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  21. ^ "Mileage Plan Airline Partners". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  22. ^ "Mileage Plan Program Benefits". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  23. ^ "Other Mileage Plan Information". Alaska Air Group. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  24. ^ "Inflight Food Service." Alaska Airlines. Accessed October 11, 2008.
  25. ^ WAEA Inflight Entertainment Historical Firsts
  26. ^ Alaska To Become First Carrier To Offer APS DigEPlayer Portable Video On Demand Entertainment System
  27. ^ Sky's the limit for a baggage handler's in-flight entertainment system
  28. ^ IPEC: Inflight Online Awards Dinner
  29. ^ Movies, Music, and More from digEplayer
  30. ^ Alaska Airlines to Offer In-flight Internet Access by Om Malik, February 27, 2009, gigaom,com
  31. ^ [http://www.alaskasworld.com/Newsroom/ASNews/ASstories/AS_20090226_050547.asp Alaska Airlines Trials Satellite-Based Inflight Wireless Internet Service], 2/26/2009, Alaska Airlines Website
  32. ^ oneworld. "oneworld - Global Explorer". Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  33. ^ a b "Alaska Airlines, Delta strike new partnership". Puget Sound Business Journal. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  34. ^ Delta Air Lines. "Delta Sky Club". Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  35. ^ "New code-share pact for Alaska, Air Pacific". Seattle Times. 2009-05-26. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  36. ^ "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 2007-03-27. pp. 71–72.
  37. ^ a b "Many Frown Over Possible Removal of Alaska Airlines' Smiling Eskimo Face". Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air Aircraft Information
  39. ^ [1]
  40. ^ http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19471130-0 Aviation Safety Network
  41. ^ http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19570302-0
  42. ^ a b http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19610721-0
  43. ^ http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR76-20.pdf
  44. ^ http://www.ntsb.gov/Events/2000/Aka261/default.htm
  45. ^ Sullivan, Jennifer and Melissa Allison. ""Absolutely terrifying" flight after ground-crew mistake." The Seattle Times. Wednesday December 28, 2005. Retrieved on December 14, 2009.
  46. ^ Bowermaster, David. "Alaska Airlines Sued in Jet Mishap." The Seattle Times. Saturday February 4, 2006. Retrieved on December 14, 2009.

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