Punjab: Difference between revisions
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*[[Urdu]]/[[Hindi]] |
*[[Urdu]]/[[Hindi]] |
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*[[English language|English]] |
*[[English language|English]] |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;" |
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| '''Area''' |
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| {{convert|355705|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;" |
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| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''Population''' (2001) |
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| 152,000,000 |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;" |
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| '''[[Population density|Density]]''' |
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| 430/km<sup>2</sup> |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;" |
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| style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Religions]]''' |
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*[[Islam]] |
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*[[Hinduism]] |
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*[[Sikhism]] |
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*[[Christianity]] |
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|- style="vertical-align: top;" |
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| '''[[Demonym]]''' |
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| [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] |
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<!--| colspan=2 | <small>{{{footnotes}}}</small> --> |
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The '''Punjab''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Punjab.ogg|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|ɑː|b}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|æ|b}}), also spelled '''Panjab''', ''panj-āb'', "five rivers"<ref name=EoS/> |
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([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਪੰਜਾਬ <small> ([[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurumukhi]])''';''' </small> {{nq|پنجاب}} <small>([[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]])</small>''';''' पंजाब <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>), is a geographical region in [[South Asia]] comprising vast territories of eastern [[Pakistan]] and northern [[India]].<br>In Pakistan, it includes the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad]], parts of [[Azad Kashmir]]<ref>History of Panjab Hill States, Hutchison, Vogel 1933 Mirpur was made a part of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846</ref> (namely [[Bhimber]] and Mirpur) and parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (namely [[Peshawar]]).<ref>Changes in the Socio-economic Structures in Rural North-West Pakistan By Mohammad Asif Khan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKdraLI-c0wC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=peshawar+separated+from+punjab+1901&source=bl&ots=PBoCu9_Nb7&sig=e2q7sw1Jrtq-W2KNVpP71lTH-5k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oafUVNHTF4OU7AaquIDoDQ&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=peshawar%20separated%20from%20punjab%201901&f=false] Peshawar was separated from Punjab Province in 1901.</ref><br>In India, it includes [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state and [[Chandigarh]] union territory, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu Division]], parts of [[Delhi]] and parts of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title=The Times Atlas of the World, Concise Edition |url= |accessdate= |year=1995 |publisher=Times Books |location=London |isbn=0 7230 0718 7 |page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J S |authorlink= |title=Historical Geography of the Punjab |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/2_grewal.pdf |accessdate= |year=2004 |volume=Punjab Research Group, Volume 11, No 1 |publisher=Journal of Punjab Studies |isbn= |
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|pages=4, 7, 11}}</ref><ref>see [[doab#The Punjab Doabs|the Punjab Doabs]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |
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| title = Globalisation and the region: explorations in Punjabi identity |
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| editor = Pritam Singh and Shinder S. Thandi |
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| page = 361 |
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| publisher = Coventry Association for Punjab Studies, Coventry University |
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| year = 1996 |
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}}</ref> |
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The name of the region is a compound of two [[Persian language|Persian]] words<ref name=EoS>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/|title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh |date= |work=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=[[Punjabi University]], Patiala |accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref> and was introduced to the region by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Muslim conquerors of [[History of India|India]] and more formally popularized during the [[Mughal empire]]. Punjab literally means ''"(The Land of) Five Waters"'' referring to the following rivers: the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], and [[Beas River|Beas]].<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., vol.20, Punjab,p.107</ref> All are tributaries of the [[Indus River]], the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] being the largest. |
The name of the region is a compound of two [[Persian language|Persian]] words<ref name=EoS>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/|title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh |date= |work=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=[[Punjabi University]], Patiala |accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref> and was introduced to the region by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Muslim conquerors of [[History of India|India]] and more formally popularized during the [[Mughal empire]]. Punjab literally means ''"(The Land of) Five Waters"'' referring to the following rivers: the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], and [[Beas River|Beas]].<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., vol.20, Punjab,p.107</ref> All are tributaries of the [[Indus River]], the [[Chenab River|Chenab]] being the largest. |
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==Major cities== |
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[[File:Weeks Edwin Lord An Open-Air Restaurant Lahore.jpg|thumb|right|250px|An Open-Air Restaurant, Lahore]] |
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[[File:Golden Temple India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Golden Temple, Amritsar]] |
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 70% ; font-size: 85%; border: #ffffff solid 1px; text-align: lcenter; margin-bottom: 0; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" |
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! align=center colspan=4 style="background:#dddddd"| '''List of major cities in the Punjab''' |
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|- |
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! align=center style="background:#dddddd;" | Rank |
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! align=center style="background:#dddddd;" | City |
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! align=center style="background:#dddddd;" | State/Province |
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! align=center style="background:#dddddd;" | Country |
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|- |
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| align=center | 1 ||align=left | '''[[Lahore]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 2 ||align=left | '''[[Faisalabad]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 3 ||align=left | '''[[Rawalpindi]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 4 ||align=left | '''[[Multan]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 5 ||align=left | '''[[Gujranwala]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 6 ||align=left | '''[[Sargodha]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 7 ||align=left | '''[[Ludhiana]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || India |
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|- |
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| align=center | 8 ||align=left | '''[[Peshawar]]''' ||align=left | [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 9 ||align=left | '''[[Islamabad]]''' ||align=left | [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 10 ||align=left | '''[[Faridabad]]''' ||align=left | [[Haryana]] || India |
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|- |
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| align=center | 11 ||align=left | '''[[Gurgaon]]''' ||align=left | [[Haryana]] || India |
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| align=center | 12 ||align=left | '''[[Amritsar]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || India |
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| align=center | 13 ||align=left | '''[[Chandigarh]]''' ||align=left | [[Chandigarh]] || India |
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|- |
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| align=center | 14 ||align=left | '''[[Jalandhar]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || India |
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|- |
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| align=center | 15 ||align=left | '''[[Bahawalpur]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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| align=center | 16 ||align=left | '''[[Patiala]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab]] || India |
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|- |
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| align=center | 17 ||align=left | '''[[Gujrat city|Gujrat]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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|- |
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| align=center | 18 ||align=left | '''[[Sialkot]]''' ||align=left | [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || Pakistan |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
Revision as of 15:10, 22 April 2015
Punjab Region | |
Largest Cities | Lahore Faisalabad |
Countries | |
Official languages |
The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words[1] and was introduced to the region by the Turkic Muslim conquerors of India and more formally popularized during the Mughal empire. Punjab literally means "(The Land of) Five Waters" referring to the following rivers: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[2] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest. The region has a long history. It has been inhabited by Harappans, proto-Dravidians and Indo-Aryans and has seen numerous invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, British and others. The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis and their principal language is called Punjabi. The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Other religious groups are Christians, Jains and Buddhists. In 1947, with the dissolution of British India, the region was partitioned between India and Pakistan. HistoryThe Punjab region of India and Pakistan has a historical and cultural link to Indo-Aryan heritage identity as well as partially to the Dravidic indigenous communities. As a result of numerous invasions, many ethnic groups and religions make up the cultural heritage of Punjab. ![]() In prehistoric times, one of the earliest known cultures of South Asia, the Harappa civilisation, was located in Punjab. The epic battles described in the Mahabharata were fought in modern-day Harayana and historic Punjab. The Gandharas, Kambojas, Trigartas, Andhra, Pauravas, Bahlikas (Bactrian settlers of Punjab), Yaudheyas and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra.[3] According to Dr Fauja Singh and Dr L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab".[4] In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great invaded the tip of Punjab from the north (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan) and defeated King Porus. His armies entered the region via the Hindu Kush in northwest Pakistan and his rule extended up to the city of Sagala (modern-day Sialkot in northeast Pakistan). In 305 BCE the area was ruled by the Maurya Empire. In a long line of succeeding rulers of the area, Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great stand out as the most renowned. The Maurya presence in the area was then consolidated in the Indo-Greek Kingdom in 180 BCE. Menander I Soter "The Saviour" (known as Milinda in Indian sources) is the most renowned leader of the era. Neighbouring Seleucid rule came to an end around 12 BCE, after several invasions by the Yuezhi and the Scythian people. In 711–713 CE, 18-year-old Arab Sultan Muhammad bin Qasim of Taif, a city in Saudi Arabia, came by way of the Arabian Sea with Arab troops to defeat Raja Dahir. The Sultan then led his troops to conquer Sindh and Punjab regions for the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate. Qasim was the first to bring Islam to the region. ![]() In 1758, Punjab came under the rule of Marathas who captured the region by defeating Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali's Indian invasion weakened the Maratha influence, but he could not defeat the Sikhs. At the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 at Amritsar, the Punjab had been divided into 36 areas and 12 separate Sikh principalities, called misl. From this point onward, the beginnings of a Punjabi Sikh Empire emerged. Out of the 36 areas, 22 were united by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The other 14 accepted British sovereignty. After Ranjit Singh's death, assassinations and internal divisions severely weakened the empire. Six years later the British East India Company was given an excuse to declare war and in 1849, after two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Punjab was annexed by the British. ![]() ![]() The British Raj had political, cultural, philosophical and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Muhammad Iqbal, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (about 35%) became part of India, while West Punjab (65%) became part of Pakistan.[6] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following the British Raj, with casualties estimated to be in millions. Physical geographyAt the time of the Sikh Empire Punjab covered a large territory – the entire Indus basin and the watershed between the Indus and Gangetic plains. It could be divided into four natural areas:[1]
![]() The upper regions are snow covered the whole year. Lower ranges of hills run parallel to the mountains. The Lower Himalayan Range runs from north of Rawalpindi though Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and further south. The mountains are relatively young, and are eroding rapidly. The Indus and the five rivers of the Punjab have their sources in the mountain range and carry loam, minerals and silt down to the rich alluvial plains, which consequently are very fertile.[7] ClimateThe climate is a factor contributing to the economy of the Punjab. It is not uniform over the whole region, the sections adjacent to the Himalayas receiving heavier rainfall than those at a distance.[8] There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the Hot Season, from about mid April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49˚C. The Monsoon Season, from July to September, is a period of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems. The transitional period after the monsoon is cool and mild, leading to the Winter Season, when the temperature in January falls to 5˚C at night and 12˚C by day. During the transitional period from Winter to the Hot Season sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops.[9] People of the PunjabEthnic backgroundEthnic ancestries of modern Punjabis include a mixture of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Scythian, Semitic ancestries can also be found in lesser numbers. With the advent of Islam, settlers from Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir have also integrated into the Muslim Punjabi society. However the majority of Punjab is still made up of the Ahirs, Arains, Dalits (mostly Chamars), Gujjars, Jatts, Khatris, Tarkhans, Maliks, Brahmins and Rajputs. Languages![]() ReligionsThe vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith, but also include large minority faiths mostly Shia Muslim, Ahmadi Muslim and Christians. In Indian Punjab, Sikhs and Hindus are the vast majority. Sikhism, a religion founded in the late 15th century, is the main religion practised in Indian Punjab. About 60% of the population of Indian Punjab is Sikh, 37% is Hindu, and the rest are Muslims, Christians, and Jains.[10] However, due to large scale migration from Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Bengal and Odisha demographics of Indian Punjab state have become more skewed than reported earlier. Indian Punjab contains the holy Sikh city of Amritsar. The states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, formerly constituents of the British province of Punjab, are mostly Hindu-majority. The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints.[11] Sufism is a concept in Islam. Also, Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.[12] Punjabi FestivalsPunjabis celebrate the following cultural, seasonal and religious festivals: Punjabi ClothingTraditional Punjabi clothing includes the following:
Economy![]() The historical region of Punjab is considered to be one of the most fertile regions on Earth. Both east and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportion of India and Pakistan's food output respectively. The region has been used for extensive wheat farming, in addition rice, cotton, sugarcane, fruit and vegetables are also grown. The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab are considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. Indian Punjab has been estimated to be the second richest state in India.[13] Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's food grain production.[14] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.[15] Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the world's rice, 2% of its wheat, and 2% of its cotton.[16] In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce. Timeline
Photo gallery
See alsoReferences
Further reading
External links![]() Wikimedia Commons has media related to Punjab region. |