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| IUPAC_name = 4-(1-Methylpiperidin-4-ylidene)-4,9-dihydro-10''H''-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-''b'']thiophen-10-one
| IUPAC_name = 4-(1-Methylpiperidin-4-ylidene)-4,9-dihydro-10''H''-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-''b'']thiophen-10-one
| image = Ketotifen.svg
| image = Ketotifen.svg
| width = 150
| width = 175px


<!--Clinical data-->
<!--Clinical data-->
| tradename = Zaditor<ref>http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-17484/zaditor-opht/details{{full}}</ref>
| tradename = Zaditor<ref>http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-17484/zaditor-opht/details{{full}}</ref>
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|ketotifen}}
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|CONS|ketotifen}}
| MedlinePlus = a604033
| MedlinePlus = a604033
| pregnancy_US = C
| pregnancy_US = C
| legal_US =
| legal_US =
| legal_US_comment = Oral — withdrawn, was ℞-only; Eye drops — over-the-counter
| legal_US_comment = Oral — withdrawn, was ℞-only; Eye drops — over-the-counter
| legal_status =
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = Oral ([[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]]), ophthalmic solution
| routes_of_administration = Oral ([[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]]), ophthalmic solution
Line 28: Line 28:
| ATC_prefix = R06
| ATC_prefix = R06
| ATC_suffix = AX17
| ATC_suffix = AX17
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|GX08}}
| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|S01|GX08}}
| PubChem = 3827
| PubChem = 3827
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
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| C=19 | H=19 | N=1 | O=1 | S=1
| C=19 | H=19 | N=1 | O=1 | S=1
| molecular_weight = 309.426 g/mol
| molecular_weight = 309.426 g/mol
| smiles = O=C3c1sccc1C(\c2c(cccc2)C3)=C4/CCN(C)CC4
| SMILES = O=C3c1sccc1C(\c2c(cccc2)C3)=C4/CCN(C)CC4
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H19NOS/c1-20-9-6-13(7-10-20)18-15-5-3-2-4-14(15)12-17(21)19-16(18)8-11-22-19/h2-5,8,11H,6-7,9-10,12H2,1H3
| StdInChI = 1S/C19H19NOS/c1-20-9-6-13(7-10-20)18-15-5-3-2-4-14(15)12-17(21)19-16(18)8-11-22-19/h2-5,8,11H,6-7,9-10,12H2,1H3
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}}
}}


'''Ketotifen''' is a first-generation noncompetitive H<sub>1</sub>-[[antihistamine]] and [[mast cell stabilizer]]. It is most commonly sold as a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] with [[fumaric acid]], '''ketotifen fumarate''', and is available in two forms. In its [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmic]] form, it is used to treat [[allergic conjunctivitis]].<ref name="Zaditor_pi">[http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/zaditor.pdf Zaditor prescribing information] Novartis</ref> In its [[Oral administration|oral]] form, it is used to prevent [[asthma]] attacks or Anaphylaxis, as well as various mast cell, allergic-type disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2013.10.003 |pmid=24267353 |pmc=4309375 |title=Ketotifen in the management of chronic urticaria: Resurrection of an old drug |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=111 |issue=6 |pages=433–6 |year=2013 |last1=Sokol |first1=Kristin C. |last2=Amar |first2=Neil K. |last3=Starkey |first3=Jonathan |last4=Grant |first4=J. Andrew }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.04.003 |title=The relation between antihistamine medication during early pregnancy & birth defects |journal=Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=287–90 |year=2015 |last1=Shawky |first1=Rabah M. |last2=Seifeldin |first2=Neveen S. }}</ref><ref name=Zuberbier2012>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1939-4551-5-S1-S1 |title=A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/ WAO Guidelines in Urticaria |journal=World Allergy Organization Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=S1–S5 |year=2012 |last1=Zuberbier |first1=Torsten }}</ref><ref name="Zuberbier et al 2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02178.x |pmid=19772513 |title=EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: Management of urticaria |journal=Allergy |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1427–43 |year=2009 |last1=Zuberbier |first1=T. |last2=Asero |first2=R. |last3=Bindslev-Jensen |first3=C. |last4=Walter Canonica |first4=G. |last5=Church |first5=M. K. |last6=Giménez-Arnau |first6=A. M. |last7=Grattan |first7=C. E. H. |last8=Kapp |first8=A. |last9=Maurer |first9=M. |last10=Merk |first10=H. F. |last11=Rogala |first11=B. |last12=Saini |first12=S. |last13=Sánchez-Borges |first13=M. |last14=Schmid-Grendelmeier |first14=P. |last15=Schünemann |first15=H. |last16=Staubach |first16=P. |last17=Vena |first17=G. A. |last18=Wedi |first18=B. }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first1=Zhenhong |last1=Li |first2=Jocelyn |last2=Celestin |date=February 23, 2015 |title=Ketotifen: A Role in the Treatment of Idiopathic Anaphylaxis |url=https://aaaai.confex.com/aaaai/2015/webprogram/Paper19998.html |conference=American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Annual Meeting |location=Houston }}</ref>
'''Ketotifen''' is a first-generation noncompetitive H<sub>1</sub>-[[antihistamine]] and [[mast cell stabilizer]]. It is most commonly sold as a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] with [[fumaric acid]], '''ketotifen fumarate''', and is available in two forms. In its [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmic]] form, it is used to treat [[allergic conjunctivitis]].<ref name="Zaditor_pi">[http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/zaditor.pdf Zaditor prescribing information] Novartis</ref> In its [[Oral administration|oral]] form, it is used to prevent [[asthma]] attacks or Anaphylaxis, as well as various mast cell, allergic-type disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.anai.2013.10.003 |pmid=24267353 |pmc=4309375 |title=Ketotifen in the management of chronic urticaria: Resurrection of an old drug |journal=Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology |volume=111 |issue=6 |pages=433–6 |year=2013 |last1=Sokol |first1=Kristin C. |last2=Amar |first2=Neil K. |last3=Starkey |first3=Jonathan |last4=Grant |first4=J. Andrew }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.04.003 |title=The relation between antihistamine medication during early pregnancy & birth defects |journal=Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=287–90 |year=2015 |last1=Shawky |first1=Rabah M. |last2=Seifeldin |first2=Neveen S. }}</ref><ref name=Zuberbier2012>{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1939-4551-5-S1-S1 |title=A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/ WAO Guidelines in Urticaria |journal=World Allergy Organization Journal |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=S1–S5 |year=2012 |last1=Zuberbier |first1=Torsten }}</ref><ref name="Zuberbier et al 2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02178.x |pmid=19772513 |title=EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: Management of urticaria |journal=Allergy |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1427–43 |year=2009 |last1=Zuberbier |first1=T. |last2=Asero |first2=R. |last3=Bindslev-Jensen |first3=C. |last4=Walter Canonica |first4=G. |last5=Church |first5=M. K. |last6=Giménez-Arnau |first6=A. M. |last7=Grattan |first7=C. E. H. |last8=Kapp |first8=A. |last9=Maurer |first9=M. |last10=Merk |first10=H. F. |last11=Rogala |first11=B. |last12=Saini |first12=S. |last13=Sánchez-Borges |first13=M. |last14=Schmid-Grendelmeier |first14=P. |last15=Schünemann |first15=H. |last16=Staubach |first16=P. |last17=Vena |first17=G. A. |last18=Wedi |first18=B. }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |first1=Zhenhong |last1=Li |first2=Jocelyn |last2=Celestin |date=February 23, 2015 |title=Ketotifen: A Role in the Treatment of Idiopathic Anaphylaxis |url=https://aaaai.confex.com/aaaai/2015/webprogram/Paper19998.html |conference=American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Annual Meeting |location=Houston }}</ref>


==Uses==
==Medical uses==
Ketotifen relieves and prevents eye itchiness and/or irritation associated with most [[allergen|seasonal allergies]]. It starts working within minutes after administering the drops. The drug has not been studied in children under three.<ref name="Zaditor_pi" /> The mean elimination half life is 12 hours.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/bdd.2510130404 |pmid=1600111 |title=Pharmacokinetics of ketotiffn after oral administration to healthy male subjects |journal=Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=255–62 |year=1992 |last1=Grahnén |first1=A. |last2=Lönnebo |first2=A. |last3=Beck |first3=O. |last4=Eckernäs |first4=S-Å |last5=Dahlström |first5=B. |last6=Lindström |first6=B. }}</ref> Besides its anti-histaminic activity, it is also a functional [[leukotriene]] antagonist and a [[phosphodiesterase inhibitor]].
Ketotifen relieves and prevents eye itchiness and/or irritation associated with most [[allergen|seasonal allergies]]. It starts working within minutes after administering the drops. The drug has not been studied in children under three.<ref name="Zaditor_pi" /> The mean elimination half life is 12 hours.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/bdd.2510130404 |pmid=1600111 |title=Pharmacokinetics of ketotiffn after oral administration to healthy male subjects |journal=Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=255–62 |year=1992 |last1=Grahnén |first1=A. |last2=Lönnebo |first2=A. |last3=Beck |first3=O. |last4=Eckernäs |first4=S-Å |last5=Dahlström |first5=B. |last6=Lindström |first6=B. }}</ref> Besides its anti-histaminic activity, it is also a functional [[leukotriene]] antagonist and a [[phosphodiesterase inhibitor]].


"[O]ral ketotifen has been used in patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, cold-induced urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, [systemic mast cell disease including mastocytosis, MCAS, allergic and nonallergic anaphylaxis, angioedema], and food allergy in Canada, Europe, and Mexico." Now available via prescription at US compounding pharmacies: "For adults and older children with asthma or allergic disease, the recommended dose of ketotifen is 1 mg twice daily." "FDA staff did recommend more extensive evaluations for management of urticaria."<ref name=Zuberbier2012/><ref name="Zuberbier et al 2009"/>
"[O]ral ketotifen has been used in patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, cold-induced urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, [systemic mast cell disease including mastocytosis, MCAS, allergic and nonallergic anaphylaxis, angioedema], and food allergy in Canada, Europe, and Mexico." Now available via prescription at US compounding pharmacies: "For adults and older children with asthma or allergic disease, the recommended dose of ketotifen is 1 mg twice daily." "FDA staff did recommend more extensive evaluations for management of urticaria."<ref name=Zuberbier2012/><ref name="Zuberbier et al 2009"/>


The drug may also help relieve the symptoms of [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/gut.2010.213108 |pmid=20650926 |title=The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Gut |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1213–21 |year=2010 |last1=Klooker |first1=T. K. |last2=Braak |first2=B. |last3=Koopman |first3=K. E. |last4=Welting |first4=O. |last5=Wouters |first5=M. M. |last6=Van Der Heide |first6=S. |last7=Schemann |first7=M. |last8=Bischoff |first8=S. C. |last9=Van Den Wijngaard |first9=R. M. |last10=Boeckxstaens |first10=G. E. }}</ref>
The drug may also help relieve the symptoms of [[irritable bowel syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/gut.2010.213108 |pmid=20650926 |title=The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Gut |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1213–21 |year=2010 |last1=Klooker |first1=T. K. |last2=Braak |first2=B. |last3=Koopman |first3=K. E. |last4=Welting |first4=O. |last5=Wouters |first5=M. M. |last6=Van Der Heide |first6=S. |last7=Schemann |first7=M. |last8=Bischoff |first8=S. C. |last9=Van Den Wijngaard |first9=R. M. |last10=Boeckxstaens |first10=G. E. }}</ref>


==Side effects==
==Side effects==

Side effects include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, irritability, and increased nosebleeds.<ref>http://www.mims.co.uk/drugs/allergic-disorders/allergic-rhinitis-urticaria-other-allergies/zaditen</ref>
Side effects include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, irritability, and increased nosebleeds.<ref>http://www.mims.co.uk/drugs/allergic-disorders/allergic-rhinitis-urticaria-other-allergies/zaditen</ref>


==Brands==
==Pharmacology==
Ketotifen is a [[binding selectivity|selective]] [[antihistamine]] – that is, an [[inverse agonist]] of the [[histamine]] [[H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub> receptor]] (K<sub>i</sub> = 0.166&nbsp;nM)<ref name="pmid9165365">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kakiuchi M, Ohashi T, Musoh K, Kawamura K, Morikawa K, Kato H | title = Studies on the novel antiallergic agent HSR-609: its penetration into the central nervous system in mice and guinea pigs and its selectivity for the histamine H1-receptor | journal = Jpn. J. Pharmacol. | volume = 73 | issue = 4 | pages = 291–8 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9165365 | doi = | url = }}</ref> – and [[mast cell stabilizer]].<ref name="LemkeWilliams2008">{{cite book|author1=Thomas L. Lemke|author2=David A. Williams|title=Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0W1ErpsQpkC&pg=PA1019|year=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-6879-5|pages=1019–}}</ref> In addition, ketotifen has weak [[anticholinergic]] (K<sub>i</sub> = 204&nbsp;nM for {{abbrlink|mACh|muscarinic acetylcholine receptor}}) and [[antiserotonergic]] (K<sub>i</sub> = 39.9&nbsp;nM for [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]]) activity.<ref name="Alagarsamy2012">{{cite book|author=V Alagarsamy|title=Textbook of Medicinal Chemistry Vol II - E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FPCuckMacAC&pg=PA38|date=16 June 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=81-312-3259-X|pages=38–}}</ref> However, at the dosages in which it is typically used clinically, both the anticholinergic and antiserotonergic activity of ketotifen are said not to be appreciable.<ref name="Drews2012">{{cite book|author=Jürgen Drews|title=Immunopharmacology: Principles and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIN9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT282|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-75561-3|pages=282–}}</ref>
⚫
Ketotifen is marketed under many brand names worldwide.<ref>drugs.com [http://www.drugs.com/international/ketotifen.html International availability of ketofin] Page accessed April 21, 2015</ref>


==See also==
==Society and culture==

*[[Alcaftadine]]
===Brand names===
{{clear}}
⚫
Ketotifen is marketed under many brand names worldwide.<ref>drugs.com [http://www.drugs.com/international/ketotifen.html International availability of ketofin] Page accessed April 21, 2015</ref>


==References==
==References==
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{{Antihistamines}}
{{Antihistamines}}
{{Acetylcholine receptor modulators}}
{{Histaminergics}}
{{Histamine receptor modulators}}
{{Serotonin receptor modulators}}
{{Tricyclics}}
{{Tricyclics}}


[[Category:Benzocycloheptathiophenes]]
[[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Muscarinic antagonists]]
[[Category:Piperidines]]
[[Category:Piperidines]]
[[Category:Benzocycloheptathiophenes]]
[[Category:Serotonin antagonists]]

Revision as of 14:23, 24 August 2017

Ketotifen
Clinical data
Trade namesZaditor[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlusa604033
Routes of
administration		Oral (tablets), ophthalmic solution
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Oral — withdrawn, was ℞-only; Eye drops — over-the-counter
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability60%
Protein binding75%
MetabolismHepatic
Elimination half-life12 hours
Identifiers
  • 4-(1-Methylpiperidin-4-ylidene)-4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.047.348 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC19H19NOS
Molar mass309.426 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C3c1sccc1C(\c2c(cccc2)C3)=C4/CCN(C)CC4
  • InChI=1S/C19H19NOS/c1-20-9-6-13(7-10-20)18-15-5-3-2-4-14(15)12-17(21)19-16(18)8-11-22-19/h2-5,8,11H,6-7,9-10,12H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:ZCVMWBYGMWKGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Ketotifen is a first-generation noncompetitive H1-antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer. It is most commonly sold as a salt with fumaric acid, ketotifen fumarate, and is available in two forms. In its ophthalmic form, it is used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.[2] In its oral form, it is used to prevent asthma attacks or Anaphylaxis, as well as various mast cell, allergic-type disorders.[3][4][5][6][7]

Medical uses

Ketotifen relieves and prevents eye itchiness and/or irritation associated with most seasonal allergies. It starts working within minutes after administering the drops. The drug has not been studied in children under three.[2] The mean elimination half life is 12 hours.[8] Besides its anti-histaminic activity, it is also a functional leukotriene antagonist and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.

"[O]ral ketotifen has been used in patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, cold-induced urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, exercise-induced urticaria, [systemic mast cell disease including mastocytosis, MCAS, allergic and nonallergic anaphylaxis, angioedema], and food allergy in Canada, Europe, and Mexico." Now available via prescription at US compounding pharmacies: "For adults and older children with asthma or allergic disease, the recommended dose of ketotifen is 1 mg twice daily." "FDA staff did recommend more extensive evaluations for management of urticaria."[5][6]

The drug may also help relieve the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.[9]

Side effects

Side effects include drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, irritability, and increased nosebleeds.[10]

Pharmacology

Ketotifen is a selective antihistamine – that is, an inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor (Ki = 0.166 nM)[11] – and mast cell stabilizer.[12] In addition, ketotifen has weak anticholinergic (Ki = 204 nM for mAChTooltip muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) and antiserotonergic (Ki = 39.9 nM for 5-HT2A) activity.[13] However, at the dosages in which it is typically used clinically, both the anticholinergic and antiserotonergic activity of ketotifen are said not to be appreciable.[14]

Society and culture

Brand names

Ketotifen is marketed under many brand names worldwide.[15]

References

  1. ^ http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-17484/zaditor-opht/details[full citation needed]
  2. ^ a b Zaditor prescribing information Novartis
  3. ^ Sokol, Kristin C.; Amar, Neil K.; Starkey, Jonathan; Grant, J. Andrew (2013). "Ketotifen in the management of chronic urticaria: Resurrection of an old drug". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 111 (6): 433–6. doi:10.1016/j.anai.2013.10.003. PMC 4309375. PMID 24267353.
  4. ^ Shawky, Rabah M.; Seifeldin, Neveen S. (2015). "The relation between antihistamine medication during early pregnancy & birth defects". Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 16 (4): 287–90. doi:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.04.003.
  5. ^ a b Zuberbier, Torsten (2012). "A Summary of the New International EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/ WAO Guidelines in Urticaria". World Allergy Organization Journal. 5 (1): S1–S5. doi:10.1186/1939-4551-5-S1-S1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b Zuberbier, T.; Asero, R.; Bindslev-Jensen, C.; Walter Canonica, G.; Church, M. K.; Giménez-Arnau, A. M.; Grattan, C. E. H.; Kapp, A.; Maurer, M.; Merk, H. F.; Rogala, B.; Saini, S.; Sánchez-Borges, M.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Schünemann, H.; Staubach, P.; Vena, G. A.; Wedi, B. (2009). "EAACI/GA²LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: Management of urticaria". Allergy. 64 (10): 1427–43. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02178.x. PMID 19772513.
  7. ^ Li, Zhenhong; Celestin, Jocelyn (February 23, 2015). Ketotifen: A Role in the Treatment of Idiopathic Anaphylaxis. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Annual Meeting. Houston.
  8. ^ Grahnén, A.; Lönnebo, A.; Beck, O.; Eckernäs, S-Å; Dahlström, B.; Lindström, B. (1992). "Pharmacokinetics of ketotiffn after oral administration to healthy male subjects". Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 13 (4): 255–62. doi:10.1002/bdd.2510130404. PMID 1600111.
  9. ^ Klooker, T. K.; Braak, B.; Koopman, K. E.; Welting, O.; Wouters, M. M.; Van Der Heide, S.; Schemann, M.; Bischoff, S. C.; Van Den Wijngaard, R. M.; Boeckxstaens, G. E. (2010). "The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome". Gut. 59 (9): 1213–21. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.213108. PMID 20650926.
  10. ^ http://www.mims.co.uk/drugs/allergic-disorders/allergic-rhinitis-urticaria-other-allergies/zaditen
  11. ^ Kakiuchi M, Ohashi T, Musoh K, Kawamura K, Morikawa K, Kato H (1997). "Studies on the novel antiallergic agent HSR-609: its penetration into the central nervous system in mice and guinea pigs and its selectivity for the histamine H1-receptor". Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 73 (4): 291–8. PMID 9165365.
  12. ^ Thomas L. Lemke; David A. Williams (2008). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1019–. ISBN 978-0-7817-6879-5.
  13. ^ V Alagarsamy (16 June 2012). Textbook of Medicinal Chemistry Vol II - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 38–. ISBN 81-312-3259-X.
  14. ^ Jürgen Drews (6 December 2012). Immunopharmacology: Principles and Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 282–. ISBN 978-3-642-75561-3.
  15. ^ drugs.com International availability of ketofin Page accessed April 21, 2015

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketotifen&oldid=797027407"