BCKDK

BCKDK
Identifiers
Aliases	BCKDK, BCKDKD, BDK, branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase kinase
External IDs	OMIM: 614901; MGI: 1276121; HomoloGene: 37642; GeneCards: BCKDK; OMA:BCKDK - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 16 (human) Band 16p11.2 Start 31,106,107 bp End 31,112,791 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 7 (mouse) Band 7|7 F3 Start 127,503,254 bp End 127,509,393 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in apex of heart right adrenal gland right adrenal cortex body of pancreas left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex gastrocnemius muscle muscle of thigh left ventricle parotid gland Top expressed in lacrimal gland muscle of thigh saccule parotid gland yolk sac otic vesicle submandibular gland otic placode extensor digitorum longus muscle right kidney More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity nucleotide binding protein serine/threonine kinase activity protein kinase activity transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups protein binding ATP binding kinase activity [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase activity] Cellular component mitochondrial matrix mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex mitochondrion Biological process protein phosphorylation cellular amino acid catabolic process branched-chain amino acid catabolic process phosphorylation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 10295 12041 Ensembl ENSG00000103507 ENSMUSG00000030802 UniProt O14874 O55028 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005881 NM_001122957 NM_001271926 NM_009739 RefSeq (protein) NP_001116429 NP_001258855 NP_005872 NP_005872.2 NP_033869 Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 31.11 – 31.11 Mb Chr 7: 127.5 – 127.51 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) is an enzyme encoded by the BCKDK gene on chromosome 16. This enzyme is part of the mitochondrial protein kinases family and it is a regulator of the valine, leucine, and isoleucine catabolic pathways. BCKDK is found in the mitochondrial matrix and the prevalence of it depends on the type of cell. Liver cells tend to have the lowest concentration of BCKDK, whereas skeletal muscle cells have the highest amount. Abnormal activity of this enzyme often leads to diseases such as maple syrup urine disease and cachexia.

Structure

BCKDK's structure consists of a characteristic nucleotide-binding domain along with a four-helix bundle domain similar to certain aspects of protein histidine kinases, which are involved in two-component signal transduction systems. BCKDK is also a dimer with a Leu389 residue located between the dimers and this dimerization is seen to be essential for its kinase activity and protein stability. Moreover, it is made up of 382 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 43 kDa. The gene BCKDK is located at 16p11.2, has an exon count of 11, and it lacks a TATA-box and an initiator element.

Function

BCKDK regulates the activity of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) through phosphorylation and inactivation. This inactivation results in increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which is seen to reduce oxidative stress; however, having too much BCAA has been proven to be toxic to humans. Therefore, BCKDK is a vital tool to assist with BCAA homeostasis. As stated earlier, BCKDK concentrations vary depending on the type of tissue that is observed, whereas BCKD's concentration is the same in any tissue. Although BCKD concentration is constant, the amount of BCKDK determines the activity of the dehydrogenase complex. Since liver tissue is seen to have the lowest concentration of BCKDK, the activity of BCKD is seen to be the highest, delineating the fact that the BCKD kinase inversely affects the BCKD activity.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in BCKD activity often leads to pathological conditions which is why BCKDK is needed to regulate it. Often, mutations in the BCKDK gene occur creating the deviation in BCKD behavior. Exceedingly high BCKD complex activity increases branched-chain amino acid catabolism and protein degradation in skeletal muscle, which is a distinctive feature for cachexia. Deficiencies in BCKD activity have been the main cause in the rare metabolism maple syrup urine disease that can lead to mental retardation, brain edema, seizures, coma, and death if not treated correctly by lifelong limitation of branched-chain amino acid intake. Because BCKDK regulates BCKD which in turn catalyzes BCAA, BCKDK is one of the factors that determines the concentration of BCAA levels. High BCAA levels can lead to insulin resistance and can be a potential marker for type 2 diabetes. The amalgamation of BCAA can also lead to congenital heart diseases and heart failure. Furthermore, low levels of BCAA have been described as a cause of comorbid intellectual disability, autism, and epilepsy.

Interactions

BCKDK has been seen to interact with:

• BCKD

Further reading

• Popov KM, Zhao Y, Shimomura Y, Kuntz MJ, Harris RA (Jul 1992). "Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase. Molecular cloning, expression, and sequence similarity with histidine protein kinases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (19): 13127–30. PMID 1377677.
• Chang CF, Chou HT, Chuang JL, Chuang DT, Huang TH (May 2002). "Solution structure and dynamics of the lipoic acid-bearing domain of human mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (18): 15865–73. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110952200. PMID 11839747.
• Xu YC, Wu RF, Gu Y, Yang YS, Yang MC, Nwariaku FE, Terada LS (Aug 2002). "Involvement of TRAF4 in oxidative activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 28051–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202665200. PMID 12023963.
• Starcevic M, Dell'Angelica EC (Jul 2004). "Identification of snapin and three novel proteins (BLOS1, BLOS2, and BLOS3/reduced pigmentation) as subunits of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (27): 28393–401. doi:10.1074/jbc.M402513200. PMID 15102850.
• Wynn RM, Kato M, Machius M, Chuang JL, Li J, Tomchick DR, Chuang DT (Dec 2004). "Molecular mechanism for regulation of the human mitochondrial branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex by phosphorylation". Structure. 12 (12): 2185–96. doi:10.1016/j.str.2004.09.013. PMID 15576032.
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514.
• Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC 1847948. PMID 17353931.

External links

• BCKDK human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
• BCKDK human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.