Same-sex marriage: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 22:36, 23 February 2018

Same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage) is marriage between people of the same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. The term marriage equality refers to a political status in which same-sex marriage and opposite-sex marriage are considered legally equal.

In the late 20th century, rites of marriage for same-sex couples without legal recognition became increasingly common. The first law providing for same-sex marriage in modern times was enacted in 2000 in the Netherlands and came into force in 2001. As of 20 December 2017^[update], same-sex marriage is legally recognized (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,^{[nb 1]} the Netherlands,^{[nb 2]} New Zealand,^{[nb 3]} Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,^{[nb 4]} the United States^{[nb 5]} and Uruguay. It is also likely to soon become legal in Taiwan and Austria, after court rulings on the subject in May and December 2017, respectively.^[1]^[2] Additionally, after a motion lodged by Costa Rica, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued a ruling in favour of same-sex marriage on 9 January 2018, which is expected to facilitate legalisation in several countries in the Americas.^{[nb 6]}^[3] Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in the Americas, Australia and most of Europe.^[4]^[5]^[6] However, as of 2018, South Africa is the only African country where same-sex marriage is recognized. Taiwan would become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage if the Civil Code is amended. Two other Asian countries, namely Israel and Armenia, recognise same-sex marriages performed outside the country for some purposes.^[7]^[8]

Introduction of same-sex marriage laws has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or by direct popular vote (via ballot initiative or referendum). The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political and social issue, and also a religious issue in many countries, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships should be allowed marriage or some similar status (a civil union).^[9]^[10]^[11]

Same-sex marriage can provide those in same-sex relationships who pay their taxes with government services and make financial demands on them comparable to those afforded to and required of those in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights.^[12] Various faith communities around the world support allowing those of the same sex to marry, while many major religions oppose same-sex marriage. Opponents of same-sex marriages have argued that recognition of same-sex marriages would erode religious freedoms,^[13] undermine a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father^[14] or erode the institution of marriage itself.^[15]

Some analysts state that financial, psychological and physical well-being are enhanced by marriage, and that children of same-sex parents or carers benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union supported by society's institutions.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21] A court document filed by the American Anthropological Association stated that reversing enacted same-sex marriage legislation served to single out gay men and women as ineligible for marriage, thereby both stigmatizing and inviting public discrimination against them.^[22]

The American Anthropological Association asserts that social science research does not support the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution.^[23]

Terminology

Alternative terms

Some proponents of legal recognition of same-sex marriage, such as Freedom to Marry and Canadians for Equal Marriage, use the terms marriage equality and equal marriage to indicate that they seek equal benefit of marriage laws as opposed to special rights.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Opponents of the legalization of same-sex marriage sometimes characterize it as redefining marriage or redefined marriage, especially in the United States.^[31]^[32] The term homosexual marriage is generally used by organisations opposed to same-sex marriage such as the Family Research Council in the United States;^[33] that term is rarely used in the mainstream press.^[34]

Associated Press style recommends the usages marriage for gays and lesbians or in space-limited headlines gay marriage with no hyphen and no scare quotes. The Associated Press warns that the construct gay marriage can imply that marriages of same-sex couples are somehow legally different from those of mixed-sex couples.^[35]^[36]

Use of the term marriage

Anthropologists have struggled to determine a definition of marriage that absorbs commonalities of the social construct across cultures around the world.^[37]^[38] Many proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same-sex marriage in some cultures, including in more than 30 African cultures, such as the Kikuyu and Nuer.^[38]^[39]^[40]

With several countries revising their marriage laws to recognize same-sex couples in the 21st century, all major English dictionaries have revised their definition of the word marriage to either drop gender specifications or supplement them with secondary definitions to include gender-neutral language or explicit recognition of same-sex unions.^[41]^[42] The Oxford English Dictionary has recognized same-sex marriage since 2000.^[43]

Alan Dershowitz and others have suggested reserving the word marriage for religious contexts as part of privatizing marriage, and in civil and legal contexts using a uniform concept of civil unions, in part to strengthen the separation between church and state.^[44] Jennifer Roback Morse, the president of the anti-same-sex marriage group National Organization for Marriage's Ruth Institute project,^[45] claims that the conflation of marriage with contractual agreements is a threat to marriage.^[46]

Some publications that oppose same-sex marriage, such as WorldNetDaily and Baptist Press, have an editorial style policy of placing the word marriage in scare quotes ("marriage") when it is used in reference to same-sex couples.^{[citation needed]} In the United States, the mainstream press has generally abandoned this practice.^[34] Cliff Kincaid of the conservative Accuracy in Media argued for use of quotation marks on the grounds that marriage was a legal status denied same-sex couples by most U.S. state governments.^[47] Same-sex marriage supporters argue that the use of scare quotes is an editorialization that implies illegitimacy.^[48]

Opponents of same-sex marriage such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, and the Southern Baptist Convention use the term traditional marriage to mean marriages between one man and one woman.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Studies

The American Anthropological Association stated on 26 February 2004:^[23]

The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households, kinship relationships, and families, across cultures and through time, provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution. Rather, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of family types, including families built upon same-sex partnerships, can contribute to stable and humane societies.

Research findings from 1998–2015 from the University of Virginia, Michigan State University, Florida State University, the University of Amsterdam, the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Stanford University, the University of California-San Francisco, the University of California-Los Angeles, Tufts University, Boston Medical Center, the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health and independent researchers also support the findings of this study.^[52]

Health

In 2010, a Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health study examining the effects of institutional discrimination on the psychiatric health of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals found an increase in psychiatric disorders, including a more than doubling of anxiety disorders, among the LGB population living in states that instituted bans on same-sex marriage. According to the author, the study highlighted the importance of abolishing institutional forms of discrimination, including those leading to disparities in the mental health and well-being of LGB individuals. Institutional discrimination is characterized by societal-level conditions that limit the opportunities and access to resources by socially disadvantaged groups.^[53]^[54]

Gay activist Jonathan Rauch has argued that marriage is good for all men, whether homosexual or heterosexual, because engaging in its social roles reduces men's aggression and promiscuity.^[55]^[56] The data of current psychological and other social science studies on same-sex marriage in comparison to mixed-sex marriage indicate that same-sex and mixed-sex relationships do not differ in their essential psychosocial dimensions; that a parent's sexual orientation is unrelated to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment; and that marriage bestows substantial psychological, social, and health benefits. Same-sex parents and carers and their children are likely to benefit in numerous ways from legal recognition of their families, and providing such recognition through marriage will bestow greater benefit than civil unions or domestic partnerships.^[57]^[58]

The American Psychological Association stated in 2004: "...Denial of access to marriage to same-sex couples may especially harm people who also experience discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, disability, gender and gender identity, religion, socioeconomic status and so on." It has also averred that same-sex couples who may only enter into a civil union, as opposed to a marriage, "are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to those of married couples," which has adverse effects on the well-being of same-sex partners.^[16]

In 2009, a pair of economists at Emory University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the US to an increase in the rates of HIV infection.^[59]^[60] The study linked the passage of a same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly 4 cases per 100,000 population.^[61]

Parenting

Many psychologist organizations have concluded that children stand to benefit from the well-being that results when their parents' relationship is recognized and supported by society's institutions, e.g. civil marriage. For example, the Canadian Psychological Association stated in 2006 that "parents' financial, psychological and physical well-being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally-recognized union."^[19] The CPA stated in 2003 the stressors encountered by gay and lesbian parents and their children are more likely the result of the way society treats them than because of any deficiencies in fitness to parent.^[19]

The American Academy of Pediatrics concluded in 2006, in an analysis published in the journal Pediatrics:^[57]

There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment. These data have demonstrated no risk to children as a result of growing up in a family with 1 or more gay parents. Conscientious and nurturing adults, whether they are men or women, heterosexual or homosexual, can be excellent parents. The rights, benefits, and protections of civil marriage can further strengthen these families.

Opinion polling

Numerous polls and studies on the issue have been conducted, including those that were completed throughout the first decade of the 21st century. A consistent trend of increasing support for same-sex marriage has been revealed across the world. Much of the research that was conducted in developed countries in the first decade of the 21st century shows a majority of people in support of same-sex marriage. Support for legal same-sex marriage has increased across every age group, political ideology, religion, gender, race and region of various developed countries in the world.^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]

Recent polling in the United States has shown a further increase in public support for same-sex marriage. When adults were asked in 2005 if they thought "marriages between homosexuals should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages", 28 percent replied in the affirmative, while 68 percent replied in the negative (the remaining 4 percent stated that they were unsure). When adults were asked in March 2013 if they supported or opposed same-sex marriage, 50 percent said they supported same-sex marriage, while 41 percent were opposed, and the remaining 9 percent stated that they were unsure. Support for same-sex marriage in the United States rose to 64% in 2017, with 34% opposed and 2% remaining neutral.^[67]^[68] Various detailed polls and studies on same-sex marriage that were conducted in several countries show that support for same-sex marriage generally increases with higher levels of education and is stronger among younger generations.^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country

Same-sex marriage performed nationwide

Same-sex marriage performed in some parts of the country

Civil unions or registered partnerships nationwide

Civil unions or registered partnerships pending

Same-sex marriage rights pending

Same-sex sexual activity is illegal

Country	Pollster	Year	For^[a]	Against^[a]	Neither^[b]	Margin of error	Ref.
Albania	IPSOS	2023	26%	73% (74%)	1%		^[74]
Andorra	Institut d'Estudis Andorrans	2013	70% (79%)	19% (21%)	11%		^[75]
Antigua and Barbuda	AmericasBarometer	2017	12%	–	–		^[76]
Argentina	Ipsos	2024	69% (81%)	16% [9% support some rights] (19%)	15% not sure	±5%	^[77]
Argentina	Pew Research Center	2023	67% (72%)	26% (28%)	7%	±3.6%	^[78]
Armenia	Pew Research Center	2015	3% (3%)	96% (97%)	1%	±3%	^[79] ^[80]
Aruba		2021	46%				^[81]
Australia	Ipsos	2024	64% (73%)	25% [13% support some rights] (28%)	12% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
Australia	Pew Research Center	2023	75% (77%)	23%	2%	±3.6%	^[78]
Austria	Eurobarometer	2023	65% (68%)	30% (32%)	5%		^[82]
Bahamas	AmericasBarometer	2015	11%	–	–		^[83]
Belarus	Pew Research Center	2015	16% (16%)	81% (84%)	3%	±4%	^[79] ^[80]
Belgium	Ipsos	2024	69% (78%)	19% [9% support some rights] (22%)	12% not sure	±5%	^[77]
Belgium	Eurobarometer	2023	79%	19%	2% not sure		^[82]
Belize	AmericasBarometer	2014	8%	–	–		^[83]
Bolivia	AmericasBarometer	2017	35%	65%	–	±1.0%	^[76]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	IPSOS	2023	26% (27%)	71% (73%)	3%		^[74]
Brazil	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	51% (62%)	31% [17% support some rights] (38%)	18% not sure	±3.5% ^[c]	^[77]
Brazil	Pew Research Center	2023	52% (57%)	40% (43%)	8%	±3.6%	^[78]
Bulgaria	Eurobarometer	2023	17% (18%)	75% (82%)	8%		^[82]
Cambodia	Pew Research Center	2023	57% (58%)	42%	1%		^[78]
Canada	Ipsos	2024	65% (75%)	22% [10% support some rights] (25%)	13% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
Canada	Pew Research Center	2023	79% (84%)	15% (16%)	6%	±3.6%	^[78]
Chile	Cadem	2024	77% (82%)	22% (18%)	2%	±3.6%	^[84]
China	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2021	43% (52%)	39% [20% support some rights] (48%)	18% not sure	±3.5% ^[c]	^[85]
Colombia	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	46% (58%)	33% [19% support some rights] (42%)	21%	±5% ^[c]	^[77]
Costa Rica	CIEP	2018	35%	64%	1%		^[86]
Croatia	Eurobarometer	2023	42% (45%)	51% (55%)	7%		^[82]
Cuba	Apretaste	2019	63%	37%	–		^[87]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2023	50% (53%)	44% (47%)	6%		^[82]
Czech Republic	Eurobarometer	2023	60%	34%	6%		^[82]
Denmark	Eurobarometer	2023	93%	5	2%		^[82]
Dominica	AmericasBarometer	2017	10%	90%	–	±1.1%	^[76]
Dominican Republic	CDN 37	2018	45%	55%	-		^[88]
Ecuador	AmericasBarometer	2019	23% (31%)	51% (69%)	26%		^[89]
El Salvador	Universidad Francisco Gavidia	2021		82.5%	–		^[90]
Estonia	Eurobarometer	2023	41% (45%)	51% (55%)	8%		^[82]
Finland	Eurobarometer	2023	76% (81%)	18% (19%)	6%		^[82]
France	Ipsos	2024	62% (70%)	26% [16% support some rights] (30%)	12% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	82% (85%)	14% (15%)	4%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	79% (85%)	14 (%) (15%)	7%		^[82]
Georgia	Women's Initiatives Supporting Group	2021	10% (12%)	75% (88%)	15%		^[91]
Germany	Ipsos	2024	73% (83%)	18% [10% support some rights] (20%)	12% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	80% (82%)	18%	2%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	84% (87%)	13%<	3%		^[82]
Greece	Pew Research Center	2023	48% (49%)	49% (51%)	3%	±3.6%	^[78]
Greece	Eurobarometer	2023	57% (59%)	40% (41%)	3%		^[82]
Grenada	AmericasBarometer	2017	12%	88%	–	±1.4%c	^[76]
Guatemala	AmericasBarometer	2017	23%	77%	–	±1.1%	^[76]
Guyana	AmericasBarometer	2017	21%	79%	–	±1.3%	^[83]
Haiti	AmericasBarometer	2017	5%	95%	–	±0.3%	^[76]
Honduras	CID Gallup	2018	17% (18%)	75% (82%)	8%		^[92]
Hong Kong	Pew Research Center	2023	58% (59%)	40% (41%)	2%		^[78]
Hungary	Ipsos	2024	44% (56%)	35% [18% support some rights] (44%)	21% not sure	±5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	31% (33%)	64% (67%)	5%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	42% (45%)	52% (55%)	6%		^[82]
Iceland	Gallup	2006	89%	11%	–		^[93]
India	Pew Research Center	2023	53% (55%)	43% (45%)	4%	±3.6%	^[78]
Indonesia	Pew Research Center	2023	5%	92% (95%)	3%	±3.6%	^[78]
Ireland	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	68% (76%)	21% [8% support some rights] (23%)	10%	±5%^[c]	^[77]
Ireland	Eurobarometer	2023	86% (91%)	9%	5%		^[82]
Israel	Pew Research Center	2023	36% (39%)	56% (61%)	8%	±3.6%	^[78]
Italy	Ipsos	2024	58% (66%)	29% [19% support some rights] (33%)	12% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	73% (75%)	25%	2%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	69% (72%)	27% (28%)	4%		^[82]
Jamaica	AmericasBarometer	2017	16%	84%	–	±1.0%	^[76]
Japan	Kyodo News	2023	64% (72%)	25% (28%)	11%		^[94]
	Asahi Shimbun	2023	72% (80%)	18% (20%)	10%		^[95]
	Ipsos	2024	42% (54%)	31% [25% support some rights] (40%)	22% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	68% (72%)	26% (28%)	6%	±2.75%	^[78]
Kazakhstan	Pew Research Center	2016	7% (7%)	89% (93%)	4%		^[79] ^[80]
Kenya	Pew Research Center	2023	9%	90% (91%)	1%	±3.6%	^[78]
Kosovo	IPSOS	2023	20% (21%)	77% (79%)	3%		^[74]
Latvia	Eurobarometer	2023	36%	59%	5%		^[82]
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein Institut	2021	72%	28%	0%		^[96]
Lithuania	Eurobarometer	2023	39%	55%	6%		^[82]
Luxembourg	Eurobarometer	2023	84%	13%	3%		^[82]
Malaysia	Pew Research Center	2023	17%	82% (83%)	1%		^[78]
Malta	Eurobarometer	2023	74%	24%	2%		^[82]
Mexico	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	55%	29% [16% support some rights]	17% not sure	±3.5%^[c]	^[77]
Mexico	Pew Research Center	2023	63% (66%)	32% (34%)	5%	±3.6%	^[78]
Moldova	Europa Libera Moldova	2022	14%	86%			^[97]
Montenegro	IPSOS	2023	36% (37%)	61% (63%)	3%		^[74]
Mozambique (3 cities)	Lambda	2017	28% (32%)	60% (68%)	12%		^[98]
Netherlands	Ipsos	2024	77%	15% [8% support some rights]	8% not sure	±5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	89% (90%)	10%	1%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	94%	5%	2%		^[82]
New Zealand	Ipsos	2023	70% (78%)	20% [11% support some rights] (22%)	9%	±3.5%	^[99]
Nicaragua	AmericasBarometer	2017	25%	75%	–	±1.0%	^[76]
Nigeria	Pew Research Center	2023	2%	97% (98%)	1%	±3.6%	^[78]
North Macedonia	IPSOS	2023	20% (21%)	78% (80%)	2%		^[74]
Norway	Pew Research Center	2017	72% (79%)	19% (21%)	9%		^[79] ^[80]
Panama	AmericasBarometer	2017	22%	78%	–	±1.1%	^[76]
Paraguay	AmericasBarometer	2017	26%	74%	–	±0.9%	^[76]
Peru	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	36%	44% [30% support some rights]	20%	±5% ^[c]	^[77]
Philippines	SWS	2018	22% (26%)	61% (73%)	16%		^[100]
Poland	Ipsos	2024	51% (54%)	43% (46%)	6%		^[101]
	Pew Research Center	2023	41% (43%)	54% (57%)	5%	±3.6%	^[78]
	United Surveys by IBRiS	2024	50% (55%)	41% (45%)	9%		^[102]
	Eurobarometer	2023	50%	45%	5%		^[82]
Portugal	Ipsos	2023	80% (84%)	15% [11% support some rights] (16%)	5%		^[99]
Portugal	Eurobarometer	2023	81%	14%	5%		^[82]
Romania	Ipsos	2023	25% (30%)	59% [26% support some rights] (70%)	17%	±3.5%	^[99]
Romania	Eurobarometer	2023	25%	69%	6%		^[82]
Russia	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2021	17% (21%)	64% [12% support some rights] (79%)	20% not sure	±4.8% ^[c]	^[85]
Russia	FOM	2019	7% (8%)	85% (92%)	8%	±3.6%	^[103]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	AmericasBarometer	2017	9%	91%	–	±1.0%	^[76]
Saint Lucia	AmericasBarometer	2017	11%	89%	–	±0.9%	^[76]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	AmericasBarometer	2017	4%	96%	–	±0.6%	^[76]
Serbia	IPSOS	2023	24% (25%)	73% (75%)	3%		^[74]
Singapore	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	33%	46% [21% support some rights]	21%	±5% ^[c]	^[77]
Singapore	Pew Research Center	2023	45% (47%)	51% (53%)	4%		^[78]
Slovakia	Focus	2024	36% (38%)	60% (62%)	4%		^[104]
Slovakia	Eurobarometer	2023	37%	56%	7%		^[82]
Slovenia	Eurobarometer	2023	62% (64%)	37% (36%)	2%		^[82]
South Africa	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	53%	32% [14% support some rights]	13%	±5% ^[c]	^[77]
South Africa	Pew Research Center	2023	38% (39%)	59% (61%)	3%	±3.6%	^[78]
South Korea	Ipsos	2024	36%	37% [16% support some rights]	27% not sure	±5%	^[77]
South Korea	Pew Research Center	2023	41% (42%)	56% (58%)	3%		^[78]
Spain	Ipsos	2024	73% (80%)	19% [13% support some rights] (21%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	87% (90%)	10%	3%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	88% (91%)	9% (10%)	3%		^[82]
Sri Lanka	Pew Research Center	2023	23% (25%)	69% (75%)	8%		^[78]
Suriname	AmericasBarometer	2014	18%	–	–		^[83]
Sweden	Ipsos	2024	78% (84%)	15% [8% support some rights] (16%)	7% not sure	±5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	92% (94%)	6%	2%	±3.6%	^[78]
	Eurobarometer	2023	94%	5%	1%		^[82]
Switzerland	Ipsos	2023	54% (61%)	34% [16% support some rights] (39%)	13% not sure	±3.5%	^[99]
Taiwan	CNA	2023	63%	37%			^[105]
Taiwan	Pew Research Center	2023	45% (51%)	43% (49%)	12%		^[78]
Thailand	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	58%	29% [20% support some rights]	12% not sure	±5%^[c]	^[77]
Thailand	Pew Research Center	2023	60% (65%)	32% (35%)	8%		^[78]
Trinidad and Tobago	AmericasBarometer	2014	16%	–	–		^[83]
Turkey	Ipsos (more urban/educated than representative)	2024	18% (26%)	52% [19% support some rights] (74%)	30% not sure	±5% ^[c]	^[77]
Ukraine	Rating	2023	37% (47%)	42% (53%)	22%	±1.5%	^[106]
United Kingdom	YouGov	2023	77% (84%)	15% (16%)	8%		^[107]
	Ipsos	2024	66% (73%)	24% [11% support some rights] (27%)	10% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
	Pew Research Center	2023	74% (77%)	22% (23%)	4%	±3.6%	^[78]
United States	Ipsos	2024	51% (62%)	32% [14% support some rights] (39%)	18% not sure	±3.5%	^[77]
United States	Pew Research Center	2023	63% (65%)	34% (35%)	3%	±3.6%	^[78]
Uruguay	LatinoBarómetro	2023	78% (80%)	20%	2%		^[108]
Venezuela	Equilibrium Cende	2023	55% (63%)	32% (37%)	13%		^[109]
Vietnam	Pew Research Center	2023	65% (68%)	30% (32%)	5%		^[99]

History

Ancient

A reference to same-sex marriage (by the Egyptians and Canaanites) exists in the Talmud. The Old Testament prohibited homosexual relations (Lev. 18:22, 20:13), and the Jewish sages provide the reason for this as being that the Hebrews were warned not to "follow the acts of the land of Egypt or the acts of the land of Canaan." The sages explicitly state: "what did [the Egyptians and Canaanites] do? A man would marry a man and a woman [marry] a woman."^[110]

What is arguably the first historical mention of the performance of same-sex marriages occurred during the early Roman Empire according to controversial^[111] historian John Boswell.^[112] These were usually reported in a critical or satirical manner.^[113]

Child emperor Elagabalus referred to his chariot driver, a blond slave from Caria named Hierocles, as his husband.^[114] He also married an athlete named Zoticus in a lavish public ceremony in Rome amidst the rejoicings of the citizens.^[115]^[116]^[117]

The first Roman emperor to have married a man was Nero, who is reported to have married two other males on different occasions. The first was with one of Nero's own freedmen, Pythagoras, with whom Nero took the role of the bride.^[118] Later, as a groom, Nero married Sporus, a young boy, to replace the adolescent female concubine he had killed^[119]^[120] and married him in a very public ceremony with all the solemnities of matrimony, after which Sporus was forced to pretend to be the female concubine that Nero had killed and act as though they were really married.^[119] A friend gave the "bride" away as required by law. The marriage was celebrated in both Greece and Rome in extravagant public ceremonies.^[121]

It should be noted, however, that conubium existed only between a civis Romanus and a civis Romana (that is, between a male Roman citizen and a female Roman citizen), so that a marriage between two Roman males (or with a slave) would have no legal standing in Roman law (apart, presumably, from the arbitrary will of the emperor in the two aforementioned cases).^[122] Furthermore, according to Susan Treggiari, "matrimonium was then an institution involving a mother, mater. The idea implicit in the word is that a man took a woman in marriage, in matrimonium ducere, so that he might have children by her."^[123]

In 342 AD, Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans issued a law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) prohibiting same-sex marriage in Rome and ordering execution for those so married.^[124]

Contemporary

Writing in Harvard Magazine in 2013, legal historian Michael Klarman wrote that while there was a growth of gay rights activism in the 1970s United States, "Marriage equality was not then a priority." He argued that many gay people were not initially interested in marriage, deeming it to be a traditionalist institution, and that the search for legal recognition of same-sex relationships began in the late 1980s.^[125] Others, such as Faramerz Dabhoiwala writing for The Guardian, say that the modern movement began in the 1990s.^[126]

Denmark was the first country to recognize a legal relationship for same-sex couples, establishing "registered partnerships" in 1989. This gave those in same-sex relationships "most rights of married heterosexuals, but not the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of a child".^[127] In 2001, the Netherlands^{[nb 2]} became the first country to permit same-sex marriages.^[128] Since then same-sex marriages have been permitted and mutually recognized by Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Canada (2005), South Africa (2006), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010), Iceland (2010), Argentina (2010), Denmark (2012), Brazil (2013), France (2013), Uruguay (2013), New Zealand^{[nb 3]} (2013), Luxembourg (2015), the United States^{[nb 5]} (2015), Ireland (2015), Colombia (2016), Finland (2017), Malta (2017), Germany (2017) and Australia (2017). In Mexico, same-sex marriages are performed in a number of states and recognised in all thirty-one states. In Nepal and Taiwan, their recognition has been judicially mandated but not yet legislated.^[129] Furthermore, most jurisdictions of the United Kingdom^{[nb 4]} have also legalised same-sex marriage, with the first being England and Wales in March 2014, followed by Scotland in December of the same year. Same-sex marriage is, however, not legal in Northern Ireland.

In Taiwan, on 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry under the Taiwanese Constitution and that the Legislative Yuan has two years to amend the marriage laws to align with the Constitution. If this is not done, same-sex couples may have their unions registered as marriages and be treated as such by law.^[130]

In December 2017, the Constitutional Court of Austria ruled in a discrimination case that same-sex marriage will become legal in that nation on 1 January 2019 if Parliament does not legalize it before that date.^[131]

Timeline

2001	Netherlands (1 April)
2002	None
2003	Belgium (1 June) Ontario (10 June) British Columbia (8 July)
2004	Quebec (19 March) Massachusetts (17 May) Yukon (14 July) Manitoba (16 September) Nova Scotia (24 September) Saskatchewan (5 November) Newfoundland and Labrador (21 December)
2005	New Brunswick (23 June) Spain (3 July) Canada [nationwide] (20 July)
2006	South Africa (30 November)
2007	None
2008	Connecticut (12 November)
2009	Norway (1 January) Iowa (27 April) Sweden (1 May) Coquille Indian Tribe (20 May) Vermont (1 September)
2010	New Hampshire (1 January) District of Columbia (3 March) Mexican Federal District (4 March) Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation (29 April) Portugal (5 June) Iceland (27 June) Argentina (22 July)
2011	New York (24 July) Suquamish Tribe (1 August)
2012	Alagoas (6 January) Quintana Roo (3 May) Denmark (15 June) Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais (11 July) Sergipe (15 July) Espírito Santo (15 August) Caribbean Netherlands (10 October) Bahia (26 November) Brazilian Federal District (1 December) Washington (6 December) Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe (9 December) Piauí (15 December) Maine (29 December)
2013	Maryland (1 January) São Paulo (16 February) Ceará (15 March) Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (15 March) Paraná (26 March) Mato Grosso do Sul (2 April) Rondônia (26 April) Santa Catarina (29 April) Paraíba (29 April) Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians (8 May) Brazil [nationwide] (16 May) France (18 May) Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel (24 June) California (28 June) Delaware (1 July) Minnesota (1 August) Rhode Island (1 August) Grand Portage Band of Chippewa (1 August) Uruguay (5 August) New Zealand (19 August) Doña Ana County, New Mexico (21 August) Santa Fe County, New Mexico (23 August) Bernalillo County, New Mexico (26 August) San Miguel County, New Mexico (27 August) Valencia County, New Mexico (27 August) Taos County, New Mexico (28 August) Los Alamos County, New Mexico (4 September) Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (5 September) Grant County, New Mexico (9 September) Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes (18 October) New Jersey (21 October) Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe (15 November) Hawaii (2 December) New Mexico [statewide] (19 December)
2014	Cook County, Illinois (21 February) England and Wales (13 March) Oregon (19 May) Pennsylvania (20 May) Illinois [statewide] (1 June) Akrotiri and Dhekelia (3 June) British Indian Ocean Territory (3 June) Puyallup Tribe of Indians (9 July) Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (16 July) Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians (10 August) Coahuila (17 September) Oklahoma (6 October) Virginia (6 October) Utah (6 October) Indiana (6 October) Wisconsin (6 October) Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa (6 October) Colorado (7 October) West Virginia (9 October) Nevada (9 October) Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes (9 October) North Carolina (10 October) Alaska (12 October) Idaho (15 October) Arizona (17 October) Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation (17 October) Pascua Yaqui Tribe (17 October) Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community (17 October) San Carlos Apache Tribe (17 October) Yavapai-Apache Nation (17 October) Wyoming (21 October) St. Louis, Missouri (5 November) St. Louis County, Missouri (6 November) Jackson County, Missouri (7 November) Douglas County, Kansas (12 November) Sedgwick County, Kansas (12 November) Eastern Shoshone Tribe (14 November) Northern Arapaho Tribe (14 November) Montana (19 November) Blackfeet Nation (19 November) South Carolina (20 November) Keweenaw Bay Indian Community (13 December) Scotland (16 December) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2015	Luxembourg (1 January) Miami-Dade County, Florida (5 January) Florida [statewide] (6 January) Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska (24 February) Pitcairn Islands (14 May) Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (15 May) Guam (9 June) Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin (10 June) Chihuahua (12 June) United States [nationwide] (26 June) Northern Mariana Islands (30 June) Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians (7 July) United States Virgin Islands (9 July) Puerto Rico (13 July) Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro (21 July) White Mountain Apache Tribe (9 September) Ireland (16 November) Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (18 November) Nayarit (23 December)
2016	Oglala Sioux Tribe (25 January) Stockbridge-Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians (2 February) Greenland (1 April) Colombia (28 April) Tulalip Tribes of Washington (6 May) Jalisco [statewide] (12 May) Campeche (20 May) Colima (12 June) Michoacán (23 June) Morelos (5 July) Isle of Man (22 July) San Pedro Cholula, Puebla (18 September) British Antarctic Territory (13 October) Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin (3 November) Cherokee Nation (9 December) Gibraltar (15 December)
2017	Ascension Island (1 January) Amealco de Bonfil, Querétaro (4 January) Cadereyta de Montes, Querétaro (4 January) Ezequiel Montes, Querétaro (4 January) Huimilpan, Querétaro (4 January) Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro (4 January) San Joaquín, Querétaro (4 January) Tolimán, Querétaro (4 January) Finland (1 March) Osage Nation (20 March) Prairie Island Indian Community (22 March) Falkland Islands (29 April) Guernsey (2 May) Bermuda (5 May) Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin (5 June) Faroe Islands (1 July) Chiapas (11 July) Puebla [statewide] (1 August) Tristan da Cunha (4 August) Malta (1 September) Germany (1 October) Ak-Chin Indian Community (25 October) Baja California (3 November) Australia (9 December) Saint Helena (20 December)
2018
TBD	Alderney Jersey (awaiting royal assent) Austria (by 1 January 2019) Costa Rica Panama Taiwan (by 24 May 2019)

International organisations

European Court of Human Rights

In 2010, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled in Schalk and Kopf v Austria, a case involving an Austrian same-sex couple who were denied the right to marry.^[132] The court found, by a vote of 4 to 3, that their human rights had not been violated.^[133]

British Judge Sir Nicolas Bratza, then head of the European Court of Human Rights, delivered a speech in 2012 that signaled the court was ready to declare same-sex marriage a "human right", as soon as enough countries fell into line.^[134]^[135]^[136]

Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that: "Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right",^[137] not limiting marriage to those in a heterosexual relationship. However, the ECHR stated in Schalk and Kopf v Austria that this provision was intended to limit marriage to heterosexual relationships, as it used the term "men and women" instead of "everyone".^[132]

European Union

On 12 March 2015, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution encouraging EU institutions and member states to "[reflect] on the recognition of same-sex marriage or same-sex civil union as a political, social and human and civil rights issue."^[138]^[139]^[140]

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

After a motion lodged by Costa Rica, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued a landmark advisory ruling in favour of same-sex marriage on 9 January 2018, which is expected to facilitate legalisation in several countries in the Americas.^{[nb 6]}^[3]

The Court said that governments "must recognise and guarantee all the rights that are derived from a family bond between people of the same sex". They also said that it was inadmissible and discriminatory for a separate legal provision to be established (such as civil unions) instead of same-sex marriages. The Court demanded that governments "guarantee access to all existing forms of domestic legal systems, including the right to marriage, in order to ensure the protection of all the rights of families formed by same-sex couples without discrimination". Recognising the difficulty in passing such laws in countries where there is strong opposition to same-sex marriage, it recommended that governments pass temporary decrees until new legislation is brought in.^[141]

The Court issued its ruling in response to a motion brought by Costa Rica in 2016. The Costa Rican Government asked the Court to give its opinion on whether it had an obligation to extend property rights to same-sex couples, and the Court ruled that it did. The Costa Rican Government also wanted to know whether it should allow transgender people to change their name and gender on their identity documents. Again, the Court ruled that it must.

Following the ruling, LGBT advocacy groups and legal experts in numerous Latin American countries began urging their respective governments and/or courts to implement the decision. These countries include Chile,^[142] the Dominican Republic,^[143] Ecuador,^[144] El Salvador,^[145] Guatemala,^[145] Honduras,^[146] Mexico,^[145] Nicaragua,^[147] Paraguay^[148] and Peru.^[149]^[150]

The governments of Costa Rica and Panama have announced that they will fully implement the IACHR ruling.^[151]^[152] Additionally, on 11 January, the president of the Supreme Court of Peru and chairman of the country's judiciary, Duberlí Rodríguez, stated that Peru should abide by the decision.^[149] On 29 January 2018, Housing Minister Carlos Bruce estimated that same-sex marriage will be allowed in Peru within two years, and several former Supreme Court judges and lawmakers, notably Indira Huilca, stated that same-sex marriage will soon be legal in Peru, no matter what.^[153]^[154] The Peruvian Government, however, has yet to issue a formal decision on the matter.

Same-sex marriage around the world

Same-sex marriage has been legalized (nationwide or in some parts) in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,^{[nb 1]} the Netherlands,^{[nb 2]} New Zealand,^{[nb 3]} Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,^{[nb 4]} the United States,^{[nb 5]} and Uruguay.

The status of same-sex marriage is a complicated matter in a number of other nations. In Mexico, marriages are recognized by all sub-national jurisdictions and by the federal government.^[155] On 3 June 2015, Mexico's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation released a "jurisprudential thesis" declaring the current purpose of marriage, which is procreation, as unconstitutional and discriminatory towards same-sex relationships. Courts nationwide must now authorize marriages between people of the same sex through injunctions, a process slower and more expensive than opposite-sex marriage.^[156] Israel does not recognize same-sex marriages performed in its territory, but same-sex marriages performed in foreign jurisdictions are recorded strictly "for statistical purposes", thereby avoiding official recognition of same-sex marriages by the state.^[157] In Armenia and Estonia, same-sex marriages performed abroad are recognised.

Legal recognition

Argentina

On 15 July 2010, the Argentine Senate approved a bill extending marriage rights to same-sex couples. It was supported by the Government of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and opposed by the Catholic Church.^[158] Polls showed that nearly 70% of Argentines supported giving gay people the same marital rights as heterosexuals.^[159] The law came into effect on 22 July 2010 upon promulgation by the Argentine President.^[160]

Australia

Australia became the second nation in Oceania to legalise same-sex marriage when the Australian Parliament passed a bill on 7 December 2017.^[161] The bill received royal assent on 8 December, and took effect on 9 December 2017.^[162]^[163] The law removed the ban on same-sex marriage which previously existed and followed a voluntary postal survey held from 12 September to 7 November 2017, which returned a 61.6% "Yes" vote in favour of same-sex marriage.^[164]

Austria

Since 1 January 2010, same-sex couples have been allowed to enter registered partnerships (Eingetragene Partnershaft).^[165]

On 20 November 2013, the Greens introduced a bill in the Austrian Parliament that would legalise same-sex marriage.^[166] It was sent to the Judiciary Committee on 17 December 2013.^[167] The bill was supposed to be debated in Autumn 2014,^[168] but was delayed by the ruling coalition.

In December 2015, the Vienna Administrative Court dismissed a case challenging the same-sex marriage ban. The plaintiffs appealed to the Constitutional Court.^[169] On 12 October 2017, the Constitutional Court agreed to consider one of the cases challenging the law barring same-sex marriage.^[170]^[171]^[172] On 5 December 2017, the Court struck down the ban on same-sex marriage as unconstitutional. Thus, same-sex couples will be allowed to marry from 1 January 2019. The Court also decided that civil unions will be open for both same-sex and different-sex couples from that date onwards. The Austrian Parliament can, however, choose to pass a bill legalising same-sex marriage before that date.^[173]^[174]^[175]^[176]^[177]

Belgium

Belgium became the second country in the world to legally recognize same-sex marriages when a bill passed by the Belgian Federal Parliament took effect on 1 June 2003.^[178] Originally, Belgium allowed the marriages of foreign same-sex couples only if their country of origin also allowed these unions, however legislation enacted in October 2004 permits any couple to marry if at least one of the spouses has lived in the country for a minimum of three months. A 2006 statute legalized adoption by same-sex spouses.^[179]

Brazil

Brazil's Supreme Court ruled in May 2011 that same-sex couples are legally entitled to legal recognition of cohabitation (known as [união estável] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), one of the two possible family entities in Brazilian legislation. It included almost all of the rights available to married couples in Brazil.^[180]

Between mid-2011 and May 2013, same-sex couples had their cohabitation issues converted into marriages in several Brazil states with the approval of a state judge. All legal Brazilian marriages were always recognized all over Brazil.^[181]

In November 2012, the Court of Bahia equalized marriage in the state of Bahia.^[182]^[183]

In December 2012, the state of São Paulo likewise had same-sex marriage legalized by court order.^[184] Same-sex marriages also became equalized in relation to opposite-sex ones between January 2012 and April 2013 by court order in Alagoas, Ceará, Espírito Santo, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba, Paraná, Piauí, Rondônia, Santa Catarina and Sergipe, and in Santa Rita do Sapucaí, a municipality in Minas Gerais. In Rio de Janeiro, the State Court facilitated its realization by district judges in agreement with the equalization (instead of ordering notaries to accept same-sex marriages in demand as all others).^[185]

On 14 May 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil issued a ruling requiring all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages by a 14–1 vote, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in the entire country.^[186]^[187]^[188] The resolution came into effect on 16 May 2013.^[189]^[190]

In March 2013, polls suggested that 47% of Brazilians supported marriage equalization and 57% supported adoption equalization for same-sex couples.^[191]

When the distinction between same-sex unions that are not termed marriages in relation to same-sex marriage is made, the difference in the numbers of approval and disapproval is still insignificant, below 1%; the most frequent reason for disapproval is a supposed 'unnaturalness' of same-sex relationships, followed by religious beliefs.^[192]^[193]

Canada

Legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Canada followed a series of constitutional challenges based on the equality provisions of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In the first such case, Halpern v. Canada (Attorney General), same-sex marriage ceremonies performed in Ontario on 14 January 2001 were subsequently validated when the common law, mixed-sex definition of marriage was held to be unconstitutional. Similar rulings had legalized same-sex marriage in eight provinces and one territory when the 2005 Civil Marriage Act defined marriage throughout Canada as "the lawful union of two persons to the exclusion of all others."

Colombia

In February 2007, a series of rulings by the Constitutional Court meant that same-sex couples could apply for all the rights that heterosexual couples have in de facto unions (uniones de hecho).^[194]^[195]

On 26 July 2011, the Constitutional Court of Colombia ordered the Congress to pass the legislation giving same-sex couples similar rights to marriage by 20 June 2013. If such a law were not passed by then, same-sex couples would be granted these rights automatically.^[196]^[197]

In October 2012, Senator Armando Benedetti introduced a bill legalizing same-sex marriage. It initially only allowed for civil unions, but he amended the text.^[198] The Senate's First Committee approved the bill on 4 December 2012.^[199]^[200] On 24 April 2013, the bill was defeated in the full Senate on a 51–17 vote.^[201]

On 24 July 2013, a civil court judge in Bogotá declared a same-sex couple legally married, after a ruling on 11 July 2013 accepting the petition. This was the first same-sex couple married in Colombia.^[202]^[203]

In September 2013, two civil court judges married two same-sex couples.^[204] The first marriage was challenged by a conservative group, and it was initially annulled. Nevertheless, in October, a High Court (Tribunal Supremo de Bogotá) maintained the validity of that marriage.^[205]^[206]

On 7 April 2016, the Court ruled that marriage doesn't exclusively apply to opposite-sex couples.^[207]^[208]^[209]^[210]

On 28 April 2016, the Constitutional Court rules that same-sex couples are allowed to enter into civil marriages in the country and that judges and notaries are barred from refusing to perform same-sex weddings.^[211]^[212]^[213]

Costa Rica

On 19 March 2015, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the Legislative Assembly by Deputy Ligia Elena Fallas Rodríguez from the Broad Front.^[214] On 10 December 2015, the organization Front for Equal Rights (Frente Por los Derechos Igualitarios) and a group of deputies presented another bill.^[215]^[216]^[217]

On 10 February 2016, the Constitutional Court of Costa Rica announced it would hear a case seeking to legalize same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and declare the country's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional.^[218]

In January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the recognition of same-sex marriage. The ruling is fully binding on Costa Rica, who within hours agreed to adhere to it and fully implement it. Costa Rican Vice President Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría announced that the Government would implement the ruling "in its totality". Costa Rica's Supreme Electoral Court (the institution in charge of civil registration, including the issuance of marriage certificates) announced that it will obey the ruling of the IACHR and will adapt the necessary by-laws once the Executive Branch notifies the ruling.^[219] The official notification was done on 12 January 2018.^[220] On 15 January, a same-sex couple applied for a marriage certificate. Their marriage was set to be performed on 20 January, and would have been the first same-sex marriage in Costa Rica,^[221] Shortly before the marriage date, however, the Superior Council of Notaries stated that notaries cannot perform same-sex marriages until legislative change or a Supreme Court decision, putting them at odds with the Costa Rican Government and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which stated in its ruling that legislative change is unnecessary and that governments may simply issue an executive decree legalising same-sex marriage.^[3]^[222] Fabricio Alvarado, the only major presidential candidate to announce his opposition to the ruling, subsequenlty won the first round of the February 2018 presidential elections, despite polling between 3-5% prior to the ruling.

Denmark

On 7 June 2012, the Folketing (Danish Parliament) approved new laws regarding same-sex civil and religious marriage. These laws permit same-sex couples to get married in the Church of Denmark. The bills received royal assent on 12 June and took effect on 15 June 2012.^[223] Denmark was previously the first country in the world to legally recognize same-sex couples through registered partnerships in 1989.^[224]^[225]

On 26 May 2015, Greenland, one of Denmark's two other constituent countries in the Realm of Denmark, unanimously passed a law legalising same-sex marriage.^[226]^[227] The first same-sex couple to marry in Greenland married on 1 April 2016, the day the law went into effect.^[228]

On 17 November 2015, in the Faroe Islands (the realm's other constituent country), a same-sex marriage bill entered Parliament (Løgting). The bill passed its second reading on 26 April and was approved at its third reading on 29 April 2016 by 19 votes to 14.^[229] The law required ratification in the Danish Parliament, which provided it on 25 April 2017.^[230] The Faroese law allows civil marriages for same-sex couples and exempts the Church of the Faroe Islands from being required to officiate same-sex weddings. The law took effect on 1 July 2017.^[231]

Finland

Registered partnerships have been legal in Finland since 2002.^[232]

In 2010, Minister of Justice Tuija Brax said her Ministry was preparing to amend the Marriage Act to allow same-sex marriage by 2012.^[233] On 27 February 2013, the bill was rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament on a vote of 9–8. A citizens' initiative was launched to put the issue before the Parliament of Finland.^[234] The campaign collected 166,000 signatures and the initiative was presented to the Parliament in December 2013.^[235] After being rejected by the Legal Affairs Committee twice,^[236] it faced the first vote in full session on 28 November 2014,^[237] which passed the bill 105–92. The bill passed the second and final vote by 101–90 on 12 December 2014,^[238] and was signed by the President on 20 February 2015.^[235]^[239]^[240]

The law took effect on 1 March 2017.^[241] It was the first time a citizens' initiative had been approved by the Finnish Parliament.^[232]

France

Since November 1999, France has had a civil union law that is open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.^[242]

The French Government introduced a bill to legalize same-sex marriage, Bill 344, in the National Assembly on 17 November 2012. Article 1 of the bill defining marriage as an agreement between two people was passed on 2 February 2013 in its first reading by a 249–97 vote. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the entire bill in a 329–229 vote.^[243]

On 12 April 2013, the upper house of the French Parliament voted to legalise same-sex marriage.^[244] On 23 April 2013, the law was approved by the National Assembly in a 331–225 vote.^[245] Law No.2013-404 grants same-sex couples living in France, including foreigners provided at least one of the partners has their domicile or residence in France, the legal right to get married. The law also allows the recognition in France of same-sex couples' marriages that occurred abroad before the bill's enactment.^[246]

The main right-wing opposition party UMP challenged the law in the Constitutional Council, which had one month to rule on whether the law conformed to the Constitution. The Constitutional Council had previously ruled that the issue of same-sex marriage was one for the Parliament to decide and there was only little hope for UMP to overturn the Parliament's vote.^[247] On 17 May 2013, the Constitutional Council declared the bill legal in its entire redaction. President François Hollande signed it into law on 18 May 2013.^[248]

Germany

Prior to the legalisation of same-sex marriage, Germany was one of the first countries to legislate registered partnerships (Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) for same-sex couples, which provided most of the rights of marriage. The law came into effect on 1 August 2001, and the act was progressively amended on subsequent occasions to reflect court rulings expanding the rights of registered partners.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 1 October 2017. A bill recognising marriages and adoption rights for same-sex couples passed the Bundestag on 30 June 2017 after Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that she would allow her CDU/CSU parliamentarians a conscience vote on such legislation, shortly after it was made a requirement for any future coalition by the SPD, the Greens and FDP.^[249] The co-governing SPD consequently forced a vote on the issue together with the opposition parties.^[250] Previous attempts by smaller parties to introduce same-sex marriage were blocked by the CDU/CSU-led government over several years. The bill was signed into law by German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier on 20 July and came into effect on 1 October 2017.^[251]

Iceland

Same-sex marriage was introduced in Iceland through legislation establishing a gender-neutral definition of marriage introduced by the Coalition Government of the Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement. The legislation was passed unanimously by the Icelandic Althing on 11 June 2010, and took effect on 27 June 2010, replacing an earlier system of registered partnerships for same-sex couples.^[252]^[253] Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir and her partner were among the first married same-sex couples in the country.^[254]

Ireland

Prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage, the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 allowed same sex couples to enter civil partnerships. The Act came into force on 1 January 2011 and gave same-sex couples rights and responsibilities similar to, but not equal to, those of civil marriage.^[255]

On 22 May 2015, Ireland held a referendum. The referendum proposed to add to the Irish Constitution: "marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex". The proposal was approved with 62% of voters supporting same-sex marriage. On 29 August 2015, Irish President Michael D. Higgins signed the result of the May referendum into law,^[256] which made Ireland the first country in the world to approve same-sex marriage at a nationwide referendum.^[257] Same-sex marriage became formally legally recognised in Ireland on 16 November 2015.^[258]

Luxembourg

The Parliament approved a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 18 June 2014.^[259] The law was published in the official gazette on 17 July and took effect on 1 January 2015.^[260]^[261]^[262] On 15 May 2015, Luxembourg became the first country in the European Union to have a prime minister who is in a same-sex marriage, and the second one in Europe. Prime Minister Xavier Bettel married Gauthier Destenay, with whom he had been in a civil partnership since 2010.

Malta

Malta has recognized same-sex unions since April 2014, following the enactment of the Civil Unions Act, first introduced in September 2013. It established civil unions with same rights, responsibilities, and obligations as marriage, including the right of joint adoption and recognition of foreign same-sex marriage.^[263] The Maltese Parliament gave final approval to the legislation on 14 April 2014 by a vote of 37 in favour and 30 abstentions. President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca signed it into law on 16 April. The first foreign same-sex marriage was registered on 29 April 2014 and the first civil union was performed on 14 June 2014.^[263]

On 21 February 2017, Minister for Social Dialogue, Consumer Affairs, and Civil Liberties Helena Dalli said that she was preparing a bill to legalise same-sex marriage.^[264] The bill was presented to Parliament on 5 July 2017.^[265] The bill's last reading took place in Parliament on 12 July 2017, where it was approved 66-1. It was signed into law and published in the Government Gazette on 1 August 2017.^[266] Malta became the 14th country in Europe to legalise same-sex marriage.^[267]^[268]

Mexico

Same-sex couples can marry in Mexico City and in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla and Quintana Roo as well as in some municipalities in Querétaro. In individual cases, same-sex couples have been given judicial approval to marry in all other states. Since August 2010, same-sex marriages performed within Mexico are recognized by the 31 states without exception.

On 21 December 2009, the Federal District's Legislative Assembly legalized same-sex marriages and adoption by same-sex couples. The law was enacted eight days later and became effective in early March 2010.^[269] On 10 August 2010, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that while not every state must grant same-sex marriages, they must all recognize those performed where they are legal.^[270]

On 28 November 2011, the first two same-sex marriages occurred in Quintana Roo after it was discovered that Quintana Roo's Civil Code did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage,^[271] but these marriages were later annulled by the Governor of Quintana Roo in April 2012.^[272] In May 2012, the Secretary of State of Quintana Roo reversed the annulments and allowed for future same-sex marriages to be performed in the state.^[273]

On 11 February 2014, the Congress of Coahuila approved adoptions by same-sex couples. A bill legalizing same-sex marriages passed on 1 September 2014, making Coahuila the second state to reform its Civil Code to allow for legal same-sex marriages.^[274] It took effect on 17 September, and the first couple married on 20 September.^[275]

On 12 June 2015, the Governor of Chihuahua announced that his administration would no longer oppose same-sex marriages within the state. The order was effective immediately, thus making Chihuahua the third state to legalize such unions.^[276]^[277]

On 3 June 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation released a "jurisprudential thesis" which deems the state-laws defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman unconstitutional. The ruling standardized court procedures across Mexico to authorize same-sex marriages. However, the process is still lengthy and more expensive than that for an opposite-sex marriage, as^[156] the ruling did not invalidate any state laws, meaning gay couples will be denied the right to wed and will have to turn to the courts for individual injunctions. However, given the nature of the ruling, judges and courts throughout Mexico must approve any application for a same-sex marriage.^[278] The official release of the thesis was on 19 June 2015, which took effect on 22 June 2015.^[279]

On 25 June 2015, following the Supreme Court's ruling striking down district same-sex marriage bans, the Civil Registry of Guerrero announced that they had planned a collective same-sex marriage ceremony for 10 July 2015 and indicated that there would have to be a change to the law to allow gender-neutral marriage, passed through the state Legislature before the official commencement.^[280] The registry announced more details of their plan, advising that only select registration offices in the state would be able to participate in the collective marriage event.^[281] The state Governor instructed civil agencies to approve same-sex marriage licenses. On 10 July 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Rogelio Ortega in Acapulco.^[282] On 13 January 2016, the head of the Civil Registry of Acapulco announced that all marriages that took place on 10 July 2015 by the Governor and his wife were void and not legal as same-sex marriage is not legal in Guerrero, unless couples are granted amparo beforehand.^[283] On 13 February 2016, however, the head of Guerrero's State Civil Registry department announced that same-sex couples could marry in any of the jurisdictions that want to marry the couples and criticised Acapulco's Civil Registry and other civil registries throughout the state for not allowing these kinds of weddings.^[284] By March 2017, every state municipality in Guerrero had stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

On 17 December 2015, the Congress of Nayarit approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage.^[285] In January 2016, the Mexican Supreme Court declared Jalisco's Civil Code unconstitutional for limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in the state.^[286] On 10 May 2016, the Congress of Campeche passed a same-sex marriage bill.^[287] On 18 May 2016, both Michoacán and Morelos passed bills allowing for same-sex marriage to be legal.^[288]^[289] On 25 May 2016, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Colima was approved by the state Congress.^[290] In July and August 2017, respectively, the Mexican Supreme Court invalidated same-sex marriage bans in the states of Chiapas and Puebla.^[291]^[292] In November 2017, the State Government of Baja California decided to stop enforcing its same-sex marriage ban.

On 17 May 2016, the President of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto, signed an initiative to change the country's Constitution, which would legalize same-sex marriage throughout Mexico.^[293] On 9 November 2016, the Committee on Constitutional Issues of the Chamber of Deputies rejected the initiative 19 votes to 8.^[294]

Netherlands

The Netherlands was the first country to extend marriage laws to include same-sex couples, following the recommendation of a special commission appointed to investigate the issue in 1995. A same-sex marriage bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate in 2000, taking effect on 1 April 2001.^[295]

In the Dutch Caribbean special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, marriage is open to same-sex couples. A law enabling same-sex couples to marry in these municipalities passed and came into effect on 10 October 2012.^[296] The Caribbean countries Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, forming the remainder of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, do not perform same-sex marriages, but must recognize those performed in the Netherlands proper.

New Zealand

On 14 May 2012, Labour Party MP Louisa Wall stated that she would introduce a private member's bill, the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, allowing same-sex couples to marry.^[297] The bill was submitted to the members' bill ballot on 30 May 2012.^[298] It was drawn from the ballot and passed the first and second readings on 29 August 2012 and 13 March 2013, respectively.^[299]^[300] The final reading passed on 17 April 2013 by 77 votes to 44.^[301]^[302] The bill received royal assent from the Governor-General on 19 April and took effect on 19 August 2013.^[303]^[304]

New Zealand marriage law only applies to New Zealand proper and the Ross Dependency in Antarctica. Other New Zealand territories, including Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau, have their own marriage law and do not perform or recognise same-sex marriage.^[305]

Norway

Same-sex marriage became legal in Norway on 1 January 2009 when a gender-neutral marriage bill was enacted after being passed by the Norwegian Parliament in June 2008.^[306]^[307] Norway became the first Scandinavian country and the sixth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. Gender-neutral marriage replaced Norway's previous system of registered partnerships for same-sex couples. Couples in registered partnerships are able to retain that status or convert their registered partnership to a marriage. No new registered partnerships may be created.^[308]

Panama

On 17 October 2016, a married same-sex couple filed an action of unconstitutionality seeking to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.^[309] In early November, the case was admitted to the Supreme Court.^[310] A challenge seeking to fully legalize same-sex marriage in Panama was introduced before the Supreme Court in March 2017.^[311] The Supreme Court heard arguments on both cases in summer 2017.^[312]

As the Supreme Court was deliberating on the two cases, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled on 9 January 2018 that countries signatory to the American Convention on Human Rights must legalise same-sex marriage. On 16 January, the Panamanian Government welcomed the decision. Vice President Isabel Saint Malo, speaking on behalf of the Government, announced that the country would fully abide by the ruling. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.^[152]^[151]

Portugal

Portugal created de facto unions similar to common-law marriage for cohabiting opposite-sex partners in 1999, and extended these unions to same-sex couples in 2001. However, the 2001 extension did not allow for same-sex adoption, either jointly or of stepchildren.^[314]

On 11 February 2010, Parliament approved a bill legalizing same-sex marriage. The Portuguese President promulgated the law on 8 April 2010 and the law was effective on 5 June 2010, making Portugal the eighth country to legalize nationwide same-sex marriage; however, adoption was still denied for same-sex couples.^[315]

In December 2015, the Portuguese Parliament approved a bill to recognise adoptions rights for same-sex couples.^[316]^[317]^[318] It came into effect in March 2016.

South Africa

Legal recognition of same-sex marriages in South Africa came about as a result of the Constitutional Court's decision in the case of Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie. The court ruled on 1 December 2005 that the existing marriage laws violated the equality clause of the Bill of Rights because they discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation. The court gave Parliament one year to rectify the inequality.

The Civil Union Act was passed by the National Assembly on 14 November 2006, by a vote of 230 to 41. It became law on 30 November 2006. South Africa became the fifth country, the first in Africa, and the second outside Europe, to legalize same-sex marriage.

Spain

Spain was the third country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage, which has been legal since 3 July 2005, and was supported by the majority of the Spanish people.^[319]^[320]

In 2004, the nation's newly elected Socialist Government, led by President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, began a campaign for its legalization, including the right of adoption by same-sex couples.^[321] After much debate, the law permitting same-sex marriage was passed by the Cortes Generales (Spain's bicameral Parliament) on 30 June 2005. King Juan Carlos, who by law has up to 30 days to decide whether to grant royal assent to laws, signed it on 1 July 2005. The law was published on 2 July 2005.^[322]

Sweden

Same-sex marriage in Sweden has been legal since 1 May 2009, following the adoption of a new gender-neutral law on marriage by the Swedish Parliament on 1 April 2009, making Sweden the seventh country in the world to open marriage to same-sex couples nationwide. Marriage replaced Sweden's registered partnerships for same-sex couples. Existing registered partnerships between same-sex couples remained in force with an option to convert them into marriages.^[323]^[324] Same-sex marriages have been performed by the Church of Sweden since 2009.^[325]

United Kingdom

Since 2005, same-sex couples have been allowed to enter into civil partnerships, a separate union providing the legal consequences of marriage. In 2006, the High Court rejected a legal bid by a British lesbian couple who had married in Canada to have their union recognised as a marriage in the UK rather than a civil partnership.

In September 2011, the Coalition Government announced its intention to introduce same-sex civil marriage in England and Wales by the May 2015 general election.^[326] However, unlike the Scottish Government's consultation, the UK Government's consultation for England and Wales did not include provision for religious ceremonies. In May 2012, three religious groups (Quakers, Liberal Judaism and Unitarians) sent a letter to David Cameron, asking that they be allowed to solemnise same-sex weddings.^[327]

In June 2012, the UK Government completed the consultation to allow civil marriage for same-sex couples in England and Wales.^[328] In its response to the consultation, the Government said that it also intended "...to enable those religious organisations that wish to conduct same-sex marriage ceremonies to do so, on a permissive basis only."^[329]

In December 2012, the Prime Minister, David Cameron, announced that, whilst he favoured allowing same-sex marriage within a religious context, provision would be made guaranteeing no religious institution would be required to perform such ceremonies.^[330] The third reading took place on 21 May 2013, and was approved by 366 votes to 161.^[331] On 16 July 2013, the Commons accepted all of the Lords' amendments.^[332] On 17 July 2013, the bill received royal assent becoming the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which came into force on 13 March 2014.^[332] The first same-sex marriages took place on 29 March 2014.^[333]

The Scottish Government conducted a three-month-long consultation which ended on 9 December 2011. The analysis was published in July 2012.^[334] Unlike the consultation held in England and Wales, Scotland considered both civil and religious same-sex marriage. Whilst the Scottish Government was in favour of same-sex marriage, it stated that no religious body would be forced to hold such ceremonies once legislation is enacted.^[335] On 27 June 2013, the Government published the bill.^[336] In order to preserve the freedom of both religious groups and individual clergy, the Scottish Government believed it necessary for changes to be made to the Equality Act 2010 and communicated with the UK Government on this matter; thus, the first same-sex marriages in Scotland did not occur until this had taken place.^[337]

On 4 February 2014, the Scottish Parliament overwhelmingly passed legislation legalising same-sex marriage.^[338] The bill received royal assent as the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014 on 12 March 2014.^[339]^[340] The law took effect on 16 December 2014, with the first same-sex weddings occurring for those converting their civil partnerships into marriage.^[341]^[342]

The Northern Ireland Executive has stated that it does not intend to introduce legislation allowing for same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions are treated as civil partnerships.^[343]

Of the fourteen British Overseas Territories, same-sex marriage has been legal in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 2014, Akrotiri and Dhekelia and the British Indian Ocean Territory (for UK military personnel) since 3 June 2014, the Pitcairn Islands since 14 May 2015, the British Antarctic Territory since 13 October 2016, Gibraltar since 15 December 2016, Ascension Island since 1 January 2017, the Falkland Islands since 29 April 2017, Bermuda since 5 May 2017, Tristan da Cunha since 4 August 2017 and Saint Helena since 20 December 2017. Of the three Crown dependencies, same-sex marriage has been legal in the Isle of Man since 22 July 2016 and in Guernsey since 2 May 2017.^[344]^[345]

United States

In 1971, the United States Supreme Court dismissed the case Baker v. Nelson, establishing the precedent that denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was not unconstitutional.

The issue did not become prominent in U.S. politics until the 1993 Hawaii Supreme Court decision in Baehr v. Lewin that declared that state's prohibition to be unconstitutional.^[346]

In 1996, before the legalization of same-sex marriage in any U.S. jurisdiction, the U.S. Congress passed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage solely as a union between a man and a woman for all federal purposes, and allowing states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages created in other states.^[347]

On 17 May 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state and the sixth jurisdiction in the world to legalize same-sex marriage following the Supreme Judicial Court's decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health six months earlier.^[348]

President Barack Obama announced on 9 May 2012, that "I think same-sex couples should be able to get married".^[349]^[350]^[351] Obama also supported the full repeal of DOMA,^[352] and called the state constitutional bans on same-sex marriage in California (2008)^[353] and North Carolina (2012) unnecessary.^[354] In 2011, the Obama Administration concluded that DOMA was unconstitutional and directed the U.S. Justice Department (DOJ) to stop defending the law in court.^[355] Subsequently, Eric Cantor, Republican majority leader in the U.S. House of Representatives, announced that the House would defend DOMA.

Voters in Maine, Maryland and Washington approved same-sex marriage by referendum on 6 November 2012.^[356]

On 26 June 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor Section 3 of DOMA was unconstitutional for allowing the Federal Government of the United States to deny federal recognition of same-sex marriage licenses, if it is recognized or performed in a state that allows same-sex marriage.^[357]

On 6 October 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court denied review of five writ petitions from decisions of appellate courts finding constitutional right to same-sex marriage.^[358] The immediate effect was to increase to 25 the number of states allowing same-sex marriage.^[359]

On 26 June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in Obergefell v. Hodges that states cannot prohibit the issuing of marriage licenses to same-sex couples, or deny recognition of lawfully performed out-of-state marriage licenses to same-sex couples. This ruling invalidated same-sex marriage bans in any U.S. State and certain territories.^[360]^[361] Prior to this ruling, same-sex marriages were legally performed in 37 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and some Native American tribes.^[362]^[363]^[364]

Uruguay

Uruguay's Chamber of Deputies passed a bill on 12 December 2012, to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples.^[365] The Senate passed the bill on 2 April 2013, but with minor amendments. On 10 April 2013, the Chamber of Deputies passed the amended bill by a two-thirds majority (71–22). The president promulgated the law on 3 May 2013 and it took effect on 5 August.^[366]

National debates

Armenia

Armenia has historically had few protections or recognition in law of same-sex couples. This changed in July 2017, when the Ministry of Justice revealed that all marriages performed abroad are valid in Armenia, including marriages between people of the same sex.^[367] That made Armenia the second country of the former Soviet Union, after Estonia, to recognise same-sex marriages performed abroad.

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian Constitution forbids the legalisation of same-sex marriage, stipulating that marriage can only be between a man and a woman.

In late 2017, a Bulgarian same-sex couple, who married in the United Kingdom, filed a lawsuit in order to have their marriage recognised.^[368] The Sofia Administrative Court ruled against them in January 2018.^[369]

Chile

Michelle Bachelet, the President of Chile, who was elected to a second term in March 2014, has promised to work for the implementation of same-sex marriage and has a majority in both houses of Congress. Previously, she said, "Marriage equality, I believe we have to make it happen."^[370] Polling shows majority support for same-sex marriage among Chileans.^[371] A poll carried out during September 2015 by the pollster Cadem Plaza Pública found that 60% of Chileans support same-sex marriage, whilst 36% are against it.^[372]

On 10 December 2014, a group of senators from various parties, joined LGBT rights group MOVILH (Homosexual Movement of Integration and Liberation) in presenting a bill to allow same-sex marriage and adoption to Congress. MOVILH has been in talks with the Chilean Government to seek an amiable solution to the pending marriage lawsuit brought against the state before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. MOVILH has suggested that they would drop the case if Bachelet's Congress keeps their promise to legislate same-sex marriage.^[373]

On 28 January 2015, the National Congress approved a bill recognizing civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples offering some of the rights of marriage. Bachelet signed the bill on 14 April, and it came into effect on 22 October.^[374]^[375]

In September 2016, President Bachelet stated before a United Nations General Assembly panel that the Chilean Government would submit a same-sex marriage bill to Congress in the first half of 2017.^[376] A same-sex marriage bill was submitted in September 2017.^[377] Parliament began discussing the bill on 27 November 2017.^[378]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Chile.

China

The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China explicitly defines marriage as the union between one man and one woman. No other form of civil union is recognized. The attitude of the Chinese Government towards homosexuality is believed to be "three nos": "No approval; no disapproval; no promotion." The Ministry of Health officially removed homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses in 2001.

Li Yinhe, a sociologist and sexologist well known in the Chinese gay community, has tried to legalize same-sex marriage several times, including during the National People's Congress in 2000 and 2004 (Legalization for Same-Sex Marriage 《中国同性婚姻合法化》 in 2000 and the Same-Sex Marriage Bill 《中国同性婚姻提案》 in 2004). According to Chinese law, 35 delegates' signatures are needed to make an issue a bill to be discussed in the Congress. Her efforts failed due to lack of support from the delegates. CPPCC National Committee spokesman Wu Jianmin when asked about Li Yinhe's proposal, said that same-sex marriage was still too "ahead of its time" for China. He argued that same-sex marriage was not recognized even in many Western countries, which are considered much more liberal in social issues than China.^[379] This statement is understood as an implication that the Government may consider recognition of same-sex marriage in the long run, but not in the near future.

On 5 January 2016, a court in Changsha, southern Hunan Province, agreed to hear the lawsuit of 26-year-old Sun Wenlin filed in December 2015 against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District for its June 2015 refusal to let him marry his 36-year-old male partner, Hu Mingliang. On 13 April 2016, with hundreds of same-sex marriage supporters outside, the Changsha court ruled against Sun, who vowed to appeal, citing the importance of his case for LGBT progress in China.^[380]

Czech Republic

Before the October 2017 election, LGBT activists started a public campaign with the aim of achieving same-sex marriage within the next four years.^[381]^[382]

Prime Minister Andrej Babiš supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage,^[383] as do 52% of the Czech people.^[381]

Ecuador

In 2013, gay activist Pamela Troya filed a lawsuit to strike down Ecuador's same-sex marriage ban and legalise same-sex marriage in the country. The lawsuit remains pending.^[384]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Ecuador.

El Salvador

In August 2016, a lawyer in El Salvador filed a lawsuit before the country's Supreme Court asking for the nullification of Article 11 of the Family Code which defines marriage as a heterosexual union. Labeling the law as discriminatory and explaining the lack of gendered terms used in Article 34 of the Constitution’s summary of a marriage, the lawsuit seeks to allow same-sex couples the right to wed.^[385] The Court dismissed the lawsuit in December 2016.^[386] A second lawsuit was filed in November 2016.

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to El Salvador.

Estonia

In October 2014, the Estonian Parliament approved a civil union law open to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.^[387]

In December 2016, the Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that same-sex marriages concluded in another country must be recognised as such in Estonia.^[388]

Georgia

In 2016, a man filed a challenge against Georgia's same-sex marriage ban, arguing that while the Civil Code of Georgia states that marriage is explicitly between a man and a woman; the Constitution does not reference gender in its section on marriage.^[389]

In September 2017, the Georgian Parliament approved a constitutional amendment establishing marriage as "a union between a woman and a man for the purpose of creating a family."^[390] President Giorgi Margvelashvili vetoed the constitutional amendment on 9 October. Parliament overrode his veto on 13 October.^[391]

India

Same-sex marriage is not explicitly prohibited under Indian law and at least one couple has had their marriage recognised by the courts.^[392]

In April 2014, Medha Patkar of the Aam Aadmi Party stated that her party supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage.^[393]

As of 2017, a draft of a Uniform Civil Code that would legalise same-sex marriage has been proposed.^[394]

Israel

Israel's High Court of Justice ruled to recognize foreign same-sex marriages for the limited purpose of registration with the Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration, however this is merely for statistical purposes and grants no state-level rights; Israel does not recognize civil marriages performed under its own jurisdiction. A bill was raised in the Knesset (parliament) to rescind the High Court's ruling, but the Knesset has not advanced the bill since December 2006. A bill to legalize same-sex and interfaith civil marriages was defeated in the Knesset, 39–11, on 16 May 2012.^[395]

In November 2015, the National LGBT Taskforce of Israel petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel to allow same-sex marriage in the country, arguing that the refusal of the rabbinical court to recognise same-sex marriage should not prevent civil courts from performing same-sex marriages. The court did not immediately rule against the validity of the petition.^[396]

Italy

The cities of Bologna, Naples and Fano began recognizing same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions in July 2014,^[397]^[398] followed by Empoli, Pordenone, Udine and Trieste in September,^[399]^[400]^[401] and Florence, Piombino, Milan and Rome in October,^[402]^[403] and by Bagheria in November.^[404] Other cities that are considering similar laws include Cagliari, Livorno, Syracuse, Pompei and Treviso.^[405]

A January 2013 Datamonitor poll found that 54.1% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage.^[406] A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 42% of Italians supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.^[407] An October 2014 Demos poll found that 55% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, with 42% against.^[408]

On 25 February 2016, the Italian Senate passed a bill allowing civil unions with 173 senators in favour and 73 against. That same bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May 2016 with 372 deputies in favour and 51 against.^[409] The President of Italy signed the bill into law on 22 May 2016 and the law went into effect on 5 June 2016.

On 31 January 2017, the Italian Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad can be fully recognized by court order, when at least one of the two spouses is a citizen of a European Union country where same-sex marriage is legal.^[410]

Japan

Same-sex marriage is not legal in Japan. Article 24 of the Japanese Constitution states that "Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis."^[411] Article 24 was created to establish the equality of both sexes in marriage, in opposition to the pre-war legal situation whereby the husband/father was legally defined as the head of household and marriage require permission from the male head of the family.

51% of the Japanese population supports same-sex marriage, according to the latest poll carried out in 2017.^[412]

Latvia

On 27 May 2016, the Constitutional Court of Latvia overturned an administrative court decision which refused an application to register a same-sex marriage in the country. A Supreme Court press spokeswoman said that the court agrees with the administrative court that current regulations do not allow for same-sex marriages to be legally performed in Latvia. However, the matter should have been considered in a context not of marriage, but of registering familial partnership. Furthermore, it would have been impossible to conclude whether the applicants' rights were violated or not unless their claim is accepted and reviewed in a proper manner.^[413] The Supreme Court will now decide whether the refusal was in breach of the Latvian Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights.

Nepal

In November 2008, the Supreme Court of Nepal issued final judgment on matters related to LGBT rights, which included permitting same-sex couples to marry. Same-sex marriage and protection for sexual minorities were to be included in the new Nepalese Constitution required to be completed by 31 May 2012.^[414]^[415] However, the Legislature was unable to agree on the Constitution before the deadline and was dissolved after the Supreme Court ruled that the term could not be extended.^[416]

In October 2016, the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare constituted a committee for the purpose of preparing a draft bill to legalize same-sex marriage.^[417]

Peru

In a ruling published on 9 January 2017, the 7th Constitutional Court of Lima ordered the RENIEC to recognize and register the marriage of a same-sex couple who had previously wed in Mexico City.^[418]^[419] RENIEC later appealed the ruling.^[420]

On 14 February 2017, a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was introduced in the Peruvian Congress.^[421]

The 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling regarding the legalisation of same-sex marriage in countries that have ratified the American Convention on Human Rights applies to Peru. On 11 January, the president of the Supreme Court stated that the Peruvian Government should abide by the IACHR ruling.^[149]

Philippines

Same-sex marriages and civil unions are currently not recognized by the state, the illegal insurgent Communist Party of the Philippines performs same-sex marriages in territories under its control since 2005.^[422]

In October 2016, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines Pantaleon Alvarez announced he will file a civil union bill in Congress.^[423] The bill was introduced to Congress in October of the following year under the wing of the House Speaker and three other congresspersons, including Geraldine Roman, the country's first duly-elected transgender lawmaker.^[424]

President Rodrigo Duterte supports the legalisation of same-sex marriage, but feels that such a law may not pass in Congress yet as many are still influenced heavily by colonial-era Christian ideals. He also supports same-sex civil union, which has a higher possibility for passage and is supported by the majority of congresspersons.^[425]

Romania

As of October 2016, a lawsuit initiated by a Romanian man seeking to have his marriage to an American man recognised is ongoing. The Constitutional Court is hearing the case and is consulting with the European Court of Justice on the matter. A hearing in the case took place in late March 2017.^[426]

Slovenia

Slovenia recognises registered partnerships for same-sex couples.

In December 2014, the eco-socialist United Left party introduced a bill amending expansion of the definition of marriage in the 1976 Marriage and Family Relations Act to include same-sex couples. In January 2015, the Government expressed no opposition to the bill. In February 2015, the bill was passed with 11 votes to 2. In March, the Assembly passed the bill in a 51–28 vote. On 10 March 2015, the National Council rejected a motion to require the Assembly to vote on the bill again, in a 14–23 vote. Opponents of the bill launched a petition for a referendum and managed to collect 40,000 signatures. Then Parliament voted to block the referendum with a clarification that it would be against the Slovenian Constitution to vote about matters concerning human rights. Finally the Constitutional Court ruled against the banning of the referendum (5–4) and the referendum was to be held on 20 December 2015.

In the referendum, 63.4% of the voters voted against the law, rendering Parliament's same-sex marriage act invalid.^[427]

South Korea

In July 2015, Kim Jho Kwang-soo and his partner, Kim Seung-Hwan, filed a lawsuit seeking legal status for their marriage after their marriage registration form was rejected by the local authorities in Seoul. On 25 May 2016, a South Korean district court ruled against the couple and argued that without clear legislation a same-sex union can not be recognized as a marriage.^[428] The couple quickly filed an appeal against the district court ruling. Their lawyer, Ryu Min-Hee, announced that two more same-sex couples had filed separate lawsuits in order to be allowed to wed.^[429]

In December 2016, a South Korean appeals court upheld the district court ruling. The couple vowed to bring the case to the Supreme Court of South Korea.^[430]

A 2017 poll found that 41% of South Koreans support same-sex marriage, while 52% are opposed.^[431] Support among young people is much higher, however. A 2014 opinion poll found that 60% of South Koreans in their 20s support same-sex marriage, almost the double of that of 2010 (30.5%).^[432]

Switzerland

A same-sex marriage bill is pending in Parliament after the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland,^[433] introduced a constitutional initiative to legalize same-sex marriage in December 2013, in opposition to a Christian Democrat initiative banning same-sex marriage. The Committee for Legal Affairs of the National Council approved the Green Liberal initiative by 12-9 and 1 abstention on 20 February 2015.^[434] On 1 September 2015, the upper house's Legal Affairs Committee voted 7 to 5 to proceed with the initiative.^[435] The National Council's Legal Affairs Committee can now draft an act.

In a poll in June 2013 for ifop, 63% approved same-sex marriage.^[436] After the National Council's Committee of Law Affairs' decision to approve same-sex marriage, two opinion polls released on 22 February 2015 showed a support of 54% (Léger Marketing for Blick^[437]) and 71% (GfS Zürich for SonntagsZeitung^[438]) allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. Additionally, in November 2016, voters in the canton of Zürich overwhelmingly rejected an initiative seeking to ban same-sex marriage in the cantonal Constitution, with 81% voting against.^[439]

In March 2015, the Swiss Federal Council released a governmental report about marriage and new rights for families. It opens the possibility to introduce registered partnerships for different-sex couples as well as same-sex marriage for same-sex couples.^[440] Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga in charge of the Federal Department of Justice and Police also stated she hoped personally that same-sex couples would soon be allowed to marry.^[441]

The Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (CVP/PDC) started in 2011 with gathering signatures for a popular initiative entitled "For the couple and the family - No to the penalty of marriage". This initiative would change article 14 of the Swiss Federal Constitution and aimed to put equal fiscal rights and equal social security benefits between married couples and unmarried cohabiting couples. However, the text aimed to introduce as well in the Constitution for the first time ever the definition of marriage, which would be the sole "union between a man and a woman".^[442] On 19 June 2015, the Parliament recommended that voters reject the initiative.^[443] The Federal Council also recommended rejecting the initiative.^[444]^[445] The Swiss people voted on the Christian Democrats' proposal in a referendum on 28 February 2016^[446] and rejected it by 50.8% of the votes.^[447]

Taiwan

On 22 December 2014, a proposed amendment to the Civil Code which would legalize same-sex marriage was due to go under review by the Judiciary Committee. If the amendment passes the committee stage it will then be voted on at the plenary session of the Legislative Yuan in 2015. The amendment, called the marriage equality amendment, would insert neutral terms into the Civil Code replacing ones that imply heterosexual marriage, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage. It would also allow same-sex couples to adopt children.

Yu Mei-nu of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), who is the convener of the current legislative session, has expressed support for the amendment as have more than 20 other DPP lawmakers as well as two from the Taiwan Solidarity Union and one each from the Kuomintang and the People First Party.^[448] Taiwan would become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage if the Civil Code is amended.

A poll carried out between August and October 2015 found that 71% of the Taiwanese population supports same-sex marriage.^[449] Tsai Ing-wen, the President of Taiwan since May 2016, announced her support of same-sex marriage in November 2015.^[450]

In October 2016, two same-sex marriage bills were introduced before the Legislative Yuan. Subsequently, protests have been staged by groups opposing and by groups supporting legalization.^[451]^[452]

On 24 May 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry, and gave the Government two years to amend the law to that effect. If the law is not amended after two years, same-sex couples will be able to register a valid marriage application in Taiwan.^[1]

Venezuela

In April 2016, the Supreme Court announced it would hear a lawsuit which seeks to declare Article 44 of the Civil Code unconstitutional for outlawing same-sex marriage.^[453]

President Nicolás Maduro supports same-sex marriage, and has suggested that the Constituent Assembly would agree to legalising it.^[454]

Vietnam

In Vietnam, currently only a marriage between a man and a woman is recognized. Vietnam's Ministry of Justice began seeking advice on legalizing same-sex marriage from other governmental and non-governmental organizations in April and May 2012, and planned to further discuss the issue at the National Assembly in Spring 2013.^[455] However, in February 2013, the Ministry of Justice requested that the National Assembly avoid action until 2014.^[456] At a hearing to discuss marriage law reforms in April 2013, deputy minister of health Nguyen Viet Tien proposed that same-sex marriage be made legal immediately.^[457]

The Vietnamese Government abolished an administrative fine imposed on same-sex weddings in 2013.^[458] The policy was enacted on 11 November 2013. The 100,000–500,000 VND ($24USD) fine will be abolished. Although same-sex marriages are not permitted in Vietnam, the policy will decriminalize the relationship, habitual privileges such as household registry, property, child raising, and co-habitual partnerships are recognized.^[459]

In June 2013, the National Assembly began formal debate on a proposal to establish legal recognition for same-sex marriage.^[460] On 24 September 2013, the Government issued the decree abolishing the fines on same-sex marriages. The decree took effect on 11 November 2013.^[461]^[462]^[463]

On 27 May 2014, the National Assembly's Committee for Social Affairs removed the provision giving legal status and some rights to cohabiting same-sex couples from the Government's bill to amend the Law on Marriage and Family.^[464]^[465] The bill was approved by the National Assembly on 19 June 2014.^[466]^[467]

On 1 January 2015, the 2014 Law on Marriage and Family officially went into effect. It states that while Vietnam allows same-sex weddings, it will not offer legal recognition or protection to unions between people of the same sex.^[468]

International organizations

The terms of employment of the staff of international organizations (not commercial) in most cases are not governed by the laws of the country where their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard these organizations' impartiality.

Despite their relative independence, few organizations recognize same-sex partnerships without condition. The agencies of the United Nations recognize same-sex marriages if and only if the country of citizenship of the employees in question recognizes the marriage.^[469] In some cases, these organizations do offer a limited selection of the benefits normally provided to mixed-sex married couples to de facto partners or domestic partners of their staff, but even individuals who have entered into a mixed-sex civil union in their home country are not guaranteed full recognition of this union in all organizations. However, the World Bank does recognize domestic partners.^[470]

Other arrangements

Civil unions

Civil union, civil partnership, domestic partnership, registered partnership, unregistered partnership, and unregistered cohabitation statuses offer varying legal benefits of marriage. As of December 2017, countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level are: Andorra, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan (various cities), Liechtenstein, Mexico (Tlaxcala), the Netherlands (Aruba), San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland, Taiwan (all special municipalities and some counties and provincial cities) and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Jersey).^[472]^[473]

Additionally, fourteen countries which have legalized same-sex marriage still have an alternative form of legal recognition for same-sex couples, usually available to heterosexual couples as well: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.^[474]^[475]^[476]^[477]

They are also available in parts of the United States (California, Hawaii, Illinois, New Jersey, Nevada, Oregon and Wisconsin).^[478]^[479]

Non-sexual same-sex marriage

Kenya

Female same-sex marriage is practiced among the Gikuyu, Nandi, Kamba, Kipsigis, and to a lesser extent neighboring peoples. Approximately 5–10% of women are in such marriages. However, this is not seen as homosexual, but is instead a way for families without sons to keep their inheritance within the family.^[480] The laws criminalizing homosexuality are generally specific to men, though in 2010 the prime minister called for women to be arrested as well.^{[citation needed]}

Nigeria

In Nigeria, homosexual activity between men, but not between women, is illegal. In 2006, Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo introduced legislation that prohibits same-sex marriages and criminalizes anyone who "performs, witnesses, aids or abets" such ceremonies.^[481]

Among the Igbo people and probably other peoples in the south of the country, there are circumstances where a marriage between women is considered appropriate, such as when a woman has no child and her husband dies, and she takes a wife to perpetuate her inheritance and family lineage.^[482]

Issues

While few societies have recognized same-sex unions as marriages, the historical and anthropological record reveals a large range of attitudes towards same-sex unions ranging from praise, through full acceptance and integration, sympathetic toleration, indifference, prohibition and discrimination, to persecution and physical annihilation. Opponents of same-sex marriages have argued that same-sex marriage, while doing good for the couples that participate in them and the children they are raising,^[483] undermines a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father.^[484] Some supporters of same-sex marriages take the view that the government should have no role in regulating personal relationships,^[485] while others argue that same-sex marriages would provide social benefits to same-sex couples.^[486] The debate regarding same-sex marriages includes debate based upon social viewpoints as well as debate based on majority rules, religious convictions, economic arguments, health-related concerns, and a variety of other issues.^{[citation needed]}

Parenting

Scientific literature indicates that parents' financial, psychological and physical well-being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union (either a mixed-sex or same-sex union). As a result, professional scientific associations have argued for same-sex marriage to be legally recognized as it will be beneficial to the children of same-sex parents or carers.^[18]^[19]^[20]^[487]^[488]

Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents.^[19]^[488]^[489]^[490] According to scientific literature reviews, there is no evidence to the contrary.^[57]^[491]^[492]^[493]

Adoption

All states that allow same-sex marriage also allow the joint adoption of children by people of the same sex, with the exceptions of Jalisco, Nayarit and Quintana Roo in Mexico. In addition, Andorra, Austria and Israel as well as several subnational jurisdictions which do not recognize same-sex marriage nonetheless permit joint adoption by unmarried same-sex couples: Querétaro and Veracruz in Mexico as well as Northern Ireland and Jersey in the United Kingdom. Some additional states allow stepchild adoption by those who are in a same-sex relationship but are unmarried: Croatia, Estonia, Italy (on a case-by-case basis), Slovenia and Switzerland.^[494]

More than 16,000 same-sex couples are raising an estimated 22,000 adopted children in the United States.^[495] Same-sex couples are raising 4% of all adopted children in the United States.^[496]

Surrogacy and IVF treatment

A gay or bisexual man has the option of surrogacy, the process in which a woman bears a child for another person through artificial insemination or carries another woman's surgically implanted fertilized egg to birth. A lesbian or bisexual woman has the option of artificial insemination.^[497]^[498]

Transgender and intersex people

When sex is defined legally, it may be defined by any one of several criteria: the XY sex-determination system, the type of gonads, the type of external sexual features, or the person's social identification.^{[citation needed]} Consequently, both transgender and intersex individuals may be legally categorized into confusing gray areas, and could be prohibited from marrying partners of the "opposite" sex or permitted to marry partners of the "same" sex due to legal distinctions.^{[citation needed]} This could result in long-term marriages, as well as recent same-sex marriages, being overturned.^{[citation needed]}

The problems of defining gender by the existence/non-existence of gonads or certain sexual features is complicated by the existence of surgical methods to alter these features.^{[citation needed]} Estimates run as high as one percent of live births exhibiting some degree of sexual ambiguity,^[483]^[499] and between 0.1% and 0.2% of live births being ambiguous enough to become the subject of specialist medical attention, including sometimes involuntary surgery to address their sexual ambiguity.^[500]

In any legal jurisdiction where marriages are defined without distinction of a requirement of a male and female, these complications do not occur. In addition, some legal jurisdictions recognize a legal and official change of gender, which would allow a transgender male or female to be legally married in accordance with an adopted gender identity.^[501]

In the United Kingdom, the Gender Recognition Act 2004 allows a person who has lived in their chosen gender for at least two years to receive a gender recognition certificate officially recognizing their new gender. Because in the United Kingdom marriages were until recently only for mixed-sex couples and civil partnerships are only for same-sex couples, a person must dissolve his/her civil partnership before obtaining a gender recognition certificate, and the same was formerly true for marriages in England and Wales, and still is in other territories. Such people are then free to enter or re-enter civil partnerships or marriages in accordance with their newly recognized gender identity. In Austria, a similar provision requiring transsexual people to divorce before having their legal sex marker corrected was found to be unconstitutional in 2006.^[502]

In Quebec, prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage, only unmarried people could apply for legal change of gender. With the advent of same-sex marriage, this restriction was dropped. A similar provision including sterilization also existed in Sweden, but was phased out in 2013.^[503]

In the United States, transgender and intersex marriages typically run into similar complications.^{[citation needed]} As definitions and enforcement of marriage are defined by the states, these complications vary from state to state,^[504] as some of them prohibit legal changes of gender.^{[citation needed]}

Divorce

In the United States of America before the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, couples in same-sex marriages could only obtain a divorce in jurisdictions that recognized same-sex marriages, with some exceptions.^[505]

Judicial and legislative

There are differing positions regarding the manner in which same-sex marriage has been introduced into democratic jurisdictions. A "majority rules" position holds that same-sex marriage is valid, or void and illegal, based upon whether it has been accepted by a simple majority of voters or of their elected representatives.^[506]

In contrast, a civil rights view holds that the institution can be validly created through the ruling of an impartial judiciary carefully examining the questioning and finding that the right to marry regardless of the gender of the participants is guaranteed under the civil rights laws of the jurisdiction.^[507]

Opposition

Religious views

Religion plays a prominent role in discourse about same-sex marriage,^{[citation needed]} and several religious organizations and churches have expressed a range of official positions. Religious views on same-sex marriage are closely related to religious views on homosexuality.^{[citation needed]} While the majority of world religions stand in opposition, the number of denominations accepting and conducting same-sex marriages has increased in the 2000s and 2010s.^{[citation needed]} Some religious arguments for supporting same-sex marriage are beginning to emerge.^[508]

Among Evangelical Christians, the Roman Catholic Church,^[509] Eastern Orthodox Church,^[510] and various Protestant denominations, such as Seventh-day Adventists, take official positions opposing same-sex marriage.^[511] The Jehovah's Witnesses are also officially opposed to same-sex marriage.^[512] Some Protestant groups, like the Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church (USA), the United Church of Christ and the Old Catholic Church (US Province), support allowing those of the same sex to marry or conduct same-sex marriage ceremonies.^[513]^[514]^[515] Some individual churches have committed to marriage equality in opposition to their denominations' stances.^[516]^[517]^[518] In 2016, a survey found that 64% of white mainline Protestants in the United States favor allowing same-sex couples to legally wed.^[519]

The vast majority of traditional Muslim scholars believe Shariah law opposes same-sex marriage and condemns same-sex sex. This is also the dominant view in modern Muslim societies. Some Muslims in the West now argue that homosexuality is allowed by Shariah law.^[520] Most Orthodox Jewish leaders oppose same-sex marriage, while Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist Jewish rabbinical groups affirm its validity.^[521] Although Buddhism is considered to be ambivalent on the subject as a whole,^[522]^{[failed verification]} particular Buddhists have supported same-sex marriage,^[523]^[524]^[525] as do a variety of other religious traditions.^[526]

Religious freedom

One source of controversy is whether same-sex marriage affects freedom of religion.^[527]^[528]^[529]^[530]^[531] Some religious organizations may refuse to provide employment, public accommodations, adoption services, and other benefits to same-sex couples.^[532] Some jurisdictions include religion accommodation provisions in marriage equality laws.^[533]

Following the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges in June 2015, a county clerk in Kentucky, Kim Davis, who objects to same-sex marriage on religious grounds, was named as defendant in six lawsuits after refusing to issue marriage licenses to opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Some prominent Americans, including politician Ted Cruz, expressed support for her.^[534]

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission is a pending case before the Supreme Court of the United States on whether creative businesses can refuse certain services due to their First Amendment rights of free speech and free exercise of religion in light of public accommodation laws—in particular, by refusing to provide creative services, such as a custom wedding cake for same-sex marriage ceremonies, on the basis of one's religious beliefs. The Court took oral arguments on 5 December 2017, with a decision likely to be made by the end of the court's term.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Same-sex marriage is legal in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Querétaro. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
^ ^a ^b ^c Same-sex marriage is legal in the Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
^ ^a ^b ^c Same-sex marriage is legal in New Zealand proper, though is not legal in Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, which together make up the Realm of New Zealand.
^ ^a ^b ^c Same-sex marriage is legal in England, Wales and Scotland; though is notably not legal in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriage is legal in the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bermuda, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and in the Crown dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man.
^ ^a ^b ^c Same-sex marriage is legal in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and all territories except American Samoa. Additionally some tribal jurisdictions do not recognize same-sex marriage.
^ ^a ^b These countries are Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica, which are also signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights, do not accept the Court's blanket jurisdiction.

References

^ ^a ^b "Taiwan's top court rules in favour of same-sex marriage". BBC News. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
^ "Gay marriage in Austria approved by Constitutional Court". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage". Agence France-Presse. Yahoo7. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Poll shows growing support for same-sex marriage". Sydney Morning Herald. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ "For several years a majority of Australians have supported marriage equality". Australian Marriage Equality Incorporated. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^
See:
- Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ Gross, Aeyal (30 June 2015). "Why Gay Marriage Isn't Coming to Israel Any Time Soon". Haaretz Online. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia". Panarmenian.Net. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Taylor, Pamela K. (31 July 2009). "Marriage: Both Civil and Religious". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Smith, Susan K. (30 July 2009). "Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ "Decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2010.
^ Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan – 2004
^ Messner, Thomas (29 July 2011). "Same-Sex Marriage and Threats to Religious Freedom: How Nondiscrimination Laws Factor In". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Marcus, Caroline (14 August 2017). "Gay marriage activists are pushing many like me to 'No' column". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ Cline, Austin (16 July 2017). "Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage". Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b American Psychological Association (2004). "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ American Sociological Association. "American Sociological Association Member Resolution on Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment Regarding Marriage". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement" (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
^ "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children | Special Articles | Pediatrics". Pediatrics.aappublications.org. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al., supporting plaintiffs-appellees and urging affirmance – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b American Anthropological Association (2004). "Statement on Marriage and the Family". Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ "Marriage Equality". Garden State Equality. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ "Marriage 101". Freedom to Marry. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Pratt, Patricia (29 May 2012). "Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act". Albany Examiner. Retrieved 25 December 2012. On July 24, 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state's legal view of what a married couple is.
^ "Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January: sponsors". Chicago Phoenix. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
^ "Commission endorses marriage and adoption equality". Human Right Commission New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Mulholland, Helene (27 September 2012). "Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
^ Ring, Trudy (20 December 2012). "Newt Gingrich: Marriage Equality Inevitable, OK". The Advocate. Los Angeles. He [Newt Gingrich] noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half-sister, LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich, but has gay friends who've gotten married in Iowa, where their unions are legal. Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality, he said, and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide.
^ "State lacks authority to redefine marriage, says bishop". Catholic News Agency. CNA. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
^ Will Rabbe (18 July 2013). "Redefining marriage, one dictionary at a time". MSNBC. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
^ "Ten Arguments From Social Science Against Same-Sex Marriage". FRC.org. Family Research Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ...it is unlikely that homosexual marriage would domesticate men in the way that heterosexual marriage does. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Wemple, Erik (25 February 2008). "Washington Times Scare Quotes Are History". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
^ Harper, Robyn (6 June 2012). "When I Get Married, Will It Be a 'Gay Marriage'?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Harper, Robyn (30 June 2012). "My Marriage Won't Be a 'Gay Marriage'". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Fedorak, Shirley A. (2008). Anthropology matters!. [Toronto], Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. Ch. 11, p. 174. ISBN 1442601086.
^ ^a ^b Gough, Kathleen E. (January–June 1959). "The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 89 (1): 23–34. doi:10.2307/2844434. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (2001). Boy-wives and female husbands : studies of African homosexualities (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 0312238290.
^ Njambi, Wairimu; O'Brien, William (Spring 2001). "Revisiting "Woman-Woman Marriage": Notes on Gikuyu Women". NWSA Journal. 12 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/nwsa.2000.0015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ "Dictionaries take lead in redefining modern marriage". The Washington Times. 24 May 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Webster Makes It Official: Definition of Marriage Has Changed". American Bar Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Redman, Daniel (7 April 2009). "Noah Webster Gives His Blessing: Dictionaries recognize same-sex marriage—who knew?". Slate (magazine). Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Dershowitz, Alan M. (3 December 2003). "Government Should Quit the Marriage Business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ "Board of Advisors". Ruth Institute. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Morse, Jennifer Roback (20 May 2004). "Not a Social Contract". National Review. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Kincaid, Cliff (26 February 2004). "Honest Versus Slanted Journalism". Accuracy In Media. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ Cline, Austin. "Washington Times Dismisses Gay "Marriages"". About.com. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ "The Divine Institution of Marriage". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ "Bishops discuss religious liberty, marriage, finances at annual meeting". Catholic New Service. Baltimore. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Marriage Protection Sunday: Churches encouraged to address 'gay marriage'". Baptist Press. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^ "Same-sex marriage and children's well-being: Research roundup". Journalist's Resource. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ Hasin, Deborah. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ Brian Mustanski (22 March 2010). "New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ Rauch, Jonathan. "For Better or Worse? The Case for Gay (and Straight) Marriage". The New Republic via jonathanrauch.com. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
^ Rauch, Jonathan (2004). Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pawelski, J.G.; Perrin, E.C.; Foy, J.M.; Allen, C.E.; Crawford, J.E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J.D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J.L.; Vickers, D.L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
^ Herek, Gregory M. "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: A social science perspective." American Psychologist, Vol 61(6), September 2006, pp. 607–21.
^ Contact: Elaine Justice: 404.727.0643. "Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory University. Retrieved 5 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Peng, Handie. "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare". academia.edu. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^ Francis, AM; Mialon, HM (March 2010). "Tolerance and HIV" (PDF). Journal of Health Economics. 29 (2): 250–267. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.11.016. PMID 20036431. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Public Opinion: Nationally". australianmarriageequality.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Gay Life in Estonia". globalgayz.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Jowit, Juliette (12 June 2012). "Gay marriage gets ministerial approval". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Most Irish people support gay marriage, poll says". PinkNews. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Law and Civil Rights". PollingReport.com. POLLING REPORT, INC. 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
^ "U.S. Support for Gay Marriage Edges to New High". Gallup. 2017.
^ "Survey – Generations at Odds: The Millennial Generation and the Future of Gay and Lesbian Rights". Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Pew Forum: Part 2: Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Poirier, Justine. "Same-Sex Marriage: Let's Make a Change". Montréalités Justice. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Data Points: Support for Legal Same-Sex Marriage". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people in the Western Balkans" (PDF). ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and Turke. June 2023.
^ "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cultura polítical de la democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Vanderbilt University (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. p. 132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x LGBT+ PRIDE 2024 (PDF). Ipsos. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". 27 November 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ "Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht". Antiliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 26 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa "Discrimination in the European Union". TNS. European Commission. Retrieved 8 June 2024. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Barómetro de las Américas: Actualidad – 2 de junio de 2015" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. 2 July 2015.
^ "63% está de acuerdo con la creación de una AFP Estatal que compita con las actuales AFPs privadas". Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ https://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/images/INFORMESUOP/EncuestaEnero/Informe-encuesta-ENERO-2018.pdf ^{[dead link]}
^ "Encuesta: Un 63,1% de los cubanos quiere matrimonio igualitario en la Isla". Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 July 2019.
^ Guzman, Samuel (5 February 2018). "Encuesta de CDN sobre matrimonio homosexual en RD recibe más de 300 mil votos - CDN - El Canal de Noticias de los Dominicanos" [CDN survey on homosexual marriage in DR receives more than 300 thousand votes] (in Spanish).
^ America's Barometer Topical Brief #034, Disapproval of Same-Sex Marriage in Ecuador: A Clash of Generations?, 23 July 2019. Counting ratings 1–3 as 'disapprove', 8–10 as 'approve', and 4–7 as neither.
^ "Partido de Bukele se "consolida" en preferencias electorales en El Salvador". 21 January 2021.
^ "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.
^ "Más del 70% de los hondureños rechaza el matrimonio homosexual". Diario La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 May 2018.
^ "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.
^ Staff (13 February 2023). "64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll". Kyodo News. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^ Isoda, Kazuaki (21 February 2023). "Survey: 72% of voters in favor of legalizing gay marriages". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).
^ "Sondaj: chișinăuienii au devenit mai toleranți față de comunitatea LGBT". Radio Europa Liberă Moldova (in Romanian). 18 May 2022.
^ "Most Mozambicans against homosexual violence, study finds". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 4 June 2018., (full report)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ "First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
^ "(Nie)dzielące związki: Polki i Polacy o prawach par jednopłciowych". More in Common. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
^ Mikołajczyk, Marek (24 April 2024). "Tak dla związków partnerskich, nie dla adopcji [SONDAŻ DGP]". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
^ "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.
^ "Polovici slovenských občanov neprekážajú registrované partnerstvá pre páry rovnakého pohlavia". 27 March 2024.
^ Strong, Matthew (19 May 2023). "Support for gay marriage surges in Taiwan 4 years after legalization". Taiwan News. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
^ "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.
^ Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ "Opinión sobre el matrimonio igualitario" [Opinion on equal marriage]. LatinoBarómetro. 10 June 2024.
^ Crónica Uno, Encuesta refleja que mayoría de venezolanos apoya igualdad de derechos para la población LGBTIQ, 2 March, 2023
^ Rabbi Joel Roth. Homosexuality rabbinicalassembly.org 1992.
^ Shaw criticises Boswell's methodology and conclusions as disingenuous Shaw, Brent (July 1994). "A Groom of One's Own?". The New Republic: 43–48. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^ Boswell, John (1995). Same-sex unions in premodern Europe. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 80–85. ISBN 0-679-75164-5.
^ Frier, Bruce. "Roman Same-Sex Weddings from the Legal Perspective". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Bunson, M., Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 259.
^ "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 80". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Herodian. "Herodian of Antioch, History of the Roman Empire (1961) pp.135-152. Book 5". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Scarre, Chris (1995). Chronicles of the Roman Emperors. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 151. ISBN 0-500-05077-5.
^ Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 284.
^ ^a ^b Nero missed her so greatly that, on learning of a woman who resembled her, he sent for her and kept her; but later he caused a boy of the freedmen, whom he used to call Sporus, ... "he formally "married" Sporus, and assigned the boy a regular dowry according to contract;" q.v., Suetonius Nero 28; Dio Cassius Epitome 62.28
^ "Bill Thayer's Web Site". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 62". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Corbett, The Roman Law of Marriage (Oxford, 1969), pp. 24–28; Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), pp. 43–49.; "Marriages where the partners had conubium were marriages valid in Roman law (iusta matrimonia)" [Treggiari, p. 49]. Compare Ulpian (Tituli Ulpiani) 5.3–5: "Conubium is the capacity to marry a wife in Roman law. Roman citizens have conubium with Roman citizens, but with Latins and foreigners only if the privilege was granted. There is no conubium with slaves"; compare also Gaius (Institutionum 1:55–56, 67, 76–80).
^ Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), p. 5.
^ Kuefler, Mathew (2007). "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law". Journal of Family History. 32 (4): 343–370. doi:10.1177/0363199007304424.
^ "How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be". March–April 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ "The secret history of same-sex marriage". The Guardian. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Same-sex marriage around the world". CBC News. Toronto. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
^ "Nepal approves same-sex marriage". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Taiwan court rules in favor of same-sex marriage, first in Asia
^ Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory,; The Independent, 5 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Antoine Buyse (24 June 2010). "Strasbourg court rules that states are not obliged to allow gay marriage". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ Christopher Booker (9 February 2013). "Gay marriage: the French connection". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ Jamie Clarke (6 June 2013). "Gay marriage politically, rather than ethically motivated". So So Gay. So So Gay Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Sir Nicholas Bratza". Press Complaints Commission. Press Complaints Commission. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "European Convention on Human Rights" (PDF). ECHR.coe.int. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "UKIP and Tories abstain on EU motion to recognise same-sex marriage". PinkNews. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Texts adopted - Thursday, 12 March 2015 - Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter - P8_TA-PROV(2015)0076". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Major Advance for Marriage Equality and Gender Identity Rights in Latin America". San Francisco Bay Times, 2018 January 29
^ MOVILH: NUEVA RESOLUCIÓN DE LA CIDH OBLIGA A PIÑERA A APROBAR IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO
^ ¿Qué implica para República Dominicana que la CIDH fallara a favor de matrimonio gay? Jurista responde
^ Template:Es icon LGBTI community urges Lenin Moreno to recognize gay marriage in Ecuador
^ ^a ^b ^c Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling The Washington Blade, 15 January 2018
^ Comunidad LGTB pide valorar recomendación de CIDH sobre matrimonios Gay
^ Debate organizado por Iglesia: 4 candidatos se comprometen a bloquear matrimonio gay
^ Paraguay debe adecuar leyes para matrimonio igualitario, según experto
^ ^a ^b ^c Template:Es icon Perú debe respetar decisión CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual lavanguardia
^ Which countries will legalize gay marriage in 2018?
^ ^a ^b "El Gobierno panameño acoge opinión de la CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual". W Radio. 16 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Panamá acoge a la opinión de Corte IDH sobre matrimonio gay". La Estrella de Panamá. 16 January 2018.
^ Carlos Bruce hace anuncio: "Matrimonio gay se dará pronto en Perú"
^ Template:Es icon Huilca: "Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo debe implementarse en el Perú"
^ Wall, Allan. "Mexican Supreme Court Advances Gay Marriage Agenda". News With Views. Retrieved 9 February 2012. The ruling [on] 5 August 2010, upheld the Mexico City same-sex marriage law as being constitutional. (The vote on that ruling was 8 to 2). Five days late[r]...the Supreme Court...decreed that same-sex marriages performed in Mexico City are valid marriages throughout all of Mexico.
^ ^a ^b Randal C. Archibold; Paulina Villegas (14 June 2015). "With Little Fanfare, Mexican Supreme Court Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
^ "Israeli Minister backs down on definition of marriage". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007.
^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (16 July 2010). "Argentina Approves Gay Marriage, in a First for Region". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (13 July 2010). "Argentina Senate to Vote on Gay Marriage". The New York Times.
^ "Cristina Kirchner signs bill legalizing same-sex couples' marriage". mercopress.com.
^ "Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings". ABC News. 7 December 2017.
^ "Same-sex marriage signed into law by Governor-General, first weddings to happen from January 9". ABC News. 8 December 2017.
^ "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017". Federal Register of Legislation. 9 December 2017.
^ "Australia says yes to same-sex marriage in historic postal survey". The Guardian. 15 November 2017.
^ Registered (civil) partnerships
^ "Nationalrat: Grüne bringen Antrag zur Ehe-Öffnung für Lesben und Schwule ein". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 20 November 2013.
^ Template:De icon Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung
^ Template:De icon Abstimmung über Ehe-Öffnung ohne Klubzwang?
^ "Families fight Austria's gay marriage ban". 23 March 2016.
^ Verfassungsgerichtshof könnte die Ehe in Österreich noch dieses Jahr öffnen
^ Verfassungsgericht prüft Öffnung der Ehe für Homosexuelle
^ VfGH prüft Eheöffnung für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare in Österreich
^ "Press release from the Austrian constitution court" (PDF). Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination. 5 December 2017.
^ Der Standard.at - Verfassungsgericht öffnet Ehe für Homosexuelle ab 2019
^ "Verfassungsgericht öffnet Ehe für Homosexuelle ab 2019". Der Standard. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "Gay marriage in Austria approved by Constitutional Court". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ Agerholm, Harriet (5 December 2017). "Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory". The Independent. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
^ "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.
^ "Belgium moves to allow gay adoption". Euronews. 2 December 2005.
^ "Brazil's supreme court recognizes gay partnerships". Reuters. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
^ "Brazilian judge gives male couple approval for what court says is country's first gay marriage". The Washington Post. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Provimento Conjunto trata de união homoafetiva". Tribunal de Justiça do Estado da Bahia (official web site of the state supreme court). Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Bahia já pode oficializar casamento homoafetivo". brasil247.com (in Portuguese). 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
^ "Norma do TJ obriga cartórios de SP a registrar casamento gay". Folha de S. Paulo. 19 December 2012.
^ "Rio de Janeiro state legalizes gay marriage". 17 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
^ "CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais". Estadao.com.br. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "G1 - Decisão do CNJ obriga cartórios a fazer casamento homossexual - notícias em Política". Política. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Jornal do Brasil". Jornal do Brasil. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Template:Pt icon DIÁRIO DA JUSTIÇA CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA Edição nº 89/2013
^ Template:Pt icon Regra que obriga cartórios a fazer casamento gay vale a partir do dia 16
^ Almost half of Brazilian internet users support gay marriage, christianpost.com; accessed 5 July 2017. Template:Pt icon
^ 62% of people aren't approving of gay marriage, according to poll – Telelistas Template:Pt icon
^ A majority of Brazilians is against same-sex marriage and regards church as the most trustworthy institution, reveals research – Gospel+ Template:Pt icon
^ "Decision C-029 of 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Colombian court confirms equal rights for same-sex couples, Pink News, 30 January 2009
^ "DECISION C-577/11 The homosexuals have the right to form a family" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Colombian court says Congress must decide on gay marriage". CNN. 27 July 2011.
^ Template:Es icon "Matrimonio gay" empieza a ser tramitado en Senado
^ "Gay marriage bill passes first hurdle - Colombia Politics". Colombia Politics. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Template:Es icon Por primera vez una comisión del Congreso aprueba el matrimonio gay
^ "Colombia lawmakers reject controversial gay marriage bill". Reuters. 24 April 2013.
^ Template:Es Juez aplica norma del matrimonio civil a pareja gay y cita a contrayentes con dos testigos. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
^ "Carlos y Gonzalo, la primera pareja gay "civilmente casada", pero sin matrimonio" (in Spanish). RCN Radio. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Andrew Potts (1 October 2013). "Judges allow first same-sex marriages in Colombia". Gay Star News. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "Rechazan tutela que tumbaba primer matrimonio gay en el país". Eltiempo.Com. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^ "CM& la noticia". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Histórico: Colombia tiene matrimonio homosexual". El Tiempo. 7 April 2016.
^ "Colombia says 'I do' to gay marriage". The City Paper Bogota. 7 April 2016.
^ "Colombia high court rules in favor of same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. 7 April 2016.
^ "Colombia Legalizes Gay Marriage, Huge Victory for LGBTI Rights". TeleSur (English). 7 April 2016.
^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El. "Corte Constitucional da el sí definitivo y avala el matrimonio gay - Justicia - El Tiempo". eltiempo.com.
^ "Colombia legalizes same-sex marriage". Deutsche Welle. 28 April 2016.
^ "Corte legaliza el matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo". W Radio. 28 April 2016.
^ "Páginas - Detalle Proyectos de Ley". Asamblea.go.cr. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Proyecto de organizaciones sociales para Matrimonio Igualitario ya está en la Asamblea Legislativa – Diario Digital Nuestro País". Elpais.cr. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ www.diarioextra.com. "12 Diputados respaldan proyecto de ley para permitir matrimonio gay". Diario Extra. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Proyecto de Ley Matrimonio Igualitario by Frente por los Derechos Igualitarios". Issuu.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Sala IV admite para estudio 2 recursos de inconstitucionalidad contra prohibición de matrimonio gay - AmeliaRueda.com". ameliarueda.com.
^ Cerdas, Daniela. "Registro Civil solo espera notificación del Ejecutivo para adecuar reglas al matrimonio gay". La Nación. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Costa Rica's Foreign Ministry Initiates Notification Process To Execute Court Order On Gay Marriage". Q Costa Rica. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ Template:Es icon Pareja gay se alista para dar el ‘sí’ tras criterio de la Corte IDH
^ Pretel, Enrique Andres (19 January 2018). "Costa Rica's first gay marriage suffers bureaucratic hitch". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ Sanners, Peter (7 June 2012). "Gay marriage legalised". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ The Registered Partnership Act Archived 30 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
^ Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". The New York Times; retrieved 7 June 2012.
^ Template:Da icon "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Parliament in Greenland unanimously approves same-sex marriage". Pink News. 27 May 2015.
^ "Første homoseksuelle par viet i kirken". Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Rahaman, Shifa (1 May 2016). "Faroe Islands says yes to same-sex marriage". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ "L 129 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov for Færøerne om rettens pleje" (in Danish). Folketing. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "1. juli 2017: Nú kunnu samkynd giftast". portal.fo. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Finnish Parliament approves same-sex marriage". Yle. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ "Gender-Neutral Marriage Law Possible by 2012". Finnish Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
^ McCormick, Joseph Patrick (1 March 2013). "Finland: Parliamentary committee narrowly rejects equal marriage bill". PinkNews.co.uk web. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Initiative for equal Marriage Act presented to Parliament". Helsinki Times. 13 December 2013.
^ "Lakivaliokunta hylkäsi tasa-arvoisen avioliittolain äänin 9-8: Näin äänestettiin". Iltasanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma News. Suomen Tietotoimisto. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
^ "Legal committee votes against gay marriage". Yle. 25 June 2014.
^ "Second vote approval of gender-neutral marriage bill". Yle. 12 December 2014.
^ "Torstain täysitunnossa kansalaisaloite tasa-arvoisesta avioliittolaista" [Thursday's plenary session debates initiative on marriage equality] (in Finnish). Parliament of Finland. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
^ "Eduskunnan työjärjestys" (in Finnish). Ministry of Justice of Finland. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
^ "President signs gender-neutral marriage law". Yle. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ Template:Fr icon Pacte civil de solidarité (Pacs)
^ "France's parliament passes gay marriage bill". CBC News. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ "French senate votes to legalise gay marriage". BBC News. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ "Same-sex marriage: French parliament approves new law". BBC News Europe. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ Lesur, Lionel; Lisa A. Linsky; McDermott Will & Emery (13 June 2013). "France Allows Same-Sex Marriages". The National Law Review. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Décision n° 2010–92 QPC du 28 janvier 2011". Les décisions (in French). Conseil Constitutionel. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
^ Communiqué de presse – 2013-669 DC – Loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe, Constitutional Council of France; retrieved 17 May 2013.Template:Fr icon
^ "Bundesparteitag der SPD Schulz macht Ehe für alle zur Koalitionsbedingung". DPA (in German). Berliner Zeitung. 25 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
^ Smale, Alison; Shimer, David (30 June 2017). "Parliament in Germany Approves Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
^ "Germany's first same-sex "I do"'s as marriage equality dawns". Reuters. 1 October 2017.
^ "Iceland passes gay marriage law in unanimous vote". Reuters. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Iceland PM weds as gay marriage legalised". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 June 2010.
^ "Partnership laws come into force". The Irish Times. 1 January 2011.
^ "President signs same-sex marriage into Constitution". The Irish Times. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
^ "Ireland says Yes to same-sex marriage". RTE. 23 May 2015.
^ "Same-sex marriage is now legal in Republic of Ireland". BBC News. 16 November 2015.
^ "Feu vert pour le mariage gay au Luxembourg". Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg). 18 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014
^ "Luxemburger Wort". Wort.lu. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Chronicle.lu". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Aġġornat: Ryan u Jaime jirreġistraw l-ewwel żwieġ gay f'Malta - TVM". TVM. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Gay marriage to be introduced in Malta soon, timesofmalta.com; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ Gay marriages bill sails through first vote - government to reject opposition amendments, timesofmalta.com; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ "Government Gazette - 1 August 2017" (PDF).
^ Borg, Bertrand (10 July 2017). "Valletta prepares for silent protest, celebrations as marriage bill nears finish line". Times of Malta.
^ "Dirett: Jiccelebraw il-vot favur il-ligi taz-zwieg indaqs fi Piazza Kastilja". Television Malta. 12 July 2017.
^ "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Associated Press. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ "Supreme court rules gay weddings valid in all Mexico". BBC News. 10 August 2010.
^ Brisa Muñoz (2 December 2011). "Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador" (in Spanish). CNN México. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Santana, Rosa (17 April 2012). "Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
^ Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Aprueban matrimonios gay en Coahuila". Vangardia.com.mx. 1 September 2014.
^ "First Gay Couple Marries In Coahuila, Mexico". On Top Magazine. 21 September 2014.
^ Mexico state of Chihuahua officially approves same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015
^ Mexican state to allow same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015
^ "Mexico supreme court says state laws limiting marriage to man and woman unconstitutional". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Mexico avalara matrimonio gay partir lunes, 19 June 2015, retrieved 5 July 2017
^ La Jornada. "A partir de julio, en Guerrero se permitirá casarse a parejas del mismo sexo". Lajornadaguerrero.com.mx. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
^ Trujillo, Javier (29 June 2015). "Invitan a boda colectiva del mismo sexo en Acapulco" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: Milenio. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
^ "Se casan 20 parejas en boda colectiva de personas del mismo sexo en Guerrero" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: El Sur. 11 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Inválidos 20 matrimonios gays en Acapulco: Registro Civil - El Big Data". elbigdata.mx.
^ Template:Sp icon Pueden casarse parejas del mismo sexo en las bodas del Día del Amor, informa el Registro Civil
^ "Aprueba el Congreso de Nayarit los matrimonios gay" (in Spanish). La Jornada. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Jervis, Joe (26 January 2016). "MEXICO: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized In Jalisco State After Unanimous Ruling By Supreme Court". joemygod.com.
^ "Mexico: Campeche Becomes 7th Mexican State with Same-Sex Marriage". The Perchy Bird Blog. 10 May 2016.
^ "Aprueban en el Congreso de Michoacán el matrimonio igualitario". cronica.com.mx.
^ "Aprueba Morelos matrimonio igualitario". reforma.com.
^ "DECRETO No. 103 Colima, Col., Sábado 11 de Junio del año 2016" (PDF). Periodicooficial.col.gob.mx. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Reyes, Juan Pablo (11 July 2017). "Suprema Corte avala el matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Excélsior. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "SCJN avala los matrimonios homosexuales en Puebla". Noticias MVS. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
^ "Mexico President Backs Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". CNN. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
^ "Mexican congressional committee rejects Pena Nieto's bid to legalize gay marriage". Reuters. 10 November 2016.
^ "Same-Sex Dutch Couples Gain Marriage and Adoption Rights". The New York Times. 20 December 2000. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^ "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
^ Hartevelt, John; Levy, Dayna (14 May 2012). "MP drafting gay marriage bill". Fairfax media (via Stuff.co.nz). Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ "Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill – Proposed Members' Bills – Legislation". New Zealand Parliament. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2013.^{[dead link]}
^ Shuttleworth, Kate; Young, Audrey (29 August 2012). "Marriage bill passes first reading". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ Watkins, Tracy (14 March 2013). "Passions fly as MPs vote on gay marriage". Fairfax Media (via Stuff.co.nz). Retrieved 19 April 2013.
^ "NZ legalises same-sex marriage". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Gay marriage bill passed". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Marriage legislation becomes law". Radio New Zealand. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Gay marriage becomes a reality". Newstalk ZB. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
^ "Gay Marriage in New Zealand – Gay Marriage Facts". www.gaymarriagefactsnow.com.
^ "Norway adopts gay marriage law". Agence France-Presse via Google. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "New law in Norway grants gay couples marriage rights". USA Today. Washington DC. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
^ Berglund, Nina (14 March 2008). "Gays to win marriage rights". Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008.
^ Template:Es icon Surge preocupación ante recurso para que se reconozca el matrimonio igualitario en Panamá, Telemetro.com; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ Template:Sp icon Corte Suprema de Justicia conocerá sobre matrimonios igualitarios, Prensa.com; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ "Same-sex marriage could come to Panama if activists win legal fight". Gaystarnews.com. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Gay lawyer spearheads Panama same-sex marriage efforts". 1 October 2017.
^ LGBTI Pride Parade in Lisbon, US Embassy Lisbon, Flickr.com, Capture June 16, 2016, 26.01.2018
^ "Historia con Mapas". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Same-sex marriage in Portugal". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ News, ABC. "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World". go.com. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Portuguese parliament backs adoption by gay couples". yahoo.com.
^ "Portugal just equalised its adoption laws for gay couples". pinknews.co.uk.
^ "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ Giles, Ciaran (21 April 2005). "Spain: Gay marriage bill clears hurdle". Planetout.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Spain's new government to legalize gay marriage". SignonSanDiego.com. Reuters. 15 April 2004. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Disposiciones Generales" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletin Oficial del Estado. 2 June 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
^ "Sweden allows same-sex marriage". BBC News. 2 April 2009.
^ "Church of Sweden says yes to gay marriage". The Local. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Samkönade äktenskap
^ Green, Jessica (16 September 2011). "Government proposes introducing gay marriage after Cameron intervention". Pink News. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ "Religious groups urge David Cameron to maintain equal marriage support". PinkNews. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Travis, Alan (17 February 2011). "Gay marriages and heterosexual civil partnerships may soon be welcomed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
^ "Equal marriage consultation". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Gay marriage: David Cameron backs church role". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Gay marriage: Commons passes Cameron's plan". BBC News. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Same-sex marriage becomes law in England and Wales". BBC News. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Consultation sees 50,000 responses". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
^ "Scottish Parliament Website". Scottish Government. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
^ "Same sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Scotland's gay marriage bill published at Holyrood". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Scotland's same-sex marriage bill is passed". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Thursday 13 March 2014 – Announcements – Scottish Parliament". scottish.parliament.uk. 13 March 2014.
^ "Scotland's same-sex marriage bill is passed". BBC News. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^ "Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Scotland". Scotsman. 16 December 2014.
^ "Scotland's First Same-Sex Marriages To Take Place On Hogmanay". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Same-sex marriage: Arlene Foster criticised for 'childish' online abuse comments". BBC News. 28 October 2016. First Minister Arlene Foster said the DUP would use a petition of concern to block any change to the law over the next five years.
^ "Command Paper published on same sex marriage". Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
^ "Gay couple win right to marry | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
^ "Same Sex Marriage Laws – History". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ "US CODE: Title 1,7. Definition of "marriage" and "spouse"". Cornell University. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Belluck, Oam (17 May 2004). "With Festive Mood, Gay Weddings Begin in Massachusetts". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ Swaine, Jon (9 May 2012). "Barack Obama endorses gay marriage". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
^ "Obama Affirms Support for Same-Sex Marriage". ABC News. 9 May 2012.
^ Gast, Phil (9 May 2012). "Obama announces he supports same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
^ Nakamura, David (19 July 2011). "Obama backs bill to repeal Defense of Marriage Act". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ Harris, Chris (1 November 2008). "Did Barack Obama Answer Your Question?". MTV. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ "North Carolina Gay Marriage Ban: Obama Says He's 'Disappointed'". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
^ Savage, Charlie (23 February 2011). "Obama Shifts Course on Defense of Marriage Act". The New York Times.
^ Jacobs, Deborah L. (7 November 2012). "Gay Marriage Scores Victories In All Four States That Considered It, But Tough Road Lies Ahead". Forbes. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
^ "Opinions recap: Giant step for gay marriage". SCOTUSblog. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
^ "APPEAL -- SUMMARY DISPOSITION : 13-1461 : BACKUS, VANDROTH, ET AL. V. SOUTH CAROLINA, ET AL" (PDF). Supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Liptak, Adam (6 October 2014). "Supreme Court Clears Way for Gay Marriage in 5 States". New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Wolf, Richard (26 June 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage". USA Today. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory". nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ Native American tribes challenge Oklahoma gay marriage ban, Al Jazeera, 22 October 2013
^ Stuart, Hunter (22 October 2013). "Gay Couple Married In Oklahoma: Jason Pickel, Darren Black Bear Tie The Knot Despite State Ban". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
^ Wolf, Richard (26 June 2015). "Timeline: Same-sex marriage through the years". USA TODAY.
^ "Diputados aprobó el matrimonio igualitario Pasada la mediano". Noticias (in Spanish). Diario UNoticias. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
^ "Same-sex marriage bill comes into force in Uruguay". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Mobile". Panarmenian.Net. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Woman sues Bulgarian authorities for recognition of same-sex marriage The Sofia Globe, 5 December 2017
^ The Court did not Recognize a Marriage Between Bulgarian Women in the UK
^ Morgan, Joe (12 March 2014). "Chile expected to legalize gay marriage". Gay Star News. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
^ "Estudio Nacional de Opinión Pública, Junio–Julio 2011. Tema especial: Educación". Cepchile.cl. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Track semanal de Opinion Publica" (PDF). Plazapublica.cl. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al Parlamento de Chile". Cáscara Amarga. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
^ "Chile recognises same-sex civil unions". BBC.com. BBC News.
^ Esposito, Anthony. "Socially-conservative Chile approves civil unions". Reuters. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
^ "Chile's President Plans to Send Gay Marriage Bill to Congress in 2017". VOA & Reuters. 21 September 2016.
^ "Modifica diversos cuerpos legales para regular, en igualdad de condiciones, el matrimonio de parejas del mismo sexo". Chamber of Deputies of Chile. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^ Chilean lawmakers begin debate on same-sex marriage bill The Washington Blade, 27 November 2017
^ "政协发言人称同性婚姻太超前李银河提案再受挫_新闻中心_新浪网". News.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ "Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married". The Two-Way. 13 April 2016.
^ ^a ^b Door Opens to Achieving Marriage Equality in Czech Republic
^ Gays, lesbians launching campaign for marriage
^ Template:Cz icon Andrej Babiš podpoří gay manželství. Diskutovat na toto téma bude v kině Varšava Zdroj
^ Template:Es El Universo. Lesbianas critican demora en justicia. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ Bird, The Perchy (19 August 2016). "Same-sex Marriage Lawsuit Filed in El Salvador". wordpress.com.
^ Template:Es icon Sala Constitucional de El Salvador rechaza solicitud de matrimonio homosexual
^ Estonia becomes first former Soviet state to legalise gay marriage, independent.co.uk; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ "Gay couple to be married in Estonia". Gay Star News. 30 January 2017.
^ Lomsadze, Giorgi (8 February 2016). "Gay Marriage Lawsuit Launched in Georgia" – via EurasiaNet.
^ Georgia's Ruling Party 'Supermajority' Passes Unilateral Constitutional Reform
^ "Parliament Overrides Presidential Veto on Constitutional Amendments". Civil Georgia. 13 October 2017.
^ "Lesbian marriages in India". despardes.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Joe Morgan (11 April 2014). "India 'party of the people' promises to legalize gay sex, marriage". Gay Star News. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "A new UCC for a new India? Progressive draft UCC allows for same-sex marriages - Catchnews". Catchnews. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ Harkov, Lahav (16 May 2012). "Knesset rejects marriage equality bill". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "NGO petitions High Court to allow same-sex marriage in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 2 November 2015.
^ "Nozze gay all'estero, c'è la firma del sindaco: saranno trascritte in Comune". La Repubblica (in Italian). 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ "Matrimoni gay, via alle trascrizioni: Roberto e Miguel la prima coppia". La Repubblica (in Italian). 25 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ "Via libera del sindaco Barnini ai matrimoni gay. Emanata una direttiva" (in Italian). Gonews.it. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Matrimoni gay presto possibili a Pordenone". Messaggero Veneto (in Italian). 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Udine dice sì alla trascrizione dei matrimoni gay" (in Italian). IlFriuli.it. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
^ "Primo sì al registro delle nozze gay". Corriere Fiorentino (in Italian). 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ "Matrimoni gay, c'è l'ok del consiglio comunale di Piombino" (in Italian). Il Tirreno. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
^ "è festa a Bagheria: trascritto il primo matrimonio gay". Palermo Today (in Italian). 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
^ "Nozze gay all'estero, prime richieste di trascrizione a Milano: 'Pisapia, basta chiacchiere'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
^ "Nozze gay: il 54% degli italiani è favorevole, sondaggio Datamonitor" (in Italian). L'Huffington Post. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Template:Fr icon Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Nozze gay, per la prima volta oltre la metà degli italiani dice sì" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 12 October 2014.
^ "Unioni civili, Camera approva: è legge. Renzi: "Battaglia da fare senza contare voti"" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Nozze gay riconosciute dalla Cassazione: prima volta in Italia". www.blitzquotidiano.it.
^ The Constitution of Japan. Tokyo. 3 November 1946. Retrieved 4 June 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows". Bloomberg. 29 November 2015.
^ "Supreme Court rules same-sex marriage request will be considered". Public broadcasting of Latvia. 27 May 2016.
^ "Nepal charter to grant gay rights". Hindustan Times. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Nelson, Dean (19 January 2010). "Nepal 'to stage gay weddings on Everest'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
^ Chapagain, Kiran; Yardley, Jim (31 May 2012). "Legislature in Nepal Disbands in Failure". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
^ "All set to get legal status". pahichan.com. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Template:Es icon Poder Judicial emitió histórica sentencia en favor del matrimonio homosexual, Peru21.pe; accessed 5 July 2017.Template:Es icon
^ "Court orders Peru to recognize its first same-sex marriage". Gay Star News. 10 January 2017.
^ AP Wires (11 January 2017). "Peru takes step toward recognizing same-sex marriage". Daily Mail. UK.
^ Template:Es icon Se presentó proyecto de ley de Matrimonio Igualitario en el Peru, Blogdelimagay.blogspot.ch, February 2017; accessed 5 July 2017.
^ "'Love is love in communist movement'". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
^ "Same-sex marriage legalization eyed in PH - News". asianjournal.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "House Bill No. 6595" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
^ Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte says he supports same-sex marriage
^ "Romania to consult with European court over same-sex marriage case".
^ "Pobudniki referenduma uspeli, sprememba zakona o zakonski zvezi zavrnjena" (in Slovenian). 20 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
^ "South Korean court rejects film director's same-sex marriage case". The Guardian. 25 May 2016.
^ Duffy, Nick (26 May 2016). "South Korea set for more court battles over same-sex marriage ban". Pink News.
^ "S. Korean court rejects gay couple's appeal over same-sex marriage". yonhapnews.co.kr. 6 December 2016.
^ "특집 여론조사…국민 59.7% "적폐청산 수사 계속해야"". MBC News. 26 December 2017.
^ Over the Rainbow: Public Attitude Toward LGBT in South Korea The Asian Institute for Policy Studies
^ Template:Fr icon 13.468 – Initiative parlementaire Mariage civil pour tous, Swiss Parliament; retrieved 18 June 2014.
^ Template:Fr Entrée en matière sur le projet de loi sur les avoirs de potentats, National Council, retrieved 20 February 2015
^ "Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe". Blick.ch. 1 September 2015.
^ Template:Fr icon "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), ifop, retrieved 18 June 2014
^ Template:De icon Mehrheit der Schweizer für Ehe zwischen Homosexuellen, Blick.ch, retrieved on 22 February 2015
^ Template:De icon 71 Prozent der Schweizer für Homo-Ehe, Sonntagszeitung.ch, retrieved on 22 February 20152015
^ Keine Definition der Ehe zwischen Mann und Frau in der Verfassung, Srf.ch; accessed 5 July 2017.Template:De icon
^ Template:Fr Rapport du Conseil fédéral - Modernisation du droit de la famille, Federal Department of Justice and Police; retrieved 27 May 2015.Template:Fr icon
^ Sommaruga espère que les homosexuels pourront bientôt se marier, L'Hebdo; retrieved 27 May 2015.Template:Fr icon
^ "Eidgenössische Volksinitiative 'Für Ehe und Familie - gegen die Heiratsstrafe'". admin.ch.
^ Arrêté fédéral concernant l’initiative populaire «Pour le couple et la famille – Non à la pénalisation du mariage», Admin.ch; accessed 5 January 2017.Template:Fr icon
^ Bundesrat gegen CVP-Initiative, Queer.ch, 18 November 2015; accessed 5 January 2017.Template:De icon
^ Bundesrat lanciert Abstimmungskampf zur Volksinitiative gegen die «Heiratsstrafe», 17 November 2015, admin.ch
^ Kriminelle Ausländer, Gotthard und Heiratsstrafe, NZZ.ch, 7 October 2014.Template:De icon
^ Tax break for married couples rejected, Swissinfo.ch, 28 February 2016.
^ Lii Wen (21 December 2014). "Gay marriage proposal set for review". Taipei Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Nearly two thirds of Taiwan supports marriage equality, survey finds". PinkNews. 30 November 2015.
^ "Watch: Taiwan presidential frontrunner officially endorses marriage equality". gaystarnews.com. 2 November 2015.
^ Gerber, Abraham (4 December 2016). "Thousands protest gay marriage in Taipei". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
^ "Thousands rally to support equal marriage rights - Taipei Times".
^ "The Struggle isn't Over": Venezuela Moves Towards Marriage Equality". Venezuelanalysis.com. 5 May 2016.
^ Template:Es icon Maduro: "Creo que todo el mundo se puede casar, aunque sea homosexual" shangay.com, 20 November 2017
^ "Vietnam government consults on same-sex marriage". 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ "Vote on same-sex marriage in Vietnam likely to be delayed until 2014".
^ Thomas Maresca (30 April 2013). "Vietnam: Flawed on Human Rights, but a Leader in Gay Rights". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
^ "Vietnam ends same-sex marriage fines". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
^ S. Sarkar, "It's final Gay wedding fines to go in Vietnam", Gay Star News, 13 October 2013. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "The latest entertainment news for Australia's LGBTIQ community". Gay News Network. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
^ Tuoi Tre Newspaper. "Vietnam to remove fines on same-sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Nghị định 110/2013/NĐ-CP xử phạt vi phạm hành chính bổ trợ tư pháp hành chính tư pháp - bản lưu trữ". Thuvienphapluat.vn. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Cổng thông tin điện tử Công an Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh". Web.archive.org. 17 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Vietnamese lawmakers back down on giving rights to same-sex couples". Gay Star News.
^ "Vietnam's Proposed Marriage Law Disappoints LGBT Activists". VOA. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Vietnam allows surrogacy within families, denies same-sex marriage". Thanh Nien Daily. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Tuoi Tre Newspaper. "Vietnam removes ban on same sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "Vietnam set to lift gay marriage ban". Marilyn Stowe Blog. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ "UN Secretary-General Bulletin" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
^ "Jobs — Compensation & Benefits". The World Bank Group. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ Towle, Andy. "NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8". Towleroad. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Pearson, Mary. "Where is Gay Marriage Legal?". christiangays.com. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
^ Williams, Steve. "Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage?". Care2.com (news.bbc.co.uk as source). Retrieved 20 February 2012.
^ "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". Eli.legilux.public.lu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 12 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "WETTEN, DECRETEN, ORDONNANTIES EN VERORDENINGEN LOIS, DECRETS, ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS" (PDF). Ejustice.jkust.fgov.be. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
^ Ramstack, Tom (11 January 2010). "Congress Considers Outcome of D.C. Gay Marriage Legislation". AHN. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2013:35
^ Fleshman, Michael. "African gays and lesbians combat bias: An 'invisible' minority seeks legal safeguards, acceptance". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Igwe, Leo (19 June 2009). "Tradition of same gender marriage in Igboland". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b Laurie, Timothy (3 June 2015), Bigotry or biology: the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality, The Drum
^ Blankenhorn, David (19 September 2008). "Protecting marriage to protect children". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
^ "See discussion of prenuptial and postmarital agreements at Findlaw". Family.findlaw.com. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Dale Carpenter is a prominent spokesman for this view. For a better understanding of this view, see Carpenter's writings at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Lamb, Ph.D., Michael. "Expert Affidavit for U.S. District Court (D. Mass. 2009)" (PDF). Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Pediatricians: Gay Marriage Good for Kids' Health". news.discovery.com. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
^ "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellees" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (February 2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?" (PDF). Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38" (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ "Austrian court rules to allow same-sex adoptions". The Privateer. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^ "LGBT Adoption Statistics". lifelongadoptions.com. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
^ "Families are created with love". gayadoption.org. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
^ The Fertility Sourcebook, Third Edition – Page 245, M. Sara Rosenthal – 2002
^ An Introduction to Family Social Work – Page 348, Donald Collins, Catheleen Jordan, Heather Coleman – 2009
^ (Fausto-Sterling et al., 2000)
^ "How common is intersex?". Intersex Society of North America. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ Bockting, Walter, Autumn Benner, and Eli Coleman. "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality." Archives of Sexual Behavior 38.5 (October 2009): 688–701. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 29 September 2009
^ "Austria gets first same-sex marriage". 365gay.com. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
^ Sweden ends forced sterilization of trans
^ Schwartz, John (18 September 2009). "U.S. Defends Marriage Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
^ Matthew S. Coleman, Esq. (16 September 2015). "Obergefell v. Hodges". Einhorn Harris. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Leff, Lisa (4 December 2008). "Poll: Calif. gay marriage ban driven by religion". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) archived here.
^ Mirchandani, Rajesh (12 November 2008). "Divisions persist over gay marriage ban". BBC News.
^ Kar, Robin (8 October 2017). "Transformational Marriage: How to End the Culture Wars Over Same-Sex Marriage" – via papers.ssrn.com.
^ "Pope: Abortion, Gay Marriage among World's Greatest Threats". USA Today. 14 May 2010.
^ "2013 Assembly Statement on Marriage and Sexuality". assemblyofbishops.org. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ "Position Statement on Homosexuality". Annual Council of the General Conference Executive Committee. Seventh-day Adventist Church Statements. 3 October 1999. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
^ "Does God Approve of Same-Sex Marriage?". Awake!: 27. 8 April 2005. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
^
- "Sweden Allows Gay Weddings". BBC News. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- "You May Now Kiss the Groom". CPH Post Online. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- "Stances of Faiths on LGBT Issues: Alliance of Baptists". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- "United Church Endorses Gay Marriage". CBC News Canada. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- "Marriage Equality". United Church of Christ. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- Zaimov, Stoyan (2 November 2015). "Church of Norway Votes in Favor of Gay Marriage". The Christian Post.
- Van Marter, Jerry L. (19 June 2014). "Assembly Approves Allowing Pastors to Perform Same-Gender Marriage Where Legal, Sends Proposed Constitutional Amendment Changing Marriage Definition". Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Conger, George (5 July 2017). "The Episcopal Church Approves Religious Weddings for Gay Couples after Controversial Debate". The Washington Post.
- Bushfield, Antony (5 May 2016). "Steve Chalke's Oasis Church to Offer Gay Marriages". Premier.
- Template:It icon Pecoraro, Gaetano (27 August 2010). "Coppie gay, storica apertura della Chiesa valdese, ma si aspetta ancora una legge". Il Fatto Quotidiano.
- Template:Nl icon "Remonstranten en Boomsma krijgen homo-emancipatieprijs". Trouw. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
^ "The Old Catholic Church: Province of the United States".
^ "The Eucharistic Catholic Church/Eglise Catholique Euch". Net Ministries Network.
^ Carlson, Amelia (14 January 2016). "First Baptist Church Memphis Approves Gay Marriage and Ordination". WMC Action News 5.
^ Connor, Eric (24 November 2015). "After Same-Sex Wedding, Baptists Sever Ties with Greenville Church". Greenville Online.
^ Kola, Fiorela (23 May 2016). "Goshen Church Passes Vote to Allow Same-Sex Marriages". WNDU 16 [NBC].
^ "Changing Attitudes on Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
^ Brown, Jonathan (7 July 2009). "Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriage in Islam". Patheos. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Sales, Ben (4 June 2012). "Conservative Rabbinic Group Issues Guidelines for Same-Sex Wedding Rituals". JTA: Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
^ Bhikkhu, Mettanando (13 July 2005). "Religion and Same-Sex Marriage". The Buddhist Channel.
^ Potts, Andrew M. (19 April 2012). "Buddhists Come Out for Equality". Star Observer. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Wilson, Jeff. "'All Beings Are Equally Embraced By Amida Buddha': Jodo Shinshu Buddhism and Same-Sex Marriage in the United States" Archived 10 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Global Buddhism 13 (2012): 31-59; accessed 14 May 2016.
^ O'Brien, Barbara (30 June 2015). "Same-Sex Marriage and Buddhism". About.com.
^ Masci, David; Lipka, Michael (21 December 2015). "Where Christian Churches, Other Religions Stand on Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center.
^ "Banned in Boston". The Weekly Standard. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ "The Supreme Court decision". CBC News. Toronto. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Wilson, Robin J.; Laycock, Douglas; Picarello, Anthony R. (2008). Same-sex marriage and religious liberty: emerging conflicts. Washington, D.C.: Beckett Fund for Religious Liberty. ISBN 0-7425-6326-X.
^ Humphreys, J. (July 2006). "The Civil Partnership Act 2004, Same-Sex Marriage and the Church of England". Ecclesiastical Law Journal. 8 (8): 289–306. doi:10.1017/S0956618X0000644X.
^ "Minister: No conscience clause for registrars opposed to same-sex marriage". 20 February 2013.
^ "Gay Rights, Religious Liberties: A Three-Act Story". Washington DC: NPR. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
^ Steinfels, Peter (22 May 2009). "Same-Sex Marriage Laws Pose Protection Quandary". The New York Times.
^ Zezima, Katie (8 September 2015). "Ted Cruz travels to Kentucky to support Kim Davis". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

Bibliography

Boswell, John (1995). The Marriage of Likeness: Same-sex Unions in Pre-modern Europe. New York: Simon Harper and Collins. ISBN 0-00-255508-5.
Boswell, John (1994). Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 0-679-43228-0.
Brownson, James V. (2013). Bible, Gender, Sexuality: Reforming the Church’s Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6863-3.
Calò, Emanuele (2009). Matrimonio à la carte — Matrimoni, convivenze registrate e divorzi dopo l'intervento comunitario. Milano: Giuffrè.
Caramagno, Thomas C. (2002). Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97721-8.
Cere, Daniel (2004). Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2895-4.
Chauncey, George (2004). Why Marriage?: The History Shaping Today's Debate over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00957-3.
Dobson, James C. (2004). Marriage Under Fire. Sisters, Or.: Multnomah. ISBN 1-59052-431-4.
George, Robert P.; Elshtain, Jean Bethke, eds. (2006). The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, And Morals. Dallas: Spence Publishing Company. ISBN 1-890626-64-3.
Goss, Robert E.; Strongheart, Amy Adams Squire, eds. (2008). Our Families, Our Values: Snapshots of Queer Kinship. New York, NY: The Harrington Park Press, An Imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56023-910-7.
Larocque, Sylvain (2006). Gay Marriage: The Story of a Canadian Social Revolution. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 1-55028-927-6.
Laycock, Douglas; Picarello, Anthony Jr.; Wilson, Robin Fretwell, eds. (2008). Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty: Emerging Conflicts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7425-6326-X.
López, Robert Oscar; Edelman, Rivka, eds. (2015). Jephthas's Daughters. Innocent casualities in the war for "family equality". CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5058-1078-3.
Moats, David (2004). Civil Wars: A Battle For Gay Marriage. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 0-15-101017-X.
Oliver, Marilyn Tower (1998). Gay and lesbian rights: a struggle. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89490-958-0.
Rauch, Jonathan (2004). Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ISBN 0-8050-7815-0.
Smart, Carol; Heaphy, Brian; Einarsdottir, Anna (2013). Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Genders and sexualities in the social sciences. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300231.
Spedale, Darren (2006). Gay Marriage: For Better or For Worse? What We've Learned From the Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518751-2.
Sullivan, Andrew, ed. (2004). Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con — A Reader, Revised Updated Edition. New York, NY: Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 1-4000-7866-0.
Truluck, Rembert S. (2000). Steps to Recovery from Bible Abuse. Gaithersburg, MD: Chi Rho Press, Inc. ISBN 1-888493-16-X.
Wolfson, Evan (2004). Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-6459-2.

External links

Template:DMOZ
Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and Domestic Partnerships collected news and commentary at The New York Times
"Same-sex marriage". JURIST.
Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions between Homosexual Persons
U.S. Census Gay Marriage Statistics from April 1999
Same-Sex Marriage A Selective Bibliography of the Legal Literature

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[kon-2] Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.

[3] Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.

[4] Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.

[usa-5] Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.

[israel-6] Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.

[eu-7] The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.

[8] A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.

[9] Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.

[10] Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.

[11] Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.

[12] Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.

[13] Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.

[14] Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.

[notyet-1] Not yet in effect.

[Mexico-15] Same-sex marriage is legal in the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Querétaro. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.

[Netherlands-16] Same-sex marriage is legal in the Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

[New_Zealand-17] Same-sex marriage is legal in New Zealand proper, though is not legal in Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, which together make up the Realm of New Zealand.

[United_Kingdom-18] Same-sex marriage is legal in England, Wales and Scotland; though is notably not legal in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriage is legal in the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Bermuda, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and in the Crown dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

[United_States-19] Same-sex marriage is legal in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and all territories except American Samoa. Additionally some tribal jurisdictions do not recognize same-sex marriage.

[IACHR-22] These countries are Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica, which are also signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights, do not accept the Court's blanket jurisdiction.

[BBC_News-20] "Taiwan's top court rules in favour of same-sex marriage". BBC News. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

[21] "Gay marriage in Austria approved by Constitutional Court". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.

[IACHR-23] "Inter-American Court endorses same-sex marriage". Agence France-Presse. Yahoo7. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

[24] "Poll shows growing support for same-sex marriage". Sydney Morning Herald. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2015.

[25] "For several years a majority of Australians have supported marriage equality". Australian Marriage Equality Incorporated. Retrieved 22 May 2015.

[26] See:
Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

"Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[27] Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[28] "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[27] Gross, Aeyal (30 June 2015). "Why Gay Marriage Isn't Coming to Israel Any Time Soon". Haaretz Online. Retrieved 29 December 2015.

[28] "Same-sex marriages registered abroad are valid in Armenia". Panarmenian.Net. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[MuslimWaPo-29] Taylor, Pamela K. (31 July 2009). "Marriage: Both Civil and Religious". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 July 2014.

[30] Smith, Susan K. (30 July 2009). "Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[31] "Decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger" (PDF). Retrieved 6 August 2010.

[32] Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan – 2004

[heritage-f-33] Messner, Thomas (29 July 2011). "Same-Sex Marriage and Threats to Religious Freedom: How Nondiscrimination Laws Factor In". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[telegraph-anti-34] Marcus, Caroline (14 August 2017). "Gay marriage activists are pushing many like me to 'No' column". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[thoughtco-35] Cline, Austin (16 July 2017). "Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage". Retrieved 26 September 2017.

[psychological-36] American Psychological Association (2004). "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[asa-37] American Sociological Association. "American Sociological Association Member Resolution on Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment Regarding Marriage". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[amici-38] "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[cpa2006-39] "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement" (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[pediatrics-40] Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.

[41] "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children | Special Articles | Pediatrics". Pediatrics.aappublications.org. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[amici2-42] "Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al., supporting plaintiffs-appellees and urging affirmance – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[aaa-43] American Anthropological Association (2004). "Statement on Marriage and the Family". Retrieved 18 September 2015.

[44] "Marriage Equality". Garden State Equality. Retrieved 24 July 2012.

[45] "Marriage 101". Freedom to Marry. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Pratt-46] Pratt, Patricia (29 May 2012). "Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act". Albany Examiner. Retrieved 25 December 2012. On July 24, 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state's legal view of what a married couple is.

[47] "Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January: sponsors". Chicago Phoenix. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

[48] "Commission endorses marriage and adoption equality". Human Right Commission New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[49] Mulholland, Helene (27 September 2012). "Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

[Ring-50] Ring, Trudy (20 December 2012). "Newt Gingrich: Marriage Equality Inevitable, OK". The Advocate. Los Angeles. He [Newt Gingrich] noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half-sister, LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich, but has gay friends who've gotten married in Iowa, where their unions are legal. Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality, he said, and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide.

[auto-51] "State lacks authority to redefine marriage, says bishop". Catholic News Agency. CNA. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.

[auto1-52] Will Rabbe (18 July 2013). "Redefining marriage, one dictionary at a time". MSNBC. Retrieved 20 December 2013.

[ssm_concerns-53] "Ten Arguments From Social Science Against Same-Sex Marriage". FRC.org. Family Research Council. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016. ...it is unlikely that homosexual marriage would domesticate men in the way that heterosexual marriage does. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[scarequotes-54] Wemple, Erik (25 February 2008). "Washington Times Scare Quotes Are History". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 28 July 2008.

[55] Harper, Robyn (6 June 2012). "When I Get Married, Will It Be a 'Gay Marriage'?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[56] Harper, Robyn (30 June 2012). "My Marriage Won't Be a 'Gay Marriage'". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Fedorak-57] Fedorak, Shirley A. (2008). Anthropology matters!. [Toronto], Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. Ch. 11, p. 174. ISBN 1442601086.

[Gough-58] Gough, Kathleen E. (January–June 1959). "The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 89 (1): 23–34. doi:10.2307/2844434. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[Africa-59] Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (2001). Boy-wives and female husbands : studies of African homosexualities (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 0312238290.

[Kikuyu-60] Njambi, Wairimu; O'Brien, William (Spring 2001). "Revisiting "Woman-Woman Marriage": Notes on Gikuyu Women". NWSA Journal. 12 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/nwsa.2000.0015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[61] "Dictionaries take lead in redefining modern marriage". The Washington Times. 24 May 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[ABA-62] "Webster Makes It Official: Definition of Marriage Has Changed". American Bar Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[slate-63] Redman, Daniel (7 April 2009). "Noah Webster Gives His Blessing: Dictionaries recognize same-sex marriage—who knew?". Slate (magazine). Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[64] Dershowitz, Alan M. (3 December 2003). "Government Should Quit the Marriage Business". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 March 2007.

[65] "Board of Advisors". Ruth Institute. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[66] Morse, Jennifer Roback (20 May 2004). "Not a Social Contract". National Review. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[67] Kincaid, Cliff (26 February 2004). "Honest Versus Slanted Journalism". Accuracy In Media. Retrieved 8 March 2007.

[68] Cline, Austin. "Washington Times Dismisses Gay "Marriages"". About.com. Retrieved 8 March 2007.

[69] "The Divine Institution of Marriage". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[70] "Bishops discuss religious liberty, marriage, finances at annual meeting". Catholic New Service. Baltimore. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[71] "Marriage Protection Sunday: Churches encouraged to address 'gay marriage'". Baptist Press. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 30 September 2011.

[72] "Same-sex marriage and children's well-being: Research roundup". Journalist's Resource. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.

[73] Hasin, Deborah. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[psychtoday-74] Brian Mustanski (22 March 2010). "New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 November 2010.

[75] Rauch, Jonathan. "For Better or Worse? The Case for Gay (and Straight) Marriage". The New Republic via jonathanrauch.com. Retrieved 20 September 2012.

[76] Rauch, Jonathan (2004). Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.

[aap2006-77] Pawelski, J.G.; Perrin, E.C.; Foy, J.M.; Allen, C.E.; Crawford, J.E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J.D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J.L.; Vickers, D.L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.

[autogenerated4-78] Herek, Gregory M. "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: A social science perspective." American Psychologist, Vol 61(6), September 2006, pp. 607–21.

[79] Contact: Elaine Justice: 404.727.0643. "Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory University. Retrieved 5 November 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[80] Peng, Handie. "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare". academia.edu. Retrieved 11 February 2012.

[81] Francis, AM; Mialon, HM (March 2010). "Tolerance and HIV" (PDF). Journal of Health Economics. 29 (2): 250–267. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.11.016. PMID 20036431. Retrieved 19 July 2010.

[Gallup2011-82] Newport, Frank. "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[83] "Public Opinion: Nationally". australianmarriageequality.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[84] "Gay Life in Estonia". globalgayz.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[85] Jowit, Juliette (12 June 2012). "Gay marriage gets ministerial approval". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[86] "Most Irish people support gay marriage, poll says". PinkNews. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[87] "Law and Civil Rights". PollingReport.com. POLLING REPORT, INC. 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.

[88] "U.S. Support for Gay Marriage Edges to New High". Gallup. 2017.

[89] "Survey – Generations at Odds: The Millennial Generation and the Future of Gay and Lesbian Rights". Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[90] "Pew Forum: Part 2: Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[91] Poirier, Justine. "Same-Sex Marriage: Let's Make a Change". Montréalités Justice. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[92] "Data Points: Support for Legal Same-Sex Marriage". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[93] "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[Western_Balkans-96] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Attitudes towards LGBTIQ+ people in the Western Balkans" (PDF). ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association for the Western Balkans and Turke. June 2023.

[97] "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.

[temp-americas-98] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Cultura polítical de la democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Vanderbilt University (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. p. 132.

[temp-Ipsos_2024-99] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x LGBT+ PRIDE 2024 (PDF). Ipsos. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.

[temp-Pew_Survey_2023-100] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". 27 November 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.

[temp-Pew_Survey_2017-101] "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.

[temp-PRC17_2-102] "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.

[103] "Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht". Antiliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 26 February 2021.

[temp-Eurobarometer-104] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa "Discrimination in the European Union". TNS. European Commission. Retrieved 8 June 2024. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.

[temp-americas1-105] "Barómetro de las Américas: Actualidad – 2 de junio de 2015" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. 2 July 2015.

[Cadem_2024-107] "63% está de acuerdo con la creación de una AFP Estatal que compita con las actuales AFPs privadas". Retrieved 10 June 2024.

[temp-Ipsos_2021-108] LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

[Centro_de_Investigación_y_de_Estudios_Políticos_(CIEP)_de_la_Universidad_de_Costa_Rica-109] ttps://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/images/INFORMESUOP/EncuestaEnero/Informe-encuesta-ENERO-2018.pdf ^{[dead link]}

[110] "Encuesta: Un 63,1% de los cubanos quiere matrimonio igualitario en la Isla". Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 July 2019.

[111] Guzman, Samuel (5 February 2018). "Encuesta de CDN sobre matrimonio homosexual en RD recibe más de 300 mil votos - CDN - El Canal de Noticias de los Dominicanos" [CDN survey on homosexual marriage in DR receives more than 300 thousand votes] (in Spanish).

[temp-AB_Ecuador-112] America's Barometer Topical Brief #034, Disapproval of Same-Sex Marriage in Ecuador: A Clash of Generations?, 23 July 2019. Counting ratings 1–3 as 'disapprove', 8–10 as 'approve', and 4–7 as neither.

[113] "Partido de Bukele se "consolida" en preferencias electorales en El Salvador". 21 January 2021.

[114] "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.

[115] "Más del 70% de los hondureños rechaza el matrimonio homosexual". Diario La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 May 2018.

[116] "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.

[117] Staff (13 February 2023). "64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll". Kyodo News. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

[118] Isoda, Kazuaki (21 February 2023). "Survey: 72% of voters in favor of legalizing gay marriages". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 27 February 2023.

[119] Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).

[120] "Sondaj: chișinăuienii au devenit mai toleranți față de comunitatea LGBT". Radio Europa Liberă Moldova (in Romanian). 18 May 2022.

[121] "Most Mozambicans against homosexual violence, study finds". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 4 June 2018., (full report)

[temp-Ipsos_2023-122] LGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.

[123] "First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.

[Ipsos_More_in_Common-124] "(Nie)dzielące związki: Polki i Polacy o prawach par jednopłciowych". More in Common. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

[DGP-125] Mikołajczyk, Marek (24 April 2024). "Tak dla związków partnerskich, nie dla adopcji [SONDAŻ DGP]". Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. Retrieved 25 April 2024.

[temp-June_2019_poll-126] "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.

[127] "Polovici slovenských občanov neprekážajú registrované partnerstvá pre páry rovnakého pohlavia". 27 March 2024.

[128] Strong, Matthew (19 May 2023). "Support for gay marriage surges in Taiwan 4 years after legalization". Taiwan News. Retrieved 19 May 2023.

[129] "Соціологічне дослідження до Дня Незалежності: УЯВЛЕННЯ ПРО ПАТРІОТИЗМ ТА МАЙБУТНЄ УКРАЇНИ (16-20 серпня 2023) Назад до списку". 24 August 2023.

[130] Simons, Ned (4 February 2023). "It's Ten Years Since MPs Voted For Gay Marriage, But Is There A 'Backlash'?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2023.

[131] "Opinión sobre el matrimonio igualitario" [Opinion on equal marriage]. LatinoBarómetro. 10 June 2024.

[132] Crónica Uno, Encuesta refleja que mayoría de venezolanos apoya igualdad de derechos para la población LGBTIQ, 2 March, 2023

[133] Rabbi Joel Roth. Homosexuality rabbinicalassembly.org 1992.

[Shaw-134] Shaw criticises Boswell's methodology and conclusions as disingenuous Shaw, Brent (July 1994). "A Groom of One's Own?". The New Republic: 43–48. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2009.

[boswell-135] Boswell, John (1995). Same-sex unions in premodern Europe. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 80–85. ISBN 0-679-75164-5.

[136] Frier, Bruce. "Roman Same-Sex Weddings from the Legal Perspective". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[137] Bunson, M., Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 259.

[138] "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 80". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[139] Herodian. "Herodian of Antioch, History of the Roman Empire (1961) pp.135-152. Book 5". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[scarre-140] Scarre, Chris (1995). Chronicles of the Roman Emperors. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 151. ISBN 0-500-05077-5.

[141] Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 284.

[dio-history-LXII-28-142] Nero missed her so greatly that, on learning of a woman who resembled her, he sent for her and kept her; but later he caused a boy of the freedmen, whom he used to call Sporus, ... "he formally "married" Sporus, and assigned the boy a regular dowry according to contract;" q.v., Suetonius Nero 28; Dio Cassius Epitome 62.28

[143] "Bill Thayer's Web Site". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[144] "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 62". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[145] Corbett, The Roman Law of Marriage (Oxford, 1969), pp. 24–28; Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), pp. 43–49.; "Marriages where the partners had conubium were marriages valid in Roman law (iusta matrimonia)" [Treggiari, p. 49]. Compare Ulpian (Tituli Ulpiani) 5.3–5: "Conubium is the capacity to marry a wife in Roman law. Roman citizens have conubium with Roman citizens, but with Latins and foreigners only if the privilege was granted. There is no conubium with slaves"; compare also Gaius (Institutionum 1:55–56, 67, 76–80).

[146] Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), p. 5.

[147] Kuefler, Mathew (2007). "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law". Journal of Family History. 32 (4): 343–370. doi:10.1177/0363199007304424.

[148] "How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be". March–April 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.

[149] "The secret history of same-sex marriage". The Guardian. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[150] Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". New York Times. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[151] "Same-sex marriage around the world". CBC News. Toronto. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

[152] "Nepal approves same-sex marriage". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 19 November 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[153] Taiwan court rules in favor of same-sex marriage, first in Asia

[154] Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory,; The Independent, 5 December 2017.

[CASE_OF_SCHALK_AND_KOPF_v._AUSTRIA-155] "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[156] Antoine Buyse (24 June 2010). "Strasbourg court rules that states are not obliged to allow gay marriage". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 November 2013.

[157] Christopher Booker (9 February 2013). "Gay marriage: the French connection". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 November 2013.

[158] Jamie Clarke (6 June 2013). "Gay marriage politically, rather than ethically motivated". So So Gay. So So Gay Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[159] "Sir Nicholas Bratza". Press Complaints Commission. Press Complaints Commission. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[160] "European Convention on Human Rights" (PDF). ECHR.coe.int. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[161] "UKIP and Tories abstain on EU motion to recognise same-sex marriage". PinkNews. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[162] "Texts adopted - Thursday, 12 March 2015 - Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter - P8_TA-PROV(2015)0076". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[163] "Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[164] "Major Advance for Marriage Equality and Gender Identity Rights in Latin America". San Francisco Bay Times, 2018 January 29

[165] MOVILH: NUEVA RESOLUCIÓN DE LA CIDH OBLIGA A PIÑERA A APROBAR IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO

[166] ¿Qué implica para República Dominicana que la CIDH fallara a favor de matrimonio gay? Jurista responde

[167] Template:Es icon LGBTI community urges Lenin Moreno to recognize gay marriage in Ecuador

[blade-168] Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling The Washington Blade, 15 January 2018

[169] Comunidad LGTB pide valorar recomendación de CIDH sobre matrimonios Gay

[170] Debate organizado por Iglesia: 4 candidatos se comprometen a bloquear matrimonio gay

[171] Paraguay debe adecuar leyes para matrimonio igualitario, según experto

[peru-172] Template:Es icon Perú debe respetar decisión CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual lavanguardia

[173] Which countries will legalize gay marriage in 2018?

[panama-174] "El Gobierno panameño acoge opinión de la CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual". W Radio. 16 January 2018.

[panama1-175] "Panamá acoge a la opinión de Corte IDH sobre matrimonio gay". La Estrella de Panamá. 16 January 2018.

[176] Carlos Bruce hace anuncio: "Matrimonio gay se dará pronto en Perú"

[177] Template:Es icon Huilca: "Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo debe implementarse en el Perú"

[178] Wall, Allan. "Mexican Supreme Court Advances Gay Marriage Agenda". News With Views. Retrieved 9 February 2012. The ruling [on] 5 August 2010, upheld the Mexico City same-sex marriage law as being constitutional. (The vote on that ruling was 8 to 2). Five days late[r]...the Supreme Court...decreed that same-sex marriages performed in Mexico City are valid marriages throughout all of Mexico.

[Randal_C._Archibold_and_Paulina_Villegas-179] Randal C. Archibold; Paulina Villegas (14 June 2015). "With Little Fanfare, Mexican Supreme Court Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[court2006-180] "Israeli Minister backs down on definition of marriage". Archived from the original on 14 September 2007.

[181] Barrionuevo, Alexei (16 July 2010). "Argentina Approves Gay Marriage, in a First for Region". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

[182] Barrionuevo, Alexei (13 July 2010). "Argentina Senate to Vote on Gay Marriage". The New York Times.

[183] "Cristina Kirchner signs bill legalizing same-sex couples' marriage". mercopress.com.

[184] "Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings". ABC News. 7 December 2017.

[185] "Same-sex marriage signed into law by Governor-General, first weddings to happen from January 9". ABC News. 8 December 2017.

[186] "Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017". Federal Register of Legislation. 9 December 2017.

[187] "Australia says yes to same-sex marriage in historic postal survey". The Guardian. 15 November 2017.

[188] Registered (civil) partnerships

[189] "Nationalrat: Grüne bringen Antrag zur Ehe-Öffnung für Lesben und Schwule ein". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 20 November 2013.

[190] Template:De icon Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung

[191] Template:De icon Abstimmung über Ehe-Öffnung ohne Klubzwang?

[192] "Families fight Austria's gay marriage ban". 23 March 2016.

[193] Verfassungsgerichtshof könnte die Ehe in Österreich noch dieses Jahr öffnen

[194] Verfassungsgericht prüft Öffnung der Ehe für Homosexuelle

[195] VfGH prüft Eheöffnung für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare in Österreich

[196] "Press release from the Austrian constitution court" (PDF). Distinction between marriage and registered partnership violates ban on discrimination. 5 December 2017.

[197] Der Standard.at - Verfassungsgericht öffnet Ehe für Homosexuelle ab 2019

[198] "Verfassungsgericht öffnet Ehe für Homosexuelle ab 2019". Der Standard. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.

[199] "Gay marriage in Austria approved by Constitutional Court". Deutsche Welle. 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.

[200] Agerholm, Harriet (5 December 2017). "Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory". The Independent. Retrieved 5 December 2017.

[201] "Belgium legalizes gay marriage". UPI. 31 January 2003.

[202] "Belgium moves to allow gay adoption". Euronews. 2 December 2005.

[203] "Brazil's supreme court recognizes gay partnerships". Reuters. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

[WPost-204] "Brazilian judge gives male couple approval for what court says is country's first gay marriage". The Washington Post. 27 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[205] "Provimento Conjunto trata de união homoafetiva". Tribunal de Justiça do Estado da Bahia (official web site of the state supreme court). Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[206] "Bahia já pode oficializar casamento homoafetivo". brasil247.com (in Portuguese). 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.

[207] "Norma do TJ obriga cartórios de SP a registrar casamento gay". Folha de S. Paulo. 19 December 2012.

[208] "Rio de Janeiro state legalizes gay marriage". 17 April 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

[209] "CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais". Estadao.com.br. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

[210] "G1 - Decisão do CNJ obriga cartórios a fazer casamento homossexual - notícias em Política". Política. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[211] "Jornal do Brasil". Jornal do Brasil. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[212] Template:Pt icon DIÁRIO DA JUSTIÇA CONSELHO NACIONAL DE JUSTIÇA Edição nº 89/2013

[213] Template:Pt icon Regra que obriga cartórios a fazer casamento gay vale a partir do dia 16

[214] Almost half of Brazilian internet users support gay marriage, christianpost.com; accessed 5 July 2017. Template:Pt icon

[215] 62% of people aren't approving of gay marriage, according to poll – Telelistas Template:Pt icon

[216] A majority of Brazilians is against same-sex marriage and regards church as the most trustworthy institution, reveals research – Gospel+ Template:Pt icon

[2009_ruling-217] "Decision C-029 of 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[218] Colombian court confirms equal rights for same-sex couples, Pink News, 30 January 2009

[219] "DECISION C-577/11 The homosexuals have the right to form a family" (PDF). Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[220] "Colombian court says Congress must decide on gay marriage". CNN. 27 July 2011.

[221] Template:Es icon "Matrimonio gay" empieza a ser tramitado en Senado

[222] "Gay marriage bill passes first hurdle - Colombia Politics". Colombia Politics. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[223] Template:Es icon Por primera vez una comisión del Congreso aprueba el matrimonio gay

[224] "Colombia lawmakers reject controversial gay marriage bill". Reuters. 24 April 2013.

[225] Template:Es Juez aplica norma del matrimonio civil a pareja gay y cita a contrayentes con dos testigos. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

[226] "Carlos y Gonzalo, la primera pareja gay "civilmente casada", pero sin matrimonio" (in Spanish). RCN Radio. 24 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[227] Andrew Potts (1 October 2013). "Judges allow first same-sex marriages in Colombia". Gay Star News. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

[228] "Rechazan tutela que tumbaba primer matrimonio gay en el país". Eltiempo.Com. 24 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2014.

[229] "CM& la noticia". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[230] "Histórico: Colombia tiene matrimonio homosexual". El Tiempo. 7 April 2016.

[231] "Colombia says 'I do' to gay marriage". The City Paper Bogota. 7 April 2016.

[232] "Colombia high court rules in favor of same-sex marriage". Washington Blade. 7 April 2016.

[233] "Colombia Legalizes Gay Marriage, Huge Victory for LGBTI Rights". TeleSur (English). 7 April 2016.

[April_28,_2016_ruling-234] Tiempo, Casa Editorial El. "Corte Constitucional da el sí definitivo y avala el matrimonio gay - Justicia - El Tiempo". eltiempo.com.

[235] "Colombia legalizes same-sex marriage". Deutsche Welle. 28 April 2016.

[236] "Corte legaliza el matrimonio entre parejas del mismo sexo". W Radio. 28 April 2016.

[237] "Páginas - Detalle Proyectos de Ley". Asamblea.go.cr. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[238] "Proyecto de organizaciones sociales para Matrimonio Igualitario ya está en la Asamblea Legislativa – Diario Digital Nuestro País". Elpais.cr. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[239] www.diarioextra.com. "12 Diputados respaldan proyecto de ley para permitir matrimonio gay". Diario Extra. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[240] "Proyecto de Ley Matrimonio Igualitario by Frente por los Derechos Igualitarios". Issuu.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[241] "Sala IV admite para estudio 2 recursos de inconstitucionalidad contra prohibición de matrimonio gay - AmeliaRueda.com". ameliarueda.com.

[242] Cerdas, Daniela. "Registro Civil solo espera notificación del Ejecutivo para adecuar reglas al matrimonio gay". La Nación. Retrieved 13 January 2018.

[243] "Costa Rica's Foreign Ministry Initiates Notification Process To Execute Court Order On Gay Marriage". Q Costa Rica. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.

[244] Template:Es icon Pareja gay se alista para dar el ‘sí’ tras criterio de la Corte IDH

[245] Pretel, Enrique Andres (19 January 2018). "Costa Rica's first gay marriage suffers bureaucratic hitch". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2018.

[246] Sanners, Peter (7 June 2012). "Gay marriage legalised". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[247] The Registered Partnership Act Archived 30 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine

[248] Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". The New York Times; retrieved 7 June 2012.

[249] Template:Da icon "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[250] "Parliament in Greenland unanimously approves same-sex marriage". Pink News. 27 May 2015.

[Greenland3-251] "Første homoseksuelle par viet i kirken". Greenlandic Broadcasting Corporation. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[252] Rahaman, Shifa (1 May 2016). "Faroe Islands says yes to same-sex marriage". The Copenhagen Post. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.

[Overview101-253] "L 129 Forslag til lov om ændring af lov for Færøerne om rettens pleje" (in Danish). Folketing. 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[254] "1. juli 2017: Nú kunnu samkynd giftast". portal.fo. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Yle_Uutiset-255] "Finnish Parliament approves same-sex marriage". Yle. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

[yle.fi-256] "Gender-Neutral Marriage Law Possible by 2012". Finnish Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 1 October 2010.

[McCormick-257] McCormick, Joseph Patrick (1 March 2013). "Finland: Parliamentary committee narrowly rejects equal marriage bill". PinkNews.co.uk web. Retrieved 10 August 2013.

[Finland_Dec_2014-258] "Initiative for equal Marriage Act presented to Parliament". Helsinki Times. 13 December 2013.

[Finland_Legal_Committee_3rd-259] "Lakivaliokunta hylkäsi tasa-arvoisen avioliittolain äänin 9-8: Näin äänestettiin". Iltasanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma News. Suomen Tietotoimisto. 20 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.

[ReferenceB-260] "Legal committee votes against gay marriage". Yle. 25 June 2014.

[Yle_Uutiset2-261] "Second vote approval of gender-neutral marriage bill". Yle. 12 December 2014.

[Finland_introdebate_2014-262] "Torstain täysitunnossa kansalaisaloite tasa-arvoisesta avioliittolaista" [Thursday's plenary session debates initiative on marriage equality] (in Finnish). Parliament of Finland. 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[Finland_parl_procedure-263] "Eduskunnan työjärjestys" (in Finnish). Ministry of Justice of Finland. Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[Yle_Uutiset3-264] "President signs gender-neutral marriage law". Yle. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.

[265] Template:Fr icon Pacte civil de solidarité (Pacs)

[266] "France's parliament passes gay marriage bill". CBC News. 12 February 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

[267] "French senate votes to legalise gay marriage". BBC News. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

[Same-sex_marriage:_France-268] "Same-sex marriage: French parliament approves new law". BBC News Europe. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.

[269] Lesur, Lionel; Lisa A. Linsky; McDermott Will & Emery (13 June 2013). "France Allows Same-Sex Marriages". The National Law Review. Retrieved 20 June 2013.

[270] "Décision n° 2010–92 QPC du 28 janvier 2011". Les décisions (in French). Conseil Constitutionel. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

[271] Communiqué de presse – 2013-669 DC – Loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe, Constitutional Council of France; retrieved 17 May 2013.Template:Fr icon

[272] "Bundesparteitag der SPD Schulz macht Ehe für alle zur Koalitionsbedingung". DPA (in German). Berliner Zeitung. 25 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[273] Smale, Alison; Shimer, David (30 June 2017). "Parliament in Germany Approves Same-Sex Marriage". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.

[274] "Germany's first same-sex "I do"'s as marriage equality dawns". Reuters. 1 October 2017.

[275] "Iceland passes gay marriage law in unanimous vote". Reuters. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

[276] "New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force". Icenews. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.

[277] "Iceland PM weds as gay marriage legalised". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 June 2010.

[278] "Partnership laws come into force". The Irish Times. 1 January 2011.

[279] "President signs same-sex marriage into Constitution". The Irish Times. 29 August 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.

[280] "Ireland says Yes to same-sex marriage". RTE. 23 May 2015.

[legal123-281] "Same-sex marriage is now legal in Republic of Ireland". BBC News. 16 November 2015.

[282] "Feu vert pour le mariage gay au Luxembourg". Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg). 18 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

[283] Template:Fr icon Mémorial A n° 125 de 2014

[284] "Luxemburger Wort". Wort.lu. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[285] "Chronicle.lu". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[tvm.com.mt-286] "Aġġornat: Ryan u Jaime jirreġistraw l-ewwel żwieġ gay f'Malta - TVM". TVM. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[287] Gay marriage to be introduced in Malta soon, timesofmalta.com; accessed 5 July 2017.

[288] Gay marriages bill sails through first vote - government to reject opposition amendments, timesofmalta.com; accessed 5 July 2017.

[289] "Government Gazette - 1 August 2017" (PDF).

[290] Borg, Bertrand (10 July 2017). "Valletta prepares for silent protest, celebrations as marriage bill nears finish line". Times of Malta.

[291] "Dirett: Jiccelebraw il-vot favur il-ligi taz-zwieg indaqs fi Piazza Kastilja". Television Malta. 12 July 2017.

[292] "Mexico City's gay marriage law takes effect". MSNBC. Associated Press. 4 March 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.

[293] "Supreme court rules gay weddings valid in all Mexico". BBC News. 10 August 2010.

[QR_marriages_legal-294] Brisa Muñoz (2 December 2011). "Dos matrimonios homosexuales se casaron en un municipio conservador" (in Spanish). CNN México. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[QR_marriages_annulled-295] Santana, Rosa (17 April 2012). "Anula gobernador de Quintana Roo dos bodas gay; lo acusan de homofóbico". Proceso (in Spanish). Comunicación e Información, S.A. de C.V. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

[QR_marriages_reinstated-296] Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). "Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 June 2012.

[297] "Aprueban matrimonios gay en Coahuila". Vangardia.com.mx. 1 September 2014.

[298] "First Gay Couple Marries In Coahuila, Mexico". On Top Magazine. 21 September 2014.

[299] Mexico state of Chihuahua officially approves same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015

[300] Mexican state to allow same-sex marriage, 12 June 2015

[301] "Mexico supreme court says state laws limiting marriage to man and woman unconstitutional". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 12 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[302] Mexico avalara matrimonio gay partir lunes, 19 June 2015, retrieved 5 July 2017

[La_Jornada-303] La Jornada. "A partir de julio, en Guerrero se permitirá casarse a parejas del mismo sexo". Lajornadaguerrero.com.mx. Retrieved 3 July 2015.

[collective_marriage-304] Trujillo, Javier (29 June 2015). "Invitan a boda colectiva del mismo sexo en Acapulco" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: Milenio. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[marriages_accompished!-305] "Se casan 20 parejas en boda colectiva de personas del mismo sexo en Guerrero" (in Spanish). Acapulco, Mexico: El Sur. 11 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[306] "Inválidos 20 matrimonios gays en Acapulco: Registro Civil - El Big Data". elbigdata.mx.

[307] Template:Sp icon Pueden casarse parejas del mismo sexo en las bodas del Día del Amor, informa el Registro Civil

[308] "Aprueba el Congreso de Nayarit los matrimonios gay" (in Spanish). La Jornada. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[309] Jervis, Joe (26 January 2016). "MEXICO: Same-Sex Marriage Legalized In Jalisco State After Unanimous Ruling By Supreme Court". joemygod.com.

[310] "Mexico: Campeche Becomes 7th Mexican State with Same-Sex Marriage". The Perchy Bird Blog. 10 May 2016.

[311] "Aprueban en el Congreso de Michoacán el matrimonio igualitario". cronica.com.mx.

[312] "Aprueba Morelos matrimonio igualitario". reforma.com.

[313] "DECRETO No. 103 Colima, Col., Sábado 11 de Junio del año 2016" (PDF). Periodicooficial.col.gob.mx. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[314] Reyes, Juan Pablo (11 July 2017). "Suprema Corte avala el matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Excélsior. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[315] "SCJN avala los matrimonios homosexuales en Puebla". Noticias MVS. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.

[316] "Mexico President Backs Same-Sex Marriage Nationwide". CNN. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.

[317] "Mexican congressional committee rejects Pena Nieto's bid to legalize gay marriage". Reuters. 10 November 2016.

[318] "Same-Sex Dutch Couples Gain Marriage and Adoption Rights". The New York Times. 20 December 2000. Retrieved 30 September 2011.

[319] "Aanpassingswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2010.

[320] Hartevelt, John; Levy, Dayna (14 May 2012). "MP drafting gay marriage bill". Fairfax media (via Stuff.co.nz). Retrieved 19 April 2013.

[321] "Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill – Proposed Members' Bills – Legislation". New Zealand Parliament. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2013.^{[dead link]}

[322] Shuttleworth, Kate; Young, Audrey (29 August 2012). "Marriage bill passes first reading". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2013.

[323] Watkins, Tracy (14 March 2013). "Passions fly as MPs vote on gay marriage". Fairfax Media (via Stuff.co.nz). Retrieved 19 April 2013.

[324] "NZ legalises same-sex marriage". ABC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[325] "Gay marriage bill passed". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[Radio_NZ-326] "Marriage legislation becomes law". Radio New Zealand. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[327] "Gay marriage becomes a reality". Newstalk ZB. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2013.

[328] "Gay Marriage in New Zealand – Gay Marriage Facts". www.gaymarriagefactsnow.com.

[329] "Norway adopts gay marriage law". Agence France-Presse via Google. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[330] "New law in Norway grants gay couples marriage rights". USA Today. Washington DC. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2011.

[331] Berglund, Nina (14 March 2008). "Gays to win marriage rights". Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008.

[332] Template:Es icon Surge preocupación ante recurso para que se reconozca el matrimonio igualitario en Panamá, Telemetro.com; accessed 5 July 2017.

[333] Template:Sp icon Corte Suprema de Justicia conocerá sobre matrimonios igualitarios, Prensa.com; accessed 5 July 2017.

[334] "Same-sex marriage could come to Panama if activists win legal fight". Gaystarnews.com. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[335] "Gay lawyer spearheads Panama same-sex marriage efforts". 1 October 2017.

[336] LGBTI Pride Parade in Lisbon, US Embassy Lisbon, Flickr.com, Capture June 16, 2016, 26.01.2018

[337] "Historia con Mapas". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[338] "Same-sex marriage in Portugal". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[339] News, ABC. "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World". go.com. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[340] "Portuguese parliament backs adoption by gay couples". yahoo.com.

[341] "Portugal just equalised its adoption laws for gay couples". pinknews.co.uk.

[SPTimes-342] "Spain approves liberal gay marriage law". St. Petersburg Times. 1 July 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.

[PlanOut-343] Giles, Ciaran (21 April 2005). "Spain: Gay marriage bill clears hurdle". Planetout.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 22 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[SOD-344] "Spain's new government to legalize gay marriage". SignonSanDiego.com. Reuters. 15 April 2004. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[345] "Disposiciones Generales" (PDF) (in Spanish). Boletin Oficial del Estado. 2 June 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2007.

[swedishmarriagerights-346] "Sweden allows same-sex marriage". BBC News. 2 April 2009.

[347] "Church of Sweden says yes to gay marriage". The Local. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[348] Samkönade äktenskap

[349] Green, Jessica (16 September 2011). "Government proposes introducing gay marriage after Cameron intervention". Pink News. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[350] "Religious groups urge David Cameron to maintain equal marriage support". PinkNews. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[grauni1127-351] Travis, Alan (17 February 2011). "Gay marriages and heterosexual civil partnerships may soon be welcomed". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 February 2011.

[352] "Equal marriage consultation". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[353] "Gay marriage: David Cameron backs church role". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[354] "Gay marriage: Commons passes Cameron's plan". BBC News. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.

[BBC23338279-355] "Same-sex marriage becomes law in England and Wales". BBC News. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[356] "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[357] "Consultation sees 50,000 responses". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

[358] "Scottish Parliament Website". Scottish Government. Retrieved 9 February 2012.

[359] "Same sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[360] "Scotland's gay marriage bill published at Holyrood". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[361] "Scotland's same-sex marriage bill is passed". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[362] "Thursday 13 March 2014 – Announcements – Scottish Parliament". scottish.parliament.uk. 13 March 2014.

[363] "Scotland's same-sex marriage bill is passed". BBC News. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.

[364] "Same-sex marriage becomes legal in Scotland". Scotsman. 16 December 2014.

[365] "Scotland's First Same-Sex Marriages To Take Place On Hogmanay". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[366] "Same-sex marriage: Arlene Foster criticised for 'childish' online abuse comments". BBC News. 28 October 2016. First Minister Arlene Foster said the DUP would use a petition of concern to block any change to the law over the next five years.

[367] "Command Paper published on same sex marriage". Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation. 22 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2016.

[368] "Gay couple win right to marry | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda News". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 5 May 2017.

[369] "Same Sex Marriage Laws – History". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

[370] "US CODE: Title 1,7. Definition of "marriage" and "spouse"". Cornell University. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[festive-371] Belluck, Oam (17 May 2004). "With Festive Mood, Gay Weddings Begin in Massachusetts". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2014.

[372] Swaine, Jon (9 May 2012). "Barack Obama endorses gay marriage". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 April 2013.

[ABC_News-373] "Obama Affirms Support for Same-Sex Marriage". ABC News. 9 May 2012.

[374] Gast, Phil (9 May 2012). "Obama announces he supports same-sex marriage". CNN. Retrieved 10 May 2012.

[375] Nakamura, David (19 July 2011). "Obama backs bill to repeal Defense of Marriage Act". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 July 2015.

[376] Harris, Chris (1 November 2008). "Did Barack Obama Answer Your Question?". MTV. Retrieved 1 February 2010.

[377] "North Carolina Gay Marriage Ban: Obama Says He's 'Disappointed'". The Huffington Post. Associated Press. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2012.

[378] Savage, Charlie (23 February 2011). "Obama Shifts Course on Defense of Marriage Act". The New York Times.

[forbes1-379] Jacobs, Deborah L. (7 November 2012). "Gay Marriage Scores Victories In All Four States That Considered It, But Tough Road Lies Ahead". Forbes. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

[scotusblog.com-380] "Opinions recap: Giant step for gay marriage". SCOTUSblog. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

[381] "APPEAL -- SUMMARY DISPOSITION : 13-1461 : BACKUS, VANDROTH, ET AL. V. SOUTH CAROLINA, ET AL" (PDF). Supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[382] Liptak, Adam (6 October 2014). "Supreme Court Clears Way for Gay Marriage in 5 States". New York Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[383] Wolf, Richard (26 June 2015). "Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage". USA Today. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[NYT_story-384] Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). "Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory". nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[Cheyenne1-385] Native American tribes challenge Oklahoma gay marriage ban, Al Jazeera, 22 October 2013

[Cheyenne2-386] Stuart, Hunter (22 October 2013). "Gay Couple Married In Oklahoma: Jason Pickel, Darren Black Bear Tie The Knot Despite State Ban". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

[387] Wolf, Richard (26 June 2015). "Timeline: Same-sex marriage through the years". USA TODAY.

[388] "Diputados aprobó el matrimonio igualitario Pasada la mediano". Noticias (in Spanish). Diario UNoticias. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.

[389] "Same-sex marriage bill comes into force in Uruguay". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[390] "Mobile". Panarmenian.Net. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[391] Woman sues Bulgarian authorities for recognition of same-sex marriage The Sofia Globe, 5 December 2017

[392] The Court did not Recognize a Marriage Between Bulgarian Women in the UK

[393] Morgan, Joe (12 March 2014). "Chile expected to legalize gay marriage". Gay Star News. Retrieved 10 April 2014.

[394] "Estudio Nacional de Opinión Pública, Junio–Julio 2011. Tema especial: Educación". Cepchile.cl. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[395] "Track semanal de Opinion Publica" (PDF). Plazapublica.cl. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[396] "El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al Parlamento de Chile". Cáscara Amarga. Retrieved 11 December 2014.

[397] "Chile recognises same-sex civil unions". BBC.com. BBC News.

[Reuters-bill-pass-398] Esposito, Anthony. "Socially-conservative Chile approves civil unions". Reuters. Retrieved 28 January 2015.

[399] "Chile's President Plans to Send Gay Marriage Bill to Congress in 2017". VOA & Reuters. 21 September 2016.

[400] "Modifica diversos cuerpos legales para regular, en igualdad de condiciones, el matrimonio de parejas del mismo sexo". Chamber of Deputies of Chile. Retrieved 8 September 2017.

[401] Chilean lawmakers begin debate on same-sex marriage bill The Washington Blade, 27 November 2017

[402] "政协发言人称同性婚姻太超前李银河提案再受挫_新闻中心_新浪网". News.sina.com.cn. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[403] "Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married". The Two-Way. 13 April 2016.

[door-404] Door Opens to Achieving Marriage Equality in Czech Republic

[405] Gays, lesbians launching campaign for marriage

[406] Template:Cz icon Andrej Babiš podpoří gay manželství. Diskutovat na toto téma bude v kině Varšava Zdroj

[407] Template:Es El Universo. Lesbianas critican demora en justicia. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

[408] Bird, The Perchy (19 August 2016). "Same-sex Marriage Lawsuit Filed in El Salvador". wordpress.com.

[409] Template:Es icon Sala Constitucional de El Salvador rechaza solicitud de matrimonio homosexual

[410] Estonia becomes first former Soviet state to legalise gay marriage, independent.co.uk; accessed 5 July 2017.

[411] "Gay couple to be married in Estonia". Gay Star News. 30 January 2017.

[412] Lomsadze, Giorgi (8 February 2016). "Gay Marriage Lawsuit Launched in Georgia" – via EurasiaNet.

[413] Georgia's Ruling Party 'Supermajority' Passes Unilateral Constitutional Reform

[414] "Parliament Overrides Presidential Veto on Constitutional Amendments". Civil Georgia. 13 October 2017.

[415] "Lesbian marriages in India". despardes.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[416] Joe Morgan (11 April 2014). "India 'party of the people' promises to legalize gay sex, marriage". Gay Star News. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[417] "A new UCC for a new India? Progressive draft UCC allows for same-sex marriages - Catchnews". Catchnews. Retrieved 12 October 2017.

[418] Harkov, Lahav (16 May 2012). "Knesset rejects marriage equality bill". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[419] "NGO petitions High Court to allow same-sex marriage in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 2 November 2015.

[420] "Nozze gay all'estero, c'è la firma del sindaco: saranno trascritte in Comune". La Repubblica (in Italian). 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.

[421] "Matrimoni gay, via alle trascrizioni: Roberto e Miguel la prima coppia". La Repubblica (in Italian). 25 June 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.

[422] "Via libera del sindaco Barnini ai matrimoni gay. Emanata una direttiva" (in Italian). Gonews.it. 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[423] "Matrimoni gay presto possibili a Pordenone". Messaggero Veneto (in Italian). 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

[424] "Udine dice sì alla trascrizione dei matrimoni gay" (in Italian). IlFriuli.it. 29 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.

[425] "Primo sì al registro delle nozze gay". Corriere Fiorentino (in Italian). 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.

[426] "Matrimoni gay, c'è l'ok del consiglio comunale di Piombino" (in Italian). Il Tirreno. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.

[427] "è festa a Bagheria: trascritto il primo matrimonio gay". Palermo Today (in Italian). 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.

[428] "Nozze gay all'estero, prime richieste di trascrizione a Milano: 'Pisapia, basta chiacchiere'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.

[429] "Nozze gay: il 54% degli italiani è favorevole, sondaggio Datamonitor" (in Italian). L'Huffington Post. 7 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[430] Template:Fr icon Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine

[431] "Nozze gay, per la prima volta oltre la metà degli italiani dice sì" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 12 October 2014.

[432] "Unioni civili, Camera approva: è legge. Renzi: "Battaglia da fare senza contare voti"" (in Italian). La Repubblica. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[433] "Nozze gay riconosciute dalla Cassazione: prima volta in Italia". www.blitzquotidiano.it.

[434] The Constitution of Japan. Tokyo. 3 November 1946. Retrieved 4 June 2015.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[435] "Majority of Japanese Support Same-Sex Marriage, Poll Shows". Bloomberg. 29 November 2015.

[436] "Supreme Court rules same-sex marriage request will be considered". Public broadcasting of Latvia. 27 May 2016.

[437] "Nepal charter to grant gay rights". Hindustan Times. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[438] Nelson, Dean (19 January 2010). "Nepal 'to stage gay weddings on Everest'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 February 2010.

[439] Chapagain, Kiran; Yardley, Jim (31 May 2012). "Legislature in Nepal Disbands in Failure". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 June 2012.

[440] "All set to get legal status". pahichan.com. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[441] Template:Es icon Poder Judicial emitió histórica sentencia en favor del matrimonio homosexual, Peru21.pe; accessed 5 July 2017.Template:Es icon

[442] "Court orders Peru to recognize its first same-sex marriage". Gay Star News. 10 January 2017.

[443] AP Wires (11 January 2017). "Peru takes step toward recognizing same-sex marriage". Daily Mail. UK.

[444] Template:Es icon Se presentó proyecto de ley de Matrimonio Igualitario en el Peru, Blogdelimagay.blogspot.ch, February 2017; accessed 5 July 2017.

[445] "'Love is love in communist movement'". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 19 July 2016.

[446] "Same-sex marriage legalization eyed in PH - News". asianjournal.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[447] "House Bill No. 6595" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[448] Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte says he supports same-sex marriage

[449] "Romania to consult with European court over same-sex marriage case".

[450] "Pobudniki referenduma uspeli, sprememba zakona o zakonski zvezi zavrnjena" (in Slovenian). 20 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

[451] "South Korean court rejects film director's same-sex marriage case". The Guardian. 25 May 2016.

[452] Duffy, Nick (26 May 2016). "South Korea set for more court battles over same-sex marriage ban". Pink News.

[453] "S. Korean court rejects gay couple's appeal over same-sex marriage". yonhapnews.co.kr. 6 December 2016.

[454] "특집 여론조사…국민 59.7% "적폐청산 수사 계속해야"". MBC News. 26 December 2017.

[455] Over the Rainbow: Public Attitude Toward LGBT in South Korea The Asian Institute for Policy Studies

[456] Template:Fr icon 13.468 – Initiative parlementaire Mariage civil pour tous, Swiss Parliament; retrieved 18 June 2014.

[457] Template:Fr Entrée en matière sur le projet de loi sur les avoirs de potentats, National Council, retrieved 20 February 2015

[458] "Ständerat sagt Ja zur Homo-Ehe". Blick.ch. 1 September 2015.

[459] Template:Fr icon "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), ifop, retrieved 18 June 2014

[460] Template:De icon Mehrheit der Schweizer für Ehe zwischen Homosexuellen, Blick.ch, retrieved on 22 February 2015

[461] Template:De icon 71 Prozent der Schweizer für Homo-Ehe, Sonntagszeitung.ch, retrieved on 22 February 20152015

[462] Keine Definition der Ehe zwischen Mann und Frau in der Verfassung, Srf.ch; accessed 5 July 2017.Template:De icon

[463] Template:Fr Rapport du Conseil fédéral - Modernisation du droit de la famille, Federal Department of Justice and Police; retrieved 27 May 2015.Template:Fr icon

[464] Sommaruga espère que les homosexuels pourront bientôt se marier, L'Hebdo; retrieved 27 May 2015.Template:Fr icon

[465] "Eidgenössische Volksinitiative 'Für Ehe und Familie - gegen die Heiratsstrafe'". admin.ch.

[466] Arrêté fédéral concernant l’initiative populaire «Pour le couple et la famille – Non à la pénalisation du mariage», Admin.ch; accessed 5 January 2017.Template:Fr icon

[467] Bundesrat gegen CVP-Initiative, Queer.ch, 18 November 2015; accessed 5 January 2017.Template:De icon

[468] Bundesrat lanciert Abstimmungskampf zur Volksinitiative gegen die «Heiratsstrafe», 17 November 2015, admin.ch

[469] Kriminelle Ausländer, Gotthard und Heiratsstrafe, NZZ.ch, 7 October 2014.Template:De icon

[470] Tax break for married couples rejected, Swissinfo.ch, 28 February 2016.

[471] Lii Wen (21 December 2014). "Gay marriage proposal set for review". Taipei Times. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[472] "Nearly two thirds of Taiwan supports marriage equality, survey finds". PinkNews. 30 November 2015.

[473] "Watch: Taiwan presidential frontrunner officially endorses marriage equality". gaystarnews.com. 2 November 2015.

[474] Gerber, Abraham (4 December 2016). "Thousands protest gay marriage in Taipei". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 December 2016.

[475] "Thousands rally to support equal marriage rights - Taipei Times".

[476] "The Struggle isn't Over": Venezuela Moves Towards Marriage Equality". Venezuelanalysis.com. 5 May 2016.

[477] Template:Es icon Maduro: "Creo que todo el mundo se puede casar, aunque sea homosexual" shangay.com, 20 November 2017

[478] "Vietnam government consults on same-sex marriage". 20 June 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013.

[479] "Vote on same-sex marriage in Vietnam likely to be delayed until 2014".

[480] Thomas Maresca (30 April 2013). "Vietnam: Flawed on Human Rights, but a Leader in Gay Rights". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 May 2013.

[481] "Vietnam ends same-sex marriage fines". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

[482] S. Sarkar, "It's final Gay wedding fines to go in Vietnam", Gay Star News, 13 October 2013. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[483] "The latest entertainment news for Australia's LGBTIQ community". Gay News Network. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

[484] Tuoi Tre Newspaper. "Vietnam to remove fines on same-sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[485] "Nghị định 110/2013/NĐ-CP xử phạt vi phạm hành chính bổ trợ tư pháp hành chính tư pháp - bản lưu trữ". Thuvienphapluat.vn. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[486] "Cổng thông tin điện tử Công an Tỉnh Hà Tĩnh". Web.archive.org. 17 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[487] "Vietnamese lawmakers back down on giving rights to same-sex couples". Gay Star News.

[488] "Vietnam's Proposed Marriage Law Disappoints LGBT Activists". VOA. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[489] "Vietnam allows surrogacy within families, denies same-sex marriage". Thanh Nien Daily. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[490] Tuoi Tre Newspaper. "Vietnam removes ban on same sex marriage". Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[491] "Vietnam set to lift gay marriage ban". Marilyn Stowe Blog. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

[492] "UN Secretary-General Bulletin" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 25 September 2012.

[493] "Jobs — Compensation & Benefits". The World Bank Group. Retrieved 8 March 2007.

[Towleroad-494] Towle, Andy. "NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8". Towleroad. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[countries_and_states_legal-495] Pearson, Mary. "Where is Gay Marriage Legal?". christiangays.com. Retrieved 20 February 2012.

[496] Williams, Steve. "Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage?". Care2.com (news.bbc.co.uk as source). Retrieved 20 February 2012.

[497] "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. - Legilux". Eli.legilux.public.lu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[498] "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 12 March 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[499] "WETTEN, DECRETEN, ORDONNANTIES EN VERORDENINGEN LOIS, DECRETS, ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS" (PDF). Ejustice.jkust.fgov.be. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

[500] "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

[501] "Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 20 February 2012.

[502] Ramstack, Tom (11 January 2010). "Congress Considers Outcome of D.C. Gay Marriage Legislation". AHN. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[503] Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2013:35

[UN-504] Fleshman, Michael. "African gays and lesbians combat bias: An 'invisible' minority seeks legal safeguards, acceptance". United Nations. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[NigeriaTribune-505] Igwe, Leo (19 June 2009). "Tradition of same gender marriage in Igboland". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.

[Laurie-506] Laurie, Timothy (3 June 2015), Bigotry or biology: the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality, The Drum

[507] Blankenhorn, David (19 September 2008). "Protecting marriage to protect children". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 October 2009.

[findlaw1-508] "See discussion of prenuptial and postmarital agreements at Findlaw". Family.findlaw.com. Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[indegayforum1-509] Dale Carpenter is a prominent spokesman for this view. For a better understanding of this view, see Carpenter's writings at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[lamb-510] Lamb, Ph.D., Michael. "Expert Affidavit for U.S. District Court (D. Mass. 2009)" (PDF). Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Retrieved 24 July 2012.

[AAP-Discovery-511] "Pediatricians: Gay Marriage Good for Kids' Health". news.discovery.com. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.

[apsp-512] "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2010.

[amici2010-513] "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellees" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[herek2006-514] Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[How_Does_the_Gender_of_Parents_Matter?-515] Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (February 2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?" (PDF). Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[cpa2005-516] "Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38" (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Retrieved 28 September 2012.

[517] "Austrian court rules to allow same-sex adoptions". The Privateer. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.

[518] "LGBT Adoption Statistics". lifelongadoptions.com. Retrieved 13 February 2016.

[519] "Families are created with love". gayadoption.org. Retrieved 13 February 2016.

[520] The Fertility Sourcebook, Third Edition – Page 245, M. Sara Rosenthal – 2002

[521] An Introduction to Family Social Work – Page 348, Donald Collins, Catheleen Jordan, Heather Coleman – 2009

[α]

[i]

[ii]

[iii]

[iv]

[v]

[vi]

[vii]

[viii]

[ix]

[x]

[xi]

[xii]

[xiii]

[nb 1]

[nb 2]

[nb 3]

[nb 4]

[nb 5]

[1]

[2]

[nb 6]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[a]

[b]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

@@ Line 374: / Line 374: @@
 The Court issued its ruling in response to a motion brought by Costa Rica in 2016. The Costa Rican Government asked the Court to give its opinion on whether it had an obligation to extend property rights to same-sex couples, and the Court ruled that it did. The Costa Rican Government also wanted to know whether it should allow transgender people to change their name and gender on their identity documents. Again, the Court ruled that it must.
-Following the ruling, LGBT advocacy groups and legal experts in numerous Latin American countries began urging their respective governments and/or courts to implement the decision. These countries include Chile,<ref>[http://lanacion.cl/2018/01/10/movilh-nueva-resolucion-de-la-cidh-obliga-a-pinera-a-aprobar-identidad-de-genero/ MOVILH: NUEVA RESOLUCIÓN DE LA CIDH OBLIGA A PIÑERA A APROBAR IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO]</ref> the Dominican Republic,<ref>[http://hoy.com.do/que-implica-para-republica-dominicana-que-la-cidh-fallara-a-favor-de-matrimonio-gay-jurista-responde/ ¿Qué implica para República Dominicana que la CIDH fallara a favor de matrimonio gay? Jurista responde]</ref> Ecuador,<ref>{{es icon}} [https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2018/01/12/nota/6563400/comunidad-lgbti-insta-lenin-moreno-reconocer-matrimonio-gay-ecuador LGBTI community urges Lenin Moreno to recognize gay marriage in Ecuador]</ref> El Salvador,<ref name="blade">[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2018/01/15/latin-america-countries-urged-to-abide-by-landmark-lgbt-rights-ruling/ Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling] ''The Washington Blade'', 15 January 2018</ref> Guatemala,<ref name="blade"/> Honduras,<ref>[http://www.latribuna.hn/2018/01/11/comunidad-lgtb-pide-valorar-recomendacion-cidh-matrimonios-gay/ Comunidad LGTB pide valorar recomendación de CIDH sobre matrimonios Gay]</ref> Mexico,<ref name="blade"/> Nicaragua,<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/candidatos-debaten-sobre-matrimonio-gay-en-debate/3JQGU5BBDRFW3PTRNKYDYTKV6Q/story/ Debate organizado por Iglesia: 4 candidatos se comprometen a bloquear matrimonio gay]</ref> Paraguay<ref>[http://www.ultimahora.com/paraguay-debe-adecuar-leyes-matrimonio-igualitario-segun-experto-n1128418.html Paraguay debe adecuar leyes para matrimonio igualitario, según experto]</ref> and Peru.<ref name="peru">{{es icon}} [http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180112/434230085521/judicatura-peru-debe-respetar-decision-corteidh-sobre-matrimonio-homosexual.html Perú debe respetar decisión CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual] lavanguardia</ref>
+Following the ruling, LGBT advocacy groups and legal experts in numerous Latin American countries began urging their respective governments and/or courts to implement the decision. These countries include Chile,<ref>[http://lanacion.cl/2018/01/10/movilh-nueva-resolucion-de-la-cidh-obliga-a-pinera-a-aprobar-identidad-de-genero/ MOVILH: NUEVA RESOLUCIÓN DE LA CIDH OBLIGA A PIÑERA A APROBAR IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO]</ref> the Dominican Republic,<ref>[http://hoy.com.do/que-implica-para-republica-dominicana-que-la-cidh-fallara-a-favor-de-matrimonio-gay-jurista-responde/ ¿Qué implica para República Dominicana que la CIDH fallara a favor de matrimonio gay? Jurista responde]</ref> Ecuador,<ref>{{es icon}} [https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2018/01/12/nota/6563400/comunidad-lgbti-insta-lenin-moreno-reconocer-matrimonio-gay-ecuador LGBTI community urges Lenin Moreno to recognize gay marriage in Ecuador]</ref> El Salvador,<ref name="blade">[http://www.washingtonblade.com/2018/01/15/latin-america-countries-urged-to-abide-by-landmark-lgbt-rights-ruling/ Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling] ''The Washington Blade'', 15 January 2018</ref> Guatemala,<ref name="blade"/> Honduras,<ref>[http://www.latribuna.hn/2018/01/11/comunidad-lgtb-pide-valorar-recomendacion-cidh-matrimonios-gay/ Comunidad LGTB pide valorar recomendación de CIDH sobre matrimonios Gay]</ref> Mexico,<ref name="blade"/> Nicaragua,<ref>[http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/candidatos-debaten-sobre-matrimonio-gay-en-debate/3JQGU5BBDRFW3PTRNKYDYTKV6Q/story/ Debate organizado por Iglesia: 4 candidatos se comprometen a bloquear matrimonio gay]</ref> Paraguay<ref>[http://www.ultimahora.com/paraguay-debe-adecuar-leyes-matrimonio-igualitario-segun-experto-n1128418.html Paraguay debe adecuar leyes para matrimonio igualitario, según experto]</ref> and Peru.<ref name="peru">{{es icon}} [http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180112/434230085521/judicatura-peru-debe-respetar-decision-corteidh-sobre-matrimonio-homosexual.html Perú debe respetar decisión CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual] lavanguardia</ref><ref>[https://www.quora.com/Which-countries-will-legalize-gay-marriage-in-2018 Which countries will legalize gay marriage in 2018?]</ref>
 The governments of Costa Rica and Panama have announced that they will fully implement the IACHR ruling.<ref name="panama"/><ref name="panama1"/> Additionally, on 11 January, the president of the [[Supreme Court of Peru]] and chairman of the country's [[Judiciary of Peru|judiciary]], Duberlí Rodríguez, stated that Peru should abide by the decision.<ref name="peru"/> On 29 January 2018, Housing Minister Carlos Bruce estimated that same-sex marriage will be allowed in Peru within two years, and several former Supreme Court judges and lawmakers, notably Indira Huilca, stated that same-sex marriage will soon be legal in Peru, no matter what.<ref>[https://ojo.pe/actualidad/carlos-bruce-matrimonio-gay-pronto-peru-251881/ Carlos Bruce hace anuncio: "Matrimonio gay se dará pronto en Perú"]</ref><ref>{{es icon}} [http://rpp.pe/politica/actualidad/huilca-matrimonio-entre-personas-del-mismo-sexo-debe-implementarse-en-el-peru-noticia-1104560 Huilca: "Matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo debe implementarse en el Perú"]</ref> The Peruvian Government, however, has yet to issue a formal decision on the matter.

v t e Status of same-sex unions around the world
Africa	Angola Botswana Egypt Eswatini Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Seychelles South Africa United Kingdom Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Zimbabwe
Americas	Argentina Barbados Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Greenland Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Netherlands Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba Nicaragua Paraguay Suriname United Kingdom Bermuda Cayman Islands Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands United States Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. tribal nations Uruguay Venezuela
Asia	Bhutan Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Israel Japan Myanmar Nepal Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand United Kingdom British Indian Ocean Territory Vietnam
Europe	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey
Oceania	Australia Fiji Micronesia New Zealand Palau United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands United States American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands
Antarctica	United Kingdom British Antarctic Territory

v t e Constitutional amendments banning civil unions or same-sex marriages around the world
Same-sex marriage prohibited by constitutional amendment	Armenia Belarus Bolivia Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Croatia Democratic Republic of the Congo Dominican Republic Hungary Jamaica Kenya Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Mali Mongolia Montenegro Palau Poland Russia Rwanda Serbia Slovakia South Sudan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Zimbabwe
Same-sex marriage and civil unions prohibited by constitutional amendment	Honduras Paraguay